672 3 666 1 10 20181212 PDF

Case Studies –
Adaptive Facade Network

Laura Aelenei
Daniel Aelenei
Rosa Romano
Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli
Marcin Brzezicki
Jose Miguel Rico-Martinez
Case Studies

Case Studies – Adaptive Facade Network
This book is based upon work from COST Action TU 1403 adaptive facade network, supported by COST
(European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a pan-European intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to
enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute
to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities.
It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and take new initiatives across all fields of
science and technology, while promoting multi- and interdisciplinary approaches. COST aims at fostering a better integration of
less research intensive countries to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. The COST Association, an internation-
al not-for-profit association under Belgian Law, integrating all management, governing and administrative functions necessary
for the operation of the framework. The COST Association has currently 38 Member Countries.
www.cost.eu
Publisher
TU Delft Open
for the COST Action 1403 adaptive facade network
Editors
Laura Aelenei, Daniel Aelenei, Rosa Romano, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Marcin Brzezicki, Jose Miguel Rico-Martinez
Layout and Co-Editing

Ashal Tyurkay, Uta Pottgiesser
Design
Sirene Ontwerpers, Rotterdam
Cover Image
Marcin Brzezicki, Wroclaw
The editors worked intensively to collect all copyrights of pictures/graphs. In the unforeseen case of using unauthorized
pictures/graphs the editors ask to get in contact with them.
The scientific posters and fact sheets within the book do represent a documentation of scientific activities and results – they do
not focus at individual pictures/graphs. Copyright of the posters are with the authors of the posters.
ISBN 978-94-6366-110-2
2018 TU Delft Open
This is an Open Access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://
creativecommons.org/Licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
COST is supported by
the EU Framework Programme
Horizon 2020
Case Studies
Laura Aelenei, Daniel Aelenei, Rosa Romano, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Marcin Brzezicki,
TU Delft for the COST Action 1403 adaptive facade network
Wohntürme Friends in München / Allmann Sattler Wappner (image: M. Brzezicki)
Preface
Adaptive building envelopes can provide improvements in building energy efficiency and
economics, through their capability to change their behaviour in real time according to indoor-
outdoor parameters. This may be by means of materials, components or systems. As such,
adaptive façades can make a significant and viable contribution to meeting the EU´s 2020 targets.
Several different adaptive façade concepts have already been developed, and an increase in
emerging, innovative solutions is expected in the near future. In this context the EU initiative COST
Action TU 1403 aims to harmonize, share and disseminate technological knowledge on adaptive
facades at a European level.
According to the definition given by this COST Action, an adaptive façade is a building envelope
consisting of multifunctional and highly adaptive systems that is able to change its functions,
features, or behaviour over time in response to transient performance requirements and boundary
conditions, with the aim of improving the overall building performance.
In order to explore the available and emerging technologies focusing on adaptive façades, Working
Group 1 of the COST Action undertook research to form a database of adaptive façade case
studies and projects structured in accordance with a simple classification – materials, components
and systems. In addition to this, details of the purpose of the systems/components/materials with
adaptive features and the working principle of each technology were also collected together with
data regarding design practice, technology readiness, and economical aspects, among others.
The information was collected with the help of a specific online survey (structured in the following
main sections: detailed description - metrics- characterization- economic aspects – references).
The database includes 165 cases of adaptive façade systems, components, and materials that
allowed a variety of analyses to be carried out. According to the classification adopted within
WG1 (materials, components, systems), each of the classification terms are introduced together
with examples from the case study database in the following sections. This volume ends with a
section dedicated to future developments, where different issues are addressed such as embedded
functionality and efficiency amd biomimetic inspirations. The importance of adaptive façades
through their flexibility, and intelligent design within the context of smart cities is also discussed.
The work within Working Group 1 - Adaptive technologies and products was developed within four
distinct sub-groups (SG) in order to provide outputs according to the objectives of this WG and the
COST Action: SG1 – Database, SG2 – Educational Pack, SG3 – Publications and Reports and
SG4 – Short Term Scientific Missions (STSM).
This work was possible due to the strong commitment and work of all WG1 members: Laura
Aelenei, Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić, Daniel Aelenei, Marcin Brzezicki, Tillmann Klein, Jose Miguel
Rico-Martínez, Theoni Karlessi, Christophe Menezo, Susanne Gosztonyi, Nikolaus Nestle, Jerry
Eriksson, Mark Alston, Rosa Romano, Maria da Glória Gomes, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Sandra
Persiani, Claudio Aresta, Nitisha Vedula, Miren Juaristi.
Laura Aelenei
5
6
Contents
Preface 5
Introduction 9
Adaptive façades; Definitions and Technological Evolutions 11
Adaptive façade classification 12
Case studies database 13
Map 17
References 19
Acronyms 21
Case Studies - Adaptive Façade Materials 27

Introduction 27
Adaptive Materials Case studies database 29
Material function through Additive Material Manufacturing 29
Conclusions 30
References 31
Material Case Study Factsheets 34
Case studies – Adaptive Façade Components 55

Introduction 55
Adaptive Components Case studies database 56
Conclusions 59
References 59
Component Case Study Factsheets 60
Case studies – Adaptive Façade Systems 101

Introduction 101
Case Studies and Adaptivity Readiness Level 101
Conclusions 106
References 106
System Case Study Factsheets 108
Future Developments 275

Introduction 275
Material systems – embedded functionality and efficiency 277
Biomimetic inspirations 278
Bio-inspired solutions – air conditioning and wood-related construction components 278
Digital design and production potential 279
Smart controlled 279
Conclusions 280
References 281
Biographies 283
7
Cubus Office Building / Gigon Guyer Architekten (image: M. Brzezicki)
8
Introduction
9
One World Trade Center / David Childs, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (image: M. Brzezicki)
10
Introduction
Marcin Brzezicki, Daniel Aelenei, Laura Aelenei, Rosa Romano, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Jose Miguel Rico-Martinez
Adaptive facades; Definitions and Technological Evolutions
Adaptive façades consist of multifunctional highly adaptive systems, where the physical separator
between the interior and exterior environment is able to change its functions, features or behaviour
over time in response to transient performance requirements and boundary conditions, with the aim
of improving the overall building performance (Loonen et al., 2015). Furthermore, these envelope
systems can seize the opportunity to save energy by adapting to prevailing weather conditions, and
support comfort levels by immediately responding to occupants’ needs and preferences (Loonen
et al., 2013). In other words, adaptability can be understood as the ability of a system to deliver
intended functionality, considering multiple criteria under variable conditions, through the design
variables changing their physical values over time (Ferguson et al., 2007).
But, is it possible to find a single definition for the complex panorama of smart envelope systems
that have characterized the contemporary architecture of the last decade? For years, architects
and building scientists have envisioned the possibility that future buildings would possess
envelopes with a certain type of adaptive response to changing environmental conditions. In 1975
N. Negroponte (Negroponte, 1975) introduced the concept of responsive environment, capable
of playing an active role, initiating to a greater or lesser degree changes as a result and function
of complex or simple computations. In 1981, Mike Davies proposed the idea of ‘The polyvalent
wall’, an envelope system where several functions can be integrated into one layer (Davies, 1981).
However, only in recent years, technological research has been investigating new experimentation
frontiers capable of reaffirming the osmotic quality of a process of exchange that concerns
energy flows that have passed and exchanged right through the envelope (Altomonte, 2008).
These studies are new research to demonstrate if a vertical closure surface can be equipped with
systems designed to ensure the dynamics required to the managed energy flows in the same
way as a biological organism. From the screening system of the Arab World Institute by Jean
Nouvel to the dynamic screenings of Al Bahar Towers by Aedas Architects, the new frontiers of
innovation in architecture are oriented towards proposing new models of approach in which the
“building organism” is also capable of autonomously ensuring the comfort of its users. In this
sense, the evolution and dissemination of Information Technology Control (ITC) systems (from
home automation to Building Management Systems (BMS)) to transfer the potential of systems
equipped with artificial intelligence to the building scale, has ensured the regulation of space also
in the absence of human users and in relation with a whole series of requirements that guarantee
optimisation from the functional and physical perspective of the built space.
Therefore, adaptive façades can be considered the last frontier of contemporary architectural and
technological research which is more and more related to the wish of designing new dynamic
envelope models, which, with the help of sensors, system components for energy production
and smart materials, contributes towards reducing the building’s energy demand. These are
technological solutions that, as previously mentioned, are capable of managing energy flows
by altering the properties of fixed devices (smart materials) or by controlling (manually or
automatically) moving parts (e.g. sunshades, windows, ventilation outlets, etc.) in relation to the
type of user and complexity of the building. This envelope typology is marked by dynamic
11
anisotropy that is the capacity to offer different solutions for the different exposures of the building,
ESTP outdoor test cell where a change in the structure modulates the various environmental flows according to the
climatic conditions of the place, including external climatic-environmental conditions.
Absolute guarded test cell
 Institut de Recherche en Constructibilité, Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
Given the complexity of the topic and multiple variables affecting the performance of these systems,
in the collaborative frame of COST Action TU 1403 (http://tu1403.eu), a characterization was
Aim of the test facility circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor test facilitycarried
under out in terms in
development of technologies and purpose,
means of a high-precision as described
wattmeter in Figure 1, where the first column
(accuracy
Paris at the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux
represents the Publics,
purpose of %);
façade/components
±0.02 with adaptive capacity, which can be related with
du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie (ESTP) in
collaboration with the thermal comfort,
end-use energy-performance,
Efficiency
cooling power: calculated
indoor air from and
quality (IAQ) the visual and acoustic performance,
measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
Research Group of Politecnico di Milano, will
among other requirements. based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable estimates of thermal
the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators of transparent and
box (Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
opaque building elements. A detailed discussion
(RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);
of design choices and early simulation results can
be found in [7]. The major design aim is to build a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
facility with high accuracy for calorimetric tests station is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also flexible enough to be used for indoor and allows the direct measurement of: global and
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Description of the test facility water.
In order to optimize both calorimetric
- Indoor Environmental Quality main
measurements and IEQ campaigns, the first step
parameters will be monitored during comfort
is the decoupling of the two test typologies. This
tests. The set of available sensors includes
has led to a configuration by which the
Pt100, T-type thermocouples, omnidirectional
calorimetric tests are carried out in a dedicated
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while the IEQ tests are carried out
sensors, globo-thermometers, luxmeters and a
in a larger room. The “room” works as a guard
gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of
sensors will be used for dedicated visual and
both configurations for the operation of the test
acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and control of the facility will be
space, it is possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed by means of an integrated National
used as a technical space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns the control
lighting systems. logics, they are presently being tested by means
Figure 1 - Overview of characterization concepts
of a thermal model for envelope
described with more adaptivity
details in (adapted from Loonen et al, 2015)
The proposed cooling system consists of a high- [7].
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water in a Construction and boundaries
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal The envelopes of the metering zone and the
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed with prefabricated
particular, the meteringAdaptive façade
box is equipped with classification
a sandwich panels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The of
The solar absorber, consists wealth of available
two stainless conductance
steel adaptive is equal
façade to 0.153 W.m
technologies -2.K-1. A
called for some systematic approach to
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken in order to minimize the
recognize and
pressure in order to generate internal channels
study the façades
thermal properly.
bridges around The
the attitude
entrance presented
door and the by the members of WG 1 was
towards
for the passage of distilled water.an analytic
Distilled interfacethe
approach:
water where the test component
definition of higherisrank
installed.
structures within the façade (façade-
is chosen for the possibility to accurately know its
systems) and recognition the lower-rank sub-structures: (components and materials) which made
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1
needed for the computation up the higher
of the cooling rank structures. This approach also allowed to study the sub-structures separately.
power.
The absorber plate will be coated with a selective Exposure – South
In this regard, the database case studies were classified into three main groups, related to the
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient
α ~ 95 % and thermalfollowingemissivity definitions:
ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to
help keeping nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
––
conditions on the internal Material:
surfacea material
of the testcan be in different states of refinements such as raw, extruded or coated. Also,
Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
element. materials that are inseparable combined, such as bi-metals, belong to his category. Examples of
thesewith
The facility will be positioned types of material
its south façade are: Polymer,
Ventilation – NoBi-metal,
Data steel, wood, phase change material.
––
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis
Component: of
a component is an assembly
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
of a different set of elements. It forms a complete
constructional or
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns,functional
The unit as
internal part of a
dimensions façade.
of the For example,
metering box used we can define as component
will be considered. Asystemsdedicatedan structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
insulated glass unit but also a window frame including glazing or a sun-shading device.
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
––
and rain and it will shade Façade-system: a façade
it from solar irradiance, system
of the is composed
guard zone are (WxLxH): of different transparent
4.1 m x 6.2 mx or opaque structural or
with the only exception technical façade where It4.0
of the southcomponents. m
fulfils all basic technical façade functions such as insulation,
 Involved person(s):rain and wind
the test sample is installed. Andrea Kindinis
tightness. Example of façade systems are: curtain wall; prefabricated module; double skin façade;
Monitoring and controlventilated
system façade, etc.  Operating since:
The monitoring system considers all the most Construction in progress
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities
contributions:  Contact person(s):
- heating power and electrical powering of Andrea Kindinis akindinis@estp-paris.eu
12
European COST Action TU1403 COST is supported by
Adaptive Facades Network Horizon 2020
The conceptual diagram of the case study classification is explained in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Conceptual diagram of the case study classification
Case studies database
To study the adaptive façades a case studies database was developed within the frame of COST
TU 1403 with the help of a specific online survey (structured in the following main sections: detailed
description - metrics- characterization- economic aspects – references). The database includes 165
cases of the adaptive façade systems, components, and materials that allow conducting a variety
of analyses. In the following, the results of simple analyses conducted with the objective to find the
distribution of the main parameters described in Figure 1 across the case studies are presented.
Survey was prepared using the https://www.easygoingsurvey.com/ mechanism, that was made
available by School of Architecture of the University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU.
Basic parameters. The most common entry was the AF System (41%), the AF Component and
AF Materials being represented in approximately the same degree with 27% and 32%, respectively
(Figure 3). In all the cases, where the area was specified, the majority of buildings are larger than
500 sqm (60%). In this group, the buildings larger than 5.000 sqm represent 34% of database feed
(Figure 4).
Regarding type, the most common façade is the double skin façade (DSF) (30%) and prefabricated
façade module (32%), while curtain walls constitute the remaining 32% of types (Figure 5). Double
façades are popular since the beginning of the 1990s, with the peak in 2014, while e.g. the unitized
curtain wall systems initialized in 2012, probably as a result of the CAD/CAM manufacturing
systems rapid development.
13
ESTP outdoor test cell
The outdoor test facility under development in means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris at the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics, ±0.02 %);
- cooling power: calculated from the
collaboration with the end-use Efficiency
based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
Figure 3 - Adaptive façade humidity,
type wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
of a thermal model described with more details in
particular, the metering box is equipped with a sandwich panels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K . A
-2 -1
(AISI 304) sheets welded Figure

and4 -inflated
Buildingat area particular
high distribution care is taken in order to minimize the
pressure in order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance door and the
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component is installed.
needed for the computation of the cooling power.
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
conditions on the internal surface of the test
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
The facility will be positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering box used
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
and rain and it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m
 Involved person(s):
Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

