BOJE I GRADOVI

Na ulicama bukvalno svih gradova planete preovladava siva boja. Umorni građani mogu
samo da sanjaju da kada njihove ulice zasijaju jarkim bojama, atmosfera postaje vedrija. Ali
ipak postoje neki gradovi, čiji stanovnici nemaju koncept sličnih misli i iskustava, jer žive u
pravoj bajci. Šareni gradovi nalaze se u svim krajevima sveta i zadivljuju fascinantnom
arhitekturom, zanimljivim tradicijama i legendama. Vrtlog svetlih boja na njihovim ulicama
odavno je postao poznat fenomen. Meštani su ponosni na svoju tradiciju i marljivo
podržavaju pojavu šarenih područja. Gde god se nalazi šaroliki grad, jedno je sigurno -
odlikuje ga fantastična atmosfera.

UVOD

Color has the most important role in the behavior pattern of urban human and is a social
powerful element that in addition to the mission and task of conveying messages has the task
of visual appeal of the city. Despite the importance of color elements, primarily, this issue
and its spatial impact on city residents have less been taken into consideration, and in some
cases, they have totally been ignored. Thus, the aim of the present paper is to study the effect
of color on city beautification and peace of citizens, which is conducted based on documents
and library studies. The results showed that the correct application of colors in the cities
beautifies the city and softens the mood and brings about the calmness of the citizens. Thus,
with the proper use of local materials and combining them with the new conditions of
construction and utilizing the experience of efficient experts, one can revive and expand the
architecture consistent with the culture and climate of the region.

Boja ima najvažniju ulogu u obrascu ponašanja urbanog čoveka i predstavlja društveni
snažan element koji pored misije i zadatka prenošenja poruka ima i zadatak vizuelne
privlačnosti grada. Uprkos važnosti elemenata boje, pre svega, ovo pitanje i njegov prostorni
uticaj na stanovnike grada manje su uzimani u obzir, a u nekim slučajevima i potpuno su
ignorisani. Pravilna primena boja u gradovima ulepšava grad i ublažava raspoloženje i dovodi
do smirenosti građana. Dakle, pravilnim korišćenjem lokalnih materijala i njihovim
kombinovanjem sa novim uslovima gradnje i iskustvom efikasnih stručnjaka, može se oživeti
i proširiti arhitektura u skladu sa kulturom i klimom regiona.

City is an environment in which people live, work, commute, meet each other in social
interactions with each other, increase their knowledge, entertain them, think, and cherish their
dreams. However, city dwellers depending on the origin, education, life records, belonging to
various spheres of culture, professional interests, and their objectives have different
perceptions of the urban environment around them, so have different attitudes towards and
behaviors with their city .Colors are the language of our feelings and can make urban life
lively. Color in architecture is not only an essential feature but also forms a part of legacy that
is beyond pure aesthetic values, and considered a cultural value in terms of anthropology.
Color, unlike the form, size, façade, or flooring, is in a hidden layer, and most of us are
affected by the existing colors while viewing an urban landscape, unconsciously or
consciously. Today, color choices of buildings are often based on the taste of the owner or the
goods on the market, regardless of the climate and culture. This is while in the past, people
were interested in being meek and extroversion, which were seen in the simple and
unadorned façade, so that a specific color or texture was a kind of certificate of that city's
identity.

Grad je okruženje u kojem ljudi žive, rade, putuju, upoznaju se u društvenim interakcijama
jedni s drugima, povećavaju svoje znanje, zabavljaju se, razmišljaju i neguju svoje snove.
Međutim, stanovnici gradova, zavisno od porekla, obrazovanja, životnih zapisa, koji
pripadaju različitim sferama kulture, profesionalnim interesima i njihovim ciljevima, imaju
različita viđenja urbane sredine oko njih, tako da imaju različite stavove i ponašanja sa
svojim gradom. jezik naših osećanja i može da učini urbani život živim. Boja u arhitekturi
nije samo bitna osobina već i čini deo nasleđa koje je izvan čisto estetskih vrednosti i smatra
se kulturnom vrednošću u smislu antropologije. Boja, za razliku od forme, veličine, fasade ili
podne obloge, je u skrivenom sloju, a većina nas je pogođena postojećim bojama dok gledate
urbani pejzaž, nesvesno ili svesno. Danas, izbor boja zgrada često se zasniva na ukusu
vlasnika ili robe na tržištu, bez obzira na klimu i kulturu. Ovo je u prošlosti, ljudi bili su
zainteresovani da budu krotki (blage) i ekstrovertni, koji su viđeni u jednostavnoj i
neukrašenoj fasadi, tako da je određena boja ili tekstura bila neka vrsta potvrde identiteta tog
grada.

