EXPERT SYSTEM AND KNOWLEDGE PROCESSING:

SURVEY AND ITS RESEARCH AREA

Riddhi Sanjay Singh, B.Sc. Computer Science Student
Department of Computer Science
VES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai India

Abstract: There is a huge development in the field of Characteristics of expert systems:

Artificial Intelligence. Expert system is an application of A. High performance: Performance of an expert
Artificial Intelligence which is having a huge impact on system should be at the level of a human
various fields of life. Expert system uses human expert.
understanding to solve the complex problems in various
B. Adequate response time: Expert system
areas which includes science, engineering, commercial
enterprise, medicine, weather forecasting and the should have the ability to respond in a
companies employing the technology of expert system has reasonable amount of time. Time is crucial
seen an increase in the quality and performance. especially for real time systems.
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer C. Reliability: They must be consistently good
system that emulates the decision-making ability of a in quality/performance and should not crash.
human expert. There are different types of expert systems D. Understandable: It should be able to justify
such as rule-based expert system, frame-based expert its conclusions in the same way a human
system, fuzzy logic, neural network, genetic algorithm, etc. expert explains why he arrived at conclusion.
Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms
Comparison between an Expert System and that of a
of artificial intelligence (AI) software. This paper gives a
top-level view of this technology and will discuss a survey Human Expert:
on diverse works achieved in distinct regions as
Factor Human Expert System
agriculture, cars, biomedical, education, remedy, metallic
Expert
making enterprise the usage of expert system.
Time (can be Working Anytime
obtained) days only
Geography Local Anywhere
I. INTRODUCTION Safety Cannot be Can be replaced
replaced
The discovery and development of expert systems are Damages Yes No
recorded since inside the early 1970s after which Speed and Changes Consistent
proliferated within the 1980s till these days. Expert Efficiency
system is an artificial intelligence program that has Cost High Intermediate
expert level knowledge about a particular domain and
knows how to use its knowledge to respond
properly. Domain refers to the area within which the II. LITERATURE REVIEW
task is being performed. Ideally the expert systems [1] John Durkin “Application of Expert System in
should substitute a human expert. The expert system Science” says that an expert system is a computer
represents knowledge acquired from human expert as program or a software that captures the knowledge of
input (data or rules) within the computer. These rules a human expert on a given problem and uses this
and data can be called upon to solve the complex knowledge to solve problems like the expert. So, the
problems. Expert systems are designed to solve expert system can assist the expert during problem-
complex problems by reasoning through bodies of solving. [2] Yasser Abdel amid “A Proposed
knowledge, represented mainly as if-then-rules rather Methodology for Expert System Engineering”
than through conventional procedural code. Expert Explained that the development methodology of an
System has various advantages over the human expert expert system has two aspects: Knowledge
as expert system is affordable, permanent, regular, engineering and Software engineering. In the software
rapid processing and brief replication whereas human engineering there are five activities for expert system
expert is perishable, unpredictable, and highly-priced development: requirements, specification, design,
and has slow processing and reproduction. implementation, and testing. [3] Mario A Garcia, “An
Expert System in Diabetes” describes the
ESDIABETES. In U.S.A. the cost of diabetes is
estimated to represent 5.8% of total personal health- IV. RESEARCH AREAS OF EXPERT
care expenditures. Also, Saudi Arabia is the third SYSTEM
country around the world in which is where diabetes is A. Expert systems in the field of
most prevalent among the adults. ESDIABETES was medicine:
developed by computer science graduate students at Technologies in medical treatment are
Texas to help people control the blood glucose level. critical as well as at some stage in pre-
Edward Feigenbaum of Stanford University has remedy of medical consultation,
defined expert system as “an intelligent computer diagnosis ailment until the actual remedy
program that uses kno wledge and inference through an expert or physician. Many
procedures to solve problems that are difficult enough expert systems have been advanced to
to require significant human expertise for their diagnose diabetes and coronary heart
solutions.” diseases, where the diagnosis is
complicated and involves up-to-date
III. CONFIGURATION OF EXPERT parameters. In medical sciences,
SYSTEM numerous expert systems have been
The procedure of constructing expert systems is developed. These are:
regularly called knowledge engineering. The internal
 PUFF: Pulmonary disease
structure of an expert system consists of mainly three
diagnosis
parts: knowledge base, database and inference engine.
Medical system for diagnosis of
Expert system = Knowledge base + Inference engine
respiratory conditions.