The monitoring systemFigure
considers all the system
5 - Façade most type Construction in progress
14
Function/goal/purpose. With regard of purpose or function, the most frequent features in the
façade were thermal (30%) and visual comfort (24%), with a substantial share of the “appearance”
answer (16%) (Figure 6). These three inputs constitute over 70% of all entries. This shows that the
heat gains and glare are perhaps the major problems in the sustainable design of office buildings
because of the environmental cost of HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning). The results
also emphasize the importance of proper indoor temperature in the building. It could be argued that
most entries in the “thermal comfort” category are mostly concerned with the summer performance
when there is a significant risk of overheating. The same applies to the entries in the “visual
comfort” category which is strongly connected with a glare.
Response time. Regarding response time, the most frequent entries are seconds (49% of cases)
and minutes (38% of cases). Diurnal response time is present only in less than 2% of cases.
This shows that a relatively fast reaction to the changing outside conditions in the most desirable
function of the adaptive façade. This may also indicate that the most important factor that was
optimized was insolation.
Another analysis shows that mainly thermal comfort and visual comfort (appearance) are optimized
in the scale of seconds and minutes. This strengthens the conclusion that the most common
change was the change in terms of centimetres, in order to optimize visual and thermal comfort.
Technology scale. The scale of technology is another important parameter showing development
trends and, in this respect, the vast majority of solutions found in the database operate on a scale
of “centimeters” (46% of cases). The second largest entry in this category is “nanometers” with 22%
which corresponds to technological solutions such as coatings and smart glazing. The comparison
of the scale of technology with the year of implementation of the system shows another strong
dependence (Figure 7). From the beginning of the development of adaptive façade technologies
(approximately in 1998) “centimeter technology” has been developing most dynamically until
around 2015, when the share of this scale started to decrease in favour of scale of nanometers and
millimeters as a result of coating development.
Technology response time vs. system visibility. Also, the juxtaposition of the “technology
response time” and “system visibility” shows important features. 42% of entries shows that
technology at the 4th level of visibility (visible change of size and shape like in shutters, flaps,
dynamic façade elements) mainly responds in the temporal scale of minutes and seconds. In 12%
of cases in total the reaction time was in seconds, but with no visible surface changes (e.g. 2nd
level of visibility like in smart glazing) – see Figure 8. A similar relationship is visible between the
“response time” and the “degree of adaptivity”, where the gradual change concerns 83% of cases
in total (the on/off change applies to 15% only). However, the gradual change in the temporal scale
of the minutes and seconds applies to as many as 72% of all cases (Figure 9). This clearly shows
what type of degree of adaptivity is the most common and in which temporal scale the change
takes place.
Control operation type. Extrinsic (requires external control – 53%) and intrinsic (autoreactive –
47%) control operation types are almost equally present. Those two types of control refer in the
majority to the technology scale in centimeters (46% of cases), while the intrinsic control is also
present in the scale of nanometers (approx. 16% of cases). 53% of cases of both extrinsic and
intrinsic control in total refer to the thermal comfort and visual comfort function of the façade. In
16% of cases, the responders also indicated the appearance of the façade – Figure 10.
15
Figure 6 - Function/goal/purpose of the
humidity, windfaçade
speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
-2 -1
(AISI 304) sheets welded Figure

and7 -inflated
Technology particular
scale
at high care is taken in order to minimize the
needed for the computation of the cooling power. 1 Not visible, no surface change
The absorber plate will be coated with a selective Exposure – South (heat storage, phase change
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient materials)
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb 2 Visible, no surface change
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to (smart glazing)
conditions on the internal surface of the test 3 Visible, surface change
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
4 Visible, size or shape change
The facility will be positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data (shutters, flaps, dynamic facade
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of elements)
The internal dimensions of the metering box used 5 Visible, location or orientation
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, change

considers all juxtaposition
8 - The the most of the “technology response time” and “system visibility”
Construction in progress
16
The estimated cost of the façade systems, components and materials. The exact costs of
implementing AF technologies were not available to the researchers. Instead, individuals who
participated in the survey were asked to assess whether these costs were high, medium or low.
In 73% of cases, respondents indicated that the costs of the solutions applied were high, the
remaining being divided between medium and low with 19% and 8%, respectively. This means that
AF technologies are perceived as expensive, with particular emphasis on the high costs of façade
systems, as described in Figure 11.
Map
Throughout the span of the action, WG1 gathered a lot of valuable information including database
entries and state of the art on the subject of adaptive systems. Information was available in various
databases and formats; the entries were made by different bodies and from different perspectives.
The abovementioned information needed verification, master processing, harmonization, and
generalization. Existing database was consolidated and reviewed. Missing or improper information
was filled.
One of the most important issues in the database created for WG 1 was the establishment of the
geographical location of the entries. Climate zone has a profound influence on the adaptive façade
solutions that are used in the buildings. It determines the amount of sunlight or e.g. the potential to
use sustainable passive technologies like night ventilation and cooling. The map (https://batchgeo.
com/map/5487a71fd294c2f8481412c474bcd668) allowed to visualize the location of the entries
from the database.
The map is a link between the façade location and the database. Provides the exact geographical
location of the building. The map aims to visually determine the location of buildings in space.
Technical map processing. Initially, a modified spreadsheet was created with geographical and
web-orientated data. The map was created based on the “batchgeo.com” mechanism that allows
for the display of different types of data and for the graphical intuitive data grouping. Case studies
were illustrated and linked to the simplified data-sheets that are located on the COST TU 1403
action share point server and are publicly available. The database was prepared, edited and
uploaded to batchgeo.com mechanism to prepare professionally working location map of case-
studies (encoded with location) or technologies (encoded with inventor’s location) with possible
grouping options: type; year; climate.
Map Layer Descriptions. Each point in the map has a label featuring the basic data description:
the name of the building, the name of the designer, year of construction, link to the designer’s web
page.
The layer list allows users to select which map layers are visible and active (see Table 1, Fig. 12).
Map scrolling. After scrolling the map the visual representation of all featured case studies will be
visible in rows, with the links active. This overview allows seeing all the buildings in a much more
accessible form, than on the map.
Map content and conclusions. Some generalization is possible based on the cases gathered in
the map. The case studies illustrated on the map are mostly grouped in Central Europe, with some
17
but also flexible enough Figure
to be9 -used
System degree
for indoor ofand
adaptivity
allows the direct measurement of: global and
Figure 10 - Control operation time
-2 -1

considers all the most
11 - Estimated cost of the façade systems, components and materials Construction in progress
18
cases in Scandinavia and the Iberian Peninsula. Some case studies are also located in USA,
Middle East, and Asia. The biggest number of case studies is located in Germany (16 case
studies). This results in two conclusions:
–– The first conclusion is that in wealthy countries with a stable economy and high GDP investors are
more likely to implement experimental solutions in buildings, with the emphasis on office buildings.
In these countries also, the investment to improve the office rooms user’s comfort pays back in a
shorter period of time.
–– The second conclusion is that adaptive façade solutions work best in the temperate climate zone,
where high seasonal temperature variation calls for the use of technologies that adapt to changing
climatic conditions – 25% of buildings in Cfb climate (Temperate), and 14% in Dfb climate (Cold
continental). Admittedly, in desert climate zones significant seasonal differences in temperature
(25-45 °C Jan to Aug) is present, but even in the mildest period of the year temperatures are
too high to effectively cool the building through ventilation. In climates where climatic conditions
are characterized by low seasonal variability, the use of adaptable façades has less rational
justification.
An important conclusion from the map preparation is the ability to precisely locate individual
buildings. From the map, it can be clearly seen that most of the buildings are located in city centers
with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Especially many buildings are located in the
county’s capitals, such as 5 buildings in Berlin and 3 in Paris. It is also interesting that the majority
of AF Systems in newly built buildings are oriented to the South (75%), which shows that heat
gains and glare are the biggest problems in the sustainable design of office buildings because of
the environmental cost of HVAC. The database data shows that thermal comfort and visual comfort
was the basic main reason for the adaptive façade system in 53% of buildings.
References
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involucro architettonico bioclimatico e sostenibile. [The architectural envelope as a dynamic interface. Tools and
criteria for sustainable architecture]. Editrice Alinea, Florence.
Banham, R. (1969). The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment. London: Architectural Press.
Davis, M. (1981). A Wall for all Seasons. RIBA Journal, 88
Ferguson, S., Siddiqi, A., Lewis, K., & De Weck, O. (2007). Flexible and reconfigurable systems: Nomenclature and
review. ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in
Engineering Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, pp. 249-263.
Loonen, R.C.G.M., Trčka, M., Cóstola, D., & Hensen, J.L.M. (2013). Climate adaptive building shells: State-of-the-art
and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 25, pp.483-493.
Loonen, R.C.G.M., Rico-Martinez, J.M., Favoino, F., Brzezicki, M., Menezo, C., La Ferla, G., & Aelenei, L. (2015).
Design for façade adaptability – Towards a unified and systematic characterization. Proceedings of the 10th
Conference on Advanced Building Skins, Bern, Switzerland, pp.1284-1294.
Negroponte, N. (1976). Soft Architecture Machines. Cambridge: MIT Press
19
Table 1 - List of map layers for the basic data description

The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m-2.K-1. A
with the only exception Figure
of the south façade 4.0 m
12 - The tagwhere
in the  Involved person(s):
map showing the detailed information about the case-study

20
Acronyms
21
used as a technical space Climatefor Type Acronyms
ventilation from Köppen
and Instruments system.Climate Classification
As concerns the control System
(http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/162263/)
-2 -1

22
23
case studies: materials
case studies: components
case studies: systems
COST Map
(https://batchgeo.com/map/5487a71fd294c2f8481412c474bcd668)
24
Case Studies
25
Toho Cinema in Roppongi Hills / Yu Design (image: M. Brzezicki)
26
Case Studies - Adaptive Façade Materials
Mark Alston, Nikolaus Nestle, Miren Juaristi, Laura Aelenei, Rosa Romano, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Jose Miguel Rico-
Martinez
Introduction
Materials in the built environment play a major role in operational energy consumption and
structural optimization as they are defined by boundary conditions. These materials functions sets
the operational performance requirements for building component interfaces as an integrated
façade system. Addington and Schodek (2005) identify ‘smart materials’ as systems possessing
‘embedded technological functions’ that involve specific environmental responses, operating
either through internal physical property changes or through external energy exchanges (Velikov
and Thün, 2013). Furthermore, they define the characteristics of smart materials as: ‘immediacy’
(real-time response), ‘transient’ (responsive to more than one environmental state), ‘self-actuation’
(internal intelligence), ‘selectivity’ (a response is discrete and predictable) and ‘directness’ (a
response is local to the activating events) (Addington and Schodek, 2005).
According with these definitions, the Material chapter (and data base of a selected material
grouping) will assess:
–– material adaptiveness in response to boundary conditions changes defined by climate, thermal and
visual comfort for well-being;
–– how materials can be in real time sync with the pattern changes in their environment as an energy,
matter connection;
–– the dynamic relationship that is achieved through material composite function and material
connectivity to building surface geometry. In order to manipulate the climatic environment and obey
rules of minimum energy loss and minimized effective power outputs;
–– the energy and matter system of material layers, that are nested together to form the overall
emergent composition;
–– a multi-layering approach at a number of levels of resolution with different spatial and temporal
scales;
–– the material performative specific tasks that can be classified in the control processing of functional
materials, achieved by a bottom up trajectory.
Thermal, visual comfort demands are driven by the prerequisite to moderate climatic regional
environments for shelter. To maintain thermal comfort the building envelope acts as a boundary
working with mechanical service systems (heating/cooling, lighting) to regulate internal surrounding
temperature. In opaque envelopes the technological methods of achieving good thermal insulation
is well researched and advanced. However, to achieve visual comfort and contact to the outside
environment, at least part of the building skin needs to be transparent. Translucent components can
also contribute to visual comfort by allowing ingress of daylight while redirecting it in a way to avoid
harsh shadows. By allowing the ingress of solar irradiation into the building comes with heat gain
issues that require measures against overheating in warm conditions. Hence, thermal insulation
properties of the current state-of-the-art in transparent and translucent building envelopes are
rather poor in comparison to those of opaque elements.
27
Glazed facades in cities offer high value visual and day-lighting provision. Through the optical
benefits of view, colour and light intensity cannot be underestimated for human well-being. There
are many technical issues to manage this high energy flow between thermal gain and heat loss.
Through two types of glazing properties; transparent facades that are optically clear in the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum and translucent material allowing partial light to pass through
for semi-transparent light refraction.
Materials shiftingPublics,
from a±0.02 %);
transparent to a translucent state is one of the most intensively studied
adaptive properties - cooling
of the façade to regulate power: transmission
calculated from the
of visible light and solar radiation.
This is driven by solar radiation impact meter,
on a material
based mass-flow accuracy surface
±0.5 %); that and adsorbs and transports this
thermal energy intoand the temperatures
internal spaces andat thus the envelope
createsofathe metering
strong need for avoiding unwanted
performance indicators of transparent
opaque building elements. A detailed
thermal gainsdiscussion
and losses. By mainly specifying static quantities such as the U-value and the
be found in [7]. The major g-value,
design aim present building
is to build a - codes still essentially
weather conditions: aignoring
dedicated theweather
potential of building skin elements for
facility with high accuracy for calorimetric
adaptive performance. tests That
station is placed
directly on a roof of
influences the ESTP
active campus,
cooling systems to manage unwanted solar
gains fighting
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. internal thermal loads (lighting, equipment,
diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative and occupants)
 Fig. for thermal
1: 3D comfort.
perspective of the new test cell
The challenges in materials humidity,