Psychologists have conducted many studies on the effects of color and light on our
understanding of space and time. Everyone is aware of the effects of color on weight
(lightness and heaviness), temperature (heat and cold), distance (far and near) and dimensions
(large and small). Even time scale is different in spaces with different colors. For example,
listeners of a speech at a blue hall consider it as long and tedious, while the same speech at a
red hall seems thrilling and shorter . Regardless of other environmental factors and spatial
features, the set of these factors leads the same spaces with different color combinations to
have different effects on human perception. Red color strongly affects the nervous system,
increases blood pressure, heart rate, and rhythm of breathing. This is while blue has the
opposite effect. One study in Norway showed that people in a blue room set temperatures
four times higher than the red room thermostat with the same degree.

Psiholozi su sproveli mnoge studije o efektima boje i svetla na naše razumevanje prostora i
vremena. Svako je svestan efekata boje na težinu (lakoću i težinu), temperaturu (toplotu i
hladnoću), udaljenost (daleko i blizu) i dimenzije (velike i male). Čak je i vremenska skala
različita u prostorima različitih boja. Na primer, slušaoci govora u plavoj sali smatraju ga
dugim i zamornim, dok se isti govor u crvenoj sali čini uzbudljivim i kraćim. Bez obzira na
druge ekološke faktore i prostorne karakteristike, skup ovih faktora dovodi do toga da isti
prostori sa različitim kombinacijama boja različito utiču na ljudsku percepciju. Crvena boja
snažno utiče na nervni sistem, povećava krvni pritisak, broj otkucaja srca i ritam disanja. Dok
plava ima suprotan efekat. Jedna studija u Norveškoj pokazala je da ljudi u plavoj sobi
postavljaju temperature četiri puta više od crvenog sobnog termostata sa istim stepenom.

The intensive use of different colors from the profile of doors and windows to reflex glasses
doors with strong and stunning colors is tangible and familiar to each of us. These colors add
to the confusion of the person in space, because each color has a certain meaning and
message. When colors are used without considering the hidden meanings of them, the
environment becomes an unpleasant and uncomfortable place for the person. Color, which is
an identity element and a factor for enhancing readability, is used so randomly and arbitrarily
in all cities and neighborhoods today that the newly built parts of a desert city or a city in at
the edge of the Caspian Sea are not much different with Tehran. This is while in each city,
depending on the climate, local materials, technology and resources and interests and tastes
and culture, paint facades, windows and doors, urban furniture, flooring, roofing structures,
basically, all the urban elements are limited to certain colors showing color certificate of the
city.

Intenzivna upotreba različitih boja od profila vrata i prozora do refleksnih vrata stakla sa
jakim i zapanjujućim bojama je opipljiva i poznata svakome od nas. Ove boje doprinose
zbunjenosti osobe u prostoru, jer svaka boja ima određeno značenje i poruku. Kada se boje
koriste bez razmatranja skrivenih značenja, okruženje postaje neprijatno i neugodno mesto za
osobu. Boja, koja je element identiteta i faktor za poboljšanje čitljivosti, danas se koristi tako
nasumično i arbitrarno u svim gradovima i naseljima da novoizgrađeni delovi pustinjskog
grada ili grada na rubu Kaspijskog mora nisu mnogo različiti sa Teheranom. To je u svakom
gradu, u zavisnosti od klime, lokalnih materijala, tehnologije i resursa i interesa i ukusa i
kulture, fasadnih boja, prozora i vrata, urbanog nameštaja, podova, krovnih konstrukcija, u
suštini, svi urbani elementi su ograničeni na određene boje koje pokazuju sertifikat boje
grada.

BOJE U GRADU

Today experts consider the city as the point of economic and social development and believe
that urban problems can be solved with proper management and organization. In this regard,
the use of color in graphics or urban environment is particularly important because it has a
direct impact on the quality of the urban environment. Color in the city organizes urban space
and urban thus changes individual and social life. Designing urban space, especially dealing
with color is a creative approach and much of the knowledge of color topics is a creative
approach that many graduates of art and artists such as architects, industrial designers,
graphic artists, designers of landscapes and environment even visual artists have a
contribution. In fact, city managers and planners try to provide and integrate artwork in the
city to calm harsh and stressful life of modern urban environment and contribute to mental
relaxation of the citizens and city beauty. Attention to weather conditions and climate, local
materials, culture, the type of spaces, and so on affect the decisions of a manager to direct the
use of color in the city. Urban graphics is a part of the art of organizing urban space that deals
with various scientific disciplines and artistic urban planning, architecture and landscaping,
graphics, electrical engineering, traffic engineering and transportation, psychology, sociology
and economics, and at the same time communicates with politics and culture. In fact, the
mission of these areas is changing the process of shaping the surrounding space.

