COVER

INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN HILLARY

CLINTON’S CONCESSION SPEECH AND ITS
CONTRIBUTION TO SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL
GRAMMAR CLASS

Final Project
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English

by:
Ade Rahma Indira
13420169

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF PGRI SEMARANG

2017

i
 DECLARATION

I certify that this final project is definitely my own work. I am completely

responsible for the content of this final project. Other researcher‘s opinions or

findings included in the final project are quoted or cited in accordance with ethical

standards.

Semarang, ….. November 2016

Ade Rahma Indira

13420169

ii
 APPROVAL

This Final Project entitled “Interpersonal Meaning in Hillary Clinton’s

Concession Speech and Its Contribution to Systemic Functional Grammar

Class” written by:

Name : Ade Rahma Indira

NPM : 13420169

Study Program : English Education Study Program

Faculty : Language and Arts Education

was approved by the advisors of the English Education Study Program of the

Faculty of Language and Arts Education of University of PGRI Semarang on:

Day : Monday

Date : 20th of November 2017

Advisor I, Advisor II,

Dra. Maria Yosephin, M.Pd. Entika Fani P., S.Pd., M.Pd.

NIP 19620531 198903 2 001 NPP 108601310

iii
 RATIFICATION

This final project has been ratified by the team of examiner of the Faculty of

Language and Arts Education of University of PGRI Semarang:

Dean of FPBS, Head of English

Education Study Program

Dr. Asropah, M.Pd. Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd., M.Pd.

NPP 936601104 NPP 95671117

Examiner I/Advisor I,

Dra. Maria Yosephin, M.Pd.

NIP 19620531 198903 2 001

Examiner II/Advisor II

Entika Fani Prastikawati, S.Pd., M.Pd.

NPP 108601310

Examiner III/Advisor III

Dr. Nur Hidayat, M.Hum.

NPP 936801106

iv
 MOTTO

“The only time you should ever look back, is to see how far you've

come.”

- BTS -

“Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'!”

- Audrey Herpburn -
 DEDICATIONS

This final project is dedicated to:

1. My beloved parents, Toyib and Shobiroh (almh) for the love, pray, supports,

advice, and everything. Thank you for always believing that I am capable of

anything that I do.

2. My kind-hearted step mom, Mulyaningsih for the love and supports.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to thank Allah SWT who always gives blessing and

guidance, so that I could finish this final project as partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the completion of the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English at

University of PGRI Semarang.

Furthermore, I would like to express the gratitude and appreciation to a

number of persons who helped me wrote this final project. Without their guidance,

advice, and encouragement directly or indirectly, this final project would not have

been completed.

In this occasion, I would also like to express the deepest and sincerest

thank to:

1. Dra. Asropah, M.Pd., the Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts Education of

University of PGRI Semarang.

2. Jafar Sodiq, S.Pd., M.Pd., the Head of English Department of University of

PGRI Semarang.

3. Dra. Maria Yosephin, M.Pd., as the first advisor, for her patience, advice, and

support in completing this final project.

4. Entika Fani, P., S.Pd., M.Pd., as the second advisor, for her continuous and

valuable guidance and sincere help in completing this final project.

5. My beloved parents, and family for their supports and prayers in finishing this

study.

vii
6. My Hunny Bunny Gs Squad – my forever bestfriends – (Annisa Eka and

Cindra Fajar) and Anida Mahani for the laughter and tears we share together

while I was finishing this final project.

7. My friends (Dewi, Euriko, Puji, Angelina, Anin and Fais for the love, supports,

and assistance in finishing this final project.

8. All of my friends of University of PGRI Semarang, thanks for your support.

Last but not least, I would like to thank people who are not mentioned here.

Without their helps, advices, and supports, this final project would not have been

completed. I realize that there is nothing perfect in this final project. However, I

hope this final project will be useful for all readers.

Semarang, ….. November 2016

Ade Rahma Indira

13420169
 ABSTRACT

Indira, Ade Rahma. 2017. Interpersonal Meaning In Hillary Clinton’s Concession

Speech and Its Contribution to Systemic Functional Grammar Class.
Final Project, English Study Program, Faculty of Language and Arts
Education, University of PGRI Semarang. Advisor 1: Dra. Maria Yosephin,
M.Pd. Advisor 2: Entika Fani P., S.Pd., M.Pd.

Keywords: Interpersonal Meaning, Concession Speech, Systemic Functional

Grammar, Final Project Proposal.
This final project is conducted to analyze the interpersonal meaning of Hillary
Clinton’s concession speech The objectives of this study were (1) to find out the
dominant type of Mood found in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech, (2) to find
out the types of Modality used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech, and (3) to
find out the Appraisal used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech.

The methodology of this research was descriptive qualitative research. The main
source in this research was the script of Hillary Clinton’s concession speech. The
researcher used some steps in analyzing the data. (1) The writer searched the
source for downloading the transcript of the speech, (2) the writer printed out the
transcript to be the object of the research, and (3) the writer analyzed or identified
the mood type, modality and appraisal of the interpersonal meaning in the
realization of each type.
The results of the analysis showed that the dominant mood type was declarative
mood. Based on the analysis, Hillary Clinton’s concession speech script had 144
clauses. 123 clauses included declarative mood, 21 clauses included imperative
mood, and there is no clauses included interrogative mood. In percentage, the
declarative mood was 85.42%,the imperative mood was 14.58%, and the
interrogative mood was 0%. Based on the dominant mood used in the speech, the
writer concluded that the speaker, Hillary Clinton, was trying to give informations
as much as possible. In which, she expresses those informations through the
statemens that she says in her speech.
Based on the results of this final project, the writer hopes that the reader would be
able to get new information about interpersonal meaning and appraisal system.
Through this final paper, the writer also hopes the reader would get the better
comprehension about the interpersonal meaning of Hillary Clinton’s concession
speech. For the future researcher, the writer hopes that the future researcher can
analyze the other kind of speech in other occassions, so that they can uncover the
real meaning that the speakers wants to convey in their speech.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ................................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL ......................................................................................................... iii

RATIFICATION .................................................................................................. iv

MOTTO ................................................................................................................. v

DEDICATIONS ................................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ vii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................. xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study............................................................................. 1

B. Reason for Choosing the Topic ................................................................... 4

C. Statements of the Problem .......................................................................... 4

D. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................... 5

E. Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 5

F. Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................. 6

G. Outline of the Research ............................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................ 8

A. Related Literature ........................................................................................ 8

 1. Systemic Functional Linguistics ........................................................... 8

2. Interpersonal Meaning ........................................................................ 10

3. Mood System ...................................................................................... 11

4. Modality .............................................................................................. 17

5. Appraisal ............................................................................................. 21

6. Speech ................................................................................................. 25

B. Previous Studies ........................................................................................ 26

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH ........................... 29

A. Research Design ........................................................................................ 29

B. Object of The Study .................................................................................. 29

C. Source of Data ........................................................................................... 30

D. Role of The Writer .................................................................................... 30

E. Method of Data Collection ........................................................................ 30

F. Method of Data Analysis .......................................................................... 31

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................. 34

A. Research Findings ..................................................................................... 34

B. Discussion ................................................................................................. 38

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ..................................... 52

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 52

B. Suggestion ................................................................................................. 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 54

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 55
 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 2. 1 - Table of Finite Modal Operator ......................................................... 19

Table 2. 2 - Table of Mood Adjunct of modality .................................................. 19

Table 4. 1 - The result of mood types analysis ..................................................... 35

Table 4. 2 - Frequency of Modality ...................................................................... 36

Table 4. 3 - Appraisal Analysis Table................................................................... 37

Figure 2. 1 – Mood Structure ................................................................................ 11

Figure 2. 2 – Mood Types ..................................................................................... 14

Figure 2. 3 – Interrogative mood – Polar .............................................................. 15

Figure 2. 4 – Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative ........................................... 16

Figure 2. 5 - Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative ........................................... 16

Figure 2. 6 - Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative ........................................... 16

Figure 2. 7 – Modality Types ................................................................................ 18

Figure 2. 8 – Types of affect ................................................................................. 22

Figure 2. 9 – Example of judgment of character................................................... 23

Figure 2. 10 – Example of appreciation ................................................................ 24

 xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

1. Appendix 1 – The script of Hillary Clinton’s concession speech

2. Appendix 2 – Analysis of Mood types

3. Appendix 3 – Analysis of Mood Structure

4. Appendix 4 – Analysis of Modality

5. Appendix 5 – Analysis of Appraisal

6. Appendix 6 – Kartu bimbingan skripsi

7. Appendix 7 – Usulan tema dan judul skripsi

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses background of the study, reasons for choosing topic,

statement of the problems, objectives of the study, significances of the study,

definition of key terms, and outline of the study.

A. Background of the Study

Language is a tool used by human to communicate to each other. Rice-

Johnston (2008) states that language is the process or set of processes used to

ensure there is agreement between the sender and receiver for meanings

assigned to the symbols and the schema for combining them used for each

communication. In the proccess of communicating, humans use language as a

tool. Communication is a way for human to deliver and receive messages.

Rice-Johnston (2008) suggests that communication exists only when the

sender and receiver agree on the meanings assigned to the symbols used.

Thus, language is very important in communication.

Speech is categorized as a public communication. Adler and Rodman

(2006:8) state that public communication is a communication which “occurs

when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute,” and that is

when “one or more people are likely to deliver their remarks to the remaining

members, who acts as an audience.” This means that the speaker has greater

chance to deliver their thougt than the other members.

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 2

Concession speech is one kind of public speaking which given publicly

by the losing candidate to show the support for the winning candidate after

the result of an election is clear. As the object of this study, the writer choses

the concession speech by Hillary Clinton in USA presidential election 2016.

USA presidential election 2016 was held on Tuesday, November 8,

2016. The election with ten nominees was held to choose the 45th president

of USA. The first nominee was Donald Trump from Republican Party, the

second nominee was Hillary Clinton from Democratic Party and six other

nominees from other parties and independent nominees. It turned out that

Trump won the presidential election. As the losing candidate, Hillary Clinton

had to give her concession speech. In this study, the writer wants to analyze

the interpersonal meaning found in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech.

This study is based on a theory that was introduced by M.A.K Halliday

named Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). SFL is a language theory

which the language function becomes its main concept. Butt (2003:7) states

that Systemic Functional Linguistics is a way of describing lexical and

grammatical choices from the system wording that we are always aware of

how language is being used to realise meaning. It was stated by Halliday

(2004:29-30) that language has three metafunctions, they are (1) textual, (2)

ideational and (3) interpersonal.

As a function of a language, interpesonal metafunction also has

interpersonal meaning. Nur (2015) states that function of the interpersonal

meaning is to enact human’s diverse and complex social relations which

 3

relates to a text’s aspects of tenor or interactivity. Interpersonal meanings are

meanings which express a speaker’s attitude and judgement (Gerot-Wignel:

1994).

