1 Introduction to Differential Equations Exercises 1.1 1. Second-order; linear. 2. Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx)* 3. First-order; nonlinear because of yy/. 4, First-order; linear 5. Fourth-order; linear. 6. Second-order; nonlinear because of siny 7. Second-order; nonlinear because of (d?u/d2?)”. 8. Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/r?. 9. Third-order; linear. 10, First-order; nonlinear because of 9”. 11. From y =e"? we obtain y/ = —}e-*/2, ‘Then 2y' + y = ~e72/2 + e #2 = 12, From y = 8 we obtain of = 0, so that y/ + 4y = 0 + 4(8) = 32. 13. From y = e% + 10e* we obtain dy/dx = 3¢%* + 20e°7. Then # ~ y= (Be + 2067") — 2 (2 + 1027") = e¥, 14. From y = 3 - ee we obtain dy/dt = 24e-%, 50 that dy —208 G 4 204 = 0 g + 20y = 2e 20(= 15. From y = Stan Sz we obtain y’ = 25sec*5z. Then of = 25sec? 5x = 25 (14 tan? 52) = 25+ (Stan Sz}? = 35 + 97. 16. From y = (V+ c1)” we obtain y’ = 2(/% + c1) /2v@, 20 that = en (ray =f 17. seoy- tues Lasse! we obtain f = Fear + being ~ 10e°*. Then yYrys 1 ( cos + going — 10-*} + (fsinz ~ Jeone + we™*) = sins, 218. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Exercises 1.1 First write the differential equation in the form 2zy + (22+ 2y) y’ = 0. Implicitly differentiating Py + y? = q we obtain 2ry + (29+ 2y) y' = 0. Fust write the differential equation in the form y’ = —2y/x. From y = ~1/2? we obtain y’ = 227%, 80 that —2y/x = 20% = y, From y = 2 +1 we obtain y’ = 1, so that (u’}® tay’ =ltiaey. implicitly differentiating y? = ¢ (« + ja) we obtain 9 = ¢1/2y. Then 2 2 az, 2ay' ty(y'P = + = wy ¥ ayy s, ifx>o Writing y = z[z| as y = 3 = we see that |y] = 2”, -00 < 1 < on, and -2?, ifg<0 le Vorawle BFPO since ya PB 2° ais apparent that 9” VW) ifx Se — dX Then = Q—X)(1-2). 2 2 Differentiating y = e dt+ce"* we obtain yao — are? f ef dt —2ete" =1~ are? f edt — 220 * Substituting into the differential equation, we have yi + 2ay = 1-220 f fat —2ox0™ + axe of dt + 2evee First write the differential equation in the form y! = . Then o(z + y)? = 2e%/* iraplies axes jation ei ase: co: = 75 and implicit differentiation gives 2oi(x + y)(1 + y') = we {e+y) z +7. Solving28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Exercises 1.1 for y/ we obtain Bes) — 2 From y = cie#® + cge~4? we obtain y = 3cpe3* — 4eze™4* and y/! = Sere®* + 16cye~4*, so that gy +y/— dy =0. From y = ¢%* cos 2x we obtain y’ = 3e* cos 2x — 2e%* sin 2z and y” = Se** cos 2x — 12e** gin 22, 50 that o/' — 6y + 1dy = 0. in OY — 9¢2t PY 24 dee? ay dy 22 wet cs = From y ~ €* +204 we obtain = — Se +200 and Fy = Be +dee™ co that TAG) +4y = 0. From y = cosh + sinh x we oblain y’ = sinh + cosh and y” = coshz + sinha = y. From y = ¢1 cos 5a we obtain y/ = —Se; sin 5x and y” = —25e; cos 5c, so that 4’ + 25y = 0. 1 From y = In| + ci] + 02 we obtain yf = ———— andy” , 80 that y+ (y')? = =-1 (e+e)? 1+ sing In(seez + tanz) and From y = —coszIn(secx + tan) we obtain y = y! =tenz + cosz|n(secx + tanz). Then y” + y = tanec. dy Fr = 1 ye obtain y! = —e2-? and y! = 2,275, so that ot 4 2% — OM Y = Cy + C22" v 9) and y 2: a “mt de . . 1 From y = x cos(Inz) we obtain y’ = - sin(Inz)+cos(Inz) and y” = > » cos(in 2) — ;sin(inz), s0 that 2?y"” — xy’ + 2y = 0. From y = 2? +2? Ing we obtain y/ = 32 + 2xIn2 and y" =5+2Inz so that 2?y” Bey! + dy 0. From y = ¢; sin 32 + cg cos 3x + 4e* we obtain y/ = 3¢, cos 8x — 3cg sin 32 + 4e?, y” = —9ey sin 32 — Yen cos 32 + 4e*, and y" = —27e1 cos 3x + 27ep sin 3x + 4€, so thet a — y" + Oy! — 9y = 0. From y = 2%¢* we obtain y/ = 272" + Ize*, y/ = that. 9” ~ 32 + 3y/—-y = 0. 7 + dne*2e*, and 4” ~ 27e* + Gre” + 6e*, 50 From y = ar pete we obtain y! =o) +e) In 2+ 8x, y” = cia! +8, andy" = —cyz7?, so that dy 3 ag oe ty 12: vapt + 22’ 2 vy 0, 2, r<0 —2r, 2<0 + = " btain y= that cry’ — 2y = 0. Rom y ( Pet we obtain y= [FOP FST so chat af = 2y 0 2<0 . ,_f% red yr f% <0 From y=} ig ag we obtain = jue 59 00th WTO og, 3