Danas stručnjaci smatraju grad kao tačku ekonomskog i društvenog razvoja i smatraju da se
urbani problemi mogu rešiti pravilnim upravljanjem i organizacijom. U tom smislu, upotreba
boje u grafici ili urbanoj sredini je posebno važna jer ima direktan uticaj na kvalitet urbane
sredine. Boja u gradu organizuje urbani prostor, a urbani tako menja individualni i društveni
život. Dizajniranje urbanog prostora, posebno bavljenje bojama je kreativan pristup i veliki
deo znanja o bojama tema je kreativan pristup koji mnogi diplomirani umetnici i umetnici
kao što su arhitekti, industrijski dizajneri, grafičari, dizajneri pejzaža i okruženja, čak i
vizuelni umetnici imaju doprinos. U stvari, gradski menadžeri i planeri pokušavaju da
obezbede i integrišu umetnička dela u gradu kako bi smirili oštar i stresan život moderne
urbane sredine i doprineli mentalnom opuštanju građana i gradske lepote. Pažnja o
vremenskim prilikama i klimi, lokalnim materijalima, kulturi, vrsti prostora i tako dalje utiče
na odluke menadžera da upravljaju bojom u gradu. Urbana grafika je deo umetnosti
organiziranja urbanog prostora koji se bavi različitim znanstvenim disciplinama i umetničkim
urbanističkim planiranjem, arhitekturom i uređenjem prostora, grafikom, elektrotehnikom,
saobraćajnim inženjeringom i transportom, psihologijom, sociologijom i ekonomijom, a
istovremeno komunicira sa politika i kultura. Zapravo, misija ovih područja je promena
procesa oblikovanja okolnog prostora.

Colors with the aim of creating a perfect visual communication between citizens can directly
orindirectly play an important role in many cases including facades of buildings, fountains,
urban furniture, road signs, outdoor advertising design and positioning, synchronizing signs,
assimilation of benches, garbage cans and green space, playground equipment, warning signs,
information signs, kiosks, and so on. In order to avoid these visual color disturbances in
environmental graphic of a city both objective and subjective aspects of the city, the urban
fabric structure and function of its economic, public spaces, etc., as well as the subjective
factor, i.e. groups of communities, level of social consciousness and perception and
expectations and their demands, citizenship status, homogeneous groups and the like need to
be studied.

Boje sa ciljem stvaranja savršene vizuelne komunikacije između građana mogu direktno ili
indirektno odigrati važnu ulogu u mnogim slučajevima uključujući fasade zgrada, fontane,
urbani namještaj, putokaze, dizajn spoljašnjeg oglašavanja i pozicioniranje, sinhronizaciju
znakova, asimilaciju klupe, kante za smeće i zelene površine, opremu za igrališta, znakove
upozorenja, informativne znakove, kioske i tako dalje. Da bi se izbegli ovi vizuelni
poremećaji boja u ekološkoj grafici grada, objektivni i subjektivni aspekti grada, struktura i
funkcija urbane strukture njenih ekonomskih, javnih prostora itd., Kao i subjektivni faktor,
odnosno grupe zajednica potrebno je proučavati nivo društvene svesti i percepcije i
očekivanja i njihove zahteve, status građanstva, homogene grupe i slično.

ESTETSKI ASPEKT BOJE

Color impression

Impression or visual effects known as using colors and mixing different effects on the human
visual system: for example, a dark color when placed in bright areas and vice versa.

Utisak ( impresija) boje

Utisak ili vizuelni efekti poznati kao korišćenje boja i mešanje različitih efekata na ljudski
vizuelni sistem: na primer, tamna boja kada se postavi u svetle oblasti i obrnuto.

Color expression (emotion and sorrow)

Expression or express of a feeling includes the knowledge and use of physiological and
psychological effects of color on the human nervous system. Expressionists believe in the
effectiveness of different colors to express mixed feelings are telling.

Izražavanje boja (emocija i tuga)

Izražavanje osećaja uključuje znanje i upotrebu fizioloških i psiholoških efekata boje na

ljudski nervni sistem. Ekspresionisti veruju u delotvornost različitih boja za izražavanje
mešovitih osećanja.

Construction or building (coded and symbolic)

This is the symbolic use of colors. Symbolic use of color is a phenomenon that has emerged
during thousands of

years of mixing psychological, physiological, and contractual aspects in different human

communities.

Cases that cause confusion and disharmony in the body of the city are as follows:

A) Applying tastes and non-professional interventions include:

- Domination of non-professional construction culture (jerry building)

- Applying the tastes of the owner or employer

- Lack of use of architectural experts in designing and implementing

- Exaggerated performance of some designers

B) Theoretical weakness:

• Lack of knowledge of the principles of Iranian architecture

• Failure to use modulation

• Anomalies related to non-compliance with the design principles

• Lack of consistency of form and functionality

• Redundant and unprincipled attachments

• Use worthless and without identity architectural trends.

