ISOMERISM The concept of somersm illustrates the Fundamental importance of molecular structure and shape in ‘organic chemistry and the isomers play a vital roe in bialogicalprocesses. NAME REACTIONS [Apart rom the convenience of being able to identify glven transformation by a simple name and assign credit to specific individual(s) the designation of @ name reaction impliesahigh tandardof utility, generality oruniqueness. ‘Structural omeriem same molecule forma nd iferent bond pater ferent (cangement ofatomsor roupsofatoms withinthemolecules ‘Stereoisomeriam Same molecular forma and hond pater bt ferent (erangementofatomsor roupsofatomsinspace ‘hain iomerism Duet diferent arrangements of carbon tons leading to liner andbranched chains. Gis H,—CH,—CH, HCCC, Duco diferent postions of sidechains, substitens, factional groups doublebonds.trilebonds, eon theparentchaln. H,C=CH—CH,—Cli, H,c—Cli=clt—C, “Geometrical isomerism Same structural formula but difer in the «pail craagenect of sons o group af elms about double ond (C=C.C=NorN=N), Ge {sie group the same ‘ide ofthe daub bond ay ‘ yy NL ‘: vo\y Functional omerism Dueto presence of different functional groups. H.C—CH.—OH, HC—0—cH, Tighe Buh ce ‘etamerism Ariss when diferent ally! groupe are attached to the same functional group eg, RyC—CH—0—CH cH, }6—0—CH CHC, Dicrorbarese "Mt up thera Tautomerism | Teatomershave diferent functional groups and existin dynamic uilbrum wth each other due toa apd interconversion from Joxe form to another and the phenomenon is known 4s aatomerism sala called as desmotapiem or kryptotopisn or Preotopyorall rion. on Hc—C-cn, = uc—C=cn, ctor) "Baliea ‘~ put = ne=¥ \ ‘0 (en J+ Chiral molecules having ferent arrangement of groups or atoms toneormore(butnotall ofthe equivalent sterecentes. [They arenotmirorinagesandarenon-euperimposible Ho ro HOF, Cont Hof Ho—¢—H Gon ior alkyl and hydroxyl) on} alkyl and hydroxy!) on Syn “anil Two substituents (asually| [Two substients (usually thesamesideottheplane. | the opposite ide of the ee ‘Cannztaro Reaction Aldehydes 0 corporeal + Alcbol way (Clit) ‘lemmensen Reduction Alay detKtone— 2 Hydrocarbon Akane) tard Reaction AomutilHeteroelic bound Methyl Group —! 5 aromaticHeterocycic Aldehyde same molecular formals bat difering only in th} behaviour towards polarised ight are called optical sonsssandthephenoienen scaled etic sone, oe ~_ Feces wn § i ii lniaealis aaa a gy RT 07% Nou = z Fitig Reaction ¥ - Te nar Friedel-raftAltylation Base Arve Compomn + RX — Sea» Ate Ore ae, Sea Friedel: craft Agiation Aromatic Compound + RCOCU(RCO),O Mart tenzene (G) + RCOCL/(RCO,O—MH=HY4 5 EY ‘Enantiomers ‘attermann Gio ‘# Chiral molecules with one or more stereocentres. ea oasel ae 2 Nac-epedmpontle lrg Benzene rts erates ye SAME semalehye orubstted Benalebyse (G) —_ HE 2 Ne pamety cet. FE ea ent SP chilcente en OAS eae eeneeee rere Cec ag ue Scr, cf Lien KO nox ati EE HOY aH CO HOC Alle Halide —— Ty acide? Pinay Amine Wee Compounds, Coat Molecules wih ney HORE AH ‘attermann Reaction . rule strocentes “ axserr £86 * Benzenediazonium Chloride SH" Ari Halide AEN eae AEX +2 + Injen plane of ymetry VN, TCT thas opty ince no {Ne “optical! COM @ Tobe continued in nest issue,