withwind speed and
a dominant direction
optic role is and rainfall facility
optimizing
under construction at ESTP (Paris)
the parameters of visible
In order to optimize light transmittance
both calorimetric with a lower phase transition temperature for the reduction in air conditioning
measurements and IEQdemand. campaigns, the ability
The first step of current materials
parameters will betomonitored
interact with during thecomfort
environment by constant readjustment
of functional performance tests.
is The set still
however of available
undetermined. sensors Inincludes
order to meet the demanding Zero
Energy
calorimetric tests are carried outBuilding performance
in a dedicated goals a function of adaptability
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity in materials and their integration into
in a larger room. The component
“room” works systems
as a guardis required.
Thecan
cell is presented in [7] and most controllable
be seen in Figure form of adaptivity can be reached with materials that can be adapted
2.. When the guard zone by an ‘extrinsic’
is used office The
as an stimulus such monitoring and control of the facility
as an electromagnetic field orwilla bepressure change applied to the
used as a technical space material. Examplesand
for ventilation are electrochromic
Instruments system. glazing, liquid crystal
As concerns devices and vacuum insulation that
the control
lighting systems. can be switched by a controlled logics, they are presently
change in thebeing
gas tested
partialbypressure
means within the insulation element.
To optimally harness the adaptability of such materials, they need to be integrated into special
devices
stability distilled-water storage that allow
(keeping water in the Construction
a application of and
the boundaries
corresponding ‘extrinsic’ stimuli. Another class of adaptive
materials reacts to an ‘intrinsic’ stimulus, i.e. a change of a parameter directly relevant for comfort
particular, the meteringand boxenergy balance
is equipped with aof thesandwich
building panels,
such formed by two
as light 0.6 mm stainless
intensity, temperature, moisture for example.
The characterization of these materials include photochromic
polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal glasses, thermo-opaque or shape-
memory
The solar absorber, consists of twomaterials.
stainless steel As anconductance is equal to 0.153
intrinsic environmental stimulus W.m-2is.Kused
-1. A
to trigger the change in material
properties in this case, the integration of the material into a building is usually much simpler than
for extrinsically
for the passage of distilled water interface
water. Distilledstimulated whereHowever,
additivity. the test component is installed.of a facade relying on such a material
the adaptively
is autonomous and can’tNumber be extrinsically
of test beds – 1controlled. That may lead to suboptimal adaptation effects
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp),
in certain cases
needed for the computation of the cooling power. (for example, a temperature-induced switching of a facade element to a higher
U-value at an external temperature of 12 °C .This is highly useful on a cool summer morning,
α ~ 95 % and thermalhowever, emissivity this
ε ~ switching
4 %.The on a warm
Climate winter
– Cachan, afternoon
48°79′N; 2°33′Eis- unwanted.
Cfb Alternatively, adaptive facade
solar absorber is also used as baffle in
components order to
responding to intrinsic switching stimuli do not require any connection to active
building control
conditions on the internal surface of the test systems and thus integration is simpler. Hence, they are extremely attractive to
building designers where the aim is aim to increase functionality and performance while at the
samewith
The facility will be positioned time reducing
its south façadeenergy use for– No
Ventilation new or existing buildings.
Data
Further
reflectance of 0.25, typical examples
of short are presented
grass lawns, The internalindimensions
later chapters of the book
of the metering to illustrate other methods, to realize
box used
will be considered. Aadaptive
dedicated facade will for without
structureelements calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
‘adaptive’ material (e.g. Yale Sculpture facade; SELFIE facade;
and rain and it will shade BIPV/T
it from Systems). In some
solar irradiance, of guard
of the thosezoneelements, the material
are (WxLxH): choice
4.1 m x 6.2 m x nevertheless is crucial for
with the only exception achieving
of the south the
façade 4.0 m
where adaptive
desired functionalities in a given facade component.
 InvolvedThe database illustrates
person(s):
a selective grouping through defining material families and their classification. Materials that
Monitoring and controldepend
system on a strong deformation cycle of geometry shape change for  Operating since:
adaption without fatigue of
failure is a prerequisite
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities for this grouping. Nevertheless, it’s not really the material that is adaptive
28
in this case and thus we have decided not to consider such materials in the materials section of this
book.
Adaptive Materials Case studies database
Material properties are defined by single values such as thermal conductivity or transmission
of solar radiation. Adaptive materials are characterized by a range of values depending on the
respective switching parameter or they come with a “memory” for buffered energy flows such as
phase change materials. Due to the diversity of these properties, not all materials in the database
can be characterized by the same set of properties. Materials with adaptive heat transport
properties are scarce with the most notable cases being applied in vacuum panels in which the
thermal conductivity is switched by building up a sufficient partial pressure of hydrogen gas to leave
the Knudsen regime and phase change materials (PCM) serving as buffer materials for heat.
In the following table, representative adaptive material families are classified according to a
dynamic behaviour or performance that they are able to provide as a response to a specific
stimulus. As a result, there are four main categories defined by the type of reaction: reversible
colour or opacity change, reversible heat flow direction, shape changing materials and materials
that absorb water or ambient humidity. Furthermore, this classification becomes more specific when
we consider the environmental triggers for reactive self-responses. For instance, thermochromic,
electrochromic, photochromic and thermotropic modify their solar reflection, but they do so at
different operational scenarios. Thermochromics change their colour when the material reaches
a defined temperature, electrochromic materials when an electrical current is applied and
photochromics when they are exposed to a specific wave-length of solar radiation. This detailed
Material Family Classification, is based on the response input and output, for meaningful scoping
in new roles of application in façade systems. By the ability of the material to modify one of
their features or properties and to understand under which circumstances that would occur. The
following materials have been classified through case study examples as classified by material
families and their classification according to their input and output reactions (Table 1).
Table 1 - Material families and classification according to their input and output reactions
Material function through Additive Material Manufacturing
The maturing of 3D printing techniques into actual manufacturing technologies will open up further
space for the realization of adaptive building components and at the same time further blur the
difference between actually adaptive materials and adaptive building elements, whose adaptivity
is the result of a combination of several materials into a system. Recently, biomimetic hygroscopic
actuators produced by 3D printing of materials with different moisture sorption properties have been
demonstrated (Correa and Menges, 2017).
29
While additive manufacturing definitely will widen the materials toolbox to create adaptive properties
in building skins, it also further aggravates the life cycle issues that come with the large-scale use
of combinations of different materials at the end of their service life: without viable solutions for
separating the different materials again, they will be hard to recycle appropriately. In principle, there
are four ways how to deal with this issue:
––
The outdoor test facility monomaterial
under development components
in means thatofare combined towattmeter
a high-precision an adaptive element in a way that can be easily
(accuracy
separated again Publics,
at the end
±0.02 of%);
its service life;
––
collaboration with the biodegradable
end-use Efficiencymaterials- (suchcooling power: in
as suggested calculated
Correa and
fromMenges
the (2017));
––
Research Group of Politecnico di Milano,
material combinations that
will
basedcanmass-flow
be separated quantitatively
meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); byand
simple reprocessing techniques such
as melting or dissolving the temperatures
a binder componentat the envelope
that later of the metering as well;
is recycled
––
material combinations that
can accuracy
(RTDs), be energetically
±0.07 °C); re-used without issues such as dilution of scarce
be found in [7]. The major elements
design aim or isrelease
to build aof hazardous
- weatherbyproducts
conditions:(for exampleweather
a dedicated by using functional carbon materials
facility with high accuracysuchforascalorimetric
graphenetests station is functionalities
for electrical placed on a roofinstead
of the ESTP campus,or inorganic semiconductors).
of metals
In order to optimize Conclusions
both calorimetric
A selected tests.materials
The set are of available sensors includes
has led to a configuration by range
which ofthe current defined through the data base. In the review to assess
the control
calorimetric tests are carried out in process
a dedicated methods for an adaptive material
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity function. To reduce solar loads for thermal
in a larger room. The comfort, through minimizing operational cooling and artificial lighting levels. This material oriented
“room” works as a guard
design
zone during the calorimetric method
tests. A schemewill fine
of tune operational performance to solar gain in real time, for well-being of
occupants.
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen The in capacity
Figure to respond
acoustic comfortintests.
a dynamic manner to the physical changes of a warming
2.. When the guard zone climate is the
is used an office The
as challenge monitoringnew
to advance and and
control of the facility
innovative will be
semi/transparent material solutions. To
used as a technical space move for towards occupant
ventilation comfort and
and Instruments well-being
system. that is not
As concerns the based
control on statistical averages but one
lighting systems. logics, they aretopresently
that is fine-tuned to responsiveness change. being
If wetested
assessby means
the information within the database,
we realize that more
experimental assessments at the façade scale is needed. In order to learn
more, (keeping
stability distilled-water storage what could waterbe in anewConstruction and boundaries
possible application of these materials in Adaptive Facades. However
we still need to collect more critical technical data in order to scope their possible innovative
particular, the meteringapplications,
box is equipped through sandwichresearch
with a scientific panels, formed by two 0.6information
and product mm stainless that are essential for optimized
system assembly. We are currently reliant
polyurethane foam. on Thetheresulting
origin of thermal
the selected materials applied to building
envelopes.
The solar absorber, consists However
of two stainless conductance
steela bottom is equal to
up formulated 0.153 W.m
material -2.K-1. A
approach tailored to their specific task
function would advance performative task roles. Hence material composition needs to advance
analytically
for the passage of distilled to address
water. Distilled water theinterface
specificwhere the test component
challenges of theirisfields.
installed.
To enhance visible transmission and
solar modulation properties for adaptive facades.

Figure 1 - Locations of case studies “materials”
30
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33
MATERIAL
REGENERABLE PV WITH HYDROGEL, North Carolina State University (USA),
Hyung-Jun Koo and Orlin D. Velev
Absolute
Photovoltaicguarded
systems based test cell orga-
MATERIAL
on photosensitive
 Institut
nic de
dyeRecherche
moleculesen Constructibilité,
could Université
be a simple and Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
economical
alternative to conventional solar cells, and have been
COMPONENT
actively
Aim of the developed for decades. The best
test facility examples
circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
of such testdevices
facility under
are the development
common indye-sensitized
means of a high-precision
so- wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atlarthecells
Ecole(DSSCs)
Spéciale des Travaux
though Publics,
other systems ±0.02 %); on a
based
dye-embedded hydrogel or naturally derived - cooling
photo-power: calculated from the
active molecules havedialso been measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group of Politecnico Milano, willreported recently.
allow toSince obtainthereliable
organic estimates
dyes are of generally
thermal susceptible to
performance
light, high indicators
temperatureof transparent
or waterand the degradation of
opaque photoactive
building elements. moleculesA detailed discussion
in the dye-based photovoltaic
systems could be a critical problem, which weather
be found in [7]. The major design aim is to build a -
leads toconditions: a dedicated weather
deterioration
facility with high accuracy of the for long-term
calorimetric performance
tests station is of placed
theseon a roof of the ESTP campus,
but alsophotovoltaic
flexible enough cells.to be used for indoor and allows the direct measurement of: global and
metering PHOTOSYSTEM;
box, while the IEQ tests REGENERATION;
are carried out DYE INFUSION; BIOMIMETIC
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of BUILDING INFORMATION:
Building floor area - acoustic comfortClimate
tests. Type All of them
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used Energy an office The monitoring Orientation
as generation and controlof of
thethe facility will be
facade All orientation
used asBuilding status space for- ventilation and Instruments system.
a technical Other As concerns the control -
The proposed cooling system DETAILED DESCRIPTION
consists of a high- [7]. OF THE CASE STUDY SYSTEM
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESS terminal The envelopes of the TYPE
both theLEVEL metering zone and the
OF MATERIAL
01. Basic principles observed and reported/ Idea
Thermochromic
solar absorber and an auxiliary
02. Technology concept cooling steel sheets and 15
battery. Proposal
formulated/Design cm thick injected-
Electrochromic
03. Technology validated in lab Photochromic
-2 -1
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high

04. Prototype demonstration particular care is taken in order
Thermotropicto minimize the
pressure05. in Commercial
order to generate channels thermal bridges around the
internal building
product/Existing Phaseentrance
Change door and the
Material
Shape Memory Polymer
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – Shape 1 Memory Alloy
needed for the computation of the cooling power. Thermobimetal
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will / GOAL
be coated with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient Bi-layer hygromorph composite
Hydrogel
Visual comfort
convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Natural Porous Material
help keeping
Acoustic comfort nearly-constant
Energy management (harvesting, storing, supply) Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
element.
Mass transfer control (e.g. condensation control)
The facility
Indoorwill air positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data
be quality
MATERIAL FAMILY
Appearance
unobstructed exposition(aesthetic
is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
quality)
reflectance of 0.25,
Structure typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensionsReversible
performance
of the metering
colour box used change
/ Opacity
Reversible heat flow direction
protect the
Energy zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
guardgeneration
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m xMaterial
Shape Changing 6.2 m x
control
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Humidity absorption  Involved person(s):
Other (durability,
the test sample is installed.accesibility, use of natural
resources, etc). Other: Andrea Kindinis

