PRESTRESSED CONCRETE A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH FOURTH EDITIONi ‘pth of equivalent rectangular stress block. enclosed by outside perimeter of con- be oToss section. A, © ets ssa of section, in? Ay, ~ arcu ot shear reinforcement parallel to flex- ural tension reinforcement, in.? Effective cross-séctional arca within a joint, in. in a plane parallel to plane of reinforce- ‘ment generating shear in the joint, The joint depth shall be the overall depth of the column, ‘Where a beam frames into a support of larger width, the effective width of the joint shall not exceed the smaller of: (a) beam width plus the joint depth (b) twice the smaller perpendicular distance from the longitudinal axis of the beam to the column side. total area of longitudinal reinforcement to re- sist torsion, in? ‘A, = area of reinforcement in bracket or corbel re- sisting tensile force N,,., in? ‘gross area enclosed by shear flow path, in area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement, in? Ap, = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, in? aren of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, in? Al, = area of compression reinforcement, i Ay, = total cross-sectional area of transverse rein- forcement (including cross-ties) within spacing, sand perpendicular to dimension ft. A, = area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting tor- sion within a distances, in? A, = total cross-sectional area of transverse rein- forcement (stirrup or tie) within a spaing s and perpendicular to plane et bars being spliced or developed, in.? | area of shear reinforcement within a distance ss, or area of shear reinforcement perpendicu- Jar to flexural tension reinforeement within a distance 5 for deep flexural members, ih? Ayg = area of shear-friction reinforcement, in!? ' Ayn = area of shear reinforcement parallel to flex- ural tension reinforcement within a distance Sy i. ' ‘width of compression face of member, in, bs = perimeter of critical seetion for slabs ard foot- ings, in width of that part of cross section containing the closed stirrups resisting torsion. width of cross section at contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear. 6, = web width, or diameter of circular section, in. ¢ = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, in ¢, = size of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket measured in the di- rection of the span for which moments are” being determined, in ¢, = size of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, ot bracket measured trans- verse to the direction of the span for which moments are being determined, in. d= distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, in. \istance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, in. nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, in, hickness of concrete cover measured from ex- treme tension fiber to center of bar or wire lo- cated closest thereto, in, distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed reinforcement. € = eccentricity of Joad parallel to axis of member measured from centroid of cross section. E,, = modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi modulus of elasticity of bar reinforcement, psi modulus of elasticity of prestressing reinforce- ment. J = specified 28-day compressive strength of con- crete, psi. fu, = average strength (o be used as basis ‘or select ing concrete proportions, psi required average compressive strength of con- crete used as the basis for selection of con- crete proportions, psi square root of specified compressive strengih of concrete, psi. "4 = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, psi. square root of compressive strength of con- crete at time of initial prestress,p fa = average splitting tensile strength of light- weight aggregate concrete, psi.tress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads, psi Suc = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally ap- plied loads, psi Jas = Stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength. Joa = Specified tensile strength of prestressing ten- dons, psi Soy = Specified yield strength of prestressing ten- dons, psi J, = modulus of rupture of concrete, psi = tensile strength of conerete, psi f, = specified yield strength of nonprestressed re- inforcement, psi. specified yield strength of transverse, rein- forcement, psi. overall thickness of member, in. moment of inertia of section resisting exter- nally applied factored loads, in.* J, = moment of inertia about centr: ross section of beam, in.t 1,, = moment of inertia of cracked section trans- formed to concrete, in.* 1, = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, in. ‘moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforce- ment, in fective length factor for compression mem- bers. al axis of K, = flexural stiffness of beam; moment per unit ro- tation. lexural stiffness of column; moment per unit, rotation K,q = flexural stiffness of equivalent column; mo- ‘ment per unit rotation K, = flexural stiffness of slab; moment per unit ro- tation. K, = torsional stiffness of torsional member: mo- ment per unit rotation basic development length, in. development length of standard hook in ten- sion, measured from critical section to outside end of hook (straight embedment length be- tween critical section and start of hook [point of tangency] plus radius of bend and one bar diameter). in. ly, X applicable modification factors. ‘maximum moment in member at stage deflec- tion is computed. M.= {. = factored moment to be used for design of compression member. moment due to dead load. M,, = cracking moment. M, = nominal moment strength, ‘M,- = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads, M,, = factoted moment at section, n= modular ratio of elastic: = EJE, 01 ByfEe factored axial load normal to cross section oc- ‘curring simultaneously with V,; to be taken as positive for compression, negative for tension, and to include effects of tension due to creep and shrinkage. Nye = factored tensile force applied at top of bracket ‘or corbel acting simultaneously with V,, to be taken as positive for tension. P,, = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions. P, = critical buekling load. P,, = nominal axial load strength at given eccentric Pej = outside perimeter of the concrete cross-sec~ Py = perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement, in 1r = radius of gyration of cross section of a com- pression member. 8 = spacing of shear or torsion reinforcement in direct parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, . in. 1 = thickness of a wall of a hollow section, in. 7, = factored torsional moment at section. V, = nominal shear strength provided by concrete. ¥.; = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined shear and moment, Voy = nominal shear strength provided by concrete ‘when diagonal cracking results from excessive principal tensile stress in web. V4, = shear force at section due to unfactored dead oad. vertical component of effective prestress force at section. V, = nominal shear strength provided by shear re- inforcement. factored shear force at section,