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𝛁 × ⃗𝑯
⃗⃗ = 𝑱𝑪 + 𝑱𝑫
𝑱𝑪 − 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝑱𝑫 − 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝑱𝑫 = 𝟎
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑱𝑪 i.e. Non Zero
𝛁×𝑯
Thus Option (c)
𝜼𝑨 𝟐
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟑𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 [ 𝟐 ]
𝝀
Where,
𝜼 − 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬
𝑨 − Area of loop
𝝀 − Operating wavelength
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 ∝ 𝜼𝟐
For,
1 turn loop, 𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝛀
Thus,
For 5 turn loop
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟓𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)
= 0.25 Ω
Option (d)
5. An antenna in free space receives 2𝜇 𝑊 of power when the incident
electric field is 20 mV/m rms. The effective aperture of the antenna is
(a) 0.005 𝑚2 (c) 1.885 𝑚2
(b) 0.05 𝑚2 (d) 3.77 𝑚2
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
Soln. RMS value of incident Electric field (𝑬) = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑽/𝒎
𝑬𝟐
Power density (𝑷𝒅 ) =
𝜼
𝟐
(𝟐𝟎×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
= = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒘⁄𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝝅
𝟐×𝟏𝟎−𝟔
= = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟓𝒎𝟐
𝟏.𝟎𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟔
Option (c)
as 𝟏⁄
𝒓𝟐
Far field varies with distance
as 𝟏⁄
𝒓
Option (a)
7. If the diameter of a 𝜆/2 dipole antenna is increased from 𝜆/100 to 𝜆/50
then its
(a) Bandwidth increases (c) Gain increases
(b) Bandwidth decreases (d) Gain decreases
[GATE 2000: 1 Mark]
Soln. 𝝀/𝟐 dipole is a resonant (narrow band) antenna.
Gain of the antenna is directly proportional to efficiency.
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅
Radiation efficiency (𝜼) =𝑹
𝒓𝒂𝒅 +𝑹𝑳
Where
𝑹𝒓𝒂𝒅 – Radiation resistance
RL - Loss resistance
As the diameter of the dipole antenna increases (area of wire
increases) the loss resistance which is proportional to 𝟏/𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
decreases
Thus efficiency increases
Hence gain increases
Option (c)
11. For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in the E
– plane is
(a) 3600 (c) 900
(b) 1800 (d) 450
[GATE 2008: 1 Mark]
Soln. Hertzian dipole is a short linear antenna, which is assumed to carry
constant current along its length.
The E0, field component is
𝑬𝜽 ∝ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Then half power beam width (HPBW) in E- plane is as shown in Fig.
𝟏 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏
𝑬= 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑬= 𝒂𝒕 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓𝟎
√𝟐 √𝟐
HPBW
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝜽 = 𝟎𝟎
13. For an antenna radiating in free space, the electric field at a distance of 1
km is found to be 12 mV/m. Given that intrinsic impedance of the free
space is 120 πΩ, the magnitude of average power density due to this
antenna at a distance of 2 km from the antenna (in nW/m2) is _______.
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]
Soln. Given,
Electric field E at a distance of
𝟏 𝑲𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝑽/𝒎
Also, we know that
𝟏
𝑬∝
𝒓
𝟏 𝟔 × 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
= .
𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅
= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟕 𝒏𝑾/𝒎𝟐
Answer = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟕 𝒏𝑾/𝒎𝟐
14. Match column A with column B.
Column A
1. Point electromagnetic source
2. Dish antenna
3. Yagi – Uda antenna
Column B
P. Highly directional
Q. End fire
R. Isotropic
1 2 3
(a) P Q R
(b) R P Q
(c) Q P R
(d) R Q P
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]
Soln. 1. Point electromagnetic source radiates is all directions.
2. Dish Antenna radiates Electromagnetic Energy in any
particular direction with narrow beam width and high directivity.
3. Yagi Uda antenna is a high bandwidth antenna used for TV
reception
Option (b)
𝝀𝟐
𝑨𝒆 = .𝑫
𝟒𝝅
Thus, as D increases effective aperture also increases.
𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟎
𝟐𝝅
= . 𝟐𝝀. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝟒𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝝀
𝚿
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽)
𝟐
𝜽 Varies from 0 to 2π
𝝅 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
Maximum at 𝜽 = 𝟎, , , , 𝝅, , ,
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
So, the number of lobes in the radiation pattern in the horizontal
plane = 8
Option (d)
Option (b)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒑
𝜼= =
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒅
Radiation resistance of two antennas may be different hence
efficiency may not be same. This indicates power gains may not be
same.