A. Knowledge base: Knowledge base includes  GUIDON: Microbial disease
the domain knowledge of how that is used by education
the inference engine to draw conclusions.  VM: Monitoring of patients
B. Inference engine: The inference engine is need to intensive care
the generic control mechanism that applies
 ATTENDING: Anaesthesia
the axiomatic understanding to the project-
management education
specific data to arrive at some conclusion.
 ABEL: Diagnosis of acidic
When a user supplies information or
materials and electrolytes
applicable facts of query to the expert system
 ONCOCIN: Treatment and
he receives recommendation or knowledge in
management of patient’s
reaction. That is even after giving the facts it
chemotherapy
uses the inference engine which in turn uses
 AI/COAG: Blood disease
the knowledge base to produce the solution.
diagnosis
C. User interface: User interacts with the expert
system through the user interface. In other  MYCIN: Microbial disease
words where questions are asked, and advice diagnosis and treatment
is produced. In addition to the advice, that is Medical system for diagnosing
output, the user interface can output the blood disorders. First used in
justification capabilities of an expert system. 1979.
 AI/RHEUM: Rheumatic
disease diagnosis
 CADUCEUS: Internal
medicine disease diagnosis
 BLUEBOX: Depression
diagnosis and treatment
 ANNA: Monitoring and
treatment analysis
 DENDRAL: Used to identify
the structure of chemical
Fig 1: Simple diagram of an Expert System
compounds. First used in 1965.
  PROSPECTOR: Used by the required interfaces in
geologists to identify sites for performing position
drilling or mining functionality. Third kind of
B. Expert systems in the field of thing is the system modules
automobiles which are responsible for
 Diagnosing Heavy-Duty finding the solutions for the
Diesel Engine Faults: problems and for reasoning.
The major desire of Heavy- System module has the four
Duty Diesel Engine Expert components: Reasoning
System (HDDE-ES) is to Specification module, the
provide second expert guidance Inference Engine, the
in dealing by the whole of Knowledge Base and the User
HDDE problems when time is Adviser module. For
depending on and when car defect diagnosis we further
decisions must be firm in a have a proposed system that
position where a mechanic pick divides car failures into 3 hobby
up a sub-system of HDDE is not types i.e. Start-Up State,
available. HDDE Expert problems that manage occur
position is off the rack on when a person tackle to start-up
Bayesian Belief Network the car; Run-Stable State,
(BBN) technology which is a problems that may occur after
“causal reasoning” appliance starting the car; and Movement-
and it lay out a lag as a apply of State, problems that may occur
nodes interconnected mutually while the car is moving. The
arcs from a dependent system is having 150 rules for
structured network. The HDDE different varieties of failures
development of 'thinking' and details and can detect
computer system has a completely 100 failures types.
graphical addict interface that Through the user interface,
constitutes a problem communication
assignment interface and a between system and user is
problem identify interface. done which is represented as a
 Car Failure Diagnosis: menu that displays questions to
Car failure detection is a users and in response the user
detailed process and replies yes or no. The
requires valuable level of knowledge is brought together
expertise. The Car Failure and in the form of rules in the
Malfunction Diagnosis CLIPS (C Language Integrated
Assistance System is having Production System).
three parts first is the C. Expert systems in the field of
knowledge acquisition kind of agriculture
thing it gets the development  Diagnosis of Diseases in Rice
from an expert source and the Plant:
retained development is laid ESTA (Expert System for Text
away in the knowledge base of Animation) attempt is used for
operation storage. It has the development of this expert
hereafter components: human system. The way of developing
expert, knowledge engineer, an expert system using ESTA is
external sources of data and a multi-step process which aims
system users. Secondly, in the at developing a domain-specific
Graphical User Interface knowledge base. The steps
(GUI), we have generally told engaged in developing a
 lifestyle base are an data driven whereas backward
identification of the input chaining is goal driven.
problem, knowledge D. Expert systems in the field of steel
acquisition, and representation making industry
of knowledge into the In steel making industry expert systems
knowledge base. Simple if-do are preferred over the other software
rules are used instead of if-then systems as the maintenance of expert
rules in backward chaining. system is easier than that for other
Start section is the alternate software systems. The following four
section in ESTA when the expert systems are partly in use:
demand is fulfilled advice is  The rolling mill expert system
given. The flow of control is was developed to cast schedules
determined by the parameters for the steel plant.
which can be number, Boolean  The steelmaking plant - a
or text. scheduling expert system was
 Diagnosis of Diseases and developed to support the
Pests in Pakistani Wheat: dispatchers.
