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a r m , fo re a rm , w r i ıt , a n d h a n d w ith fo u r f in g e r s
c a t io n -
n = s is t a rl t la n d e 吕吕
( d l吕 lt s ) a n d v e s t i吕 i a l t h u m b ( F ig 3 1 -
5) T h e . In n e r

d ig it (2 In 3 1 S ), hu
" "
F ig ,
-
u s u a ll
y
c a lle d t h e t m b , ls
3 1 3 S ı￠ M o s t s a la m a n d e r s a r e 8 to 2 0 c m (3 to 8 th ic k e n e d o n m a ıe s
p e c ia ll in th e b re e d in
-
, e s
y se a -

g
in ) lo n g . Th e
g
ia n t s a la m a n d e r A n d r iia s w fe a fo b * t r a so n T he h ir ıd ı￠ In c l u d e s a th i h lo w e r ı
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.
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r b ll $ ) japolri￠
rs g r o w s Io 1 . S m (o v e r 5 ft ), w he re a s a (ta rsa l re
g
io n ), a n d lo n 吕 fo o t w ith a n a r ro w 5 o ı￠

M e x ic a n s a la m a n d e r ( T h o r i￠ıs r n J ra łu lu s ) is o n ı 4 c m (m e ta ta r s u s ) a n d ti v e s ıe n d e r to e s c o n n e c te d b y
p y

(ıłin ) it r le n g t h T h e
g
ia n t h g (C O J tr « w a g o ıia t li ) o f b ro a d , t h i n w e b s T he .
p a ım s a n d s o le s b e a r c o m i ft e d

th e A f ri c a n C a m e m o n s 吕r o w s to 3 0 c m (1 2 in ) irı

he a d -
a n d bo -
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n \n an d c o n tr a c ılo n o f th e l r id o p h o rp s , A fw v ￠r s e b
y
m u s c le s (F l吕 3 ıS ) T h e
・
・
. s u p r a s c a p u ıa a n d p
o r
。

m o v e m e n t o f b o th p
ro d u c e s a
p
a te r s k i n , D a rk
p
ıg t\o n s o t th e s te m tł
m a re c a r t il a g ln o u s W h e rņ th e

m ￠n t in th e e
p
ld c r m ls u s u a l l
y
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p
h ib ia n s sc a
p
t ıl a a n d c o ra o o ld m e e t ls a s h a lıo w d e
p
re s s io n

lh a t c h a n
g
e c o lo r , s i n c e a h e a v
y
l a
ye r w o u ld co n ce a l f g le n o i d c a v i ty ) in w h ic h th e h e ad o f th e h u m e r u s

th e u n d e r ly in g p ig m e n ts . A r tic u la te s . T he p e l v ic g
lrd ı
e is a risici , n a r r o w
,
V -

sh a p e d fr a m e th a t c o n n e c ts th e h in d ıi m b s to th e

v e r te b r a l c o lu m n a n d tra n s m its th e o w e r in lo c o
p
3 1 6 S * e le
-
lo ıt R n tt » lï rs c te s T h e s k u īı is b ro a d m o t io n fh m th e h in d tim b s bo t h e b o d
y
T h e h e a d o f

a n d R a t ,
t he b ta i n ca s e n A ïT u w r a n d th e o rb its ıa rg e th e fe m ıır a r t ic u ıa t e s i n a c u
p
lik e s o c k e t ,
t he a c e t a -

(】
Fig 3 1 ・
5) T e e th in th e f r o g a re p re s e n t o n Į y o n th e l u n ı, Eac h i li u m p a r a lı
e ı
s th e u r o s ty le , a n d i t s a n t e
-

u
p p
e r
j
a w . T he v e r te b r a ı c o l u m n c o n s is ts o f n in e r io r e n d a İ ta c h e s t o a s to u t t r a n s v e r s e
p
r r»c e s s o n th e

Ņ e ıt e b r a e a n d a s lm d e r r o d ti k e u ro st le o f fu s e d v e r n in th ( s a c r a l) v e r te b r a
y
.

te b ra e , T he u ro s
q
le h e ı s
p
s t ií f e n th e lo w e r b a ck In a n e a rı
y
{ ro
g
la r v a th e s k e le t o n is e n t ir e l
y
o f

Su c h ri
g
id i t
y
is re
q
u ir e d f o r e f f e đ iv e ır ın s m is s İ o n to c a r tila
g
e , b u t m a n
y p
a r t s t a le r b e c o m e b o n e (S e c .

