VE. The Phenomena of Rupture wut Blow in Sofi Dy A. Guavvisn, Me Bue (of the Keyl liverugt Batablishin Commented by G1. Tavion, BRS. Pain. Tanws Roy, Soe- Lenoow, A, Veu-221, 162-19%, eee Faby i= Ret Mira 81929 2i Costes. 1 tnt {Thome Clonin o “alot of he Thy Cea Mae ei Siren rn so the ster Oot Th Hosiery 1, alain he Ty ty 12, Bam af Chetan 1, Datnabetion I the euuse of an inctigation of the eflot uf surface seruttes on te serene trent of solids, some general coriclusiais were eae whigk appear havea est “a the Tearing ou the problems of ruptnge, fan aa enyimceing strap, ad lnjor question af the notuee uf Sateroleeuar cols "The orginal ahjpet of he work, which wos ears out ate ops Aivrafh Fatal Tishent, was the discovery of the eflst of wueface tearmento-cuch 95, (oF iistanee fig, grinding oF polishing on the strength of metallic macline poets cubjectad to ternating or repented lous, In the cae of scl, and som otic metals in comme tse, the results of foigue tests indicated that the range of alteratin stses which ould be permaently sisted by the miatril wos etmaller thaw the range with Which it was semily ehatic,aftor being aubjected to a great mutsbor of revcrals (erral that the safe range of loudiug of a part, living a stratchel 6s 2A ithe ne Hee it wasMG A. A, GRIPPITIE ON nl stare of « given type, showkd he capable of estimation with the help of one ly pathoves uf ruptnre commonly vse for solids which are este t facture sins tn these, hypotleee rupture may’ be expected if (e) the maxinuam tensile “thos, (2) the masimin extension, eageats « cetitin ertical value, Moreowr, 9 the the safe range of elternating “inns ety Title depart frum oox's lav, it was tuonght that the necessary “rain eakalations could be performed by meaus of the mathematica! theory viva of the materials uader eowsideration, with The at he muatlenatioal work of Prof GE ue to typicsl seratches were ealelated with the help of Toutg* and the weap methon of stress nation sewelopat by Ble, GT, Tavson in collaboration with the present authar-t tal conclasions were that the scratches orivarly met with could increase ‘rom two to si fies, according to thei shape amd sand strina were (0 all is ud purses fulejontent of the absolute size of the reaches, "Thus on the Tynes, the weakening of, way, a shaft 1 inch in aimieter, due stl of wn ich vp hal Be wot exsetly the name a8 hat set 9 grote of the mime shape one-hunybrth of 0 nel dep, “These conetosona are, af conre, in diret conflict with the reslty of alte sess tens, Bo far th futtor iv aware, the greatest weakening due to wurfaes I work, ia that given by J. 2. Kossnens who fount nies shone ait inercased resistance over tured spveinens of The gront isjerity of pablished resulls indicate 0 diminution in tres gtli of es thon 3 per cent. Moreover, i is certain that reducing the wie of the ol incre the strength Invatnwn, sect that tse 9 15 to 0 per ea explain th iverspancis, Lut one alternative seemed open. Either the contnary hypotheses of rupture cou be at fault to the extent af 200 er 900 per eri, {or Use nets used to comnte the etesse iy tHe seeutehes wore sofective in a ike ope. "Ths bster yosiility wax tose by dieeet experiment. A specimen of soft iron sinh diumeter ata 100 nce Tone, which an remarkably finite ted. This wan scratch sry (i, the seratces made an cant Init, as sl fingle wf sb 18 deren with the axis) with eurboranfum cloth and oil, It was thea sorstisal to ramos inital stress and mubjected to a tensile ond. Unie hes efits the effec of the writal wcratelies was to inpart a twist to the wite, ing entiely from the strowaystem due to the seratches. Tt tvs fal st ithe Tol exec a certain eritcal value port of the twit, amit le woth Peron of Gack and harp Comey" "oe. Ia. st pesin aT sank 1 190 ss ft. Mev Bing? Dacor M, 197%, pp, 705-40. har. tor Teting Mla 191, vale dab wl "TK YULNOMIENA. OF UUFTUKE AND FLOW IN soL4Ds. wy in sume cues to 18 yer cent, remain after the remenalof the ful 1 wae Hat at this evita Toa the twsximiin atreeoein the erates reall tle last linit of the auateral. ‘This load was about one-querter to enesthint of that whi cause the wire 10 yield as a whole, so that the sevatelis i rest three oF fone ties, ‘The realings we cl eX quite tbe produced by No, O cloth, which were found by: mlerograhie examination te Be bn LW-sineh den. Conte experiments with Tongitutnal el cieumferentis! st estehos ave tists only 2.or 9 per cent ofthese four with sital seeatles, aml Permanent twist. "This substantia confirmation of the estimated vahus of the strses, even in ver fine scratches, shows that the ordinary hypotheses of euptre, as usally tery fn inmspplicable Co the present plesomens. Apart allaether Aliserspancy, the observed difference in fatigue teen erachca presents a fundamental difieuty. he mutta es ete wll at Da A Theoretical Criterion of Rapa. Tn view of the inadequacy of the ondinuty Iypothesesy the prublen of the rapt ‘felastie suits has been attack fom new stain, Ace 2 te kine Loses uly deform yy mpeitod sure fores, ix sel that the potential energy of se while eyste® 8 mininam,The new criterion of ‘heuren of wna energy,” the euilnis ata of an Statement thatthe epilibrinne postin, if edn b possible, aust sw i whi ruplre of the sald hag curred, if the aye can pass fran the wuts the ‘rakes enition by a process invelvig a euatinons derens in poe ial en Tn over, homever, to apply this extends theotens to Uke publ of ling the Ivalking Ma of ral ols tis weeeaary to