Softee ee PEPSI rT ayia cad bP PEP ate <2 aL rT i wo Se WO Nags. SS 4 “Se Pe » Pp SOIT SA 4h (4444s we,THE GREEN BOOK OF MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS Kenneth Hardy and Kenneth S. Williams Carleton University, Ottawa DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC. Mineola, New YorkCopyright Copyright © 1985 by Kenneth Hardy and Kenneth S. Williams. All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions, Published in Canada by General Publishing Company, Ltd., 30 Les- mill Road, Don Mills, Toronto, Ontario. Published in the United Kingdom by Constable and Company, Ltd., 3 The Lanchesters, 162~164 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 9ER. Bibliographical Note This Dover edition, first published in 1997, is an unabridged and slightly corrected republication of the work first published by Integer Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1985, under the title The Green Book: 100 Practice Problems for Undergraduate Mathematics Competitions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hardy, Kenneth. [Green book] The green book of mathematical problems / Kenneth Hardy and Kenneth S. Williams. p. cm. Originally published: The green book. Ottawa, Ont., Canada - Integer Press, 1985. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-486-69573-5 (pbk.) 1. Mathematics—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Williams, Kenneth S. I. Title. QA43.H268 1997 510’ .76—de21 96-47817 cIP Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501