The monitoring system considers all the most Construction in progress M_01
34
TYPE OF MATERIAL TYPE OF SWITCHABLE GLAZING
Liquid crystals Electro-chromic (EC)
Phase Change Materials Liquid crystal, SPD
Polymers Photo-volta-chromic
Alloys Independently tunable NIR-VIS EC
Ceramics Thermo- tropic / chromic
Wood Photo-chromic
Salthydrates Fluidglass
Other (specify): dye-sensitized solar cells Other (specify):
photoelectrochemical oxidation to reduce accelerated photo
degradation for enhanced photovoltaic functionality
TYPE OF SHADING DEVICE

Screens / roller shades
Blinds with slat angle control
Bi-directional transmission control
Insulating shutters
Shading with dual-axis tracking
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
HOW DOES THE MATERIAL ADAPT?
Shape Memory Material
Bi-material effect
1
Electroactive material
Superabsorbent material 1. (a) Images illustrating the progressive infusion
of dye and electrolytes through the gel-vascular
Phase Change network at 5 and 15 min after injection of the
Other (specify): solution. Scale bar = 1 cm. The injection rate is
chemical infusion of organic dye u-FGPV 10 μl/min. (b) I–V curves of the μ-FGPVs under
illumination after the first injection of the aqueous
solution of dye and electrolytes
TYPE OF TRIGGER (INPUT) 2. a) A schematic of microfluidic channel network
within the hydrogel photovoltaics (μ-FGPVs). The
Mechanical (e.g. wind load) white arrows indicate the convection-dominant
Thermal (e.g. outdoor air temperature) transport of dye and electrolyte molecules along
the microfluidic channels. The inset displays the
Electromagnetic (e.g. solar radiation)
cross section view across the dotted yellow line.
Optical (e.g. daylight level, glare) TiO2 nanoparticles and Pt catalysts are deposited
Air quality (humidity, CO2 concentration, etc) on the photoanode and the counter electrode,
respectively. The red arrows indicate the lateral
Building heating/cooling load diffusive/convective transport between the source
Occupant’s presence channels and drain channels. (b) A photograph of
the prototype μ-FGPVs device. The top electrode is
Other (specify): the photoanode. Scale bar = 1 cm. The area and
energy enhance performance function of PV the thickness of TiO2 film are 3 cm2 and ~6 μm,
correspondingly.
3. (a) Schematics of the three-step regeneration
process. (c) I–V curves of the dye-replenished
TYPE OF ACTUATOR (OUTPUT)
Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify): Manual
35
CONTROL OPERATION DETAILS
In order to optimize both calorimetric 2
measurements and IEQ campaigns,
DETAILED EXPLANATIONthe first step OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION TYPE
CONTROL/OPERATION tests. The set of available sensors
Intrinsic includes
(auto reactive)
calorimetric tests are carried out in a dedicated Extrinsic (requires external control)
metering box, while the IEQPhotovoltaic
Regenerable tests are carried out
Devices with Hydrogel-Em-
Electromagnetic
bedded Microvascular Network (HEMN) gas phase is aphotoacoustic
material spectroscopy unit. More
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of Other (specify):
innovation for facades sensors will be used for photovoltaic
dedicated visual and in a closed structure
both configurations for the operation innovation
of the test surfaces with biomi- of u-FGPV
cell is presented
meticinmicrovascular
[7] and can be seen for dyeacoustic
in Figure
network infusion comfort tests.
for rege-
SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guard photovoltaic
nerative as an office The monitoring and control of the facility will be
zone is used performance.
space, it is Photosensitive
possible to apply organic
a false ceiling to be performed by means of an integrated National
Seconds
Dye Molecules (PoDM) reduce
used as a technical space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns Minutes
the control
deterioration of long term energy operational
lighting systems. logics, they are outputs
presently being tested by means
and enhance the performance of ofphotovoltaic a thermal model described
cells. with more details in
Hours
The proposed This cooling system network
biomimetic consists ofofadye [7]. gives damage
high-infusion Days
stability distilled-water
regeneration storage (keeping water
by chemical in a Construction
compounds of action and and boundaries
re-
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds undertaken
both the terminal The envelopes of the metering
Seasonszone and the
action have been by Hyung within self-heal
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed Yearswith prefabricated
photovoltaic.
particular, the metering box Vascular networks
is equipped with ahave sandwich
been used panels,
asformed
re- by two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorbergenerative functions
and an auxiliary forbattery.
cooling steel sheetsdevices
hydrogel photovoltaic and 15 Other cm (specify):
thick injected-
by photosensitive organic dye infusion. polyurethane foam. Thedepending resultingon dye infusion into network, changes response
thermal
time of PoDM -2 regeneration
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
Organic dyes are generally susceptible to light stress,
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken in order SYSTEM to minimize
DEGREE theOF ADAPTIVITY:
high temperatures that reduce the long-term perfor-
mance
for the passage of photovoltaic
of distilled cells.water
water. Distilled Embedded
interfacemicrofluidics On/off is installed.
where the test component
is chosen for the possibility
within a network to accurately
enables know its
regenerative functionality Gradual
specific heat bycapacity at constant
the infusion (cp), Number
pressureregenerative
of chemical of test beds
properties by– 1 Other (specify)
needed for transport
the computation of the coolingagents
of photoactive power. dye and electrolytes
The absorber plate will be coated with a selective Exposure – South DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
to create a microfluidic
hydrogel solar cell of optimum
Nanometers
α ~ 95 % performance for electricity
and thermal emissivity %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
ε ~ 4 generation.
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to Micrometers
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements 01 Notarevisible
(WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
storage, phase change materials)
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the 02internal
Visible, dimensions
no surface change (smart glazing)
03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m  Involved person(s):
the test sample is installed. 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
Andrea Kindinis
dynamic facade elements)
05 Visible, location or orientation change
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities Other (specify)
36
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
IS THE SYSTEM ECONOMICALLY VIABLE? Cost/m2 -
Yes Yearly cost of maintenance -
No
Other (specify):
lab testing at this moment - prototype under development
ESTIMATE THE COST OF THE CASE-STUDY

Low (traditional, residential, simple prefabricated, etc)
Medium (curtain walls, ventilated facades, etc)
High (double skin facades, high tech, etc)
Information not available
SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY

Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Hyung-Jun, K., Orlin, D.V. (2013), Regenerable photovoltaic
devices with a hydrogel-embedded microvascular network, Nat
Sci Rep
Reference to picture
Hyung-Jun, K., Orlin, D.V. (2013), Regenerable photovoltaic
devices with a hydrogel-embedded microvascular network, Nat
Sci Rep
3
Author of the sheet info
Mark E. Alston
Faculty of Engineering - Architecture and Built Environment, The μ-FGPVs with and without the activation step,
University of Nottingham showing that the activation process is essential. The
device for the curve (1) was washed with aqueous
Rosa Romano NaOH solution for 3 hrs, followed by treating with
Florence University, Department of Architecture HCl solution for 3 hrs before the dye replenishment.
The device characterized by curve (2) was washed
Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli with aqueous NaOH solution for 6 hrs before dye
Politecnico di Milano replenishment. All samples were characterized after
the 1 hr dye-supply step.
37
MATERIAL
NITINOL (NITI)
Absolute guarded
(NiTi) alloys test cell used in
MATERIAL
Nichel-titanium are commonly
shape memory applications, although many other kin-
ds of alloys also exhibit shape-memory effects. These
alloys can exist in final product form in two different COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of temperature-dependent crystalline statescirculation fans and active sensors: measured by
or phases:
the austenite state (higher temperature); the marten-
site state
du Bâtiment et (lower temperature).
de l'Industrie (ESTP) in
collaboration with the
The material in theend-use
austeniteEfficiency
state is strong and hard,
measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
while it is soft and ductile in the martensitewill phase.The
austenite crystal structure is a simplethe temperatures
body centred at the envelope of the metering
cubic structure, while martensite
opaque building elements. A detailed discussion has a more
box complex
(Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
of designrhombic structure.
choices and With respect
early simulation to the(RTDs),
results can
accuracy ±0.07 °C);
stress–strain
be foundcurve,
in [7]. The
the major
higher design aim is to build
temperature a - behaves
austenite weathersi-conditions: a dedicated weather
facility with hightoaccuracy
milarly for calorimetric
most metals. tests station
The stress–strain curve is placed
of theon a roof of the ESTP campus,
lower-temperature martensitic structure,
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations.
however, re-
diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
sembles an elastomer, since it has ‘plateau’ humidity, stress-
wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
deformation
Description of the test characteristics
facility where largewater.
deformations
In order can easily occur with
to optimize little calorimetric
both force. - Indoor Environmental Quality main
metering SHAPE
box, whileMEMORY;
the IEQ tests ALLOY; KINETIC;
are carried out TEMPERATURE; REACTIVE
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used - as an office The monitoring Orientation
and controlof of
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feedsREADINESS terminal The envelopes of the TYPE
OF MATERIAL
Thermochromic
battery. Proposal
formulated/Design cm thick injected-
Electrochromic
-2 -1

order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around thePhaseentrance
Change door and the
Material
product/Existing building
Shape Memory Polymer
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
plate will with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
be coated
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient Bi-layer hygromorph composites
Hydrogel
Visual comfort
Natural Porous Material
help keeping nearly-constant
Acoustic comfort
element.
The facility will air
Indoor positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data
be quality
MATERIAL FAMILY
Appearance
unobstructed (aesthetic
exposition met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
is wellquality)
Structure typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensionsReversible
performance
of the metering
/ Opacity
protect the guard
Energy zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
generation
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x Materials
control
Other (durability,
the test sample accesibility, use of natural
is installed.

38
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Nichel-titanium (NiTi) Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT 1
Bi-material effect
Superabsorbent material
Phase Change
Other (specify): Shape Memory Material
TYPE OF TRIGGER (INPUT)

Mechanical (e.g. wind load)
Thermal (e.g. outdoor air temperature)
Electromagnetic (e.g. solar radiation) 2
Optical (e.g. daylight level, glare)
Air quality (humidity, CO2 concentration, etc)
Building heating/cooling load
Occupant’s presence
Other (specify):

Mechanical 1. Typical Loading and Unloading Behavior of
Pneumatical Superelastic NiTi
2. 2D view of nitinol’s crystalline structure during
Electromagnetic
cooling/heating cycle
Thermal 3. 3D view of austenite and martensite structures of
Chemical the NiTi compound.
4. Reef, New York, NY, 2009. In this sculpture Rob Ley
Other (specify): Manual investigates the role emerging material technology
can play in the sensitive reprogramming of
architectural and public space. Shape Memory Alloys
(SMAs), a category of metals that change shape
according to temperature, offer the possibility of
efficient, fluid movement without the mechanized
motion of earlier technologies.
39
DETAILED EXPLANATION the first step OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION TYPE
CONTROL/OPERATION tests. The set of available sensors includes
has led to a configuration by which the Intrinsic (auto reactive)
metering box, while the IEQ tests are carried
Nitinol alloys exhibit Shape Memorysensors, out
globo-thermometers,
Effect (SME) and luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
gas phase
is thephotoacoustic
ability to spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringSuper Elasticitytests.
the calorimetric (SE).A Shape
scheme memory
of Other (specify):
undergofordeformation sensors andwill recover
be used for dedicated visual and
both configurations the operationatofone the temperature,
test
cell is presented in [7] and
its original can be seenshape
undeformed in Figure upon heating above its
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and controlSYSTEM RESPONSE
of the facility will be TIME
“transformation temperature”.
Seconds
Superelasticity occurs at a narrow temperature range
the control
just above its transformation temperature;
lighting systems. logics, they are presently
no heating is being tested by means
necessary to cause the undeformedofshape a thermalto model
recover, described with more details in
Hours
The proposed andcooling system consists
the material a high- [7].
exhibitsofenormous elasticity, 10-30 ti- Days
mes that of storage
ordinary(keeping water in a Construction and boundaries
metal.
Seasons
Nitinol’s unusual properties
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In
are derived
guard from
zone a rever-
are constructedYearswith prefabricated
sible
particular, the solid-state
metering box is phase
equippedtransformation
with a sandwich known
panels,as a by two 0.6 mm stainless
formed
Other (specify):
solar absorbermartensitic transformation,
and an auxiliary betweensteel
cooling battery. sheets and
two different mar- 15 cm thick injected-
tensite crystal phases. At high temperatures, Nitinol as-
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. A
DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
sumes an interpenetrating simple cubic structure
particular care refer-
is taken in order to minimize the
pressure inred to to
as generate
austenite (also channels
known as thermal
the parent phase).
bridges On/off
around the entrance door and the
order internal
At low
for the passage of temperatures, Nitinol water
distilled water. Distilled spontaneously transforms
interface where the test component
Gradualis installed.
is chosen for tothe possibility
a more to accurately
complicated know its
body-centered tetragonal crystal Other (specify)
specific heat capacity known
at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1
structure as martensite (daughter phase).
needed for the computation of the cooling power. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient Nanometers
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N;Micrometers 2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
conditions on the internal surface of the test Centimeters
Meters
The facility will be positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data Other (specify)
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
01 Not
for calorimetric measurements arevisible (heat 3.0
(WxLxH): storage, phase change materials)
will be considered. A dedicated structure will
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the02internal dimensions
Visible, no surface change (smart glazing)
04 Visible, size or shape  Involved
change person(s):
(shutters, flaps,
Monitoring and control system  Operating
05 Visible, location or orientation change since:
The monitoring system considers all the most Other (specify) Construction in progress
40
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify):


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Aksamija, A. (2016), Integrating Innovation in Architecture:
Design, Methods and Technology for Progressive Practice and
Research, AD Smart,
Addington, M., Schodek, D. (2012), Smart Materials and

Technologies in Architecture, Routledge, pp. 201 - 256
https://nitinol.com (Accessed May 23, 2018) 5

http://www.adaptronik.fraunhofer.de/ (Accessed May 23, 2018)
http://www.rtm-medizintechnik.de/ (Accessed May 23, 2018)
http://www.g-rau.de/en/products/actuators-made-of-shape-
memory-alloys.html (Accessed May 23, 2018)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_titanium (Accessed May 23,

2018)

