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PRODUCTION OF FOAMED CONCRETE (24pgs) PDF
PRODUCTION OF FOAMED CONCRETE (24pgs) PDF
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
Alamat Tetap: Pos l14A Bt 5 1f4 JIn Muar, DR MOHAMMAD IBRAHIM SAF A WI
Mukim 2 Bagan, (Nama Penyelia)
83000 Batu Pahat, Johor.
Tarikh: ----------------
Tarikh: ----------------
Catatan: * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan
Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasaJorganisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis
ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
This project report attached here to, entitle "PRODUCTION OF FOAMED
Date:
Project Supervisor
Faculty of Engineering
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost, thank you to Allah S.W.T with His
supervisor, Dr. Mohd Ibrahim Safawi B.Mohd Zain for his help, guidance and
En Nur Adha b. Hj Abdul Wahab for their help and cooperation during laboratory
work. Their willingness to share their knowledge and time with me during the
my mother, father, sister, brother in law, younger brother and my fiance. I would
never have been able to complete this thesis without your continuous love and
support.
Lastly, not forgetting to all my coursemates and friends, who give me support
concrete is a special concrete which can very useful in the construction sector
because it is very lightweight and it can compact by itself at each angle of foamwork.
Many researchers have been done in overseas, and show that foamed concrete is free
flowing material which is ideal for wide range of application. Moreover, material
used to produce concrete is cheap to normal concrete. The objective of this thesis is
and without using superplasticizer follow by mixing by using water and without
using water. The addition of chemical admixture such as superplasticizer (in the
form of liquid) can help achieve as it can produce mortar of normal workability but
water/cement ratio. There are three test that been through at concrete laboratory such
as Flow Table Test, Curing Test and Strength test in order to understand and look out
character of the concrete. An inspection from this project can show the nature of
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ABSTRAK
Dalam sejarah industri pembinaan, konkrit ringan atau konkrit busa adalah
konkrit khas yang amat berguna dalam industry pembinaan kerana sifatnya yang
ringan dan boleh mampat dengan sendiri di dalam setiap ruang acuan. Banyak kajian
yang telah dijalankan di luar Negara, menunjukkan bahawa konkrit busa mempunyai
sifat yang mengalir dengan sendiri di mana ianya digunakan secara meluas.
Tambahan lagi, bahan yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan konkrit ini murah dan
dapat mengurangkan kos pembinaan. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk
menentukan kekuatan konkrit dengan mengunakan bahan yang berbeza seperti bahan
diikuti dengan campuran yang mengandungi air dan campuran yang tidak
(dalam bentuk cecair) dapat membantu untuk menghasilkan ciri yang lebih baik
yang tinggi apabila nisbah airlsimen dikurangkan. Terdapat tiga jenis ujian yang
dijalankan seperti ujian kebolehkerjaan, ujian rendaman dan ujian kekuatan untuk
mengetahui dan melihat sifat-sifat concrete tersebut. Pemerhatian daripada kajian ini
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT II
ABSTRAK III
TABLE OF CONTENT IV
LIST OF FIGURE IX
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
2.1 Introduction 6
IV
2.4.1 Inline System (Wet Method) 9
2.10 Mixer 16
2.11 Superplasticizer 17
2.12 Pozzolan 22
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 General 32
v
3.3.1 Mixing with Super plasticizer 33
3.4 Equipment 35
3.4.6 Cylinder 38
3.4.7 Formwork 39
3.5.1 Cement 40
3.5.2 Water 41
3.5.3 Sand 41
3.5.6 Pozzolan 43
3.6.1 Casting 45
3.6.2 Curing 46
3.7 Summary 48
VI
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 49
4.4 Summary 62
5.1 General 63
5.2 Conclusion 63
5.3 Recommendation 65
REFERENCES 66
APPENDIX 68
Vll
LIST OF TABLE
Tables Page
V111
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
IX
Figure 4.3 Result Average Compressive Strength 53
x
CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Foam concrete is a type of porous concrete. According to its features and uses
only sand, cement, water and stable foam to perform the concrete. This action
incorporates small enclosed air bubbles within the mortar there by making the
concrete lighter.
Basically, there are two method of producing foamed concrete such as pre-
foam method and inline method. The inline method can divided into wet method and
dry method. To produces foamed concrete, there are two type of foam will be used
by wet foam and dry foam. A foamed concrete is described as having an air content
of more than 25% which distinguishes it from highly air entrained materials.