Each color has three variable visual attributes or aspects:

Konstrukcija ili izgradnja (kodirana i simbolična)

To je simbolična upotreba boja. Simbolička upotreba boje je fenomen koji se pojavio tokom
hiljada godina mešanja psiholoških, fizioloških i ugovornih aspekata u različitim ljudskim
zajednicama. Slučajevi koji uzrokuju konfuziju i nesklad u telu grada su sledeći:

A) Primena ukusa i neprofesionalnih intervencija uključuju:

- dominacija neprofesionalne građevinske kulture (jerri building)

- Primena ukusa vlasnika ili poslodavca

- Nedostatak upotrebe arhitektonskih stručnjaka u dizajniranju i implementaciji

- Preterana učinak nekih dizajnera

B) Teorijska slabost:

• Nedostatak znanja o principima iranske arhitekture

• Neupotreba modulacije

• Anomalije vezane za nepoštovanje principa dizajna

• Nedostatak konzistentnosti oblika i funkcionalnosti

• Suvišni i neprincipijelni prilozi

• Koristiti bezvredne i bez identitetskih arhitektonskih trendova.

Svaka boja ima tri promenljive vizuelne atribute ili aspekte:

Hue, brightness, and richness

Hue is an attribute of color that identifies its place in color hierarchy (from red to violet)
equivalent to the light of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Red, yellow, and blue
are called primary hues, and as they are the base of other hues are called primary colors as
well. Secondary hues are orange, green and purple obtained by mixing equal amounts of two
primary hues. Tertiary hues are obtained by mixing primary and secondary hues: yellow-
orange, red-orange, red-violet (Purple), violet-blue (azure), blue-green (turquoise), and green-
yellow (pistachio kernel). He shows a sequence of twelve hues in color cycle in a definite
order. In color cycle, secondary and tertiary hues placed between primary hues have kinship
ties and beside each other form the easiest color harmony. If these colors are mixed with pure
white and black colors, they create countless combinations of colors and their various shades.

Nijansa, bistrina i bogatstvo

Nijansa je atribut boje koji identifikuje svoje mesto u hijerarhiji boja (od crvene do ljubičaste)
što je ekvivalentno svetlosti različitih talasnih dužina u vidljivom spektru. Crvena, žuta i
plava se nazivaju primarnim nijansama, I one su osnove drugih nijansi nazivaju se i
primarnim bojama. Sekundarne nijanse su narandžaste, zelene i ljubičaste, dobijene
mešanjem jednakih količina dveju primarnih nijansi. Tercijarni tonovi se dobijaju mešanjem
primarnih i sekundarnih nijansi: žuto-narandžasta, crveno-narandžasta, crveno-ljubičasta
(ljubičasta), ljubičasto-plava (azurna), plavo-zelena (tirkizna) i zeleno-žuta (pistacija kernel).
On pokazuje niz od dvanaest nijansi u kolor ciklusu u određenom redosledu. U kolornom
ciklusu, sekundarne i tercijarne boje postavljene između primarnih nijansi imaju rodbinske
veze i pored jedne druge čine najlakši sklad boja. Ako se ove boje mešaju sa čistim i crnim
bojama, one stvaraju bezbrojne kombinacije boja i njihovih različitih nijansi.

Visual, spiritual, and psychological phenomena in color sphere and art have a lot in common.
When a subject is taken as common, the project must follow this primary theme ruling
working. If color is the most important means of expression and the concept mode, color
combinations should start from color levels, and these levels will determine the lines. The
one, who first draws the lines and then adds color to them, would never be able to portray a
colorful nice and sharp work. Colors have their own dimensions and directions and draw
lines in their own way. Colors are not only effective in our psychological sense, but they also
influence our physical sense of the environment. They even disturb physical form and space
architecture visually and show the environment to audiences in another form. So far, our
attitudes towards color have been by considering superficial measures. Often we consider a
color for our room space that is consistent with decoration supplies available and our
opinions and tastes.

Vizuelni, duhovni i psihološki fenomeni u sferi boja i umetnosti imaju mnogo toga
zajedničkog. Kada se predmet uzima kao uobičajen, projekat mora pratiti ovu primarnu
tematsku radnju. Ako je boja najvažnije sredstvo izražavanja i konceptni način (modalitet),
kombinacije boja bi trebalo da počnu od nivoa boja, a ovi nivoi će odrediti linije. Onaj koji
prvi izvuče crte, a zatim im doda boju, nikada ne bi mogao da prikaže šareni lep i oštar rad.
Boje imaju svoje dimenzije i pravce i crtaju linije na svoj način. Boje nisu samo delotvorne u
našem psihološkom smislu, već utiču i na naš fizički osećaj okoline. Oni čak vizuelno
narušavaju fizičku formu i prostornu arhitekturu i pokazuju okolinu publici u drugom obliku.
Do sada su naši stavovi prema boji razmatrani površnim merama. Često smatramo da je boja
prostora prostorija u skladu sa raspoloživim materijalima i našim mišljenjima i ukusima.