th e b o d y Tin a $ s o f t h e ￠o r c e
p ro d
u ce d b
y th e h in d le g s 3 14 ) . C m ila g e p e r s is t s o n th e e n d s o t ıi m b b o n e s to

in ju m p in g T h e v g r t e b r a ı c o lu m n i5 s h o r t, o f f e w f o r m s m o o t h
jo i n t s u r fa c e s a n d in
p
a r t s o f th e s k u ll

se g m e n ts , a n d s c a r c e l
y
Ħ e x ib te ( e xc e
p
t a t th e s a a n d lim b
g
i r cl le s .

c ru m ), u n ı
ik e th e c lo lt r M il in m o s t v e r te b r a t e s . T he re T h e fr o g h a s f a r B r e a te r d e v e ļ o p m e n t o í th e m t ls ・

a re n o r ib s . E le s o f th e ]o c o m o to r a
p p
e n d a
g
e s a n d m o re d iffe re n ・

The p
e c to r a l
g
i r d ıe is a U -
s hap ed f ra m o w o r k tią lie n o f th e m u sc】
e s o f th e t ru n k th a n f łs h , T he
a ro u n d th e th o r a x th a t s h e lt e r s o r a n s w it h i n a il d m u s c te s a m r a th g r w e ll d ç f in e d f i» r t h e f ir s t t i m e a n d
g

s u p p o R T s ıh e f o r e ıl m b ıt is a \\a c h e d ıo l h e v e r t e b r a e m a y b e r e c o B n iz c d in d i v id u a ı] y , T he c o n s p ic u o u s

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dev e lo
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m e n t o l th e n o n s eg m e n ta l m u s cıe s ls n e c e s a re ĥ n a ll
y
a s se d o u t th ro u g h th e c lo a c a l o
p e
n in
g
.

p
s a ry *o e n a b ı
e th e fro g t o ın o v e a b o u t o n la n d , T he M u c h re s e r v e fo o d l$ * t o r ￠d ln th e ılv p r a s
s ıy c ņ g e n
m u *c ı
e l o f th e h in d lim b s a r e e ıo n g * ￠e a n d p
o w « rfu l, ( a n im a l s ta r c h ) , a c a r b ı) h y
d r a ıe t h a t c iın b e c o n v e r tırd

a d a p te d ïo r le a p in g an d s w lm m ln g , D u r in B M ￠ In t o g lu c o s e fo r u s e in th e b o d y a s n e e d e d .
F* t is

b re e d in g s ea s o n th o s e o f th e f o r e l im b s o f m a le s e n s to r e d m a i n ıy In th e f a l b o d ie s ,
ĥ n g ￠
r r lik e
吕
ro w th s

la r g e , a id in g ıh e m in m a l n t a i n in
吕
t h e ir
g
n
p
o n th e . A n t e r i o r t o t he go
n a d s (F i
8
3 ] -
9) S . u c h fo o d w s e rv e s

fe ın a le d u r i n
g
a m
p
le x u s . A r e m e t a bo ıi z e d d u r in
g h ib e r na t i on a n d e s t iv a t i m

(s u M r ￠ï e r
q
u ie s c g n c e ) a n d d u r in
g
th e b re e d in
g
s e a

so n .

3 1 ? Ð fg -
e s ıi z ıe s
y
$ te n * T h e s n t a ıı a n i m a ls ıa k e n

a s fo o d a rp ] u b r ił a t e d b m u c u s s e c re te d in th e
y

m o u th (a fn ) lacks s a l iv a r
y g
ıa n d s ) a n d
p
a s s th ro u
吕
h 3 J Ą C íp r w ıa t o r
y syshenı T h e h e a r t o f th e l a d p o ıe

th e
p
h a r
y
n x a n d e s o
p
h a
\
s eo e n tg r th e s to m a c h . Is ó s h li k e , w i o Ll e a t r iu m a n d th e v e n tr i c le . 】
t m
'
T h e d i e s tiv e e n z m e s in th e fro s s t o n \ a c h an d c e iv e s o n l u n o x e n a t e đ b lo o d w h ic h is u m e d
g y g y y g ,
p p
in te s tin e in c lu d e
p
r o te a s e s ,
w h i c h a c t o 【t
p
r o te in s d i r e c tl
y
to ı
h e
g
i lts . Fo llo \ in
g
m e t a m o r
p
h o s is th e

lip a s e ,
w h ic h a c ts o n fa ts an d m a ] ta s e a n d o th e r h e a r t is th r e e c h am b e re d iF i s
. 31 61a -
n d c o n s is ts o f

e n z y m e s .
w h ic h a đ o n s 【a r c h e s . H yd r o c h lo ń c a c id (] ) a c o n ic a ı t h ic k w a lle d v e n tr id e
p
o s te r io r ı
y Q )

s e c re te d in th e s t 1o m a c h a c tiv a te s c e rta in o f th e d i
s
e s
-
th e le f t a n d r i h t * in
g
ia a n ıe r io r l
y . w i t h 吐吐n m u s c u la r

t iv e e n z w e s . So m e a b s o r p t io n m a y o c cu r in th e w a ll s (3 ) a th in -
w a lle d l i n u s v e n o s u s d o r s a lly a n d

s to m a c h , bu t m o s t o f th e m ix e rl a n d fin e l
y
d iv id e d (4 ) a s to u t t u b u l t e n u s a r ıe ī i o s u s th a t l e a d s f o r w a rd