Sandra Persiani
Technical University of Munich
Rosa Romano
Florence University, Department of Architecture

Politecnico di Milano
Mark E. Alston
Faculty of Engineering - Architecture and Built Environment, The
University of Nottingham
6
5. The effect of nitinol composition on the Ms

temperature.
6. Thermal hysteresis of nitinol’s phase transformation
41
MATERIAL
Facade panels incorporating cement-based batteries, 2015
ESTP outdoor
DR NIALL HOLMES test cell
Absolute guarded testarecell
MATERIAL
The novel cement based batteries designed to po-

 Institut
werde Recherche
low-energy en Constructibilité,
cathodic protection. Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
One example is Impressed Current Cathodic Protec-
COMPONENT
Aim of tion
the test (ICCP)
facilityof reinforcement in concrete structures.
The outdoor
ICCP test facilityreinforcing
protects under development
steel from in corrosion
means ofbyacon- high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
necting it to an inert, less noble, metal and passing
low-level - cooling
powerpower: calculated from the
collaboration withcurrent
the through
end-use it Efficiency
using an external
Research source.Group of Politecnico di Milano, will
allow toThe preliminary
obtain reliable findings
estimatesdemonstrate
of thermal that cement ba-
performance indicators
sed batteries canofproducetransparent and sustainable elec-
sufficient box (Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
trical outputs with the correct materials(RTDs),
and arrange-
be foundmentin [7].ofThecastin
majoranodes.
design aim is to build a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
Workhigh
facility with is on going to
accuracy for determine
calorimetrichow teststhese batteries
station is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but alsocan flexible enough to using
be recharged be used for indoor which
photovoltaic and allows the direct measurement of: global and
will fur-
ther enhance their sustainability properties.
CEMENT-BASED BATTERIES; anemometers,
CATHODIC capacitance REINFORCED
PROTECTION; relative humidity CONCRETE; PV
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of BUILDING
sensors will be INFORMATION:
used for dedicated visual and
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used as of
All type office The monitoring Orientation
anfunction and controlof of
used asBuilding status space forBoth
a technical existingInstruments system.
new and and
ventilation Other As concerns the control -
The proposed cooling system DETAILED
consists of a high- [7].
DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE STUDY SYSTEM
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF MATERIAL
particular, the metering box is equipped with a sandwich panels, formedThermochromic by two 0.6 mm stainless
02. Technology
solar absorber concept cooling
and an auxiliary formulated/Design steel sheets and 15
battery. Proposal cm thick injected-
Electrochromic
-2 -1
04. Prototype demonstration

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken in order
internal building
product/Existing
entrance door and the
Phase Change Material
is chosen for the possibility to accurately know its Shape Memory Polymer
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
Hydrogel
Visual comfort
help keeping nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant Natural Porous
panels Material
Acoustic comfort
element.
The facility
be quality
MATERIAL FAMILY
Appearance
quality)
reflectance typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensionsReversible
of 0.25,performance
Structure
of the metering
colourbox used change
/ Opacity
Energy
generation
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control
Other (durability,
the test sample is installed.accesibility, use of natural
resources, etc). Other: Cement-based batteries Andrea Kindinis

42
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Concret Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
HOW DOES THE MATERIAL ADAPT? 1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): charging and recharging using
photovoltaic elements

Other (specify): embedded steel corrosion

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
1. Conventional battery arrangement.
Chemical
2. Battery housed in a metal can.
Other (specify): Electrical 3. Cement
43
3
CONTROL/OPERATION TYPE
DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE parameters
FACADEwillAND be monitored during comfort
OFaTHE CONTROL/OPERATION tests. The set of available sensors
Intrinsic (auto includes
reactive)
has led to configuration by which the SYSTEM
Pt100, T-type thermocouples, Extrinsicomnidirectional
(requires external control)
metering box, In while the IEQ tests
Cement-based are carried
batteries out
housed in a block both the Electromagnetic
anode and the cathode
are in the form
gas of metal
phase plates.
photoacoustic spectroscopy
Other (specify)unit. More
Plastic formoulds were used sensors
shortwillcircuiting
both configurations the operation of thetotest
prevent
and to
cell is presented in allow
[7] andforcan a be
higher
seenvolume
in Figureof sample to be made. SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the These designs were used to compare
guard zone is used as an office The different
monitoringadditi-
and control of the facility will be
performed by means of an Seconds
integrated National
space, it is ves,
possible to apply
anode a false ceiling
materials, shapesto andbe sizes.
Minutes
This type of design is the “best-fit”logics,
lighting systems.
for cement-based
they are presently being tested by means
Hours
batteries for using with Current Cathodic Protection
(ICCP) assystem
they can of a high- [7].
be incorporated into a cladding pa- Days
The proposed cooling consists
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water in a Construction and boundaries Seasons
nel and fixed onto a structure. For this, particular cha-
range of ±0.1 °C) which are feeds both the namely The envelopes of the metering zone and the
terminal robustness,
racteristics required, long life Years
and a low but consistent
particular, the metering box is equipped with a current output under
sandwich resistan-
panels, formed by two 0.6
Other mm stainless
(specify)
solar absorberce and
load.an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
-2 -1
On/off to minimize the
pressure in order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the Gradual entrance door and the
Other (specify)
The absorber plate will be coated with a selective Exposure – South Nanometers
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to Millimeters
Centimeters
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant Meterspanels
Other (specify)
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilitiesLEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
01 Not visible (heat storage, phase change materials)
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the
02 internal dimensions
and rain and it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m
03 Visible, x 6.2 change
surface m x (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
 Involved
04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters,person(s):
flaps,
the test sample is installed. dynamic facade elements) Andrea Kindinis

44
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
Yes Yearly cost of maintenance 100,00 €
No
Other (specify)

Information not available 4

Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Holmes, N., Byrne, A. and Norton, B. (2015), First steps in de- 6.a
veloping cement-based batteries to power cathodic protection of
embedded steel in concrete, Journal of Sustainable Design and
Applied Research (SDAR)
Byrne, A., Barry, S., Holmes N. and Norton, B. (2017), Optimi-

sing the Performance of Cement-Based Batteries, Advances in
Materials Science and Engineering
Holmes, N., Byrne, A. and Norton, B. (2015), First steps in de-
veloping cement-based batteries to power cathodic protection of
embedded steel in concrete, Journal of Sustainable Design and
Applied Research (SDAR) 6.b

Rosa Romano

Mark E. Alston
6.c
4. Layered battery schematic.

5. Corrosion process in embedded steel in concrete
6. Layered batteries cast: 6.a Layered cement-based battery;
6.b Batteries stored in water and Epsom salt; 6.c Electrical
contacts (conductive copper)
45
MATERIAL
MICROFLUIDIC GLASS, 2015
M.E.Alston
Absolute guarded
on living glasstest cellon the use
MATERIAL
The research is focused

 Institut
of adeoptically
Recherche en Constructibilité,
transparent, Université
thermal energy Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
adsorbing
glass composite. It is in the conceptual prototype type
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of phase. The objective is demonstrate that circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
is possible
The outdoor
to evolve test facility
glass intoundera development
photoactiveinenergy means of a high-precision
system by wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atevaluation
the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics,
and reactive response for thermal heat ±0.02 %);
flow targeting.
collaboration with theA living end-use glass, is in fact,- an organism
Efficiency
cooling power: calculated from the
thatGroup
emulates the chemical reaction measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research of Politecnico di Milano, willcycle of leaves by
allow to obtain reliable
endothermic estimates of thermal
principles. the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators cycle
The metabolic of transparent
of biochemical and triggers, can be
considered are multifunctional mechanisms (RTDs), accuracy
to pro- ±0.07 °C);
be found gress
in [7].glass into design
The major an energy, aim isadsorbing
to build a composite.
- Theconditions: a dedicated weather
weather
facility with
goal highof the accuracy
research for is
calorimetric
descrive tests station isofplaced
the evolution glass on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but alsointo flexible enough to be
a photoactive used for indoor
adsorption layer, atanda allows the direct measurement of: global and
integrated
environmental
multiscale qualitylevel,
(IEQ) in investigations.
response to climatic diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
regionaliza-
tion, in order to turn glass into a living water.
Description of the test facility
energy organi-
In order sm that to responds
optimize toboth the environment
calorimetric and contributes
measurements and IEQ energy
to the planet’s campaigns, the first step
needs.
metering BIOSYSTEM,
box, while the IEQ tests ENERGY,are carried ADSORPTION,
out CONDUCTANCE, SOLAR MODULATION
Building floor area device prototype acoustic comfortClimate
tests. Type All climate type
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used glazed an office The monitoring Orientation
asfacades and controlof of
used asBuilding status space fornew
a technical ventilation and Instruments system.
built + refurbishment Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESS both theLEVELterminal The envelopes of the TYPE metering zone and the
OF MATERIAL
02. Technology concept cooling battery.
formulated/Design steel sheets and 15
Proposal cm thick injected-
Electrochromic
-2 -1

internal building
product/Existing
Thermobimetal
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will/ GOAL
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
Hydrogel
Visual comfort
help keeping
Acoustic comfortnearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels Material
Natural Porous
element.
Indoor positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data
be quality
MATERIAL FAMILY
Appearance
exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
quality)
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensionsReversible
of the metering
/ Opacity
Structure performance
protect the zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
guardgeneration
Energy
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control
Other (durability,
is installed.

46
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): heat flow transport

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Building integration
2. Building integration
3. Cellular floor zoning-glass modular facade
47
reactive)
metering box, while the IEQ tests are
Evaluation of heat flow monitoring and carried out consequent re-
Electromagnetic
action triggers are needed to actively gas phase
manage photoacoustic
nano- spectroscopy
Other unit. More
(specify)
scale absorptivity within sensors will be usedand for dedicated visual and
both configurations for the operation of microvascular
the test networks
cell is presented
thermal in [7]conductance
and can be seen in Figure
effects upon acoustic
the glass comfort tests.
material. SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the Theguard zone is used
engagement as an office
of sensors The monitoring
and actuators and control of the facility will be
controlled
space, it is by
possible to apply amanagement
an algorithm be performed
false ceiling to response by means of an
will enable pa-
integrated National
Seconds
used as a technical space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns Minutes the control
rameters setting in connection to solar
lighting systems. logics,radiation gain. being tested by means
they are presently
This is achieved by fluidic flow rate of acontrol
thermaland model loaddescribed with more details in
Hours
The proposed shift energy
cooling removal
system from
consists of the
a high- [7].
heat absorber carrier flu- Days
id. Hencestorage (keeping
nanoscale in a Construction
water monitoring
fluidic and boundaries
by evaluation Seasons
range of ±0.1 The envelopes of the metering zone and the
of °C)heatwhichflowfeeds
within both
thethenetwork
terminal and temperature
guard zone are mo-
constructed with prefabricated
Years
nitoring
particular, the metering decay,
box heat loss, are
is equipped a sandwich
withstrategic panels, This
functions. formed byOther
two 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)
solar absorberanalysis
and an to quantify
auxiliary thermal
cooling battery.flow directly
steel relates
sheets to and da- 15 cm thick injected-
tum temperature point setting. This polyurethane tracking of thermalfoam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steelsystemconductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m DEGREE
-2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
flow creates a cyclic nanoscale for
particular
conductivity
care is taken in order to minimize the
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high On/off
regulation by energy load - unload processes.
This of
for the passage energy
distilledload shift
water. tracking
Distilled waterof conduction
interface whereis intrinsic Gradual is installed.
the test component
is chosen for tothe possibility
indoor to accurately
set-point know its
temperatures. Other (specify)
specific heat This activeatmanagement
capacity constant pressure (cp), Number
of thermal heat transport
of test bedsflow– 1
needed for thewill computation
feed into tank of the cooling power.
reservoirs for energy unload process DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
removal.
α ~ 95 % Once and thermalthe energy
emissivityis removed
ε ~ 4 %.The from Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N;Micrometers
the photosynthetic 2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorberglass, the used
is also fluid as
recirculates
baffle in order back to into the network. This
Millimeters
feed back loop completes the close loop exothermic
cycle. These are learn and apply reaction Cooling responses
– Cooling coil, to Radiant panels
element. Meters
changing solar radiation and absorptivity. The energy
unload
The facility will processwith
be positioned is created
its south at Ventilation
a localized
façade No Data
level –, serving Other (specify)
the microvascular
facing an open meadow, thus the networks
hypothesisin of
avoidance of extended
unobstructed exposition feeds.
is well met. Dimensions and capabilities
distribution This Agive
ground
optimization of pumping LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
energy demands and localized energy load -
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements
unload arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat3.0
processes.
protect the guard The ability
zone envelope to use
from snow tank mstorage
loads x 1.2 m reservoirs
x 3.0 m, while the
02internal dimensions
and rain and it will shade
enables heatit from solar irradiance,
to electricity of the guard
conversation zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
by semicon-
with the onlyducting
exception of the south façade where 4.0 m
engineering.  Involved person(s):
the test sample is installed. 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps, dynamic
Andrea Kindinis
facade elements)
48
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify): progression of the research


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Alston, M.E. (2014), Energy adaptive glass matter, J Archit Eng
Tech
Alston, M.E. (2015), Natures Building as Trees: Biologically

Inspired Glass as an Energy System,Optics and Photonics
Journal
Chen,P.Y., Joanna, M.K., Meyers, M.A. ( 2012), Biological mate-

rials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs, Progress
in Materials Science 57
Chow, T.T., Chunying, L. (2013), Liquid-filled solar glazing de-

sign for buoyant water-flow, Build Environ, n.60, pp.45-55
Olugebefola, S.C., Aragon, M.A., Hansen, C.J., Hamilton, A.,

Wu, W. et al. (2010), Polymer Microvascular Networks Composi-
tes, J Composite Materials n. 44, pp. 2587- 2603.
Hatton, B.D., Wheeldon, I., Hancock, M.J., Kolle, M. and Ingber,