However, we think less of its main role in building architecture and the consequences that the
use of that color can have on the environment. However, any color, besides its evident
appearance has different characteristics, and in this regard, it has various effects on the space
around that according to these features and the results of their application, color selection for
a setting with its own circumstances cannot happen solely on emotion and aesthetic criteria,
but the purposes of its application must be determined. Then, on the way to achieve the
desired goal, selecting the type of color and method of using color should be addressed. The
correct application of colors in the cities leads to beautification and softening spirit of people.
With accelerating development of cities, minimum effort of an architect is softening the outer
space to minimize the visual damage and the use of specific and desirable views in order to
create beautiful pleasant and visual effects harmonious with social psychology and
neighborhood.

Međutim, manje razmišljamo o njegovoj glavnoj ulozi u arhitekturi zgrade i posledicama

koje ta boja može imati na životnu sredinu. Međutim, svaka boja, osim očiglednog izgleda,
ima različite karakteristike, I u tom smislu ima različite efekte na prostor oko koje se prema
tim karakteristikama i rezultatima njihove primene, izbor boje za okruženje sa svojim
okolnostima ne može desiti samo o emocionalnim i estetskim kriterijima, ali se mora utvrditi
svrha njegove primene. Zatim, na putu da se postigne željeni cilj, treba se baviti odabirom
vrste boje i načina upotrebe boje. Ispravna primena boja u gradovima dovodi do ulepšavanja i
omekšavanja duha ljudi. Sa ubrzanim razvojem gradova, minimalni napor arhitekte ublažava
spoljni prostor kako bi se smanjila vizuelna šteta i upotreba specifičnih i poželjnih pogleda
kako bi se stvorili lepi ugodni i vizualni efekti koji su u skladu sa socijalnom psihologijom i
komšilukom.

UPOTREBA BOJE U GRADU

Maintaining and improving readability and identity in the city and in every space is always of
the most important goals that are independent of type or location and must be considered
about design and urban managers. There are many tools to achieve a goal that attention to any
one of them can bring the desired result. Color is one of the most important elements that can
help easily and with the least costs to define spaces to create readability and a sense of unity
and creating a sense of place. One of the main purposes is access to identity and prospects
and the determined outlook of the city. Studying color history of the city, or more precisely,
its color palette, helps us to able to preserve it or define a special color palette for each city
whose constituent elements are colorful words or in fact a variety of colors that in
combination with each other define face color of urban spaces.

Even now that our cities are strongly colored with confusion and lack of identity, by naming
specific cities, specific color spectra in the minds of all of us become alive. This is the same
expectation that we have of the city's identity and its role and designers must work to
strengthen it. Many cities, villages, and regions over the years have earned their own colorful
traditions and different parts of the cities, even neighborhoods can have different colored
mood.

Održavanje i poboljšanje čitljivosti i identiteta u gradu i na svakom prostoru uvek je od

najvažnijih ciljeva koji su nezavisni o vrsti ili lokaciji i moraju se uzeti u obzir u pogledu
dizajna i urbanih menadžera. Postoje mnogi alati za postizanje cilja da pažnja na bilo koju od
njih može doneti željeni rezultat. Boja je jedan od najvažnijih elemenata koji lako mogu
pomoći u definisanju prostora za stvaranje čitljivosti i osećaja jedinstva i stvaranja osećaja
mesta. Jedna od glavnih svrha je pristup identitetu i perspektivama i određen izgled grada.
Proučavanje istorije boja grada, tačnije njegove palete boja, pomaže nam da je sačuvamo ili
definišemo posebnu paletu boja za svaki grad čiji su sastavni elementi šarene reči ili, u stvari,
različite boje koje su u kombinaciji jedna sa drugom definisati boju lica urbanih prostora.
Čak i sada kada su naši gradovi jako obojeni konfuzijom i nedostatkom identiteta,
imenovanjem određenih gradova, specifični spektri boja u umovima svih nas postaju živi. To
je isto očekivanje od identiteta grada i njegove uloge, a dizajneri moraju raditi na njegovom
jačanju. Mnogi gradovi, sela i regioni su godinama zaradili svoje šarene tradicije i različite
delove gradova, čak i naselja mogu imati različito obojeno raspoloženje.

ODUKA O UPOTREBI BOJE U GRADU

Attention to the context, weather and climatic conditions, local and cultural materials, type of
spaces and the like affect design decision or manager to guide the effective use of color in the
city. Studies of color history have been conducted in some European cities such as Turin,
Lyon and Marseille to find a way to combat "color pollution" in the cities. The background of
environmental design and environmental graphics can be viewed simultaneous with the
creation of man. Creation of the world is a prime example of environmental design. Paintings
found in Lascaux cave BC are of the earliest examples of environmental graphics, paintings
that Phoenician merchants wrote on the rocks to advertise their goods are more modern
examples of the ancient world environmental graphics.

