428 CHAPTER 13 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN CIRCULAR PIPES The introduction to this topic is given in Sec. 1.5.3. In this brief chapter some con parisons will be made between the behavior of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fuids in pipe flow, and references will be given for the student who wishes to pursue t subject further. 13.1 THE ROLE OF STRUCTURE IN NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR z ited with the “long-range sneue Ss long-range” implies lor ared with the ctr of a small molecule like water. For example, a Bingham Buid is assumed cel fo ace that will resist small shearing stresees but that Coad ne s eae the most common type of non ne et ts Yield stress, Peaudopastio Suds 5 . n-Newtonian fui i dis articles (e.g., r luid) mostly have dissolved or disPe! anc les pea pe) ‘They offer more resistance to deformenr ett line up when the fluid i$ foe iscosil Srmation in the random position, so the visCHAPTER 13 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN CIRCULAR PIPES 429 become aligned. Dilatant fluid - oh they is barely enough Tiguid to Met tha Bld concer fee tect ox jp wed t Waris explained by a Particles from touching each cir ee _ Same ; if aaaee that at low shear rates the fluid between al fe slidin, ati me er atone ng of ‘one particle past another but that at high Tpixotropic fluids are assumed to have alignable particles, like pseudoplastic sivetthixotropic fluids are pseudoplastic), but with a finite time required for s to become aligned with the flow. An additional factor in thixotropic pehawvior 18 probably the existence of weak bonds between molecules (e.g., hydrogen ponds oF entanglements of polymer chains). The bonds are gradually destroyed by shearing (some authors suggest that ordinary pseudoplastic fluids are really thixotropic ids whose particles align or whose bonds break much faster than can be observed MMeurently available viscometers). Rheopectic fluids are rare and generally only Sfow theopectic behavior under very mild shearing. It has been suggested that mild shearing may help particles in the fluid to fit together better, thus forming fgher structure and increasing the viscosity. Viscoelastic fluids normally contain long- thuin molecules, that can exist in coiled or extended forms and that can connect on to another. When stretched, these molecules straighten out but, when the flow stops, they tend to revert to their coiled position, causing the elastic behavior. iptions are in accord with most observed behavior of these fluids These descrij and thus provide a mental picture of what is going on within the fluid. However, they te by no means rigorous descriptions of the microscopic internal behavior of such fluids. her nhs aticles iS ids ( ihe particle 132. MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS search in non-Newtonian fluids has consisted of meas- uring their stress-rate-of-strain curves (such as Fig. 1.6) and seeking mathematical descriptions of these curves. The study of the flow behavior of materials is called rhe- logy (from Greek words meaning “the study of flow”), and diagrams like Fig. 1.6 are afin called rheograms. Non-Newtonian fluids also have two- and three-dimensional betavior quite different from the behavior of Newtonian fluids in similar circumstances. Viscoelastic and time-dependent fluids can have truly bizarre behavior. This chapter eer Confines itself to steady, one-dimensional pipe flows of two Very common types of non- Newtonian nds, Much more is said about the other behaviors in (1-4). As shown in Sec. 1.5.3, the basic definition of viscosity is in terms of the Slding-plate experiment shown in Fig. 1.4. For Newtonian fluids it was shown in 2-63 Example 6.2) that the viscosity could be determined easily by acapillary- ; € viscometer. It can be - own both theoretically and experimentally that the fia as iseosity determined by such a viscometer for a Newtonian liquid is exactly the beg SP a8 the viscosity one would determin na sliding-plate viscometer. Since : ‘illary-tube viscometers are cheap and simple operate, they are widely used Industry for Newtonian fluids. ee For non-Newtonian flu Much of the past and present res ent or viscoelastic, it is ‘pos: the equivalent sliding-plate430 FLUID MECHANICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS manipulations. For time-dependeny is i tical measurements, but this involves some Mather , 4 (ez, thixotropic) fluids, this does not seem be possible. Thus, most studies of thy ee jor of non-Newtonian fluids use some variant of the sliding-plate viscometer, The aaa esmnmon is the concentric-cylinder, viscomelt: see Fig. 1.5. Cone-and-plae as eo are also widely used, but not discussed here [2, p. 517}. In reading the non. uuse pas the symbol for viscosity only Newtonian literature, observe that most authors use Pt A s for Newtonian fluids: 7 is used as the symbol for viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids “The data from a plot such as Fig. 1.6 can be used more easily if they can be represented by an equation. The Bingham fluid can be easily represented by 7B Tyiets T = Tyieta at rs (13.1) 6, Table 13.1 shows some exper. hat ean be represented reasonably well by Eq. 13.1. t that the examples are common substances with which pare them to that of steel at the bot- where jig is the slope of the straight Tine on Fig. 1. imental values for fluids t From this table we se we are familiar. The yield stresses are small; comy tom of the table. in many cases the experimental curves for both dilatant and pseudoplastic flu ids can be reasonably well represented by the power law, also called the Ostwald-de Waele equation: avy" Ki — 13.2) , (5) ; Here K and n are constants whose values are determined by fitting experimental data 1, and For Newtonian fluids n = | and K = 1. For pseudoplastic fluids m is less than for dilatant fluids it is greater than 1, The power law has little theoretical basi virtues are that it represents a considerable amount of experimental data with res sonable accuracy and that it leads to relatively simple mathematics. Table 13.2 shows some experimental values for fluids that can be represented reasonably well bs ts Eq. 13.2. TABLE 13.1 Parameters for Bingham plastics* Yield stress, 7, Material oo rao Catsup (30°C) 4 Sars Mustard (30°C) 38 ozs Margarine (30°C) 31 ne Mayonnaise (30°C) 35 on “Toothpaste 200 a iam 87 3 0.095 Steel (for comparison) 201050-107 See te corre 0 010 cin ah a “amume 7 ww sna pes pe repented ting wolf sida bu oe ema ween