As an example of the interpersonal meaning analysis, one of the lines in

Barrack Obama’s speech at University of Indonesia said “She would’ve been

so proud,”. The clause can be broken down into ‘She would’ve’ as a mood

and ‘been so proud’ as the residue. Moreover, through the appraisal system,

“She would’ve been so proud,” is classified into attitude of judgement and

has a positive judgment.

By analyzing the interpersonal meaning in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech, the writer tries to find out how is Hillary Clinton’s attitude and

judgement towards the result of the election. In which, it will be realized in

wording through what is called mood and modality. The appraisal system is

also applied to gain the further understanding about Hillary Clinton’s attitude

and judgement towards the result of the election. Thus, we can know the

meaning behind the speech of Hillary Clinton.

Systemic Functional Grammar is a subject in English Education

Department at University of PGRI Semarang. Based on the personal

experience of the writer, Systemic Functional Grammar is a subject which has

a really complex and compact material. Analyzing clause of a certain

language part is the main activity of the class. Students are given clauses to

be analyzed. But the students do not have the opportunity to analyze things

like speech, poetry or song using Systemic Functional Grammar as the basis
 4

of the analysis. Whereas, the writer thinks that it will be more interesting for

the students to analyze the latest issue like speeches, newspaper commentary,

transcript of an interview, etc. And or the things related to them personally

like poetry or song. Therefore, this study is conducted.

Based on the phenomenon above, the writer is carried out to analyze the

interpersonal meaning realized in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech under

the title of Interpersonal Meaning in Hillary Clinton’s Concession Speech

and Its Contribution to Systemic Functional Grammar Class.

B. Reason for Choosing the Topic

The reason why the writer chooses ―Interpersonal Meaning in Hillary

Clinton’s Concession Speech and Its Contribution to Systemic Functional

Grammar Class is to know the interpersonal meaning realized on Hillary

Clinton’s concession speech and its contribution to SFG subject. Hopefully,

after the analysis is found it will be more helpful for the students of SFG

class.

C. Statements of the Problem

The statements of the problem are formulated into these following

questions:

1. What is the dominant type of Mood found in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech?

2. What types of Modality are used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech?

3. What is the Appraisal used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech?

 5

D. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the dominant type of Mood found in Hillary Clinton’s

concession speech.

2. To find out the types of Modality used in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech.

3. To find out the Appraisal used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech.

E. Significance of the Study

This study is expected to be useful for:

1. The Students of Systemic Functional Grammar Class

This study is expected to be useful for students of Systemic Functional

Grammar Class and help them to study Systemic Functional Grammar by

analyzing speech. This study is also expected to help students to decrease

the misundertanding of a speech by knowing its interpersonal meaning.

Thus, this study can be taken as a reference.

2. The lecturer

The lecturer is expected to broaden the knowledge of the students in

Systemic Functional Grammar by giving the real example to be analyzed

like speech. Thus, this study can be taken as a reference.

3. The readers

The writer expects that the readers get more information about

interpersonal meaning in a speech through this study.

 6

F. Definition of Key Terms

1. Interpersonal meanings

Interpersonal meanings are meanings which express a speaker’s attitude

and judgement (Gerot-Wignel: 1994).

2. Concession speech

Concession speech is the act of a losing candidate publicly yielding to a

winning candidate after an election when the outcome of the overall result

of the vote has become clear (Anurudu and Oduola: 2017)

3. Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)

Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is one of the subjects in English

Education Department at University of PGRI Semarang which has quality

of 2 credits. Unlike the other grammar subject in University of PGRI

Semarang, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) subject mainly talks

about function of language.

4. Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States

Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U.S. Senator from New York from

2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the

Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2016

election.
 7

G. Outline of the Research

Chapter I presented the introduction that consists of background of the

study, reason for choosing the topic, statement of the problem, objective of

the study, significant of the study and definitions of the key terms.

Chapter II discusses the review of related theories. It consists of

Systemic Functional Linguistics, interpersonal meaning, mood system,

modality, appraisal, speech and previous study.

Chapter III presented methodology of the research. The writer discusses

about research design, object of the research, source of the data, role of the

research, method of data collection, and method of the data analysis.

Chapter IV presented the research findings and discussion.

Chapter V presented conclusion and suggestion.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses about Systemic Functional Linguistics, interpersonal

meaning, mood system, modality, appraisal, and speech. This chapter also shows

some previous studies to support this research.

A. Related Literature

1. Systemic Functional Linguistics

Halliday introduced an approach to grammar study called Systemic

Functional Linguistics (SFL), which is different from how grammar is

viewed in traditional way. In Systemic Functional Literature, language is

viewed as a social phenomenon and it is functional, i.e. SFL is concerned

with the mechanism of text structure, function and meaning of languange.

Butt (2003) states that Systemic Functional Linguistics is a way of

describing lexical and grammatical choices from the system wording that

we are always aware of how language is being used to realise meaning.

Language is used in expressing meaning in a context. Meanwhile,

the study of how people exchange the meanings using language is called

linguistics. Meaning is achieved through the linguistics choices in

paradigmatic and the syntagmatic levels of discourse where the words are

arranged in a clause or text. (Haratyan: 2011). He also states that in SFL,

people convey their intended meaning through the metafunction that can

8
 9

relate language to the outside world where interactant and their social roles

matter.

a. Metafunction

Metafunctions of language concern with the way speakers

deliver utterance and/or text with their intended message. In SFL,

metafunctions are classified into three broad categories. Those three

broad categories of metafunction in SFL are:

1) Ideational Metafunction

Ideational metafunction uses language to represents

experience (Butt, 2003:5). Ideational metafunction can be broken

down into two subfunctions; experential function and logical

function. It has functions to construe the model of experience

through the experential function and to construe the logical

relationship using the logical function. Ideational metafunction uses

clause as its representation through the system of transitivity.

2) Interpersonal Metafunction

Language is used to enable us to participate in

communicative acts with other people, to take on roles, and to

express and understand feelings, attitude and judgments. This

metafunction is known as the interpersonal metafunction (Bloor,

2004:11). Interpersonal metafunction has a function to enacting

social relationship. According to Haratyan (2011), he explaines that

the interpersonal metafunction concentrates on social roles and

 10

relations through formality degree, pronouns, clausal mood

(whether declarative, imperative or interrogative), etc.

3) Textual Meaning

According to Halliday and Matthiessen, they said that textual

meaning is organizing the discursive flow and creating cohesion

and continuity as it moves along. Textual meaning is realized

throgh theme and cohesion. It express the relation of language to its

environment.

2. Interpersonal Meaning

One of the categories in metafunctions is interpersonal metafunction.

As a function, interpersonal metafunction also has meaning called

interpersonal meaning. According to Gerrot-Wignel (1994), interpersonal

meanings are meanings which express a speaker’s attitude and judgment.

Interpersonal meaning covers two main areas: one concerns the type

of interaction taking place and the kind of commodity being exchanged

and the other concerns the way speakers take a position in their messages

(Butt: 2003). The type of interaction taking place is whether demanding or

giving, and the commodity being exchanged is information which is used

to exchange goods and services. To make it simple, people can demand or

give information and also people can demand or give goods and services.

Interpersonal meaning is realized through mood system. Mood

system consists of Subject and Finite. It plays a role on what type of

interactions is used. Whether it is declarative, interrogative, or imperative.

 11

3. Mood System

Bloor (2004:46) states that SFG divides the clause into two parts, the

Mood and the Residue. The Mood is made up of the Subject and the

Finite: the Residue is the rest of the functions in the clause (Predicator,

Complements, and Adjuncts).

a. Structure of Mood

1) The Subject

The first part of Mood structure is the Subject. According to Butt

(2003:90), the Subject is the nominal group which interacts most

closely with the Finite. The Subject and the Finite has strong

relationship in English grammar. The change of the Subject may

affect the Finite.

Figure 2. 1 – Mood Structure

I am
Subject Finite
(present)
you/we/they are
Subject Finite
(present)
he/she/it is
Subject Finite
(present)

Butt (2003:90-91)
 12

2) The Finite

Butt (2003:90) states that the Finite is that part of the verbal groups

which encodes primary tense or the speakers opinion.

For example:

She Was Walking

Finite
(past)

He Can Do it

Finite
(modal)

b. Structure of Residue

According to Halliday, the Residue consists of functional elements of

three kinds: Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct (2004:121). This

statement is also supported by Butt (2003:93) “the Predicator,

Complement(s) and Adjunct(s) make up the Residue of the clause,”.

For example:

We can meet on Friday

Subject Finite Predicator Adjunct
Mood Residue
 13

I liked the smoothie

Subject Finite Predicator Complement
Mood Residue

1) Predicator

The Predicator is the lexical or content part of the verbal group

(Eggins, 2004:155)

For example:

He Was gone
Predicator

2) Complement

Bloor (2004:48) cites the definition of Complement by Berry

(1975:64), ‘A Complement is the part of a sentence which answers

the question “Who or what?” (or, if one wishes to be pedantic,

“Whom or what?”) after the verb.’

For example:

Alice bought the book

Complement

3) Adjunct

According to Butt (2003:92), Adjunct is adverbial groups, nominal

groups and prepositional phrases that acted as Circumstances for

the experiental meaning of a clause.

 14

For example:

See you there

Adjunct

c. Mood types

There are two types of mood; indicative mood and imperative mood.

Indicative mood can be broken down into declarative mood and

interrogative mood. The type of the Mood is determined by the

sequence of the Subject and the Finite.

Figure 2. 2 – Mood Types

Declarative
Indicative
Mood Interrogative
Imperative
Bloor (2004:47)

1) Declarative mood

Declarative mood is used to make a statement. Eggins (2003:148)

says that statements are usually expressed by declaratives. This

statement is strengthened by Mehwish Noor (2015), “Subject

followed by Finite, for instance, shows Declarative Mood.”

She Loves Coffee

Subject Finite Complement

Mood
 15

2) Interrogerative mood

a) Polar (Yes/No Question)

The structure of the polar interrogative involves the position of

the finite before the subject.

The example of polar interrogative clause is given in the figure

below:

Figure 2. 3 – Interrogative mood – Polar

Is Simon reading Henry James?

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

Mood Residue

Eggins (2004:167)

b) WH-interrogative

The WH-element is a distinct element in the interpersonal

structure of the clause. Its function is to specify the entity that

questioner wishes to have supplied.

The WH-element is always conflacted with one or another of

three functions Subject, Complement, or Adjunct. If it is

conflacted with the Subject, it is part of the Mood element, and

the order within the Mood element must therefore be Subject

followed by Finite. On the other hand, if the WH-element is

 16

conflacted with a Complement or Adjunct, it is part of the

Residue.

