Sine. = UNIT II KINEMATICS ‘One Dimensional Motion. The motion of an objact is said to be one dimensional motion if only one out of the three coordinates specifying the position of the object changes with respect to times. (an object moves along any of the three axes X, ¥ of Z). Two dimensional motion. The motion of an object is said to be two ‘dimensional maton ito out of the three coordinates specitying the position ‘of the object change with respect to time, (the object moves in a plane.) Three dimensional motion. The motion of an abject is said to be three ‘dimensional motion if all the three coordinates spectving the postion of the object change with respect to time. (the object moves in space.) Speed. The speed of an object is defined as the ratio of distance covered land timo takon j.0, speed = distance travollodtime takon). Spood Is a ‘scalar quantiy. It can only be zero or positive. Instantaneous velocity. The velocity of an object ata given instant of time is called its instantaneous velocity. When a body is moving with uniform velocity ts instantaneous velocity = average velocity = uniform velocity. Graphs and Nature Type of motion of graph Fora sialonary body, DISPLACEMENT The slope of at. ine ‘he time displacement 4 teprosente instantaneous graph is a st. ine velosty zero slope -> zero Paral! to time ax, »}-—_— valooty owe When @ body, is moving DISPLACEMENT Constant slope with a constant velocty a Magnituce of velocity is ‘hen time displacement constant graph willbe a st Tine incined to time avis ote 2 2d = Physies myCBSEguide.comBe ry caste com © vimon a body Is moving vELocITY “The slope ot this grapn vith a constant voieety, represents the instants- the velocky time graph neous acceleration zero 's a stine paral 0 8 acesleration time axis oe ‘© Relative velocity. The relative velocity of one object wrt another is the velocity with which one abject moves wrt another object. If i, ands are the velocity of two objects A and 8, and @ is tho angle betwen them, then ralative velocity of object A w.rt B is given by Ye sin 0 ¥, e080 Fan = Fae Te where, Yan and tan = Here, b is the angle which Tyg makes with the direction of vy. © Acceleration. The acceleration of an object is defined as the ratio of change of velocity of the object, and time taken /e., Acceleration = change in velocityhtime taken. Acceleration is a vector quantity. Acceleration is positive, ifthe velocity is increasing and is negative If velocity is decreasing, The negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration. © Instantaneous acceleration, The acceleration of an object at a given instant is called its instantaneous acceleration. i Av dv ax Instantaneous acceleration, a Lt SY — Sv 2% ato at ot gt? © Formulae for uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line. Forested melon For Rerded motion a“ vw sur-2 as D, = u-S(2n-1)© Graphs and nature ‘ot motion Graph When 2 body is moving with a constant acceleration the time-dgplacement graph | a curve with bend upwards, DISPLACEMENT When a body is moving vith a constant retardation, the time-displacement graph | a curve with bend downwards o Tae When a body ie moving veteciy vith a constant aeoclaraton and te ina volosty 1s 2010, tho voloety-me graph ‘= an oblique st tne, passing strough orgin. é Tite When a body is moving with a constant acceleration ard ts intial veloaty isnot 2210, the velocty-time graph |S an obique sine not passing myCBSEguide.com = urge of graph The slope of tie: displacement curve (instante neous velocity increases with time 6) The slope of time-displac- cement curve (instantaneous velosty) decreases with time Groater wil be the slope of ft tbe greater will bo the Inetamancous aeceloraton, The area enclosed by the velosty-tme graph ith time axis represents the distance traveled by the body through orgin. ° Te When a body is moving vetociry slope represents acceleration vith a constant retardation hich is negative ie, and ts intia valosty isrot A) retardation, 2270, the veloeiyie graph |S an oblique st line not 6 passing through exigin i “ie Sealars. The quantities which have magnitudes and unit only but no direction, For example, mass, length, ime, speed, work, temperature etc. Vector. The quanilies which have magnitudes ‘boys vector laws of addition, muitiplication ote. velocity, acceleration, force, momentum ete. Unit as well as direction and For example, dieplacomont, XI — Physies