Thus, Option (c)
𝟐𝝀
For End fire array = 𝟐√
𝑵𝒅
7. A 1 km long microwave link uses two antennas each having 30dB gain. If
the power transmitted by one antenna is 1 W at 3 GHz, the power
received by the other antenna is approximately
(a) 98.6 µ W (c) 63.4 µ W
(b) 76.8 µ W (d) 55.2 µ W
[GATE 1996: 2 Marks]
Soln. Given,
Link distance (𝑹) = 𝟏𝑲𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎
Antenna gain (𝑮𝒕 ) = 𝟑𝟎 𝒅𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝑮𝒓
Power transmitted (𝑷𝒕 ) = 𝟏𝑾
Frequency = 3 GHz
Wavelength = 10 cm = 0.1 m
𝑷𝒕 𝑮𝒕
𝑷𝒅 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝑲𝒎 =
𝟒𝝅𝑹𝟐
𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
= 𝟑 𝟐
𝒘⁄𝒎𝟐
𝟒𝝅 × (𝟏𝟎 )
𝟒𝝅 𝑨𝒆 𝑮𝝀𝟐
𝑮= 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒆 =
𝝀𝟐 𝟒𝝅
𝑷𝒓 = (𝑨𝒆 )𝒓 . 𝑷𝒅
𝑮𝒓 𝑨𝟐 𝟏
= ×
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
Option (c)
𝟐𝟓𝟏
= × 𝟓𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟒 × 𝝅 × (𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝟐
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒘
Option (d)
10. For an 8 feet (2.4m) parabolic dish antenna operating at 4 GHz, the
minimum distance required for far field measurement is closest to
(a) 7.5 cm (c) 15 m
(b) 15 cm (d) 150 m
[GATE 2000: 2 Marks]
Soln. Given,
Parabolic reflector antenna
Diameter (D) = 2.4 m
Frequency (f) = 4 GHz
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝑺𝒐, 𝝀 = 𝟗
= 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎
𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎
The measurement of antenna field is considered in Fraunhofer (far
field) region. At a distance
𝟐𝑫𝟐
𝑹≫
𝝀
𝟐 × (𝟐. 𝟒)𝟐
𝒐𝒓, 𝑹 = = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎
𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
≅ 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎
Option (d)
11. The half – power bean widths (HPBW) of an antenna in the two
orthogonal planes are 1000 and 600 respectively. The directivity of the
antenna is approximately equal to
(a) 2 dB (c) 8 dB
(b) 5 dB (d) 12 dB
[GATE 2000: 2 Marks]
Soln. Given,
Half power beam width (𝜽𝟑𝒅𝑩 ) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Half power beam width (𝝓𝟑𝒅𝑩 ) = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑫) = =
𝜽𝟑𝒅𝑩 . 𝝓𝟑𝒅𝑩 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟔𝟎
= 𝟔. 𝟖𝟓 ≅ 𝟖𝒅𝑩
Option (c)
13. In a uniform linear array, four isotropic radiating elements are spaced
𝜆/4 apart. The progressive phase shift between the elements required for
forming the main beam at 600 off the end – fire is
(a) −𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (c) −𝜋/4 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(b) −𝜋/2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (d) −𝜋/8 𝑟𝑎𝑑
[GATE 2001: 2 Marks]
Soln. Uniform linear Array of N elements radiates in either broad side or
end fire directions based on progressive phase shift, α between the
excitation sources connected to antenna elements in the Array.
The array factor is given by
𝚿 = 𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝜶
Here distance between elements is 𝒅 = 𝝀⁄𝟒
Direction of main beam is here 600.
when 𝜽 = 𝟎, with respect to axis of array, it is end fire type
When 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 with respect to the axis of the array it is broad side
broadside
End Fire
Given, the main beam is 600 off end fire i.e. 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝚿 = 𝜶 + 𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝝀 𝟏 𝝅
𝒐𝒓, 𝜶=− . = − 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝀 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
Option (c)
14. A person with a receiver is 5 km away from the transmitter. What is the
distance that this person must move further to detect a 3 – dB decrease in
signal strength?
(a) 942 m (c) 4978 m
(b) 2070 m (d) 5320 m
[GATE 2002: 2 Marks]
Soln. Distance between transmitter and person with receiver is 5 km
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
𝒙
𝑻𝒙 𝟓𝑲𝒎 𝑹𝒙
From the position P1 the person having receiver moves some distance
to detect 3 dB decrease is signal strength. Field strength at P2 is 𝟏⁄√𝟐
times field strength at position 1.