Figure 2. 4 – Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative

Who Killed Cock Robin
Suject/WH Finite Predicator Compliment
Mood Residue

Halliday (2004:136)

Figure 2. 5 - Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative

Whose little boy are You
Complement/WH Finite Subject
Residue Mood

Halliday (2004:136)

Figure 2. 6 - Interrogative mood - WH-interrogative

where have all the flowers Gone
Adjunct/WH Finite Subject Predicator
Mood
Residue

Halliday (2004:136)

3) Imperative mood

Imperative is mood for exchanging goods-&-services, its Subject is

‘you’ or ‘me’ or ‘you and me’ (Halliday 2004:138). In imperative

mood, the unmarked positive does not have Mood element with

verb form only consists of the Predicator without the Finite. The

other forms have a Mood element which consists of the Subject

only, the Finite only, or the Finite followed by the Subject.

These figures below are the example of imperative clause:

 17

Cook the rice

Predicator Complement

Residue

Let’s Do it shall we

Subject Predicator Complement Finite Subject

Mood Residue Mood Tag

Do it well will you

Finite Complement Adjunct Finite Subject

Mood Residue Mood Tag

Won’t You take It

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

Mood Residue

4. Modality

According to Gerot-Wignell (1994:24), Modality indicates the

speaker’s judgment of the probabilities or the obligations involved in what

he or she saying. There are two types of modality; modalization and

modulation.

Eggins (2004:172) says that, “when modality is used to argue about

the probability or the frequency of propositions, it is referred to as

 18

modalization. When modality is used to argue about the obligation or

inclanation of proposals, it is referred to as modulation.

Figure 2. 7 – Modality Types

(i) probability
(“may be”)
(1) modalization
(indicative type) (ii) usuality
Modality types (“sometimes”)

(1) modulation (i) obligation

(imperative type) (“is wanted to”)
(ii) inclination
(“wants to”)

Halliday (2004:618)

1) Modalization

Eggins (2004:172) defines Modalization as “one half of the general

grammar area of modality” and it “has to do with the different ways in

which a language user can intrude on her message, expressing

attitudes and judgments of various kinds,”.

Modalization can be broken down into two types: probability and

usuality. Posibility and usuality can be expressed by Finite category of

modal operation and Mood Adjuncts. The degrees of modal operation

and Mood Adjuncts can be classified into three: high, median and low

based on the certainty and usuality they express.

 19

Table 2. 1 - Table of Finite Modal Operator

Low Median High

Positive Can, may, Will, would, Must, ought to,

could, might, should, is/was need, has/had
(dare) to to

Negative Doesn’t/didn’t, Won’t, Mustn’t,

need to, have wouldn’t, oughn’t to,
to shouldn’t, can’t, couldn’t,
(isn’t, wasn’t (mayn’t,
to) mightn’t,
hasn’t, hadn’t
to)

Halliday (2004:116)

Table 2. 2 - Table of Mood Adjunct of modality

Low Median High

Positive Probably, Certainly, Possibly,

surely definitely, no perhaps,
way (now maybe, hardly
how)

Negative Usually Always, never Sometimes,

occasionally,
seldom, rarely

Halliday (2004:128)
 20

2) Modulation

Besides modalization, another type of modality is what they call

it modulation. The speaker express their judgment and attitude about

action and events through modulation. If modalization expresses the

degrees of probabibility and usuality, modulation expresses the

degrees of obligation and inclanation (Eggins, 2004:181).

According to Lock and Jones (2011:17), obligation is

“judgments about how desirable or neccesary something is”. They

also stated that in understanding expression of obligation, it uses two

variables: strength and involvement.

There are three levels of strength in expressing obligation: high,

medium, and low. The strength of an expression of obligation is not

only defined by the modal verb (e.g. must, should, may) but also can

be affected by prepositional phrase (e.g. certainly, possibly).

Lock and Jones (2011:17) suggest that involvement is related to

how much the speaker takes responsibility for what he or she is

saying. Involvement can be understood in terms of three orientations:

impersonal, personal and neutral.

a) Impersonal: the speaker explicitly avoids taking responsibility for

the obigation

b) Personal: the speaker explicitly takes responsibility for the

obligation.
 21

c) Neutral: the speaker neither explicitly avoids responsibility nor

explicitly takes responsibility for the obligation.

5. Appraisal

Appraisal is an act of assessing or judging something. According to

Butt (2003:120), he says that the resource of Appraisal is one of the ways

speakers position their audience. In written text, the lexicogrammatical

patterns influence the audience’s reaction to the meaning of the text.

Meanwhile, in spoken text, the speakers use such phonological system as

voice quality to position themselves.

a. Attitude

Attitude, in the system of meaning, is referred as a map of feelings

which are construed in English text (Martin and White 2005:42). The

system of meaning covered three semantic region: emotion or affect,

ethics or judgement and aesthetics or appreciation.

1) Affect

Affect is resource of expressing feelings. It can be good feelings or

bad feelings. People also can feeling directly or indirectly.

 22

Figure 2. 8 – Types of affect

Positive The captain was happy

Negative The captain was sad

Direct Behavioral surge The captain wept

Mental state The captain disliked leaving /

the captain felt sad

Implied Reaction to others The captain disliked leaving

Undirected mood The captain was sad

(Based on Martin and White (2005: 46-47))

2) Judgement

Arunsirot (2012) cites the function of judgment by Droga and

Humphrey (2002:79) that judgment is used to evaluate what people

do, say or believe according to institutionalized values. Judgement

can be divided into two: social esteem and social sanction. It is

same with affect, judgement can be postive or negative judgment.

 23

Figure 2. 9 – Example of judgment of character

Social esteem Positive (admire) Negative (criticise)

lucky,celebrated, unlucky, obscure,

predictable, unpredictable, slow,

powerful, incompetent, timid,

successful, brave, impatient

heroic

Social sanction Positive (praise) Negative (condemn)

truthful, polite, Lying, blunt, bad,

modest, humble, immoral, corrupt,

direct, honest, unfair, manipulative

respectful

(Based on Martin and White (2005:53))

3) Appreciation

Appreciation shows how we give a value about someone or

something. According to Martin and White (2005:45),

Appreciation “reworks feelings as propositions about value of

things-what they are worth or not...”. It is like affect and

judgement, people also can appreciate someone or something

positively or negatively.
 24

Figure 2. 10 – Example of appreciation

Positive A deep thought

A lovely dress

Negative Her boring daily life

An unclear explanation

(Based on Martin and White (2005:56))

It is also explained by Martin and White (2005:56) that

appreciation is divided into reaction, composition, and valuation.

Reaction is related to affection or how something or someone

catches our attention. Composition is related to the perception or

our view of order. Valuation is related to ideational worth. In sum,

the types of appreciation are presented with the example in the

following table.

Table 2.3 – Types of appreciation

Types of appreciation Positive Negative
Reaction : impact arresting, dull, boring,
“did it grab me?” captivating, tedious...;
engaging...; dry, ascetic,
lively, dramatic, uninviting...;
intense...;
Reaction : quality okay, fine, bad,yuk,
“did I like it?” good...; nasty...;
lovely, plain, ugly,
 25

beautiful, grotesque...
splendid...
Composition : balance consistent, contradictory,
“did it hang together?” considered, disorganised...;
logical...; shapeless,
shapely, amorphous,
curvaceous, distorted...
willowly...
Composition : simple, pure, ornate,
complexity elegant...; extravagant,
“was it hard to follow?” lucid, clear, byzantine...;
precise... arcane,
unclear,
woolly...
Valuation penetrating, dated,
“was it worthwhile? profound, overtime,
deep...; untimely...;
” innovative, fake, bogus,
original, glitzy...
creative...
(Based on Martin and White (2005:56))

6. Speech

This study uses speech as a text to be analyzed. Speech as a text has

a function to deliver the meaning. Speech is a kind of public speaking.

Ezeanya (2013) states that “public speaking is when you stand before an

audience and deliver a speech at a formal or an informal occasion,”.

When people do public speaking, it also means that they do public

communication. According to Adler and Rodman (2006:8), public

 26

communication occurs when a group becomes too large for all members to

communicate. In public communication, one or more people deliver their

remarks, while the others act as audience. The audience is not able to talk

back in two-way communication the way they in a dyadic or small group

setting (Adler and Rodman 2006:8).

From the explanation above, it is concluded that speech is a spoken

text since the speech deliver communicate to the audience orally.

This study tries to analyze Hillary Clinton’s speech which is a

spoken text and realized in a written text form.

B. Previous Studies

Recently there have been many studies about interpersonal meaning.

Some of the studies can be a reference for the writer to complete this study.

First, this study is conducted by Kun-Zhen Huang from School of

Foreign Languages, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China. It is an

article from International Journal of English Linguistics which was released

on October 1, 2014 entitled “Snip-Snap: An Analysis of Interpersonal

Meanings in a Political TV” (International Journal of English Linguistics;

Vol. 4, No. 5, 2014. ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703) published by

Canadian Center of Science and Education. In this study, he uses Halliday’s

Systemic Functional Grammar theory to make an analysis on an episode in

Feng Yun Dui Hua, a television program from Phoenix TV. The data which

was analyzed is from the interview between TV host Ruan Cishan and the

contemporary US Secretary of State Colin Luther Powell. Through the

 27

anlysis of interpersonal meanings in the interview, it is revealed that Mood,

modality, person pronouns and Appraisal system are all important devices to

reveal the features of the political TV interview.

Second, this study is conducted by Hanafi, a Sarjana Degree at English

Education Department of PGRI University Semarang in 2016 entitled “An

Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning of The Characters on The Fading Charm

of Cleopatra Drama Script”. He uses Systemic Functional Linguistics and

appraisal technique as the basis of the analysis. In his research, he analyzes

the drama script and how the characters express their meanings and feeling to

persuade the audience feel likes the characters happened. The result of

analysis shows from 270 clauses, 68.9% of them are identified as declarative

mood, 22.2% as interrogative mood and 8.9% as the imperative mood.

Another study is conducted by Rowiatun Amri Marhamah, a Sarjana

Degree at English Language Education Department of Yogyakarta State

University 2014 entitled “Interpersonal Meaning Analysis of Muse Song

Lyrics in Black Holes and Revelations’ Album”. She uses Mood and Modality

to analyze the song lyrics. In her study, she finds variative Mood Types and

modality in the song lyrics. The result of data analysis shows that the types of

interpersonal meaning in the lyrics of Muse’s album Black Holes and

Revelations realized in the wordings of the clause if analyzed based on the

elements of interpersonal meaning, the most dominant Mood Types is

Declarative, the Modality realized through the use of modal finite and mood

adjunct. Based on the Mood Types analysis, the song writer or singer wants
 28

to declare something and give information to the readers or listener through

these songs and according to the analysis of Modality through the use of

Finite Modal and Mood Adjunct, the result of analysis found only few

modalities, and all of them are in the form of modals finite.