Foamed concrete may have density from as low 500kg/m3 to 1600kg/m3 and strength
1
The strength of foamed concrete will be affected by the cement content of the
mix, the water/cement ratio, the proportion of cement to sand and the properties of
the sand. High compressive strength is generally achieved by using high cement
Basically, the workability test and strength test will be tested to investigate
properties of foamed concrete. To measure of workability test and strength test will
be tested in the experiment such as slump test. This concrete will be tested before
concrete is casting into mould, therefore the fresh concrete will be used to determine
the workability of concrete mix, and after the concrete harden, strength test will be
foamed concrete. There are two main objectives of the project are:
111. To determine and compared strength of foamed concrete, first using super
2
1.3 Limitation of Study
Foamed concrete is one field that is too wide to discuss. To achieve the
objective of this project, the study is just to focus on the related foamed concrete.
11. These theses also look out by using water and without water followed by
This thesis contains five chapters starting with the introduction in chapter 1,
also contains result and analysis and the end of the thesis is providing conclusion and
recommendation in chapter 5.
• Chapter 1: Introduction
3
• Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter discussed the detail about foamed concrete and properties of
foamed concrete and the application. The properties are strength, water
cement ratio, density and cement content. The application is using a foam
concrete that depend to the density of foam concrete. In this chapter also
• Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter discussed about equipment used to produce foam concrete, the
material and mix proportion. In this chapter also contain the test uses to
achieved the objectives this project. The test is checking the strength and
This chapter analyzed and discussed about the data obtained from
experiments.
4
• Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter discussed the conclusion base on data and the recommendation
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This thesis is to produce the foam concrete and test the foamed concrete at
laboratory to identify the suitable density and the mix proportion to use for produce
the foam concrete for structure. All properties of foamed concrete like dry density,
compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and drying shrinkage are describe in this
chapter. Also describe in this chapter is the typical application and the production of
foam concrete.
The term foam concrete is containing no aggregates only sand, cement, water and
stable foam to perform the concrete. This action incorporates small enclosed air
bubbles within the mortar there by making the concrete lighter. A foamed concrete
is described as having an air content of more than 25% which distinguishes it from
highly air entrained materials. Foamed concrete may have density from as low
6
The stable foam is the most important gradient in the production of foamed
concrete. The foaming generator made foam, where is blend of sand, cement, and
water (the base mix) and foaming agent either protein or synthetic are mixed and
According to a study by (Norizal, 2002) state that foams from protein foaming
agent comes from natural sources and has a weight of around 80g/litre and expansion
of about 12.5 x using portaform foam generator. They generally are more stable then
synthetic foams but have a shorter shelf life of about 12 month in open conditions.
They also give a higher strength of concrete compared to synthetic foams. This is
According to a study by (Norizal, 2002) state that synthetic foams have density
of about 40g/litre with an expansion of about 25 x using portafoam. They are very
stable at concrete densities above 1000kg/m3 and give good strength. Their shelf life
is about 16month under sealed condition. This is suitable for densities of 1000kg/m3
and above.
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2.3 Type of foam concrete
synthetic) and water over a fine mesh. This action causes a drop in pressure across
the mesh allowing air to be sucked from atmosphere to equal the pressure. This
equalization of pressure causes the solution to expand into what can best be
described as a foamed similar in appearance to bubble bath foam. With the bubble
size ranging 2-Smm. The foam has a large "loose" bubble structure and although
relatively stable it is not recommended for the production of low density (below
3
1100kg/m ) foamed materials. It is also not suitable for pumping long distance or
When tends to happen is that as pressure on the materials increases (this pressure
increase can be as simple as pouring the material over a certain depth), the bubble
Dry foam is produced by forcing a similar solution of foaming agent and water
through a series of high density restrictions whilst at the same time forcing
compressed air into a mixing chamber. The action of forcing this pressurized air into
the solution expands the solution into thick, tight foam, similar in appearance to
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shaving foam. The bubble size is typically less than lmm in diameter and of an even
size. The type of foam is extremely stable and these stable properties are passed onto
the foamed materials when the foam is blended with the base materials.
foam to base materials is greater than 50:50. When the foam becomes the dominant
partner within the mix it has to retain its stability to avoid collapse during, pumping,
curing, and pouring. Foamed concrete produced using dry foam can be pumped
further, poured deeper and exhibits better flow characteristics than a like for like mix
There are two method of producing foamed concrete such as pre-foamed method
This system has been driven in the main part by the need for both higher product
quality control and the commercial requirement for lower density material. These
systems incorporate the same type of foam generator and foaming chemicals as used
in the pre-foam method, but differ in that it except wet base materials into an abroad
hopper and add the foam through a completely separate process together.