D.E. (2013), Artificial Vasculature for Adaptive Thermal Control
of Windows, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 117, pp.
429-436
Reference to picture:
© M.E.Alston
5
M.E.Alston
4. Modular cellular groups
Rosa Romano 5. Vascular channel changes in response to solar
Florence University, Department of Architecture orientation
49
MATERIAL
THERMAL BIMETAL, “BLOOM”, Los Angeles, California (USA), 2011
ESTP outdoor
DO|SU test cellDoris Kim Sung
Studio Architecture,
Absolute guarded
the evolutiontest cell
MATERIAL
Bloom furthers of projects in the M&A

 Institut de Recherche
courtyard en a
by utilizing Constructibilité, Université
material that has Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
kinetic poten-
tial without the need of a power source or any mecha-
COMPONENT
the test
Aim of nical facility
parts. The towering shade structure circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
is suppor-
The outdoor
ted bytest facility under development
a self-organizing cellular panel in system
means of of alaser
high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atcutthe custom
Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics,
fabricated sheet metal. The design of the ±0.02 %);
project,with based - coolingandpower: calculated from the
collaboration theon end-use
researchEfficiency
by prof. D.K. Sung
Wahlroos-Ritter, explores the possibilities measurement
of a ther- of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
allow to mallyobtain reliable estimates
responsive metal surfaceof thermalwhich thereacts to both
temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance
the change indicators of transparent
in temperature and solar radiation.
and direct box (Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
When the temperature of the metal is cool, (RTDs), theaccuracy
surfa- ±0.07 °C);
be found ceinwill
[7]. appear
The major asdesign
a solid aimobject,
is to buildbuta once
- theweather
afterno-conditions: a dedicated weather
facility with
on heat high penetrates
accuracy for the calorimetric
metal, the testspanels
stationofiscustom
placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but alsowovenflexiblebimetal
enoughwill to be adjust
usedandfor fan out toand
indoor allow airthe
allows flowdirect measurement of: global and
environmental quality (IEQ)
and increase shade investigations. diffuse solar irradiance,
potential. The thermo-bimetal al- air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
loys used in the project expand the notion
of surface
In order and structure
to optimize in architecture.
both calorimetric
Latitude -34.08, Longitude: -118.26
metering THERMAL
box, while the IEQ BIMETAL, SMART
tests are carried out MATERIAL, BIOMIMETICS, SELF VENTILATING
Building floor area device prototype acoustic comfortClimate
tests. Type All climate type
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used purpose The monitoring Orientation
as an office
architectural and controlof ofthethe facility will be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space fornew ventilation and Instruments system.
built, refurbishment Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESS both theLEVELterminal The envelopes of the TYPE metering zone and the
OF MATERIAL
02. Technology concept cooling battery. Proposal
formulated/Design steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
Electrochromic
-2 -1

Thermotropic to minimize the
internal building
product/Existing
Thermobimetal
The absorber
FUNCTION plate will be coated
/ GOAL with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
Hydrogel
Visual comfort
help keeping
Acoustic comfort nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels Material
Natural Porous
element.
The facility
be quality
met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
MATERIAL FAMILY
unobstructed exposition
Appearance is well
(aesthetic quality)
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensionsReversible
of the metering
colourbox used change
/ Opacity
Structure performance
protect the
Energyguard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
generation
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x Material
control
Other: Self
the test sample ventilating, no additional energy
is installed.
necessary (sustainability) Other: Andrea Kindinis

50
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Bimetal Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Bi-material effect
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): Bi-material effect

Optical (e.g. daylight level, glare) 2
Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify): No actuator
3
1. The Bloom in courtyard space image
2. Protype of the Bloom facade
3. The Bloom”, Breathing Architecture Installation
51
DETAILED EXPLANATION parameters
OF THE will be monitored during comfort
CONTROL/OPERATION Intrinsic (auto reactive)
anemometers, capacitanceExtrinsic relative humidity
in a larger room. The “room” works as a guard Electromagnetic
gas phase photoacoustic
a she- spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringMade primarily tests.
the calorimetric out of a smartofthermobimetal,
A scheme
Other (specify)
both configurations
et metalforthat the curls
operation
when of the test the form’s responsi-
heated, acoustic comfort tests.
ve surface shades and ventilates specific areas of the
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and control SYSTEM of the facility will be
RESPONSE TIME
shell as the sun heats up the Bloom surface. With the
space, it is possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed by means of anSeconds integrated National
used as a aid of complex
technical space digital softwares,
for ventilation and theInstruments
surface, madesystem.upAs concerns the control
lighting systems.
of approximately 14.000 lasercut pieces, logics, they
is are presently being
designed tested by means
Minutes
of a thermal model describedHours with more details in
for peak performance on spring equinox, in March 20,
2012.
Days
Composed of 414 hyperbolic
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal The envelopes
paraboloid-shaped of the
sta- metering
Seasons zone and the
units of the cked
guard panels,
zone andthe the self-supporting guard zone
metering box. In structure are constructed with prefabricated
challenges Years
particular, the
themetering
capability boxofistheequipped
materials sandwich
withtoaperform as apanels,
shell.formed
The by two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm Otherthick
(specify)injected-
panels combine a double-ruled surface of bimetal
polyurethane tiles The resulting thermal
foam.
with anconsists
The solar absorber, interlocking, folded steel
of two stainless aluminum frame system.
conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
Like the undulation
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at highof the surface, particular
the frame, care
by is taken in order to minimize the
nature
pressure inoforder to generate
its folds, internal to
is designed channels thermal bridges
appear on the inner or outer around the entrance
On/off door and the
surface at the same cadence of the peaks and valleys. Gradual
The final monocoque form, lightweight
and flexible, is Other (specify)
dependent
needed for the computation on of
thetheoverall
coolinggeometry
power. and combination of
The absorber plate will to
materials be coated
provide with a selective Exposure
comprehensive – South
stability. In some DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coating
areaswith solar absorption
of “Bloom”, coefficient
the hypar panels are made stiffer by Nanometers
increasing the number of riveted connections, while, in
help other areas,
keeping nearly-constant are deeperHeating
the panelsconvection – Heating
to increase coil, Radiant panels
struc-
Millimeters
conditions onturalthecapability.
internal surface of the test
The severely twisted panel shapes aid
element. in the performance of the surface and challenge the Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
digital and fabrication capabilities of parametric design. Meters

Within a single panel, portions of the surface directly
Other (specify)
face the sun, while the
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground other side Dimensions
is in the and
shade capabilities
and
reflectance requires
of 0.25, typical of shortor
no reaction grass lawns,
curling. The The internal
result dimensions
is variation in of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
tile shapes and function within each panel.
and rain and it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m no
02 Visible, x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
surface
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change Involvedrollers,
(lamellas, person(s):
blinds)
04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
Monitoring and control system dynamic facade elements)  Operating since:
The monitoring system considers all the most 05 Visible, location or orientationConstruction
change in progress
contributions: Other (specify)  Contact person(s):
52
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify): progression of the research


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.archdaily.com/215280/bloom-dosu-studio-architectu-
re (Accessed April 23, 2018)
http://architizer.com/blog/doris-kim-sung-thermo-bimetal/ (Ac-
cessed April 23, 2018)
http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-cooling-comfort-of-next-
stage-architecture/30557 (Accessed April 23, 2018)
4
https://paw.princeton.edu/article/doris-kim-sung-’86-breathable-
buildings (Accessed April 23, 2018)
http://www.evolo.us/metal-that-breathes-bloom-installation-ma-
de-with-14000-thermonimetal-pieces/ (Accessed April 23, 2018)
https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/bloom (Ac-
cessed April 23, 2018)
http://www.designersparty.com/entry/Bloom-Doris-Kim-Sung 5
(Accessed April 23, 2018)
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/doris-sung-bloom-at-
materials-applications/ (Accessed April 23, 2018)
https://www.materialsandapplications.org/events/2015/6/19/
bloom?rq=bloom (Accessed April 23, 2018)
© Michael Locke
https://www.flickr.com/photos/michael_locke/6992933398/
© Jon Hall 6
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhall/8322706125/
© Smart Flex
https://www.flickr.com/photos/smartflex/14545366110/

Jonathan Pham
UPV San Sebastian
4. In courtyard space image
Rosa Romano 5. 3D model structural analysis image
Florence University, Department of Architecture 6. Smart thermobimetal pattern sequence
53
Lisbon Stone Block / Alberto de Souza Oliveira (image: M. Brzezicki)
54
Case studies – Adaptive Façade Components
Laura Aelenei, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Daniel Aeleneil
Introduction
Adaptive façades can provide improvements in the building’s energy efficiency and economics,
through their capability to change their behaviour in real time according to indoor-outdoor
parameters, by means of materials, components and systems. A component can be defined as an
assembly of different set of elements. In this regard, it forms a complete constructional or functional
unit as part of a façade (for example an insulated glass unit but also a window frame including
glazing or a sun shading device).
Unlike the adaptive façades solutions analysed in the WG1 database, most of the component case
studies are still in the development, prototype and lab test phases. This demonstrates that the
research is constantly aimed at the optimization and development of new and advanced solutions
that can be used in this construction sector.
One of the aim of the adaptive components is to react to external stimuli with low-environmental
impact and low-cost. In this regard, an understanding of how materials changes with environmental
exposure is vital for successful long term architectural application. Moreover, the study of durability
and life cycle of these same components becomes crucial to make future applications sustainable.
It’s interesting to notice that many adaptive components are directed not only to efficiently
contribute to the energy balance of the building and the reduction in energy consumption, but also
towards aspects of multimedia communication, where building façades become a means of relating
to the city and its inhabitants. Concerning adaptive components, a technological challenge is the
implementation in the industry field because the different scale (from prototypes to the industrialized
production) is still an unresolved obstacle, related to the industry inertia and economic factors.
From the point of view of materials, it is possible to differentiate between entirely new ones and
pre-existing ones that find a new use in the building component industry. Using a material for a
new purpose is called material transfer, and we can expect several such transfers taking place
in the future. Deciding factors for translating a technology’s use into a different field are cost of
building components or surface coating materials, production capacity or the suitability for industrial
manufacturing of potential components (Knaack et al. 2007).
This would also be related to the uncertainty that, today, many components or systems offer in
terms of behaviour in the long term, given the short time they have been in place. Moreover,
sometimes the results have not always been so successful and, from an economic point of view,
often a high initial investment is needed to implement such adaptive components. In this regard
exhaustive cost-benefit analysis, largely unrealized, would be needed, because of the experimental
or unique character of most existing cases, including the consideration of the entire life cycle cost
(Cadenas & Neila Gonzalez, 2015). Closely related to these issues is the maintenance aspect,
which must necessarily be considered and developed for future applications. In general, all benefits
and criticalities of a specific component need to be considered before making a choice. For
example, inserting sunscreen in the spacing between the glass panes of double glazing can save
time and eliminates the need for cleaning. But if a glass pane breaks the sun protection element
55
has to be replaced as well. A similar problem can be found using motor-controlled venetian blinds
inside double glazing: if a motor fails or the blind jams, the entire double glazing has to be replaced
(Knaack, Klein, Bilow & Auer, 2007). Therefore, adaptive solutions could make sense if they
consider the maintenance aspect of a façade too: façades are and still will be designed in the next
future for a long lifespan, so their functionality has to be ensured throughout.
The outdoor test facility Finally,
under it’s interesting
development in tomeans
noticeofthat many adaptive
a high-precision components
wattmeter (accuracyare directed not only to efficiently
contribute to the Publics,
energy ±0.02 %); of the building and the reduction in energy consumption, but also
balance
towards aspects -
of multimedia cooling power: calculated
communication, from the
where building façades become a means of relating
to the city and its inhabitants. based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
facility with high accuracyAdaptive Components
for calorimetric tests station Case studies
is placed on a roofdatabase
of the ESTP campus,
humidity, facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Following the classification givenwind speed and
previously somedirection and rainfall examples
representative are hereafter
In order to optimize described,
both focusing
calorimetricon the façade component application purpose and the different responsive
measurements and IEQfunctions.
campaigns,Regarding
the first step the application purpose, the majority of the case studies are used as
solutions/applications tests. The set of available sensors includes
has led to a configuration by which the for energy efficiency, thermal comfort and visual performance. Regarding the
responsive
calorimetric tests are carried out in a functions,
dedicated for the case of dynamic glazing, optical properties can significantly vary both
in a larger room. The in terms of quantity of light and solar radiation transmitted.
sensors, globo-thermometers, luxmeters Phaseand a change materials (PCM) can be
used tests.
zone during the calorimetric in combination
A scheme ofwith other elements forming a façade component, as for example when used
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen glazing,
with dynamic in Figure the phase change leads to noticeable variation in the systems performance
2.. When the guard zone concerning
is used as short and long
an office Thewave
monitoring
heat and control of theheat
transmission, facility will be indoor surfaces temperatures, but
storage,
used as a technical space also light transmission,
for ventilation and visual perception.
Instruments system. PCM can be also
As concerns used in combination with solar systems
the control
lighting systems. – building integrated photovoltaic logics, they (BIPV-PCM)
are presently being tested by means
contributing to system performance improvement,
but also heat storage and indoor temperature.
Some components analysed within the context of the COST Action TU1403 database are
particular, the meteringcharacterised
box is equipped onea or sandwich
bywith more of panels, formed bytechnological
the following two 0.6 mm stainlessfeatures.
–– Screen
The solar absorber, consists of twoorstainless steel conductance
solar shading: Tessellate™
particular care
is equal
is taken
to 0.153Associates
(Hoberman
in order to
W.m-2.K-1. A& Buro Happold) and KUMORIgami
minimize the
(Pesenti et. al., 2018) envisions are two examples of adaptive components used as screen or solar
kinetic
for the passage of distilled water.shading. water interface
Distilled Tessellate, where the
a modular test component
framed glazed isscreen
installed.has a versatile design that can be
integrated into existing systems, and is completely self-contained, protected by glass on either side
of the moving
needed for the computation of the cooling power. metal parts. The modules are controlled by a single computer processor, which can
be programmed for various purposes with various time steps. The system can respond to changes
α ~ 95 % and thermalinemissivity
temperature,ε ~ 4 light
%.Thelevels, and–different
Climate day time.
Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
conditions on the internal In thesurface
case of of KUMORIgami,
the test a multifaceted Origami family stayed at the base of a component that
takes advantage from material combination and responsive actuation to optimise the visual comfort.
In order
The facility will be positioned with to accommodate
its south a range –ofNosituations,
façade Ventilation Data the prototype made out of translucent and opaque
facing an open meadow, thus the and
polymers hypothesis of
is activated with Shape Memory Alloys springs. KUMORIgami is activated with a
power supply.
––
and rain and it will shade Energy harvesting:
it from solar irradiance,Energy-harvesting
of the guard zone arecomponents
(WxLxH): 4.1canm xefficiently
6.2 m x capture, accumulate, store,
with the only exception manage
of the south façade
this energywhereand4.0 m
supply it in a form that can be used to perform a helpful
 Involved task. For example
person(s):
the research project InDeWaG (Industrial Development of Fluid Flow Glazing Systems) has been
Monitoring and controlfunded
systemfor three-and-a-half-years by the EU within the framework of  Operating since:
the program HORIZON 2020
with the focus on study
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities a façade component, an insulating glazing unit filled up with a water-glycol
56
fluid circulating within one of the IGU cavities. The glass units are developed for both, the usage
within façades and as interior separation walls (Claros-Marfil et al., 2016).
The BIPV Adaptive Flakes (Mazzucchelli & Doniacovo, 2017) is an example of use of photovoltaic
cells in orientated in an intrinsic way, in order to optimize the energy production in relation to the
outdoor conditions over a year. This component can adapt itself passively to the external climatic
conditions without an electrically powered mechanical system.
A different combination resulting in an adaptive façade component is the BIPV-PCM where