The difference of this study with other studies is the object which is

analyzed. This study is analyzing the concession speech of Hillary Clinton in

USA 2016 presidential election. The fact that she lost the election makes

writer is decided to analyze her attitude and judgement towards the result

using her concession speech.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH

This chapter represents research design, object of the research, source of

data, role of the researcher, method of data collection, method of data analysis.

A. Research Design

Commonly, there are two kinds of research. They are quantitative

research and qualitative research. To make this research, the writer chooses

qualitative research as the design of research. According to Cresswell (1994),

he said that a qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of

understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex,

holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants,

and conducted in a natural setting.

The reason that made this study to be a qualitative research because this

study explored the interpersonal meaning found in Hillary Clinton’s

concession speech and this study served the explanation of the subject more

than calculation of the data. Qualitative research presents the data and

research in the form of description.

B. Object of The Study

The object of this study is Hillary Clinton’s concession speech. In this

research, the writer used the result of the research into one of material in

Systemic Functional Grammar class. In this research, the data of this study

are the transcript of Hillary Clinton’s concession speech. So the unit of

29
 30

analysis of this research is the transcript of Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech.

C. Source of Data

This study contains two source data. The first is called primary data.

The primary data of the study is the transcript of Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech. The second is called secondary data. Secondary data of this study are

the references such as book, journal, article, archives, and some information

from website in the internet related to the study.

D. Role of The Writer

In this research, the role of the writer is being the analyst that being the

main point to collect the data. During the analysis, the writer collected the

necessary data from the object that would be analyzed. The writer analyzed

the interpersonal meaning in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech to answer

the research problem.

In the last, the writer made the conclusion and suggestion related to the

result of the analysis.

E. Method of Data Collection

To make this research works systematically,the writer made some ways

for collecting data into some steps as follows:

1. The writer searched the source for downloading the transcript of the

speech.

2. The writer printed out the transcript to be the object of the research.
 31

3. The writer analyzed or identified the mood type, modality and

appraisal of the interpersonal meaning in the realization of each type.

F. Method of Data Analysis

For analyzing the data, the writer conducted the following steps:

1. Segmenting the sentences into clauses

For example:

No Clause

1 The flight was supposed to take-off at 5

2 This is the first time

3 The world tour concert of BTS will start on Saturday

2. Identifying the linguistic features of the clauses

a. Identifying the mood system of the clause

This step was done to identify whether the clause belongs to

declarative, imperative or interrogative mood by identifying the

subject and finite.

For example:

Clause

No Subject Finite Mood Type

1 The flight was Declarative

 32

2 This is Declarative

3 The world tour concert of BTS will Declarative

b. Identifying the modality of the clause

This step was done to identify whether the clause has positive or

negative judgement and in which degree is that clause belong to (low,

median, high)

For example:

Positive Negative

Clause Low Median High Low Median High

The event will will

be their first
U.S. red carpet.
They will attend will

the BBMAs

The fans should should

just begin to

ignore any BTS

related article

c. Identifying the appraisal of the clause

This step is done to identify in which appraisal category (affect,

judgement, appreciation) is a clause belong to.

 33

For example:

Appraisal category Clause

Affect The captain was happy

Judgement BTS celebrates 4th anniverary

with three new songs

Appreciation A lovely dress

3. Drawing conclusion

This research showed a systemic functional analysis of Hillary Clinton’s

concession speech and how was Hillary Clinton’s judgement and attitude

towards the result of USA election. It was done by the interpersonal

metafunction through mood system, modality, and appraisal system.

 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer presents findings of the research. Findings are

some empirical research based on reliable data which have been collected from

many sources to complete the final paper, and for the discussion, the writer

discusses findings result which are supported by another theory about

interpersonal meaning.

A. Research Findings

In these findings of the research, the analysis is broken within the

interpersonal metafunction through mood system, modality, and appraisal.

1. The dominant type of Mood found in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech

Here are the findings of analysis of mood types found in Hillary

Clinton’s concession speech. The writers do some steps to analyzing the

speech. First the writer broke down the sentence into clauses. Then the

clauses were analyzed by the structure. By analyzing the structure the

writer got the result. The writer broke down the sentences into clauses, and

the result is there are 144 clauses.

The table 4.1 below is showed to present the mood types found in

the speech.

34
 35

Table 4. 1 - The result of mood types analysis

No Mood Type F f%

1 Declarative Mood 123 85.42%

2 Imperative Mood 21 14.58%

3 Interrogative Mood 0 0%

Total 144 100%

Based on the result above, the writer found that declarative mood

was found in 123 clauses with percentage are 85.42%, imperative mood

was found in 21 clauses with percentage 14.58%, and interrogative mood

was not found in clause with percentage 0%. It appears that declarative

mood is the dominant mood type found in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech.

2. The modality used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech

Modality shows the speaker’s judgement about something. As Jones

and Lock (2011: 17) said “the system of modality provides us with

resources for indicating our judgment and evaluations”.

The table below shows the frequency of modality found in the

speech:
 36

Table 4. 2 - Frequency of Modality

No. Modal or Mood Adjunct Frequency

1 Will 10

2 Must 2

3 Can 1

4 Need 3

5 Might 1

6 Is to 1

7 Never 4

8 Always 1

Total 23

Based on the table above, there are some Modality used in the

speech. They are will, must, can, need, might, is to, never, and always. The

modality that mostly used in the speech is will.

3. The Appraisal used in the speech

Appraisal is an act of assessing or judging something. According to

Butt (2003:120), he says that the resource of Appraisal is one of the ways

speakers position their audience. Through the analysis of Appraisal

 37

system, the writer tried to understand Hillary Clinton’s attitude and

judgement towards the result of the election.

There are 72 expressions found in the speech. The writer analyzed

the expressions using Appraisal system that is broken down into three

categories. They are Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation. Then those three

categories are broken down again into positive and negative. The writer

categorized the expressions in the speech into those categories. The table

below shows the result of Appraisal analysis:

Table 4. 3 - Appraisal Analysis Table

Affect Judgement Appreciation
Categories + - + - + -
Number of 30 0 30 1 6 5
expression
Total 72

Based on the result above, Affect positive and Judgement positive

are the two that got the highest number. Out of 72 expressions, Affect

positive got 30 expressions and Judgement positive got 30 expressions.

 38

B. Discussion

After analyzing the Hillary Clinton’s concession speech, the writer

discussed and explained the result of interpersonal analysis its self using

mood system analysis and theory of Halliday. The writer used mood system

to examine interpersonal meaning realized in the Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech script.

1. The dominant type of Mood found in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech

There are three types of mood. They are Declarative Mood,

Imperative Mood, and Interrogative Mood. By analizing the clauses, the

writer found there are two types of mood that are used. They are

Declarative Mood and Imperative Mood. Meanwhile, the Interrogative

Mood is not found in the speech.

a. Declarative Mood

The first mood type which the writer found is Declarative mood.

According to M.A.K Halliday and Christian Matthiessen (2004:23) an

indicative clause is either declarative or interrogative (still mood).

Declarative mood is typically as making statement. Mehwish Noor

(2015) says that Subject followed by Finite, for instance, shows

Declarative Mood. The characteristics of this type are the clause has

mood and residue structure, and contains of an exchange information

or proposition.

The result of the study presented that most clauses are declarative.
 39

In the following is 10 examples of Hillary Clinton’s idea realized in

declarative clauses:

1) Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work

with him on behalf of our country.

Last I Congr Donald a offer to with on

nigh atulat Trump n ed work him behalf
t ed d of our
countr
y
CA S F P C F P CA CA
Mo- -od
Residue

2) I hope

I hope
S F P
Mood Residue

3) That he will be a successful president for all Americans

That he will be a successful for all

president Americans
S F P C CA
Mood Residue

4) That we did not win this election

That We did not win this election

S F P C
Mood Residue
 40

5) But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign

But I feel pride and Gratitude for this

wonderful
campaign
S F P C C CA
Mood Residue

6) For the values we share

For the values We share

C S F P
Residue Mood Residue

7) and the vision we hold for our country

And the vision We hold our country

C S F P C
Residue Mood Residue

8) and so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes

and dreams in this effort

and so do tens of millions of Americans who invested

their hopes and dreams in this effort
F S
Mood

9) but I want you to remember this

but I want you to remember This

S F P C P C

Mood Residue
 41

10) Our campaign was never about one person or even one election

Our was never about one person or even

campaign one election
S F Mood Ad. Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

From the result of the analysis, that the dominant mood types found in

the Hillary Clinton’s concession speech is declarative mood, the writer

concluded that the speaker, Hillary Clinton, was trying to give

informations as much as possible. In which, she expresses those

informations through the statemens that she says in her speech. It is

similar to what Eggins (2003:148) says, that statements are usually

expressed by declaratives. In this case, she was trying to convey her

idea to the audience through her statements.

b. Imperative Mood

Imperative mood is also found in the speech. Imperative mood is

command sentence and also as an exchange of goods and service. The

feature of imperative mood can be Subject + Finite, Subject only,

Finite only and they may have Residue element only. The imperative

clause found in the speech can be seen in the following examples:

1) Thank you from all of us

thank you from all of us

F P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue
 42

2) Let us not grow weary

let us not grow weary

F P C P C
Mood Residue

3) Let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due season

Let us not grow weary in for in

doing due
good season
F P C P C
Mood Residue

4) Let us have faith in each other

let us have faith in each

other
F P C P C
Mood Residue

5) May God bless you

May God bless you

F C P C
Mood Residue

Although in this speech Imperative Mood is less dominant than

Declarative Mood, still, it has a function. Imperative mood may be

used to convey a command. Imperative mood also reflects the

domination of the speaker to the audience. In the other words, it shows

that the speaker has greater power than the listener or the audience.
 43

Thus, the speaker can give command, orders, invitations, instructions

or requests to the audience through imperative sentence.

From the result above, the writer found that the speaker used the

imperative mood through imperative sentences to thank her supporters,

ask the audience to not giving up on their dreams and keep looking to

the better future despite the unwanted result that they got.

c. Interrogative Mood

Interrogative mood is a clause as asking question. The

characteristic of interrogative mood are the clause as mood and residue

structure and WH or Yes/No question. As M.A.K Halliday and

Christian Matthiessen (2004:23) stated that an interrogative clause is

either yes/no question type or WH question.

According to the analysis result, the writer did not find any

interrogative clauses in the speech.

2. The modality used in Hillary Clinton’s concession speech

In using the modality, the speaker mostly use finite modal operators in

medium category. The dominancy of will in the speech means that the

speaker wants to show her intention of personal opinion about an event.