take account of the increase in potential tnengy which obwues ia he formation of new sufare ia the eis now that, in the formation of a crack attract one wiother, work must be done aginst the culesive fos of the molesses fn either side of the eruck:t This work appears os potential wurtser cnersy, al if the width of the erak i preter than the very stall distance called the "ans of molecular action,” the energy per unit area is 6 coustunt of the material, sel, surface tension, Tn general, the surfaces of small newly forme erack cumot be ot » disanor apart greater than the rudius of molecular action. It follows that the exteml! ‘orem of minimuan energy cannot be applied unless the Taw connecting aurlice ray With distance of separation is known, + Yorma end Tuowton, “Propet of Mtn eb. 4 The poeninheery af the aylied era orn cou, feed in the * ptt my, te yen” intern of stl sul ta body compas uf to cules whichVi wea, user 1 oN portant exception (this statement. TF he Bay sh thor avr forme part of its sare ithe 9 Hat sto snsating a the era, wale Yl sais to eaten rapa, will rue in the shape of Hix extremities, Tt, farter, the evack i sh bs ereator than the rave of mulocula ati te itis not to be expected J. i ih fora tht the inereane of surface enone, de 10 the the crack, wll be ven with afickont accuracy hy the prodct of the i itary Hl tat at oof th nator st ao mall excep very ner ia am of the mathematical they of tur he tnactian-fire snare, nat ‘tall pints of the boy, sith the eseeptin of these near ‘te eta, Bw alent ly lage eta the errr inthe attain eng he sie, Subjet tothe validity of he other assunptiens involved, Lo thin basin cular attract aero wach rake inom the Lain that the ere so mn evidently be to bo ial exergy fit ay te uno 9 general tn which may be tated he: Tat hep gy of eatin ergy ise or ualterelythe ntrexttion of era howe surfaces ate inl deforma spi forevs pied ann forevs tit sae, thes M4 he Teal This taeom may be proved ae lowe: Weng be apposed, sent yap, thatthe erark fora the sd of the trations ating em its sauce wists fallowing this eration, the strana, and therefore the potential energy witation, awe thei orginal vl; but, in general, the new sie in nok Tit isnot tate of equiliinm, then, Ly the theorem of minimum way in ruse ly Ue attainment of equilibiuan; if tna atate iia the energy daw not change. Hence the theorrns ix proved. to this pst the theury in ate general, no assumption having been i rg vedi te utr’ hamgenityaf the esin relations, Wein wecemmry, of the batunee, ot the Finely of ite etree se, for the straina ty be elasti, Further ‘ou tay be made by introducing Hooxe's law U4 toate levi Haar aresetrain relations be deformed fra the unstrained tate to equiva ly given (eoustant) surface frees, the potential energy of the Inte Aimisished by an stn equal Co tion the atrin energy. Te follows that the net redastia in putea energy in equal to the stain energy, and hence the total decrease in potential owergy due to the formation of a erack in equal tothe inerease in train suergy len te inerense in utface energy. The thearem proved above aliows that the fanart quantity nsat be positive. = Me pra ade t he. Wai, late of the Roya Alt Banka 1 AK Love, ‘tlmatal Thy of Mic Sn wd, pO me NOMENA OF MUPTIME AND FLOW ISO Application of the Theory toa © The neorssary analyain may be potfurmed in the e49¢ of w ft bates plats of uniform thickness, cataining a straight erace which passenhermully thie it, the plate beg abjected to atressca applied in its plane at its satve els ‘IE the plate is thin, its state is ne of" plane sts" and in this eae sallitionsl cumplesity, ho subjected to any uniform stress ust te its ition to the edge tesetions. If 9 not thin, it may stil be dest ith. tubjected to normal surface steessex au adjusted an 40 make the wera sero. Mere the plate in im state uf ™ plane stain” "The esti tothe 10 oat Uifeving only in the value of the eunstant Hay 6. fone ‘sith aatfvent sceurney, in the permed iow were it in mreesery in te promet applcation, Feseven, mmeteival about the rath, a3 allernin ity Me it spreads. Tle only aiens 1 which will be cousered, therefore, is that in whic the rien srs in the plane uf the plate. at punts far from the erack, ate resjcctively tah ate ‘ervenliculsr to the eruck, anil are the aime at all such points. This # squvaknt ‘to saying that, im the absence «f the erack, the plats would has been sulypated to uniform principal steeses in and perpstdculat t its plato. 1 al ssial grounds for the ates perpnicaar t the eturk aol it {a be a terion, otherwise the murfuces of the crak une fence tgs separated, aul hey evamot rem Ivcaleulating the strain enorgy ofthe plate woe will Me ante f the alta Uy Prof Iscts forthe sterses ina eracked plate tu whic tof mae, The notation of Prof, [wets 42, are elliptic coraedinates defined by sand the oethugunal la jae of the plate teat le aioe wil be etypoe Th that tocation family of Goaleeal lips a = cota, of hyperbole lm cont, The «rath is mj re Nitin lips oe fol 0, The axis uf 7 eairidh w the axis of y with the minor axes of the elipacs.. Te ‘eunueeted with the elliptic co-ordinates ay, by the relat hb he oer at cones Et iyme ch (id, Rau ty ate the tensile strest and displacement respectively ang the trual to Re, uy are the cormsponding quantities inthe case of the normal to 4 — cunts in the shear stress in the directions of these normale, ein the balfleagih of the focal line, +A BM Love“ thematial Thery of Waray fed op 26