photovoltaic panel is combined with phase change materials in a single unique prototype. The
prototype is composed by a PV panel, a PCM storage module (battery – an insulated box with 10
PCM plates) and a cavity air between the PV and PCM battery. This prototype is also automatized,
in order to work alone (capturing and releasing heat) according with the necessity of the indoor
air temperature and in order to stabilized the PV module temperature and to assure the optimal
performance. The prototypes is installed on the façade of SolarXXI building, in Lisbon (Aelenei et
al., 2010).
–– Media and communication: Interactive window is a window with integrated touch capability for
function control. By detecting different inputs this prototype can start/stop music, change tracks,
increase/decrease volume, turn lights on/off etc. The interactive window (RISE, Research Institute
of Sweden) is equipped with an IR frame as the touch interface. Together with a computing unit
and a dedicated software interaction can be customized to specific use cases and different function
controls.
Window antenna (RISE, Research Institute of Sweden) is a modern insulating glazing units
combines insulating layers with heat reflective coatings to achieve high energy efficiency. The metal
based coatings help keep heat indoor on cold days and outdoor on warm days. However, these
coatings also shield radio waves, causing low indoor reception for mobile phones. This prototype
demonstrates how the coating instead can be used to amplify radio signals. The heat reflective
coating on the glass normally shields radio signals. By making a pattern the electrical conductive
coating can be transformed into an antenna that amplifies radio signals for specific frequencies. By
connecting the antenna to a router outdoor radio signals can be transferred indoors for improved
coverage.
SolPix LED (Simone Giostra & Partners) is an Energy Generating Solar Shield. Positioned at the
convergence of technology, design and the environment, SolPix is a fullscale working prototype
demonstrating the ability of the system to interact with its environs while improving the energy
performance of the building. Featuring a large scale color LED display and photovoltaic panels
integrated to a sun-shading system, SolPix transforms the existing glass structure into an energy-
positive skin, harvesting solar energy and using it to power the screen, while protecting the
Conservatory from excessive solar radiation. The project is based on GreenPix (Simone Giostra
& Partners), a carbon-neutral media wall for the Xicui Entertainment Complex in Beijing, near the
site of the 2008 Olympics. Featuring one of the largest color LED display worldwide and the first
photovoltaic system integrated into a glass curtain wall in China, GreenPix transforms the building
envelop into a self-sufficient organic system.
–– Use of innovative materials: ShapeShift (Kretzer & Rossi, 2012) is an experiment in future
possibilities of architectural materialization and ‘organic’ kinetics. The project explores the potential
application of electro-active polymer (EAP) at an architectural scale. EAP is a polymer actuator that
converts electrical power into kinetic force. Due to its extreme flexibility, lightness, transparency,
57

The monitoring system
New Deichman considers
Library all the
/ Lund Hagem most – Atelier Oslo (image: M. Brzezicki)
Arkitekter Construction in progress
58
thin dimensions and its ability to smoothly change shape without the need for external actuators it
is a highly attractive component for architectural solutions. The distinctive material properties are
not merely used as an actuator replacement but are also orchestrated for their aesthetic qualities.
The thin film functions as a possible alternative for conventional building skins and envisions the
concept of a futuristic, soft, flexible and sensitive architecture.
Conclusions
–– Most of the analysed components are still in the development, prototype and lab test phases. This
because the research is constantly moving to the development of new and advanced solutions
that can be integrated together in adaptive façade systems. In this regard, the main technological
features of the analysed components are related to energy harvesting, communication and media,
solar shading. Moreover, many of them are characterized by the use of innovative materials, able to
respond in a dynamic manner to climate changes in real time.
References
Aelenei, L. et al., (2010). The Road Towards “Zero Energy” in Buildings: Lessons Learned from SOLARXXI Building
in Portugal Proceedings of EuroSun 2010, Graz, Austria.
Cadenas, M.F. & Neila Gonzalez, F.J. (2015). Biomimicry in climate adaptive building skins: relevance of applying
principles and strategies. Proceedings of the VII International Congress on Architectural Envelopes. May 27, 28,
29 2015, San Sebastian-Donostia, Spain.
Claros-Marfil, L., Padial, J.F., Lauret, B. (2016). A New and Inexpensive Open Source Data Acquisition and Controller
for Solar Research: Application to a Water-Flow Glazing. Renewable Energy, No 92, p. 450-461.
Kretzer, M., Rossi, D. (2012) SHAPESHIFT. Leonardo, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 480–481.
Knaack, U., Klein, T., Bilow, M. & Auer, T. (2007). Façades – Principles of construction, Birkhäuser Verlag AG.
Mazzucchelli, E.S., Doniacovo, L. (2017). The integration of BIPV Adaptive Flakes in the building envelope.
Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Advanced Building Skins, 2-3 October 2017, Bern, Switzerland, 1331-
1340.
Pesenti, M., Masera, G. & Fiorito, F. (2018). Exploration of Adaptive Origami Shading Concepts through Integrated
Dynamic Simulations. Journal of Architectural Engineering. Vol. 24, Issue 4, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)
AE.1943-5568.0000323.
Figure 1 - Locations of case studies “components”
59
COMPONENT SYSTEM
INTERACTIVE WINDOW AND WINDOW ANTENNA, GÖTEBORG (SE), 2013
ESTP
RISEoutdoor test cell
Research Institutes of Sweden
Absolute guarded test cell touch

MATERIAL
Interactive window is a window with integrated
capability for funtion control. By detecting different
inputs this prototype can start/stop music, change
tracks, increase/decrease volume, turn lights on/off COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of etc. circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
Window antenna is a modern insulating glazing units
combines
du Bâtiment et insulating layers
de l'Industrie with heat
(ESTP) in reflective coa-
tings towith
collaboration acheive the high efficiency.- The metal
energyEfficiency
end-use
ba-
sed coatings help keep heat indoor onbased will cold days and meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
mass-flow
outdoor on warm days. However, thesethecoatings temperatures
also at the envelope of the metering
shield radio waves, causing low box
indoor (Pt100 resistance
reception for temperature detectors
mobile phones. (RTDs), howaccuracy
of design choices and earlyThis prototype
simulation resultsdemonstrates
can the ±0.07 °C);
be foundcoating
in [7]. The major can
instead design
beaim is totobuild
used a -radio weather
amplify signals.conditions: a dedicated weather
facility with
Bothhigh accuracy were
prototypes for calorimetric
developedtests station
by RISE in iscollabo-
ration with Ericsson and displayed at the
Mobile World
Congress in Barcelona 2013. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
WINDOW ANTENNA; GLASS; anemometers,
SURFACE COATING; capacitance
INTERACTIVE relative WINDOW;
humidity MOBILE RECEPTION
2.. WhenBuilding
and controlof of thethe facility will be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space forNew ventilation
Built and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
consists of a high-DESCRIPTION
[7]. OF THE CASE STUDY SYSTEM
range ofTECHNOLOGY
both theLEVEL metering zone and the SYSTEM
OF COMPONENT
External skin
02. Technology
and an auxiliary formulated/Design
battery. Proposalsteel sheets and 15 Curtaincm wall thick
(stick)injected-
03. Technology validated in lab Window frame
-2 -1

Insulated to
glassminimize
unit the
internal building
product/Existing
entrance
Building door and
services unit the
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component is installed. CW
Energy harvesting device
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – Air 1 circulation device
needed for the computation of the cooling power. Natural ventilation device
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
plate will be coated/ PURPOSE
with a selective Exposure – South
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient Solar tube ATF
Switchable Glazing
Visual comfort
Other:
Acoustic comfort convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Energy management (harvesting, storing, supply) TECHNOLOGICAL
Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels FEATURES
element. SG
Mass transfer control (e.g. condensation control) High-performance innovative materials and systems
Indoor positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
be quality
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of Devices for managing natural ventilation
Appearance
quality)
inofcombination with mechanical ventilation systems
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions the metering box used
Structure performance MFM
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH):
Mobile screens 3.0 solar radiation
for controlling
protect the guard
Energy zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
generation the internal dimensions
Technological solutions designed to increase
and rain Personal
and it willusers’ it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
shadecontrol and/or control4.1 mcomfort
x 6.2 minside
x the building
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m theInvolved person(s):
Other (durability, accesibility, use of natural Building automation systems for management
the test sample is installed.
resources, etc): Accessibility of plants and elements of the building Andrea skin Kindinis BF

The monitoring system considers all the most Construction in progress CS_01
60
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): glass Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change

Other (specify):

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
2
Thermal
1. Prototypes developed by RISE Research Institutes
Chemical of Sweden in collaboration with Ericsson, shown at
Other (specify): Electromagnetic the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona 2013. Top:
interactive window with integrated touch function.
Bottom: window with integrated antenna.
2. An example of how printed electronics can be
integrated in glass. Here, a printed display has
been added to a laminated glass light.
3. Touch-window prototype was exhibited by Ericsson
at MWC2013 in Barcelona. Photo: Hans Berggren
61
in a larger Theroom.Interactive
The “room” Window
works as is eqipped with an IR frame Electromagnetic
a guard
zone duringasthe thecalorimetric
touch interface.
tests. A Togeteher
scheme of with a computing unit Other (specify):
both configurations for the operation
and a dedicated softwareof the test
interaction can be customi-
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
zed to specific use cases and different function con-
possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed by means of an
space, it is trols. integrated National
Seconds
used as a Intechnical
the Windowspace antenna the heat
for ventilation Instruments
and reflective system.
coating on As concerns the control
Minutes
the glass normally shields radio signals. By making a
Hours
pattern the electrical conductive coating can be tran-
The proposed cooling system consists of a high- [7]. Days
sformed into
stability distilled-water an antenna
storage that amplifies
(keeping water radio signals
in a Construction and for
boundaries
range of ±0.1 specific frequencies.
°C) which feeds both By the connecting
terminal The theenvelopes
antenna ofto thea metering
Seasonszone and the
units of therouter
guard zone
outdoorand radio
the metering
signalsbox.
can guard zone are
In be transfered indoors constructed
Yearswith prefabricated
for improved coverage. Other (specify):
On/off
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component Gradual is installed.
is chosen for the possibility to accurately know its Other (specify)
Millimeters
Meters
01 Not
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the02internal
Visible, dimensions
no surface change (smart glazing)
 Involved
04 Visible, size or shape change person(s):
(shutters, flaps,
62
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify):


Daily
4
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.glafo.se/projektinformation/13-2/3P00015E2A.htm
(Accessed September 16, 2018)
Reference to picture 5
http://www.glafo.se/projektinformation/13-2/3P00015E2A.htm

Jerry Eriksson
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Rosa Romano

Mark Alston
6
4. Window Prototype
5. Window Prototype
6. Touch-window prototype was exhibited by Ericsson
at MWC2013 in Barcelona. Photo: Hans Berggren
63
COMPONENT SYSTEM
TESSELLATETM, CAMBRIDGE (USA), 2014
ESTP outdoor
Hoberman test +cell
Associates Buro Happold
Absolute
Tessellate™guarded testandcell
MATERIAL
is a modular framed glazed screen
system whose perforated pattern shifts and evolves
kinetically; as the four metal perforated panels glide
past one another, they create a dynamic architectural COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of element capable of regulating light andcirculation solar gain,fansai-
and active sensors: measured by
rflow, and privacy.
The versatile
du Bâtiment et de design can (ESTP)
l'Industrie be integrated
in into existing
collaboration
systems, withandthe end-use Efficiency
is completely self-contained, protected
by glass on either side of the moving metal will
basedparts. Tes- meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
mass-flow
sellate™ is named for the patterns designed the temperatures
for the at the envelope of the metering
opaque system. These designs arediscussion
just the beginning of the
building elements. A detailed
visual possibilities inherentresults
in thecan (RTDs),System.
Tessellate accuracy ±0.07 °C);
of design choices and early simulation
be foundTessellate™
in [7]. The major design aim are
perforations is to available
build a - in anweather
endlessconditions: a dedicated weather
facility with
range highof accuracy
patterns.forWith
calorimetric
a librarytests station isranging
of options placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
from regular grids to free-form and diffuse
non-repeating
solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
patterns. It is possible to develop custom designs
humidity, windfor
speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Description of the
different test facility or create patterns
architecture, water.
based on ori-
In order ginal to
artwork.
optimize both calorimetric
PERFORATED anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while the IEQ METAL tests are PANEL;
carried outKINETIC; SUNSHADING; SLIDING; PANELS
2.. WhenBuilding
used asBuilding status space forNew
a technical Built
ventilation and Instruments system.
Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feedsREADINESS terminal The envelopes of the TYPE
OF COMPONENT
External skin
02. Technology
battery. Proposal Curtaincm wall thick
(stick)injected-
-2 -1
04. Prototype demonstration