Pažnja o kontekstu, vremenskim i klimatskim uslovima, lokalnim i kulturnim materijalima,

tipu prostora i slično utiče na dizajnersku odluku ili rukovodioca koji vodi efikasnu upotrebu
boje u gradu. U nekim evropskim gradovima, kao što su Torino, Lion i Marsej, sprovedene su
studije istorije boja kako bi se pronašao način za borbu protiv "zagađenja boja" u gradovima.
Pozadina dizajna životne sredine i grafike okoline može se posmatrati istovremeno sa
stvaranjem čoveka. Stvaranje sveta je najbolji primer ekološkog dizajna. Slike pronađene u
pećini Lascauk BC su od najranijih primera grafike u okruženju, slike koje su feničani trgovci
pisali na stenama da bi reklamirali svoju robu su moderniji primeri antičke grafike okruženja.

Environmental graphics today, which is a part of the environmental design, has its roots in
the industrial revolution in the course of science and technology progress and formed today's
cities and life took a faster pace. These big cities require order and logic so that their
inhabitants live in comfortable conditions. Before the Industrial Revolution, building large
cities such as Rome, Athens, and ancient Greece was with the aim of glory and power of
government. After the industrial revolution, in the concept of creation of applied cities was
proposed. The cities of this period could not simply pay attention to sheer beauty and the
question of what elements should be based on the order and logic in which part of the city
found a very important position. In modern cities, beyond the design, the use issue is
important: whatever we build should make life easier, have strong notification and deterrent
legal systems. Due to population growth, mass production, and industrialization, we need
rules and laws to be able to live well and not face chaos. In addition, in designing a city, it
should be acted in such a way that the urban environment is made more psychologically
tolerable to people living in it.

Današnja ekološka grafika, koja je deo ekološkog dizajna, ima svoje korene u industrijskoj
revoluciji u toku napretka nauke i tehnologije i formirala današnje gradove, a život je ubrzao.
Ovi veliki gradovi zahtevaju red i logiku, tako da njihovi stanovnici žive u udobnim
uslovima. Pre industrijske revolucije, izgradnja velikih gradova kao što su Rim, Atina i
antička Grčka bila je sa ciljem slave i moći vlade. Posle industrijske revolucije, predložen je
koncept stvaranja primenjenih gradova. Gradovi ovog perioda nisu mogli jednostavno obratiti
pažnju na čistu lepotu i pitanje koje bi elemente trebalo da se zasnivaju na redosledu i logici u
kom delu grada se nalazi veoma važna pozicija. U modernim gradovima, izvan dizajna,
pitanje upotrebe je važno: šta god gradimo trebalo bi da olakša život, da ima snažne sisteme
obaveštavanja i odvraćanja. Zbog rasta populacije, masovne proizvodnje i industrijalizacije,
potrebna su nam pravila i zakoni da bi mogli da živimo dobro i da se ne suočimo sa haosom.
Osim toga, prilikom dizajniranja grada, trebalo bi ga delovati na takav način da urbano
okruženje postane psihološki tolerantnije za ljude koji u njemu žive.

UTICAJ BOJA NA PSIHU LJUDI

Colors can be cold or heat, show off or humility, create relaxation or tension and create
weight in space. The impact of colors on our morale makes an important part of our
relationship with our environment. Some colors create a certain reaction in our psyche. For
example, bright colors such as red and orange in the environment increase hope and vitality
in humans, and colors towards dark and gray increase boredom and frustration reduce
constant fatigue of motivation, and over time, this stress and fatigue lead to depression or
aggression.

Boje mogu biti hladne ili toplotne, mogu biti upečatljive ili nenametljive, stvoriti relaksaciju
ili napetost i stvoriti težinu u prostoru. Uticaj boja na naš moral čini važan deo našeg odnosa
sa okolinom. Neke boje stvaraju određenu reakciju u našoj psihi. Na primer, svetle boje kao
što su crvena i narandžasta u okruženju povećavaju nadu i vitalnost kod ljudi, a boje prema
tamnom i sivom povećavaju dosadu i frustracije smanjuju stalni umor motivacije, i
vremenom, ovaj stres i umor dovode do depresije ili agresije.