( c ın te n ts e n te r s th e s m a ıı i n t e s t i n e . T he tiv e r a n d f ro m th e a n t e r io r b a se o f th e v e n t r i c le . V * ıv t s b e ・

N n crea s su
p p
ı
y
s e c r e ıio n s th e re . Bes id e s th o s e tw e e n th e c h a m b e rs
p
re v e n t b ac k w a n l n o w o f

fr o m
吕
la n d s in th e in ıe s t in a l w a ll . M o s t d i e s tio n
g
b lo o d . T he a ır ia a re s e
p
a rı
ıte d b
y
a n i n te r a ır ia l s e
p
。

a n d a b s o r t io n
p ta k e p la c e l n th e sm a lıın ıe s t ı
n e . U n ・
tu m . ı
n th e ( o n u ı ¡l a th i n , fla ı , t w is ıtM s
p
t r a ıv * l w ,

d ig e s te d r e s id u e s a r e $ ı
o w l
y
n\o v e d
ı b
y p
e r l s t a l« l ı T h e c o t ır s e o t c l r c u la l io n ￠i8 . 6 6 ) is-
ū s f o lıo w s

ı
n lo th e lu g e I n t e s t in e ,
a r e fo rm e d ir lo fa c e r , a n d B lo o d a c cu m u ı
a te s In th e s in u s v ￠n o s u s . w h ic h con

F lo u r・ 削 去 ï t e ıb u l￠b e ı , *rııona*d ,

00 RW W T R A \ f R O N T A L S E C T IO N

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T he ly m p h a lı
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ı
ym p h v e ße e ı» o l v a rie d tl l a iT ıc tc r iı
n tl s h a p ı
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pe n e u a te th e o rg a n s a n đ tis s u e s b u t a r e d

se e . F ro g
s a n d ıo a t ı
s . u n lik e o t h e r v e r t tr b r a M .
hav e
'
a ls o s e v g r a l la r g e ı m
y p
h s a c s (+ r s
p
a tq s b c tw q e n t h e

Be
sk n
i a n d b o d y h in d th e s h o u ld e r i n i le a n d b e -
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g

s id e th e v e n t a m tw o a ir s o f l m h h e a đ s th a t u ]
ー

p y p p

s a te t ıìe
q
u e n tt
y
. D o rsal th e c o e lo m a n d
p
e r ito
-

n e u m th e re is a l a r e s u b v e r t e b r a ıI m h s a c n e a r th e
g y p

k id n e
y
s T h e w r a te r
y
l
y
n t
p
h In th e s e s tr u ç h rr e s c o n

ta in s ]e u k o c t e s b u t la c k s r e d c e lls a n d s o m e r o te in s

ifis
y p

o f b lo t] d la s m a ıt f il t e r s t)u t fr o trt b lo o d c a il [a r ie s
p p

in to th e tis s u e s ,
e n t e r s t h e l
y
m
p
h v e s s e ls . A n d la te r

r e tu r n s to t h c v e in s . So ı
rıe s m a lı o
p
e n in
g
s ( s to m a ta
)
in t h e p e r i to n e u m co m m u n ic a te w ith ly m p h v e s s e ls .

Z Į I n \o re

g
31 9 R

ro u
p
-

,
e a n s

r e fle
es
p
i r rıt o t

c t in
a f rĽ

g
th e
s
y

p
i r a
s
y
s l« » ı

t io

t r a n s i t io n
n t h a n

f ro m
A m

a n
p

a
h

q
o
ib ia n s

u
t h

, ı ı
e r

ic
a n

to
h

im

la n d
a v e

a ı

ha b ita ts ın d if f e r e n ı s
\
je s th e
B
i lls , lu n
gs , s k in ,

an d b u c c o p h a r y n x s ￠T v ￠ s e p rl r a t￠ ly o r In « ]m b ļn a ・

!io n .

T he t e s p lra to r y o t g a n e a r e th e lu n g s ,
a k in , a n d
lin in g o f th e m o u th a n d p h a ry n x . T hey a ll h a v g

ıı
t o i» t s u rfa c p s (e lt h e l iu m ) o v q r ly i n g b lo o d v e s s e ls
p
.

