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    Mathematical Methods by SM Yousuf

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    Mathematical Methods by SM Yousuf

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    10 views63 pages

    Chap 02 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Malik Zahid Misan
    Mathematical Methods by SM Yousuf

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 63
    Ch: a No. 2 (Mathematical Methods) F GROUPS bene Niaeated winany SS , aie at al ‘A binary na non-empty set A is a function *: Ax A~ A. So, for each (a, b) in Ax A, we associate an element +(a, b) of A. We shall denote +(a,6) by ab. If A is a non-empty set with a binary operation * "then A is said to be closed under" «" Group ‘A pair (G.s), where G is a non-empty set and "+ "is a binary operation on G is called a group if the foliowing conditions, called joms of a group.are satisfied in G. () The binary operation " +" is associative. That is (axb)*c=a+(bec);Vab,ceG (@) There is an element in G such that ate=exa=a;VaeG. (ii) For each a ¢ G, there is an a’e G such that ava’ =a'+a =e; a’iscalled the inverse of a. Examples “The pairs (Z,-+),(2,+4),(R,+), (G+) and (Q = {0},+), (R — {0},+), (C — {0}.*) are groups. Abelian Group ‘A group (G,#) is called an abelian group if aeb=b+a;VabeG. If there is a pair of elements a,b ¢ G such thata +b + b +a, then G is called non-abelian group. Note: (j) If (G,+) is a group then a7? = ar (iii) In practice, the product a. b of two elements in a group G under multiplication ig written simply asab. Also, we shall denote a group (G,*) by G only. Idempotent Element An element of a group G is said to be idempotent if x? Theorem 5 ‘The only idempotent element in a group is the identity element. Proof: Let x € G be an idempotent element. Then 6) is a group then a~ ay ay Hence the proof. Cayley’s Table To verify that a finite set isa group we list the products in the form of a table called Cayley’s Multiplication Table. This is illustrated by the following examples. Example Let G = (1,@, 7}, where is the complex cube root of unity. Show that (6,+) is a group. Solution Te ]7a.o | tlrsed () "+" isclosed over 6. aes » aebeG,Wa,beG. aalgontoulat (tis clear from the table) [w? ja? | 1 | @ "is associative over G. Asccialix. 82 (i) aeb)ec=as(bec)iVabceG. : i wis Leo toe =} we) ‘Associative law w.r.t. “+” holds in the set of complex numbers.) on ay / qm “tis the identity element in G wat." +". S ({tis clear from the table) Seontity 172 (WW) Tt =h @)> (Itis clear from the table.) Hence (G,+) is a group. @)yt =e c wad we ' Qnverse’ jrrverte *} 0730 we (ea - bee w : Example eee, Let G = {1,—1,i,—i) of all the fourth roots of unity. Show that ! (Ge) isa group. Solution ‘Beak = — Assocotins. 6-0 0 is closed over G. 7 ~ y +beG,Va,beG. = eye DE An tnn ee 4 ‘lear from the table.) 7 T .-0 = -I-¢ (i) "+" is associative over G. =i =i i Oe ee ie. (aeb)ec=ae(bec): Vv : eee ab,ceG. Dest 10 rc Aoviatve law wit +* holdin the set of complex numbers) eI d

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