Blue: sacredness, sweetness, hopefulness, and refreshing are of the features of this color. Due
to its relieving effect, blue lowers blood pressure, reduces pulse and respiration and grants
inner peace to people. Red: This color is positive and exciting, with a lot of elasticity and
strength, increases blood pressure and breathing, is appetizing, but soon tires human. Yellow:
This color is a mental stimulant. Although it is a very good color, in Iran it is much
undervalued. Yellow satisfies mental states and mediates sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves. Yellow has a small amount of blue and stimulates that part of the brain that stimulates
the intellectual mutation. Orange: it has dual effect both relaxing and rousing appetite.
Purple: it is a sign of withdrawal, impartiality, sorrow, and grief. It is hypnotic and due to his
extremely powerful electrochemical ray, it affects heart, lungs, and blood vessels and
increases the tissue resistance. Green color: it is created from the combination of blue and
yellow. It can be warm, cool or hot. Yellow is prominent and dominant, young, and green
growth recommended to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Plava: svetost, slatkoća, nada i osveženje su odlike ove boje. Zahvaljujući olakšavajućem
efektu, plava snižava krvni pritisak, smanjuje puls i disanje i ljudima daje unutrašnji mir.
Crvena: Ova boja je pozitivna i uzbudljiva, sa velikom elastičnošću i snagom, povećava krvni
pritisak i disanje, privlačna je, ali uskoro umara čoveka. Žuta: Ova boja je mentalni
stimulans. Iako je veoma dobra boja, u Iranu je mnogo podcenjena. Žuta zadovoljava
mentalna stanja i posreduje simpatičkim i parasimpatičkim živcima. Žuta ima malu količinu
plave boje i stimuliše onaj deo mozga koji stimuliše intelektualnu mutaciju. Narandžasta: ima
dvostruki efekat i opuštajući i uzbuđujući apetit. Ljubičasta: to je znak povlačenja,
nepristrasnosti, tuge i tuge. To je hipnotički i zbog njegovog izuzetno moćnog
elektrokemijskog zračenja, on utiče na srce, pluća i krvne sudove i povećava otpornost tkiva.
Zelena boja: stvorena je kombinacijom plave i žute boje. Može biti toplo, hladno ili vruće.
Žuta je istaknuta i dominantna, mladi i zeleni rast preporučuje se za lečenje neuroloških i
psihijatrijskih poremećaja.

UTICAJ BOJA NA ČITLJIVOST I PROSTORNU PERCEPCIJU

Color perception in general, depends on three factors:

1. Condition and environment where the color can be seen.

2. Reflector surface characteristics, such as texture and its ability to absorb or reflect light

3. The ability to perceive colors: everyone is aware of feeling the effects of color on weight
(light and heavy), temperature (heat and cold), distance (far and near), and size (large and
small). Even the scale of time is different in spaces with different colors. For example,
listeners of a speech at a blue hall see it as long and tedious, while the same speech at a red
hall is evaluated as thrilling and shorter. The sum of these factors leads to, regardless of other
environmental factors and spatial characteristics, the same spaces with different color
combinations have very different effects on human perception. Red strongly affects the
nervous system and increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate, and this is despite the
fact that blue is quite the opposite. Color is one of the most important elements that can help
easily and with the least costs to define spaces to create readability and a sense of unity and
creating a sense of place. Moreover, identification of color identity can help legibility of
space for city planners. In many cities, in some countries the appropriate use of color as a
symbol of the bond between man and the environment is the easiest and most effective factor
in the city's vitality and readability. This is while in our cities, colors are used less to create a
sense of identity and cities have a gray face with disturbances.

Opšte percepcija boje zavisi od tri faktora:

1. Stanje i okruženje u kojem se boja može videti.

2. Karakteristike površine reflektora, kao što je tekstura i njena sposobnost da apsorbuje ili
reflektuje svetlost
3. Sposobnost opažanja boja: Boja je jedan od najvažnijih elemenata koji lako i lako mogu
pomoći u definisanju prostora za stvaranje čitljivosti i osećaja jedinstva i stvaranja osećaja
mesta. Štaviše, identifikacija identiteta boja može pomoći u čitljivosti prostora za urbaniste.
U mnogim gradovima, u nekim zemljama, odgovarajuća upotreba boje kao simbol veze
između čovjeka i okoliša je najlakši i najučinkovitiji faktor vitalnosti i čitljivosti grada. To je
dok se u našim gradovima boje manje koriste kako bi se stvorio osjećaj identiteta, a gradovi
imaju sivo lice s poremećajima.

ULOGA BOJE U URBANOM PROSTORU

Colors are of the elements affecting the visual quality, beautification, readability of urban
space, the correct application of which in city leads to beautification and softening spirit of
people in bustling cities and makes a good feel of the city. Color in architecture is not only a
key feature, but forms a part of the heritage that is beyond pure aesthetic values, and is
considered a cultural value in terms of anthropology. The importance and necessity of using
colors in urban facades, making the right decisions about its urban design, implementation
and maintaining vivid style of management require a correct management process that is the
basic requirement of our cities today. Color is an important visual element that can have an
effective representation in public view of a city.

Boje su od elemenata koji utiču na vizuelni kvalitet, ulepšavanje, čitljivost urbanog prostora,
čija pravilna primena u gradu dovodi do ulepšavanja i omekšavanja duha ljudi u užurbanim
gradovima i čini dobar osećaj gradu. Boja u arhitekturi nije samo ključna osobina, već čini
deo naslijeđa koje je izvan čisto estetskih vrednosti i smatra se kulturnom vrednošću u smislu
antropologije. Važnost i nužnost korišćenja boja u urbanim fasadama, donošenje ispravnih
odluka o urbanom dizajnu, implementaciji i održavanju živog stila upravljanja zahtevaju
pravilan proces upravljanja koji je osnovni zahtev naših gradova danas. Boja je važan
vizuelni element koji može imati efektivnu reprezentaciju u javnom pogledu na grad.