O x y g e n fn o rrı t h e a ir d is s o lv e s irı th e s ttrfa c le m o is -

tu r e a n d p a s s e s i ıt w a n l m th e b lo o d , w h ile c a rb o n

d io x id e p a ss e s in tı
\e o p p o s ite d ir e c t io n . T he lu n g s

(F ig . 31 ? } a re lw o t h in e ıa s ti c s a c s w ith s h a l lo w in ・

t e r n a l f o ld s t h a t ir 1c re a ņ e th e in n q T s » rfa c lp , T he y a re

lin e d w it h c a p i lıa r ie s o f t h e p u lm o n a ry c in » la t $ o n ,

Ea ch lu n g c o n n e c ıs b y a sh o rt b m n c h u s to th c v o ic e

bo x , o r ı
a r
y
ıx
Į ,
b e h in d t h e
吕
lo t t i s .
A fr o g
b r e a th e s

w ith its m o Ł
ıt h c lo s e d J u s ıb e f o n r e x p i r a t i t } n th e b ııc

c a l n o o r is lo w c ıe d , d ra w in
g a ir th m u
g
h th e n a s a l

p a s s a g e s i n to a d e p r e s s io n in th e n o o r o f t h ￠ b u c c {】

p ha ry n g e a l c a v ity . A t th i s tim e th c g ıo t ıi s is c lo tie d

U po n e x p i r a t io n th e g ıo t r i s o p e n s , t he th o ra c ic w a ı
ls

( o n ır a i t , a n d th e e la s t ic } u n
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s r e c o il,
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g
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h iEih v ı・lł1 c iŁ
y
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g h th e n o s t r i ıs , T h is c x h a le Lì a İ r

m o s t ly
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y
d m w n in to th e

ġ Ș ŁĮ
buc<tlpharynx t h ų r i$ ıi t t]c m iï in ￠ , U p ı)n c ￠\ m p ıe ・

lio n n f x h .\ ll\\ in n , t h m w l r ll# c ı{ w t ' il n đ ıh c b u c ca ]

flm w iH t
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l\ rv a lL
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U , ft ır ç in
g
đi r i n to lh ť ıu n
h
q . T ht ı

gı { l ıłi s Ĥ trw c ın s e s a n d b u c c a ]
p
u l s n ıi o n s o c c u r , c le a r -

In g t h e b u c d ıı h a r n x I J F a n
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o ı 回 r ıe ï v ı・ w , w ııh 》 n ıw n
￠￠lu t 铮 拿 n l e łh 劈 w 声自 ılıı
1o n ł 自 n łn n * r 朝 M ıc * ，

E n ia o « ￠s l￠e ıc h d q p p e ııe h l b o w t lo rw w o p e m o o ı
o rı
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nd f illi ng \e
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o
r ou * ly
f
rom t he lun g
i
, t h e
吕 c y c le T h e
'

p rp p
N ra l io n fo r th e n e x t b m ı» t h ln . f ro g ı c o r dr v ib riıt e a n d p
ro d u c e so u n d , t he p itc h o f w h ic h
s k ın c o n ıa ln s m a n y b tt n ]d v e s s e ls th a i s e r v e fo r r e « lı r e
g
t ıla ï e d b
y
m u sc u ı
a r te n ıl o n o n th e c o rd « ,

p ir a t io n e ith e r in a ir o r w a te r a n d e s p e c ia ı
ıy d u rin g

h lb e m a tio n , M o st o x y g e n u p ta k e ls b y th e lu n B s ,

an d m o s t ca rb o n d io x i d e r e le a s e i s b
y
th e s k in , T he 3 1 -
10 M tr e f o p
y
s
y
s M m T h e k id n e
y
s (F i
g
, 31 9) ・

fr o g ta d p o ıe re s
p
ir e s b
y B
ills ( F ig , 3 ı -
10 ) T h e se a re Į ie d o ra a ] to th e c o e lo m a n d
p
e r it o n e u m . T he y
a re

ıı
e n d t ・
r e x t e n s i o n s o f th e e p ith e ı
iu m o f th e
p
h a r
y
n x s e ıe c t iv e l ilt e m th a t r e m o v e s o ıu b ıe o r
ß
a n ic w a s te s

c o n t a i n in g m a n y b ıo o d c a p iıb rie s i th e ir fu n c tio n is (e s p e c ia ll y u re a ). E x c e s s m i n e r a l s a lts . A n d w a te r

co m p a r a b te to th a t o f th e s k in o t lu n g o f a fr o g (F i g g a th e r e d fro m th e b o d y ce u s an d fı
u id s b y t h e b lo o d

31 7) -
(C h a p . 7) W he . n M e fro
g
is im m e rse đ o r o n a w e t

T he ı
\
x i3 i n f o r c e d b y c a r t i ıa
g
e s a n d c o n s u rfa c e ,
t h e
y
e li m i n a t e e x c e s s w a te r a b s o r b e d b
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