The examples of Modality are presented as follow:

1) That he will be successful president for all American

2) Then we must accept this result

 44

3) Donald Trump is going to be our president

4) Than I can ever express

5) We need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your

lives

6) And hopefully sooner than we might think right now

7) Our campaign was never about one person or even one election

8) I will always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated men

and women at our headquarters in Brooklyn and across our

country

From the table 4.2, it can be seen that the most modality used in

Hillary Clinton’s concession speech is Will. Out of 39 modality which

were found in the speech, Will is used for 10 times.

Will represents the strong determination of something. Meanwhile,

Will belongs to modal operator. The different level or degree of modal

operator shows that it also has different meaning.

Will which is categorized as the medium degree of modal operator

signs that it has medium degree of probability. The writer was not too

sure about something but still has strong determination about the better

future. The use of Will also means that the speaker wants to show their

intention of personal opinion about a subjective view of an event.

 45

3. The Appraisal used in the speech

a. Affect

Affect is resource of expressing feelings. It can be good feelings or bad

feelings.

1) Positive Affect

The high number of positive Affect found in the analysis shows

that the speaker had a good feeling about the result of the election.

Besides, the writer also found that the speaker had a good feeling

towards her supporters during her campaign. The example of the good

feelings which are said by the speaker can be seen as follows:

a) Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work

with him on behalf of our country.

 Congratulate is a word to show a respect to someone’s good

event.

b) I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans.

 Hope that he will be a successful president is an expression

that shows the speaker expects that the chosen president will

be the successful one.

c) I am so grateful to stand with all of you.

 Grateful is a word that shows the speaker is expressing her

thankfulness towards the supporters and family.

 46

d) And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers

and our entire family, my love for you means more than I can

ever express.

 My love for you means more than I can ever express shows

that the speaker is grateful towards her family for having

them.

e) We respect and cherish these values too and we must defend them.

 Respect and cherish are the words the speaker used to show

her appreciation towards the result.

From the example of positive Affect above, the writer concluded

that the speaker has good feeling about the issue. Beside the fact that

the speaker is losing the election, she conveys her good feeling to the

audience, to her supporters who are really supportive towards her. She

is hoping that the new president will be a successful president for all

Americans. She also is expressing her love and gratitude towards her

family and supporter who support her during the campaign and

election and she asks her supporters to respect the result of election.

b. Judgement

Arunsirot (2012) cites the function of judgment by Droga and

Humphrey (2002:79) that judgment is used to evaluate what people do,

say or believe according to institutionalized values.

 47

1) Positive Judgement

According to the result of the analysis, positive Judgemnet has

high number. Positive Judgement can be admire or praise. The

examples of positive Judgement that the writer found in the

analysis are written below:

a) But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign

that we built together, this vast, diverse, creative, unruly,

energized campaign.

 The phrase “this wonderful campaign” is categorized as an

admiration.

b) You represent the best of America and being your candidate

has been one of the greatest honors of my life.

 The clauses “You represent the best of America” and

“being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors

of my life” are both an admiration and a praise.

c) I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign

anybody could have ever expected or wanted.

 The clause “you were the best campaign anybody could

have ever expected or wanted” is a praise.

d) We -- we thank you for your graceful, determined leadership

that has meant so much to so many Americans and people

across the world.

 48

 The phrase “your graceful, determined leadership” is an

admiration.

e) And -- and to all the little girls who are watching this, never

doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of

every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and

achieve your own dreams.

 The clause “you are valueable and powerful and deserving

of every chance and opportunity” is a praise.

Based on the result of the analysis, it can be concluded that the

speaker has positive judgement towards the issue. Positive

judgement can be admire or praise.

2) Negative Judgement

Negative Judgment can be a critic or condemn. Beside the

positive judgement, the writer also found one expression which is a

negative judgement. It can be seen in her “And you should never,

ever regret fighting for that”. The speaker criticized the audience

that the audience should never ever regret fighting for what’s right.

c. Appreciation

Appreciation shows how we give a value about someone or something.

According to Martin and White (2005:45), Appreciation “reworks feelings

as propositions about value of things-what they are worth or not...”. It is

 49

like affect and judgement, people also can appreciate someone or

something positively or negatively.

1) Positive Appreciation

Positive Appreciation is the speaker’s way to value something

positively. The writer found six expressions which are said by the

speaker categorized as positive appreciation. The examples of

positive appreciation which are found in the speech can be seen

below:

a) But I still believe in America and I always will.

b) It has been a joy getting to know them better, and it gives me great

hope and comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of

our democracy representing Virginia in the Senate.

c) It is -- it is worth it.

Based on the example above, the writer concluded that the

speaker is valuing things positively. It can be seen in “But I still

believe in America and I always will”. The writer analyzed that

according the speaker, America is trustful. So that it makes her always

believe in America.

Another example of positive appreciation is “It has been a joy

getting to know them better, and it gives me great hope and comfort to

know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy

representing Virginia in the Senate”. This shows that the speaker

 50

values the event – Tim will represent Virginia in the Senate – is a

good thing and something joyful and hopeful to her depite her losing.

The next positive appreciation is “It is -- it is worth it”. This

shows that the speaker said to her audience that although she is losing,

but fighting for what is right is something worthy. The speaker said

that fighting in the election is worth it.

2) Negative Appreciation

If positive appreciation is the way of speaker valuing something

positively, negative appreciation works in the opposite way. The

speaker used negative appreciation to value something negatively. In

the analysis, the writer found there are five negative appreciation

which are said by the speaker. The example of negative appreciation

can be seen as follows:

a) This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for and

I'm sorry that we did not win this election for the values we share

and the vision we hold for our country.

b) This is painful and it will be for a long time, but I want you to

remember this.

c) This loss hurts

Based on the example above, the speaker used negative

appreciation to mainly talked about the unwanted result of election.

In her “This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard

 51

for and I'm sorry that we did not win this election for the values we

share and the vision we hold for our country”, the speaker clearly

declared to the audience that the result is not the result they wanted

or they worked so hard for.

The speaker also said that the result of the election which she is

losing to her rival is something painful. This idea can be seen in

“This is painful and it will be for a long time...” and also in “This

loss hurts”.
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter consists of two subchapters which are conclusions and

suggestions. The conclusions are derived from the result of analyses and also

discussions done in the previous chapter of this study. This chapter also mentions

some suggestions.

A. Conclusion

After analyzing Hillary Clinton’s concession speech, the writer draws

the conclusion based on the findings of the study.

1. The dominant mood type which is used in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech is declarative mood. It shows that the speaker, Hillary Clinton, is

mainly giving her opinion about the result of the election or stating a fact.

2. The types of Modality which are used in Hillary Clinton’s concession

speech are Finite modal operator and Mood Adjunct. The dominant

Modality that is used is Will. This shows that the speaker wants to show

their intention of personal opinion about a subjective view of an event. In

the other words, the speaker has personal judgement about the event.

3. There are 72 expressions that are categorized in appraisal system. The use

of appraisal shows the speaker’s thought about something, whether it is

good or bad. The appraisal system is divided into Affect, Judgement, and

52
 53

Appreciation. Those three then divided again into positive and negative.

In this study, the writer found 30 expressions in positive Affect, 30

expressions in positive Judgement, 1 expression in negative Judgement, 6

expressions in positive Appreciation, and 5 expressions in negative

Appreciation.

B. Suggestion

After finishing the final paper, the writer gives suggestions, as follows:

1. For the readers

After reading this final paper, the writer hopes that the reader would be

able to get new information about interpersonal meaning and appraisal

system. Through this final paper, the writer also hopes the reader would

get the better comprehension about the interpersonal meaning of Hillary

Clinton’s concession speech.

2. For the students

The writer hopes that this final paper can be used as a reference for the

students, especially students in Systemic Functional Grammar class. The

students can use this final paper to help them understand more about

Systemic Functional Grammar especially interpersonal meaning.

3. For future researcher

The future researcher can analyze the other kind of speech in other

occassions, so that they can uncover the real meaning that the speakers

wants to convey in their speech. In that case, this final paper can be used

as a reference to do the analysis.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adler, R.B. and G. Rodman. (2006). Understanding Human Communication. New

York: Oxford University Press
Arunsirot, S. (2012). The Use of Appraisal Theory to Analyze Thai News Paper
Commentaries. Bangkok: MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular.
Vol.15. No.1:74
Bloor, T. And M. Bloor. (2004). The Functional Analysis of English (Revised
Ed.). London: Arnold
Butt, D. et al. (2003). Using Functional Grammar. Sydney: Macquarie University
Press
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (Revised
Ed.). London: Continuum
Halliday, M.A.K. and M.I.M Mathiessen. (2004). An Introduction to Functional
Grammar (Revised Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Inc,.
Haratyan, F. (2011). Halliday’s SFL and Social Meaning. Singapore: IACSIT
Press. Vol. 17:262
Lock, G. And R.H. Jones. (2011). Functional Grammar in The ESL Classroom.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Martin, J.R. and P.R.R White. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in
English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Nur, S. (2015). Analysis of Interpersonal Metafunction in Public Speeches: A
Case Study of Nelson Mandela’s Presidential Inauguration Speech. Abha:
The International Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.30. No.1:53-59
The 4 Types of Public Speaking. Online at www.livespeech.org/blog/the-four-
types-of-public-speaking [accessed 11/07/2017]
Rice-Johnston, W. (2008). Language: A Definition from First Principles - Three
Grand Over the Truckstop. PHILICA.COM Article number 136. Online at:
http://www.philica.com/display_article.php?article_id=136 [accessed
26/08/2017]

54
 APPENDIX 1

THE TRANSCRIPT OF HILLARY

CLINTON’S CONCESSION SPEECH

55
 56

CLINTON: Thank you. Thank you all. Thank you.

(APPLAUSE)

Thank you all very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you so much.

(APPLAUSE)

Very rowdy group. Thank you, my friends. Thank you. Thank you, thank you so

very much for being here and I love you all, too.

Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work with him on behalf

of our country. I hope that he will be a successful president for all Americans.

This is not the outcome we wanted or we worked so hard for and I'm sorry that we

did not win this election for the values we share and the vision we hold for our

country.

But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign that we built together,

this vast, diverse, creative, unruly, energized campaign. You represent the best of

America and being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors of my life.

(APPLAUSE)

I know how disappointed you feel because I feel it too, and so do tens of millions

of Americans who invested their hopes and dreams in this effort. This is painful

and it will be for a long time, but I want you to remember this. Our campaign was

never about one person or even one election, it was about the country we love and

about building an America that's hopeful, inclusive and big-hearted.

We have seen that our nation is more deeply divided than we thought. But I still

believe in America and I always will. And if you do, then we must accept this
 57

result and then look to the future. Donald Trump is going to be our president. We

owe him an open mind and the chance to lead.

Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of power and we

don't just respect that, we cherish it. It also enshrines other things; the rule of law,

the principle that we are all equal in rights and dignity, freedom of worship and

expression. We respect and cherish these values too and we must defend them.

(APPLAUSE)

Now -- and let me add, our constitutional democracy demands our participation,

not just every four years but all the time. So let's do all we can to keep advancing

the causes and values we all hold dear; making our economy work for everyone

not just those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet and

breaking down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their

dreams.

CLINTON: We've spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people

from every corner of our country to say with one voice that we believe that the

American dream is big enough for everyone -- for people of all races and religions,

for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT people, and people with

disabilities. For everyone.

(APPLAUSE)

So now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep doing our part to build that better,

stronger, fairer America we seek. And I know you will.

 58

I am so grateful to stand with all of you. I want to thank Tim Kaine and Anne

Holton for being our partners on this journey.

(APPLAUSE)

It has been a joy getting to know them better, and it gives me great hope and

comfort to know that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy

representing Virginia in the Senate.

(APPLAUSE)

To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an enormous debt of

gratitude.

(APPLAUSE)

We -- we thank you for your graceful, determined leadership that has meant so

much to so many Americans and people across the world.

And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and our entire

family, my love for you means more than I can ever express. You crisscrossed this

country on our behalf and lifted me up when I needed it most -- even four-month-

old Aidan who traveled with his mom.

I will always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated men and women at our

headquarters in Brooklyn and across our country.

(APPLAUSE)
 59

You poured your hearts into this campaign. For some of you who are veterans, it

was a campaign after you had done other campaigns. Some of you, it was your

first campaign. I want each of you to know that you were the best campaign

anybody could have ever expected or wanted.

(APPLAUSE)

And to the millions of volunteers, community leaders, activists and union

organizers who knocked on doors, talked to neighbors, posted on Facebook, even

in secret, private Facebook sites...

(LAUGHTER)

(APPLAUSE)

... I want everybody coming out from behind that and make sure your voices are

heard going forward.

(APPLAUSE)

To everyone who sent in contributions as small at $5 and kept us going, thank you.

Thank you from all of us.

And to the young people in particular, I hope you will hear this. I have, as Tim

said, spent my entire adult life fighting for what I believe in. I've had successes

and I've had setbacks. Sometimes, really painful ones. Many of you are at the

beginning of your professional public and political careers. You will have

successes and setbacks, too.

 60

This loss hurts, but please never stop believing that fighting for what's right is

worth it.

(APPLAUSE)

CLINTON: It is -- it is worth it.

(APPLAUSE)

And so we need -- we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of

your lives.

And to all the women, and especially the young women, who put their faith in this

campaign and in me, I want you to know that nothing has made me prouder than

to be your champion.

(APPLAUSE)

Now, I -- I know -- I know we have still not shattered that highest and hardest

glass ceiling, but some day someone will and hopefully sooner than we might

think right now.

(APPLAUSE)

And -- and to all the little girls who are watching this, never doubt that you are

valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world

to pursue and achieve your own dreams.

 61

Finally...

(APPLAUSE)

Finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all it has given to me. I count my

blessings every single day that I am an American. And I still believe as deeply as I

ever have that if we stand together and work together with respect for our

differences, strength in our convictions and love for this nation, our best days are

still ahead of us.

(APPLAUSE)

Because, you know -- you know, I believe we are stronger together and we will go

forward together. And you should never, ever regret fighting for that. You know,

scripture tells us, "Let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due season, we

shall reap if we do not lose heart."

So my friends, let us have faith in each other, let us not grow weary, let us not

lose heart, for there are more seasons to come. And there is more work to do.

I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to represent all of

you in this consequential election.

May God bless you and may God bless the United States of America.
 62

APPENDIX 2
ANALYSIS OF MOOD TYPES
 63

Analysis of Mood Type

Clause Mood Type
Number Clause
1 Thank you Imperative Mood
2 Thank you all Imperative Mood
3 Thank you Imperative Mood
4 Thank you all very much Imperative Mood
5 Thank you Imperative Mood
6 Thank you Imperative Mood
7 Thank you so much Imperative Mood
8 Thank you, my friends Imperative Mood
9 Thank you Imperative Mood
10 Thank you Imperative Mood
11 Thank you so very much for being here Imperative Mood
45 and then look to the future Imperative Mood
57 So let's do all Imperative Mood
91 thank you Imperative Mood
92 Thank you from all of us Imperative Mood
103 but never stop believing Imperative Mood
117 never doubt that you are valuable and powerful Imperative Mood
and deserving of every chance and opportunity
in the world to pursue and achieve your own
dreams
134 Let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due Imperative Mood
season
137 let us have faith in each other Imperative Mood
138 let us not grow weary Imperative Mood
139 let us not lose heart Imperative Mood
12 I love you all, too Declarative Mood
13 Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and Declarative Mood
offered to work with him on behalf of our
country.
14 I hope Declarative Mood
15 That he will be a successful president for all Declarative Mood
Americans
16 This is not the outcome Declarative Mood
17 We wanted Declarative Mood
18 We worked so hard for Declarative Mood
19 And I’m sorry Declarative Mood
20 That we did not win this election Declarative Mood
21 For the values we share Declarative Mood
22 and the vision we hold for our country Declarative Mood
23 But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful Declarative Mood
campaign
24 that we built together, this vast, diverse, Declarative Mood
creative, unruly, energized campaign
 64

25 You represent the best of America Declarative Mood

26 and being your candidate has been one of the Declarative Mood
greatest honors of my life
27 I know Declarative Mood
28 How disappointed you feel Declarative Mood
29 Because I feel it too Declarative Mood
30 and so do tens of millions of Americans who Declarative Mood
invested their hopes and dreams in this effort.
31 This is painful Declarative Mood
32 and it will be for a long time Declarative Mood
33 but I want you to remember this Declarative Mood
34 Our campaign was never about one person or Declarative Mood
even one election
35 It was about the country Declarative Mood
36 We love Declarative Mood
37 That’s hopeful, inclusive and big hearted Declarative Mood
38 We have seen Declarative Mood
39 That our nation is more deeply divided Declarative Mood
40 than we thought Declarative Mood
41 But I still believe in America Declarative Mood
42 and I always will Declarative Mood
43 And if you do Declarative Mood
44 then we must accept this result Declarative Mood
46 Donald Trump is going to be our president Declarative Mood
47 We owe him an open mind and the chance to Declarative Mood
lead
48 Our constitutional democracy enshrines the Declarative Mood
peaceful transfer of power
49 and we don't just respect that Declarative Mood
50 we cherish it Declarative Mood
51 It also enshrines other things; the rule of law, Declarative Mood
the principle
52 that we are all equal in rights and dignity, Declarative Mood
freedom of worship and expression.
53 We respect and cherish these values too Declarative Mood
54 and we must defend them Declarative Mood
55 let me add Declarative Mood
56 our constitutional democracy demands our Declarative Mood
participation, not just every four years but all
the time
58 we can to keep advancing the causes and values Declarative Mood
59 we all hold dear; making our economy work for Declarative Mood
everyone not just those at the top, protecting
our country and protecting our planet and
breaking down all the barriers that hold any
 65

American back from achieving their dreams

60 We've spent a year and a half bringing together Declarative Mood
millions of people from every corner of our
country to say with one voice
61 that we believe Declarative Mood
62 that the American dream is big enough for Declarative Mood
everyone -- for people of all races and religions,
for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT
people, and people with disabilities
63 So now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep Declarative Mood
doing our part to build that better, stronger,
fairer America
64 we seek Declarative Mood
65 and I know Declarative Mood
66 you will Declarative Mood
67 I am so grateful to stand with all of you Declarative Mood
68 I want to thank Tim Kaine and Anne Holton for Declarative Mood
being our partners on this journey
69 It has been a joy getting to know them better Declarative Mood
70 and it gives me great hope and comfort to know Declarative Mood
71 that Tim will remain on the front lines of our Declarative Mood
democracy representing Virginia in the Senate
72 To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country Declarative Mood
owes you an enormous debt of gratitude
73 we thank you for your graceful, determined Declarative Mood
leadership
74 that has meant so much to so many Americans Declarative Mood
and people across the world
75 And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Declarative Mood
Aidan, our brothers and our entire family, my
love for you means more
76 than I can ever express Declarative Mood
77 You crisscrossed this country on our behalf and Declarative Mood
lifted me up
78 when I needed it most Declarative Mood
79 even four-month-old Aidan who traveled with Declarative Mood
his mom
80 I will always be grateful to the creative, Declarative Mood
talented, dedicated men and women at our
headquarters in Brooklyn and across our
country
81 You poured your hearts into this campaign Declarative Mood
82 For some of you who are veterans Declarative Mood
83 it was a campaign Declarative Mood
84 after you had done other campaigns Declarative Mood
 66

85 Some of you, it was your first campaign. Declarative Mood

86 I want each of you to know Declarative Mood
87 that you were the best campaign Declarative Mood
88 anybody could have ever expected or wanted Declarative Mood
89 And to the millions of volunteers, community Declarative Mood
leaders, activists and union organizers who
knocked on doors, talked to neighbors, posted
on Facebook, even in secret, private Facebook
sites...
90 your voices are heard going forward Declarative Mood
93 I hope Declarative Mood
94 you will hear this Declarative Mood
95 I have spent my entire adult life fighting for Declarative Mood
96 as Tim said Declarative Mood
97 what I believe in Declarative Mood
98 I've had successes Declarative Mood
99 and I've had setbacks Declarative Mood
100 Many of you are at the beginning of your Declarative Mood
professional public and political careers
101 You will have successes and setbacks, too. Declarative Mood
102 this loss hurts Declarative Mood
104 that fighting for what's right is worth it Declarative Mood
105 it is worth it Declarative Mood
106 And so we need Declarative Mood
107 we need you to keep up these fights now and Declarative Mood
for the rest of your lives
108 And to all the women, and especially the young Declarative Mood
women, who put their faith in this campaign
and in me
109 I want you to know Declarative Mood
110 that nothing has made me prouder than to be Declarative Mood
your champion
111 Now, I know Declarative Mood
112 I know Declarative Mood
113 we have still not shattered that highest and Declarative Mood
hardest glass ceiling
114 but some day someone will Declarative Mood
115 and hopefully sooner than we might think right Declarative Mood
now
116 and to all the little girls who are watching this Declarative Mood
118 Finally, I am so grateful for our country and for Declarative Mood
all
119 it has given to me Declarative Mood
120 I count my blessings every single day Declarative Mood
121 that I am an American Declarative Mood
 67