We know local name of wheat  A computer aided quality
are Kanak. Wheat is a Rabi crop control (CAQC) system
and is grown in winters. The produces dependent on
most commonly found disease customer orders and steel
in wheat is rust like Flag Smut, grades prescriptions to achieve
Stem Rust, Leaf Rust, etc. the desired steel quality. These
Wheat production rate could are not complete in aspects like
not catch-up with the process routings and settings of
population growth rate because process parameters for heats in
of several factors such as steel making plants.
weather, insects, viruses, fungi,  An expert system for the
bacteria and weeds etc. The diagnosis of the blast furnace
rule-based expert systems have was developed. The system
been successfully used works interactively and does
previously. Rules are made not control the furnace directly.
based on the hierarchy and E. Expert systems in the field of
these rules lead to diagnoses of education
desire disease. For example, in  Teacher’s Performance
diagnosing diseases of wheat, Evaluation Using Fuzzy
the top level involves the Logic:
following typical symptoms Expert system by the agency of
and recommendations. Problem fuzzy logic is used to evaluate
in leaves → disease may be teacher’s performance by per
Stem rust Problem in leaves → numerically weighted linguistic
disease may be Flag smut. The terms as good, very good,
knowledge base for e2glite medium, high, low, bad,
expert system shell consists of satisfied, unsatisfied etc. The
simple if-then rules. The approaching ES consists of at
internal logic of inference variance aspects of teachers
engine determines which rules attribute or features like
are to be fired. In rule-based research and publication,
expert systems forward and teaching-learning process,
backward chaining are used for personal skill & abilities etc. To
reasoning. Forward chaining is raise the value of the
performance and reliability in
 decision making Fuzzy logic programmed to facilitate in decision
can be incorporated directed making in management and organization
toward ES. toward the high performance, it
 Intelligent Tutoring System programs also show that the
(ITS): management in its decision.
This expert system is based on G. Expert system in the field of military
fuzzy logic and was developed The technologies of artificial
to guide first year engineering intelligence for the most military
students. This ES helps the program and hardware are wide and
students to help the them to varied which due to robustness,
have deep understanding of the reliability and durability. It showed the
topics in engineering field. improvement to the military
 Intelligent Pascal Tutoring communication security, operation,
System (IPTS): control and maintenance, training areas
Since the first development of etc. The AI application in the military
CAI (Computer Aided field which is available in current
Instruction) program, a lot of technology for instant the CALO
research has been done on CAI (Cognitive Assistant that Learns and
to build up expert systems Organizes) and PPAML (Probabilistic
which are more efficient and Programming for Advancing Machine
faster. In 1970s, a new breed of Learning) were financed by U.S.
CAI became popular: Advanced Research Projects Agency of
Intelligent Computer Aided the Pentagon. PPAML is AI program to
Instruction (ICAI) which is make accessible and effective of
widely used for educational machine learning capability for a wide
purpose. One of the ICAI that is variety of information program and
particularly used for teaching military weapons
Pascal computer language is V. CONCLUSION
Intelligent Pascal Tutoring There is a huge contribution to the different fields
System (IPTS). This expert that have been made by the expert system for the
system is used for independent past thirty years. The expert system will repeat to
teaching of Pascal to computer play an increasingly important role in the
scholars. IPTS also contains the distinctive areas. In the survey done in this paper
knowledge base for solving medical, automobile and agriculture areas come
queries of users. IPTS teaches under the diagnosis and the other areas such as
the students as well as keeps the education that uses the fuzzy logic come under the
students’ database to check the decision area of the expert system. For companies,
performance. an expert system could be the master storage the
F. Expert system in the field of knowledge and operation expertise in keeping
management survival the operation of the company and
Expert system is built for the usage of eliminate a problem hiring or replacing human
different application and different group experts. This paper is based on the review of the
of decision makers each level in the expert system and knowledge processing and the
organization, there are managers, important research area of expert system and one
accountant, financial analysis, can do further individual expert system research.
consultant, strategic planners etc. In This system is an open source, so researchers can
developing expert system, management add to it as applications of the expert system in the
teams might have difficulties during science are expected to increase in the near future.
strategic plan consist of sourcing expert
advisors, budget, time constraint, other VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
management support and contribution, This work is completed with the help of my
skill etc. An expert system as mentor Mr. Kamlakar Bhopatkar Sir. I thank VES
 College of Arts, Science and Commerce for [13] Satvika Khanna, Akhil Kaushik, Manoj Barnela,
giving me an opportunity to be part of the ACP “EXPERT SYSTEMS ADVANCES IN
(Additional Credit Programme). EDUCATION,” NCCI 2010 -National Conference on
Computational Instrumentation, 19-20 March 2010
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