EFEKAT BOJE NA LJUDSKO SHVATANJE OKRUŽENJA

By being cold and hot, show off or humility, creating tension or relaxation creates weight in
the space. The effect of colors on our morale is an important part of our relationship with our
environment. In general, there is very sensitive relationship between mental tendencies of
persons and human mind is affected by colors. One of the easiest ways to restore peace to the
human is the use of harmonious colors, especially in the context of urban beautification.

Budući da je hladno i vruće, pokazivanje ili poniznost, stvaranje napetosti ili opuštanja stvara
težinu u prostoru. Efekat boja na naš moral je važan deo našeg odnosa sa okolinom. Uopšteno
govoreći, postoji veoma osetljiva veza između mentalnih tendencija osoba, a na ljudski um
utiču boje. Jedan od najlakših načina da se čoveku vrati mir je upotreba skladnih boja,
posebno u kontekstu urbanog ulepšavanja.
ZAKLJUČAK

Urban environment and spaces should meet the needs of citizens as urban spatial and physical
appearance affect the spirit and calmness of the individuals. Building facades, as the
boundary between interior and exterior, are usually the subject of assessment of pedestrians
of urban neighborhoods and a matter of great impact on the image of citizens. The results
show style architecture style, color, and materials are the most important visual elements in
forming mental images of urban building facades respectively. However, their impact on the
protection or development of buildings in the future should not be ignored. The building
facade history affects the roots and historic mental image and increases quality and visual
richness, because people with this mental landscape in terms of the number of images, people
experience different sensations. Colors not only affect our psychological sense, but also our
physical sense of the environment. They even disturb physical form and architectural space
on a physical level induces them in another way. Any color, aside from the appearance that is
visible, has different characteristics, and in this regard, has various effects on the space
around that with regard to these features and the results of their application, color selection
for an environment with its own circumstances, cannot be solely on emotion, and be done
with aesthetic criteria. However, at first, the purposes intended of its application in the
environment should be specified, and then on the way to achieve the desired goal, we deal
with the choice of color and method of using it. The correct application of colors in the cities
leads to beautification and softening spirit of people. With accelerating development of cities,
minimum effort of an architect is softening the outer space to minimize the visual damage
and the use of specific and desirable views in order to create beautiful pleasant and visual
effects harmonious with social psychology and neighborhoods. Hence, with the use of local
materials and combining them with the new conditions of construction and utilizing a highly
experienced team, one can restore and expand architecture consistent with the culture and
climate of the region.

Urbana sredina i prostor treba da zadovolje potrebe građana, jer urbani prostorni i fizički
izgled utiču na duh i smirenost pojedinaca. Fasade zgrada, kao granica između enterijera i
eksterijera, obično su predmet procene pešaka urbanih naselja i pitanje velikog uticaja na
sliku građana. Rezultati pokazuju stil arhitekture stila, boju i materijale koji su najvažniji
vizuelni elementi u formiranju mentalnih slika fasada urbanih zgrada. Međutim, njihov uticaj
na zaštitu ili razvoj zgrada u budućnosti ne treba zanemariti. Istorija fasade zgrade utiče na
korene i istorijsku mentalnu sliku i povećava kvalitet i vizuelno bogatstvo, jer ljudi sa ovim
mentalnim pejzažom u smislu broja slika, ljudi doživljavaju različite senzacije. Boje ne utiču
samo na naš psihološki smisao, već i na naš fizički osećaj okoline. Oni čak narušavaju fizički
oblik i arhitektonski prostor na fizičkom nivou ih indukuje na drugi način. Svaka boja, osim
vidljivog izgleda, ima različite karakteristike, I u tom smislu ima različite efekte na prostor
oko toga što se tiče ovih osobina i rezultata njihove primene, selekcija boja za okruženje sa
sopstvenim okolnostima, ne može biti isključivo na emocijama, i biti učinjeno sa estetskim
kriterijuma. Međutim, u početku treba navesti ciljeve koji su namenjeni njegovoj primeni u
okruženju, a zatim na putu postizanja željenog cilja baviti se odabirom boje i načina
korištenja. Ispravna primena boja u gradovima dovodi do ulepšavanja i omekšavanja duha
ljudi. Sa ubrzanim razvojem gradova, minimalni napor arhitekte ublažava spoljni prostor
kako bi se smanjila vizuelna šteta i upotreba specifičnih i poželjnih pogleda kako bi se
stvorili lepi ugodni i vizualni efekti koji su u skladu sa socijalnom psihologijom i
susjedstvom. Stoga, uz upotrebu lokalnih materijala i kombinovanjem sa novim uslovima
izgradnje i korišćenjem iskusnog tima, može se obnoviti i proširiti arhitektura u skladu sa
kulturom i klimom regiona.

 MAROKO
 zidove treba ofarbati u žive boje, prvenstveno u nijanse crvene, zelene ili plave jer
podsećaju na more, ali i u nijanse žute, zlatne i braon jer se mogu naći u pustinji