122 And I still believe Declarative Mood

123 as deeply as I ever have Declarative Mood
124 that if we stand together and work together with Declarative Mood
respect for our differences, strength in our
convictions and love for this nation
125 our best days are still ahead of us Declarative Mood
126 Because, you know Declarative Mood
127 you know Declarative Mood
128 I believe Declarative Mood
129 we are stronger together Declarative Mood
130 and we will go forward together Declarative Mood
131 And you should never, ever regret fighting for Declarative Mood
that
132 You know Declarative Mood
133 scripture tells us Declarative Mood
135 we shall reap Declarative Mood
136 if we do not lose heart Declarative Mood
140 for there are more seasons to come Declarative Mood
141 And there is more work to do Declarative Mood
142 I am incredibly honored and grateful to have Declarative Mood
had this chance to represent all of you in this
consequential election
143 May God bless you Declarative Mood
144 and may God bless the United States of Declarative Mood
America
 68

APPENDIX 3
ANALYSIS OF MOOD STRUCTURE
 69

Analysis of Mood Structure

 Clause 1: Thank you

Thank you
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 2: Thank you all

Thank you all
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 3: Thank you

Thank you
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 4: Thank you all very much

Thank you all very much
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 5: Thank you

Thank You
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 6: Thank you

Thank You
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 7: Thank you so much

Thank you so much
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 8: Thank you, my friends

Thank you my friends
F P C
Mood Residue
 70

 Clause 9: Thank you

Thank you
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 10: Thank you

Thank you
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 11: Thank you so very much for being here

Thank you so very much for being here
F P C CA
Mood Residue

 Clause 12: I love you all, too

I love you all too
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 13: Last night, I congratulated Donald Trump and offered to work
with him on behalf of our country.
Last I Congr Donald a offered to with on behalf
nigh atulat Trump n work him of our
t ed d country
CA S F P C F P CA CA
Mo- -od
Residue

 Clause 14: I hope

I hope
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 15: That he will be a successful president for all Americans

That he will be a successful for all
president Americans
S F P C CA
Mood Residue
 71

 Clause 16: This is not the outcome

This is not the outcome
S F C
Mood Residue
 Clause 17: We wanted
We wanted
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 18: We worked so hard for

We worked so hard for
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 19: And I’m sorry

And I am sorry
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 20: That we did not win this election

That We did not win this election
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 21: For the values we share

For the values We share
C S F P
Residue Mood Residue

 Clause 22: and the vision we hold for our country

And the vision We hold our country
C S F P C
Residue Mood Residue

 Clause 23: But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful campaign
But I feel pride and gratitude for this wonderful
campaign
S F P C C CA
Mood Residue

 Clause 24: that we built together, this vast, diverse, creative, unruly,
energized campaign.
 72

That we built together this vast, diverse, creative, unruly,

energized campaign.

S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 25: You represent the best of America

You represent the best of American
S F P C

Mood Residue

 Clause 26: and being your candidate has been one of the greatest honors of
my life.
and being your has been one of the greatest honors of my life
candidate
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 27: I know

I know
S F P

Mood Residue

 Clause 28: How disappointed you feel

How disappointed you feel
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 29: Because I feel it too

Because I feel it too
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 30: and so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes
and dreams in this effort.
and so do tens of millions of Americans who invested their hopes
and dreams in this effort
F S
Mood

 Clause 31: This is painful

 73

This is painful
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 32: and it will be for a long time

and it will be for a long
time
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 33: but I want you to remember this

but I want you to remember this
S F P C P C

Mood Residue

 Clause 34: Our campaign was never about one person or even one election
Our was never about one person or even one
campaign election
S F Mood Ad. Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 35: It was about the country

It was about the country
and about building
an America
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 36: We love

We love
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 37: That’s hopeful, inclusive and big hearted

That is hopeful, inclusive and big hearted
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 38: We have seen

We have seen
S F P
Mood Residue
 74

 Clause 39: That our nation is more deeply divided

That our nation is more deeply divided
S F Mood Ad. P
Mood Residue

 Clause 40: than we thought

Than we thought
S F P
Mood

 Clause 41: But I still believe in America

But I still believe in America
S Mood Ad F P Circ. Ad
Mo- Residue -od Residue

 Clause 42: and I always will.

and I always will
S Mood Ad F
Mo- Residue -od

 Clause 43: And if you do

and if you do
S F
Mood

 Clause 44: then we must accept this result

then we must accept this result
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 45: and then look to the future

and then look to the future
P C
Re- -sidue

 Clause 46: Donald Trump is going to be our president

Donald Trump is going to be our president
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 47: We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead.
We owe him an open mind and the chance to lead
 75

S F P C C
Mood Residue
 Clause 48: Our constitutional democracy enshrines the peaceful transfer of
power
Our constitutional enrishes the peaceful transfer of power
democracy
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 49: and we don't just respect that

and we don’t just respect that
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 50: we cherish it

We cherish it
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 51: It also enshrines other things; the rule of law, the principle
It also enshrines other things the rule of law, the principle
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 52: that we are all equal in rights and dignity, freedom of worship and
expression.
that we are all equal in rights and dignity, freedom of worship
and expression
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 53: We respect and cherish these values too

We respect and cherish these values too
S F P F P C
Mo- Re- -od -sidue

 Clause 54: and we must defend them

and we must defend them
S F P C
Mood Predicator
 76

 Clause 55: let me add

let me add
P S P
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 56: our constitutional democracy demands our participation, not just
every four years but all the time
our demands our not just every four years
constitutional participation but all the time
democracy
S F P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 57: So let's do all

So let’s do all
S P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 58: we can to keep advancing the causes and values

we can to keep advancing the causes and values
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 59: we all hold dear; making our economy work for everyone not just
those at the top, protecting our country and protecting our planet and breaking
down all the barriers that hold any American back from achieving their
dreams.
we all hold dear making our economy work for everyone
S F P C P C P C
Mood Residue

not just those protecting our and protecting

at the top country
C P C P
Residue

our and breaking down all the that hold any

planet barriers Americans
 77

C P C P C
Residue

back from achieving their dreams

P C
Residue

 Clause 60: We've spent a year and a half bringing together millions of people
from every corner of our country to say with one voice
We’ve spent a bringing together millions from to with
year of every say one
and people corner voice
a of our
half country
S F P Circ. P C Circ. P Ad.
Ad Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 61: that we believe

that We believe
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 62: that the American dream is big enough for everyone -- for people
of all races and religions, for men and women, for immigrants, for LGBT
people, and people with disabilities
that the is big enough for everyone -- for people of all
American races and religions, for men and
dream women, for immigrants, for LGBT
people, and people with disabilities

S F C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 63: So now, our responsibility as citizens is to keep doing our part to
build that better, stronger, fairer America
so now our is to keep our part to build that better,
responsibility doing stonger, fairer America
as citizens
Circ. S F P C
 78

Ad
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 64: we seek

we Seek
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 65: and I know

and I know
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 66: you will

you will
S F
Mood

 Clause 67: I am so grateful to stand with all of you

I am so grateful to stand with all of you
S F C P Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 68: I want to thank Tim Kaine and Anne Holton for being our partners
on this journey.
I want to Tim Kaine and for being our on this
thank Anne Holton partners journey
S F P C P C Circ.
Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 69: It has been a joy getting to know them better

It has been a joy getting to know them better
S F P C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 70: and it gives me great hope and comfort to know

and it gives me great hope and comfort to know
S F P C C P
 79

Mood Residue

 Clause 71: that Tim will remain on the front lines of our democracy
representing Virginia in the Senate.
that Tim will remain on the front represent Virginia in the
lines of our ing Senate
democracy
S F P C P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 72: To Barack and Michelle Obama, our country owes you an
enormous debt of gratitude.

To Barack and our country owes you an enormous debt of

Michelle Obama gratitude

Circ. Ad S F P C C

Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 73: we thank you for your graceful, determined leadership

we thank you for your graceful, determined leadership
S F P C C
Mood Residue

 Clause 74: that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across
the world
that has meant so much to so many Americans and people across
the world
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 75: And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and
our entire family, my love for you means more
And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, Charlotte, my love means more
Aidan, our brothers and our entire family for you
Circ. Ad S F P C
Re- Mood -sidue
 80

 Clause 76: than I can ever express

than I can ever express
S F C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 77: You crisscrossed this country on our behalf and lifted me up
you crisscrossed this on our and lifted me up
country behalf
S F P C Circ. Ad F P C
Mo- Resi- -od -due

 Clause 78: when I needed it most

when I needed it most
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 79: even four-month-old Aidan who traveled with his mom.
even four-month-old Aidan who traveled with his mom
S F P Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 80: I will always be grateful to the creative, talented, dedicated men
and women at our headquarters in Brooklyn and across our country.
I will always be grateful to the creative, at our headquarters
talented, in Brooklyn and
dedicated men across our country
and women
S F Mood P C Circ. Ad Circ. Ad
Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 81: You poured your hearts into this campaign.

you poured your hearts into this campaign
S F P C C
Mood Residue

 Clause 82: For some of you who are veterans

For some of you who are veterans
S F C
 81

Mood Residue

 Clause 83: it was a campaign

it was a campaign
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 84: after you had done other campaigns

after you had done other campaigns
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 85: Some of you, it was your first campaign.

some of you it was your first campaign
Circ. Ad S F C
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 86: I want each of you to know

I want each of you to know
S F P C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 87: that you were the best campaign

that you were the best campaign
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 88: anybody could have ever expected or wanted.

anybody could have ever expected or wanted
S F F P P
Mood Residue

 Clause 89: And to the millions of volunteers, community leaders, activists

and union organizers who knocked on doors, talked to neighbors, posted on
Facebook, even in secret, private Facebook sites...
 82

union organizers
community leaders, activists and
And to the millions of volunteers,
who

knocked

on doors

talked to
neighbors

posted
on Facebook
even
in secret, private Facebook sites
S F P F P C F P
Circ. Ad

Circ. Ad

Circ. Ad
Mood Ad
Circ. Ad
Re- Mo- -sidue o Re- od sidue

 Clause 90: your voices are heard going forward

your voice are heard going forward
S F P P
Mood Residue

 Clause 91: thank you

thank you
F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 92: Thank you from all of us

thank you from all of us
F P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 93: I hope

I hope
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 94: you will hear this

 83

you will hear this

S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 95: I have spent my entire adult life fighting for

I have spent my entire life fighting for
S F P C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 96: as Tim said

as Tim said
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 97: what I believe in

what I believe In
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 98: I've had successes

I’ve had Successes
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 99: and I've had setbacks

and I’ve had setbacks
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 100: Many of you are at the beginning of your professional public and
political careers.
many of you are at the beginning of your professional public and
political careers
S F Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 101: You will have successes and setbacks, too.

you will have success and setbacks too
S F P C
 84

Mood Residue

 Clause 102: this loss hurts

this loss hurts
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 103: but never stop believing

but never stop believing
Mood Ad P P
Residue

 Clause 104: that fighting for what's right is worth it.

that fighting for what’s right is worth it
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 105: it is worth it.

it is worth it
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 106: And so we need

and so we need
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 107: we need you to keep up these fights now and for the rest of your
lives
we need you to keep up these now and for the rest of your
fights lives
S F P C P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 108: And to all the women, and especially the young women, who put
their faith in this campaign and in me.
And to all and especially the who put their in this
the young faith campai
women women gn and
 85

in me
Circ. Ad S F P C Circ.
Ad
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 109: I want you to know

I want you to know
S F P C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 110: that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion.
that nothing has made me prouder than to be your champion
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 111: Now, I know

now I know
Circ. Ad S F P
Residue Mood Residue

 Clause 112: I know

I know
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 113: we have still not shattered that highest and hardest glass ceiling,
we have still not shattered that highest and hardest glass
ceiling
S F Mood P C
Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 114: but some day someone will

but some day someone will
Circ. Ad S F
Residue Mood

 Clause 115: and hopefully sooner than we might think right now.
 86

and hopefully sooner than we might think right now

Comment Adjunct S F P Circ. Ad
Ad
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 116: and to all the little girls who are watching this,
and to all the little girls who are watching this
Circ. Ad S F P C
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 117: never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of
every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own
dreams.
never
doubt
that
you
are
valueable
and
powerful
and
deserving
of
every chance
and
opportunity
in the world
to pursue
and
achieve
your own dreams
P S F C C P C C P P C
Mood. Ad

Circ. Ad

Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 118: Finally, I am so grateful for our country and for all
Finally I am so grateful for our country and for all
Mood. S F P P P
Ad
Re- Mood -sidue

 Clause 119: it has given to me.