E at point P1 is E1
E at point P2 is E2 (𝑬𝟏 /√𝟐)
𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝟏 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝟐 𝜶
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝑬𝟏 𝒓𝟐
=
𝑬𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟏
𝒐𝒓, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 = √𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝟏 /√𝟐
𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕 𝑲𝒎
Thus distance moved from point 1 to point 2 = 2070 m
Option (b)
15. Two identical antennas are placed in the 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 plane as shown in
Figure. The elements have equal amplitude excitation with 1800 polarity
difference operating at wavelength λ. The correct value of the magnitude
of the far zone resultant electric field strength normalized with that of a
single element both computer for 𝜙 = 0 is
S
𝜙
S
2 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
(a) 2 cos ( ) (c) 2 cos ( )
𝜆 𝜆
2 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
(b) 2 sin ( ) (d) 2 sin ( )
𝜆 𝜆
[GATE 2003: 2 Marks]
Soln. Normalized field strength of a uniform linear array is
𝚿
𝑬𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑵
=| 𝒁|
𝑬𝟎 𝚿
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒁
Where, N – Number of elements in the array
𝚿 − 𝜷𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 + 𝜶
For the given two element array
𝑬𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝚿
=| | = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝚿/𝟐)
𝑬𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝚿/𝟐
Where
𝚿 = 𝛂 + 𝛃𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛟
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅𝑺
=𝝅+ .𝑺 .𝟏 = 𝝅 +
𝝀 𝝀
𝑬𝑻 𝝅 𝝅𝒔 𝝅𝒔
= 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( + ) = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝑬𝟎 𝟐 𝝀 𝝀
Option (d)
16. Two identical and parallel dipole antennas are kept apart by a distance of
𝜆/4 in the H – plane. They are fed with equal currents but the right most
antenna has phase shift of +900. The radiation pattern is given as
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟎 ∠𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝝀/𝟒
Option (d)
𝟐
𝟓𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐
𝑹𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟎𝝅 ( ) =
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟓
Option (a)
18. A 𝜆/2 dipole is kept horizontally at a height of 𝜆2 ⁄2 dipole above a
perfectly conducting infinite ground plane. The radiation pattern in the
plane of the dipole (𝐸⃗ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒) looks approximately as
(a) y y
(b)
z z
y y
(c) (d)
z z
[GATE 2007: 2 Marks]
Soln. A 𝝀/𝟐 dipole is kept horizontally at a height of 𝝀𝟎 /𝟐 above
conducting ground plane
𝝀𝟎 /𝟐
Conducting
Infinite ground
𝝀𝟎 /𝟐
𝟐𝝅
𝑯𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒅 = 𝝀, 𝜶 = 𝝅, 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝜷𝒅 = . 𝝀 = 𝟐𝝅
𝝀
𝜷𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 + 𝜶
𝑨𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 [ ]
𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 + 𝝅
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 [ ]
𝟐
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓)
Option (b)
19. At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of 1 meter diameter and
70% efficiency is
(a) 15 dB (c) 35 dB
(b) 25 dB (d) 45 dB
[GATE 2008: 2 Marks]
Soln. Given,
Frequency = 20 GHz
Diameter of antenna dish = 1 meter
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝜼) = 𝟕𝟎%
Gain of parabolic dish antenna is given by
𝑫 𝟐
𝑮 = 𝜼 𝝅𝟐 ( )
𝝀
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟕 . 𝝅𝟐 ( )
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟕 . 𝝅𝟐 ( ) ≅ 𝟒𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝟑
Option (d)
20. Two half – wave dipole antennas placed as shown in the figure are exited
with sinusoidal varying currents of frequency 3 MHz and phase shift of
𝜋⁄2 between them (the element at the origin leads in phase). If the
maximum radiated E – field at the point P in the x – y plane occurs at an
azimuthal angle of 600, the distance d (in meters) between the antennas is
______
Z
O Y
d
600 OP>>d
P
X
[GATE 2015: 2 Marks]
Soln. Given, Azimuth plane
Occurs at 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
For antenna array
𝚿 = 𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 + 𝜶
Where, d – spacing between the antenna
𝝓 – Angle between axis of array and
𝜶 – Excitation phase line of observation
Maximum of E field occurs at 𝚿 = 𝟎
Here 𝝓 = −𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝀 𝟐𝝅
𝜷= = =
𝝀 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Maximum of field occurs
At 𝚿=𝟎
i.e. 𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 + 𝛂 = 𝟎
or, 𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 = −𝛂
𝜷 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉 = 𝝅⁄𝟐
𝟐𝝅
× 𝒅 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝝅⁄𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 = 𝝀⁄𝟐
𝟐𝝅
× 𝒅 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝝅⁄𝟐
𝝀
𝝀 𝟐𝝀
𝒅 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎 = 𝒐𝒓 𝒅 = = 𝝀⁄ 𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝝀 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝝅 ⁄𝟐 𝟐𝝅
𝑪𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = ∫ ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝜽 𝒓𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅𝝓
𝒓𝟐
𝟎 𝝓=𝟎
𝝅 ⁄𝟐 𝟐𝝅
=∫ ∫ 𝑪𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝝓=𝟎
𝝅⁄ 𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝑪𝟎
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝑪𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝟓
𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫 = 𝟒𝝅 .
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅
Where, 𝑼𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑼 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑾𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑪𝟎
𝒓𝟐 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝜽
𝒓𝟐
𝑼 = 𝑪𝟎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝜽
𝑼 = 𝑪𝟎
𝟒𝝅𝑪𝟎
𝑫=
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝑪𝟎
= 10
D is dB = 10 log 10
D = 10dB