It has given to me
S F P Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 120: I count my blessings every single day

I count my blessings every single day
 87

S F P C Circ. Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 121: that I am an American

That I am an American
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 122: And I still believe

And I still believe
S Mood Ad F P
Mood Residue Mood Residue

 Clause 123: as deeply as I ever have

as deeply as I ever have
S F
Mood

 Clause 124: that if we stand together and work together with respect for our
differences, strength in our convictions and love for this nation
that
if
we

stand
together
and

work
together
with
respect
for our differences
strength
in our convictions
and
love
for this nation

S F P F P C C P
Circ. Ad

Circ. Ad

Circ. Ad
Mo-
Re-

-od
-si

-due

 Clause 125: our best days are still ahead of us

our best days are still ahead of us
S F Mood Ad C
 88

Mood Residue

 Clause126: Because, you know

Because you know
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 127: you know

you know
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 128: I believe

I believe
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 129: we are stronger together

we are stronger together
S F C
Mood Residue

 Clause 130: and we will go forward together

and we will go forward together
S F P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 131: And you should never, ever regret fighting for that
and you should never ever regret fighting for that
S F Moo P P C
d Ad
Mood Residue

 Clause 132: You know

You know
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 133: scripture tells us

 89

scripture tells us
S F P C
Mood

 Clause 134: Let us not grow weary in doing good, for in due season
Let us not grow weary in for in
doing due
good season
F P C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 135: we shall reap

We shall reap
S F P
Mood Residue

 Clause 136: if we do not lose heart

if we do not lose heart
S F P P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 137: let us have faith in each other

let us have faith in each
other
F P C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 138: let us not grow weary

let us not grow weary
F P C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 139: let us not lose heart

let us not lose heart
F P C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 140: for there are more seasons to come

for there are more reasons to come
 90

S F C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 141: And there is more work to do

and there is more work to do
S F C P
Mood Residue

 Clause 142: I am incredibly honored and grateful to have had this chance to
represent all of you in this consequential election

I am incredibly honore and grateful

to have had
this chance
to represent
all of you

al election
consequenti
in
d

this
S F Comment P C P C P C Circ. Ad
Ad

Mood Residue

 Clause 143: May God bless you

May God bless you
F C P C
Mood Residue

 Clause 144: and may God bless the United States of America
and may God bless the United States of
America
F C P C
Mood Residue
 91

APPENDIX 4
ANALYSIS OF MODALITY
 92

Clause Positive Negative

Low Median High Low Median High
That he will be successful Will
president for all American
And it will be for a long Will
time
And I always will Will
Then we must accept this Must
result
Donald Trump is going to Is to
be our president
And we must defend them Must
And I know you will Will
That Tim will remain on Will
the front lines of our
democracy representing
Virginia in the Senate
Than I can ever express Can
When I needed it most Need
I will always be grateful to Will
the creative, talented,
dedicated men and women
at our headquarters in
Brooklyn and across our
country
You will hear this Will
You will have successes Will
and setbacks, too
And so we need Need
We need you to keep up Need
these fights now and for
the rest of your lives
But some day someone Will
will
And hopefully sooner than Might
we might think right now
And we will go forward Will
together
 93

APPENDIX 5
ANALYSIS OF APPRAISAL
 94

Appraisal Category
Clause Affect Judgeme Apprecia
Number Expressions nt tion
+ - + - + -
1 Thank you √
2 Thank you all √
3 Thank you √
4 Thank you all very much √
5 Thank you √
6 Thank you √
7 Thank you so much √
8 Thank you, my friends √
9 Thank you √
10 Thank you √
11 Thank you so very much for √
being here
12 I love you all, too √
13 Last night, I congratulated Donald √
Trump and offered to work with
him on behalf of our country.
14 I hope that he will be a successful √
president for all Americans.
15 This is not the outcome we √
wanted or we worked so hard for
and I'm sorry that we did not win
this election for the values we
share and the vision we hold for
our country.
16 But I feel pride and gratitude for √
this wonderful campaign that we
built together, this vast, diverse,
creative, unruly, energized
campaign.
17 You represent the best of America √
and being your candidate has
been one of the greatest honors of
my life.
18 I know how disappointed you feel √
because I feel it too, and so do
tens of millions of Americans
who invested their hopes and
dreams in this effort.
19 This is painful and it will be for a √
 95

long time, but I want you to

remember this.
20 Our campaign was never about √
one person or even one election, it
was about the country we love
and about building an America
that's hopeful, inclusive and big-
hearted.
21 We have seen that our nation is √
more deeply divided than we
thought.
22 But I still believe in America and √
I always will.
23 And if you do, then we must √
accept this result and then look to
the future.
24 Donald Trump is going to be our √
president.
25 We owe him an open mind and √
the chance to lead.
26 Our constitutional democracy √
enshrines the peaceful transfer of
power and we don't just respect
that, we cherish it.
27 It also enshrines other things; the √
rule of law, the principle that we
are all equal in rights and dignity,
freedom of worship and
expression.
28 We respect and cherish these √
values too and we must defend
them.
29 Now -- and let me add, our √
constitutional democracy
demands our participation, not
just every four years but all the
time.
30 So let's do all we can to keep √
advancing the causes and values
we all hold dear; making our
economy work for everyone not
just those at the top, protecting
our country and protecting our
planet and breaking down all the
barriers that hold any American
back from achieving their dreams.
 96

31 We've spent a year and a half √

bringing together millions of
people from every corner of our
country to say with one voice that
we believe that the American
dream is big enough for everyone
-- for people of all races and
religions, for men and women, for
immigrants, for LGBT people,
and people with disabilities. For
everyone.
32 So now, our responsibility as √
citizens is to keep doing our part
to build that better, stronger,
fairer America we seek.
33 And I know you will. √
34 I am so grateful to stand with all √
of you.
35 I want to thank Tim Kaine and √
Anne Holton for being our
partners on this journey.
36 It has been a joy getting to know √
them better, and it gives me great
hope and comfort to know that
Tim will remain on the front lines
of our democracy representing
Virginia in the Senate.
37 To Barack and Michelle Obama, √
our country owes you an
enormous debt of gratitude.
38 We -- we thank you for your √
graceful, determined leadership
that has meant so much to so
many Americans and people
across the world.
39 And to Bill and Chelsea, Mark, √
Charlotte, Aidan, our brothers and
our entire family, my love for you
means more than I can ever
express.
40 You crisscrossed this country on √
our behalf and lifted me up when
I needed it most -- even four-
month-old Aidan who traveled
with his mom.
41 I will always be grateful to the √
 97

creative, talented, dedicated men

and women at our headquarters in
Brooklyn and across our country.
42 You poured your hearts into this √
campaign.
43 For some of you who are √
veterans, it was a campaign after
you had done other campaigns.
44 Some of you, it was your first √
campaign.
45 I want each of you to know that √
you were the best campaign
anybody could have ever
expected or wanted.
46 And to the millions of volunteers, √
community leaders, activists and
union organizers who knocked on
doors, talked to neighbors, posted
on Facebook, even in secret,
private Facebook sites...
47 I want everybody coming out √
from behind that and make sure
your voices are heard going
48 To everyone who sent in √
contributions as small at $5 and
kept us going, thank you.
49 Thank you from all of us. √
50 And to the young people in √
particular, I hope you will hear
this.
51 I have, as Tim said, spent my √
entire adult life fighting for what I
believe in.
52 I've had successes and I've had √
setbacks.
53 Sometimes, really painful ones. √
54 Many of you are at the beginning √
of your professional public and
political careers.
55 You will have successes and √
setbacks, too.
56 This loss hurts, √
57 but please never stop believing √
that fighting for what's right is
worth it.
 98

58 It is -- it is worth it. √
59 And so we need -- we need you to √
keep up these fights now and for
the rest of your lives.
60 And to all the women, and √
especially the young women, who
put their faith in this campaign
and in me, I want you to know
that nothing has made me prouder
than to be your champion.
61 Now, I -- I know -- I know we √
have still not shattered that
highest and hardest glass ceiling,
but some day someone will and
hopefully sooner than we might
think right now.
62 And -- and to all the little girls √
who are watching this, never
doubt that you are valuable and
powerful and deserving of every
chance and opportunity in the
world to pursue and achieve your
own dreams.
63 Finally, I am so grateful for our √
country and for all it has given to
me.
64 I count my blessings every single √
day that I am an American.
65 And I still believe as deeply as I √
ever have that if we stand together
and work together with respect
for our differences, strength in our
convictions and love for this
nation, our best days are still
ahead of us.
66 Because, you know -- you know, I √
believe we are stronger together
and we will go forward together.
67 And you should never, ever regret √
fighting for that.
68 You know, scripture tells us, "Let √
us not grow weary in doing good,
for in due season, we shall reap if
we do not lose heart."
69 So my friends, let us have faith in √
each other, let us not grow weary,
 99

let us not lose heart, for there are

more seasons to come.
70 And there is more work to do. √
71 I am incredibly honored and √
grateful to have had this chance to
represent all of you in this
consequential election.
72 May God bless you and may God √
bless the United States of
America.
30 0 30 1 6 5
 100

APPENDIX 6
KARTU BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI
101
102
103
104
 105

APPENDIX 7
USULAN JUDUL DAN TEMA
106
107
108