Insulated to minimize
glass unit the
order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
plate will be coated/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
Switchable Glazing
Visual comfort
Other:
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
is wellquality) inofcombination with mechanical ventilation systems
Mobile screens 3.0
for controlling solar radiation
Energy
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
control and/or control4.1 m x 6.2 inside
comfort m x the building
Other (durability,
is installed.
Building automation systems for management
resources, etc): of plants and elements of the building Andrea skin Kindinis BF

64
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify):metal perforated panels Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): metal perforated panels shifting kineti-
cally
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
TYPE OF TRIGGER (I NPUT)

Thermal (e.g. outdoor air temperature) 1
Other (specify):

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
2
Thermal
Chemical 1. Photo of the Tessellate™ System with Hexagonal
Other (specify): Manual Design in Motion
2. Tessellate™ System used as shading device in a
hause project
3. Detail of three stages in a Tesselate screen
65
reactive)
Tessellate is a modular framed andsensors, out glazed globo-thermometers,
screen sy- luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
stem with perforated pattern shifting gas kinetically,
phase photoacoustic
with spectroscopy unit. More
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of Other (specify):
four metal perforated sensors will another,
both configurations for the operationpanels
of the gliding
test past one
regulating
cell is presented lightcan
in [7] and and be solar
seen in gain, airflow,
Figure and privacy. SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the Each Tessellate™ module runs on aThe
guard zone is used as an office monitoring
single motor.and The-control of the facility will be
space, it is sepossible to apply a false ceiling to be performed by means of an integrated National
Seconds
modules are controlled by a single computer pro-
the control
cessor, which can be programmedlogics,
lighting systems.
for various
they arepurpo-presently being tested by means
ses. Some clients request that the panels revolve
of a thermal model oncedescribed with more details in
Hours
The proposed a minute, some consists
cooling system ask forofaa full [7].
high-revolution every hour. Days
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water Construction and boundaries
in a witness
In this case, viewers can hardly Tessellate™
Seasons
moving at all. Still, other clients have guard requested
zone are that
constructed
the metering
particular, the system box respond with a insandwich
to changes
is equipped panels, light
temperature, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
Other (specify):
solar absorberlevels,
and an and time cooling
auxiliary of daybattery.
(these options steel are available,
sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
and encouraged). polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
steelthis conductance is equal to SYSTEM0.153 W.m -2.K-1. A
The solar absorber, consists of twoisstainless
When Tessellate™ set up for purpose, the result DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
is an exciting moment during the day, the tipping point On/off
where
for the passage of the system
distilled water. animates, and theinterface
Distilled water building shifts.
where the test component
is chosen for the possibilityistosuitable
Tessellate™ accurately forknow its
all building geometries; pa- Other (specify)
specific heat nelcapacity
shapeatand constant
size canpressure (cp), Number
be tailored to match of test beds – 1
any buil-
needed for ding’s
the computation
design and of therequirements:
cooling power. from non-rectangular DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
profiles, to facets comprising
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient a three-dimensional sur- Nanometers
α ~ 95 % face.and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N;Micrometers 2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
Meters
01 Not
 Involved
(shutters, flaps,
66
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify):


Daily
4
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.azahner.com/tessellate.cfm (Accessed September
16, 2018)
http://www.hoberman.com/portfolio/simonscenter. 5
php?projectname=Simons+Center (Accessed September 16,
2018)
http://www.azahner.com/portfolio/stony-brook (Accessed Sep-

tember 16, 2018)
http://www.azahner.com/images/tessellate-unveiling.jpg

Rosa Romano

4. Dynamic facade with multilayer panel (metal and

glass)
5. Dynamic facade with multilayer panel (metal and
glass) - TESSELLATE™
6. TEchnological detail of a glass facade with a shading
device realized with Tassellate Module
67
COMPONENT SYSTEM
KUMORIgami, MILAN (IT), 2016
ESTP
Prof.outdoor test
M. PESENTI, Prof.cell
G. MASERA, Prof. F. FIORITO
Absolute guarded test celldevice that

MATERIAL
KUMORIgami envisions a kinetic shading
takes
 Institut de advantage
Recherche from its geometric definition
en Constructibilité, toParis-Est
Université am- ESTP, FRANCE
plify the deformations carried out by Shape Memory
Alloys (SMAs) linear micro actuators. COMPONENT
Basedtest
The outdoor onfacility
Ron Resch pattern the in
under development kinematics
means ofoptions
a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atproper
the Ecole of Spéciale
this multifaceted
des TravauxOrigami
Publics, family
±0.02 stayed
%); at
du Bâtiment
the baseet of de l'Industrie (ESTP)
a a component that takesin advantage from
collaboration
materialwith the end-use
combination Efficiency actuation to op-
and responsive measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
timise the visual comfort. based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
In order to accommodate a range the
of temperatures
situations, at the envelope of the metering
boxand (Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
opaque thebuilding elements.
prototype madeA detailed
out ofdiscussion
translucent opaque
of design choices and
polymers andearly simulation results
is activated can Memory Alloys
with Shape
be foundsprings.
in [7]. TheKUMORIgami
major design aim is to
fits to build
botha existing
- weather
and newconditions: a dedicated weather
buildings thanks to the simplification of its mechanical
components
environmental and investigations.
quality (IEQ) customised solutionsdiffuse that promote
the architectural integration. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
tests. The set of available sensors
KUMORIgami includes
Prototype
ORIGAMI, anemometers, capacitance relativeALLOYhumidity
metering box, while thePARAMETRIC,
IEQ tests are carried KINETIC,
out ADAPTIVE, SHAPE MEMORY
2.. WhenBuilding
and controlof of
facade South, East, West
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds terminal The envelopes of the TYPE
both theLEVEL
READINESS metering zone and the SYSTEM
OF COMPONENT
External skin
Proposal cm wall
Curtain thick
(stick)injected-
03. Technology validated in lab
Window frame -2 -1
(AISI 304) sheets welded
04. Prototype and inflated at high particular care is taken Insulated
demonstration in order glass
to minimize
unit the
internal building
product/Existing entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
/ PURPOSE
be coated
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′EGlazing

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
Acoustic comfort
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
is wellquality) in combination with mechanical ventilation systems
Mobile screens 3.0
protect the guard
generation the internalsolutions
Technological dimensionsdesigned to increase
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control
4.1 m
and/or control x 6.2 inside
resources, etc): of plants and elements of the building Andreaskin Kindinis BF

68
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): translucent polypropylene, opaque Other (specify):
methyl methacrylate, NiTinol springs

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Deployable screen
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): Heat-joule effect

Other (specify): Individuall user control
2

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 1. KUMORIgami Prototype
2. Simplification of the Origami pattern’s geometry
Other (specify): NiTinol springs
3. Scheme of operation and example of facade’s
integration (closed and open configuration).
69
measurements and IEQ campaigns, the first step CONTROL/OPERATION TYPE
DETAILED EXPLANATION parameters will be monitored during comfort
is the decoupling of the two test typologies. OF ThisTHE FACADE AND
OFaTHE CONTROL/OPERATION tests. The set of available sensors
reactive)
has led to configuration by which the SYSTEM
Electromagnetic
in a larger KUMORIgami
room. The “room” is works
activated
as awithguarda power supply. If from
gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit.Possibility
More
zone duringone the side
calorimetric tests. has
the choice A scheme
been of made to accommodate Other (specify): to switch by using electricity
both configurations for the operationtoofthe
users’ requirements, thetechnological
test side difficul-
ties have beencanfound
be seen duein Figure
to air temperature and sy- SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
stem management when self-actuation is taken into
Seconds
technical space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns
used as a account. Minutes
the control
KUMORIgami sees the placementlogics,
lighting systems. of thetheyactuators
are presently being tested by means
Hours
along the outer vertexes of the hexagonal module. The
linear contraction of the SMA springs produces the ra-
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water in a Construction and boundaries Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 dial°C)deployment
which feeds of thethe
both shape,
terminal The envelopes
reducing the distances of the metering
between edges.
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed
Themetering
particular, the six springsbox isconnected
equipped with a sandwich
in sequence ledpanels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
to values Other (specify)
solar absorber and an 8.4
auxiliary steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
of about – 9 cooling
V and battery.
1.9 – 2 A topolyurethane
activate the foam.kine- The resulting thermal
matism. To completely close the Origami, 11 V have SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
-2 -1
been required. KUMORIgami

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high shapeparticular
change care
is is taken
achie- in order
pressure invableorder with about 24
to generate W (calculated
internal channels usingthermalthe definition
bridges around the entrance door and the
Gradual
for the passage of distilled
of electric water. Distilled water interface where the test component is installed.
power).
Nanometers
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilitiesLEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
01 Not
for calorimetric measurements arevisible (heat storage,
(WxLxH): 3.0 phase change materials)
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the
02 internal dimensions
70
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
4
Reference
Pesenti, M.,Masera, G.,Fiorito, F., Sauchelli, M.(2014), Kinetic
solar skin: a responsive folding technique,International Confe-
rence on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry,
SHC
Pesenti, M., Masera, G., Fiorito, F. (2015), Shaping an Origami

shading device through visual and thermal simulations, 6th
International Building Physics Conference, IBPC
Fiorito, F., Sauchelli, M., Arroyo, D., Pesenti, M., Imperadori, M.,
Masera, G.,Ranzi, G. (2016), Shape morphing
solar shadings: a Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5.a
Reviews
Pesenti, M., Masera, G. and Fiorito F. (2018), Exploration of

Adaptive Origami Shading Concepts through Integrated Dyna-
mic Simulations, Journal of Architectural Engineering. Vol. 24,
Issue 4
Fiorito, F., Sauchelli, M., Arroyo, D., Pesenti, M., Imperadori, M.,
Masera, G.,Ranzi, G. (2016), Shape morphing
solar shadings: a Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews
Pesenti, M., Masera, G. and Fiorito F. (2018), Exploration of

Adaptive Origami Shading Concepts through Integrated Dyna- 5.b
mic Simulations, Journal of Architectural Engineering. Vol. 24,
Issue 4

Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli 4. The actuators placement allows envisioning the
Politecnico di Milano deployment direction
5. The embedded SMA wires define the direction of
Rosa Romano deployment: 5.a, The actuators placement, 5.b.
Florence University, Department of Architecture Deployment direction
71
COMPONENT SYSTEM
SOLPIX, NEW YORK (USA), 2010
ESTP outdoor
Simone test
Giostra & cell
Partners
Absolute guarded test cell design

MATERIAL
Positioned at the convergence of technology,

N
 Institut
andde Recherche en
environment Constructibilité,
solution, SolPix is aUniversité
fulls-cale Paris-Est
wor- ESTP, FRANCE
king prototype demonstrating the ability of the system
to interact with its environs while improving the energy
COMPONENT
performance
The outdoor of the
test facility under Museum whereinwasmeans
development presented for
of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atthethe first
Ecoletime.
Spéciale des Travaux Publics, ±0.02 %);
du Bâtiment
Giostra etcollaborated
de l'Industrie with(ESTP)
artists inJeremy Rotsztain
and Rory Nugent on the installation. measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
allow toFeaturing a large
obtain reliable scale color
estimates LED display and pho-
of thermal
the temperatures
system, at the envelope of the metering
tovoltaic
performance panels integrated
indicators of transparent to a sun-shading
and
opaque SolPix
building transforms
elements. A detailed discussion
the existing glass (RTDs),
structure into
of designanchoices and early simulation
energy-positive results can solar energy and
skin, harvesting
using it to power its screen, while protectingweather the buil-conditions: a dedicated weather
but alsodig envelope
flexible enough from to excessive
be used forsolar indoorradiation.
and allows the direct measurement of: global and
tests. The set of available
Latitude sensors includes -74°26’ W
40°69’ N Longitude
metering LED DISPLAY;
box, while the IEQMEDIA tests areSKIN;
carriedPV; out GLASS CURTAIN WALL
tests. Type All type of climate
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard
use zone is used - as an office The monitoring Orientation
and controlofof
facade South
used as Building
a technical
Build and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
The proposed cooling systemDETAILED consists of a high-DESCRIPTION
range of TECHNOLOGY
OF COMPONENT
units of the guard zone are constructed with prefabricated
01. guard zone andobserved
Basic principles the metering box. In Idea
and reported/
External skin
02. Technology
battery. Proposal cm wall
Curtain thick injected-
(stick)
03. Technology validated in lab polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
Window frame -2 -1
(AISI 304) 04. sheets
Prototype and inflated at high particular care is taken Insulated
demonstration
welded in order glass
to minimize
unit the
internal building
Building doorunit
services and the
CW
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
help keeping
Acoustic comfortnearly-constant
conditions on the
Energy internal (harvesting,
management surface of storing,
the test supply) TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels SG
The facility will be
air quality
Appearance
unobstructed exposition(aesthetic met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
is wellquality) in combination with mechanical ventilation systems
Structure typical of short grass lawns,
performance The internal dimensions of the metering box used MFM
Mobile screens 3.0
protect the zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
guardgeneration
Energy the internalsolutions
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control 4.1 m
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Involved
the person(s):
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the building Andreaskin Kindinis
resources, etc): BF

72
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify):PV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): 1

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. View of the LED display showcasing an interactive
piece by Jeremy Rotsztain
2. View of the solar cells producing energy for the
media wall
73
is the decoupling
DETAILEDof the two test typologies. OF
EXPLANATION This THE FACADE AND
has led to a configuration by
OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION SYSTEM which the Intrinsic (auto reactive)
gasaphase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringThe project is tests.
the calorimetric basedA on schemeGreenPix,
of carbon-neutral
Other (specify)
both configurations
media wall for theforoperation
the Xicuiof the test
Entertainment Complex in
Beijing. Featuring one of the largest color LED display
RESPONSE TIME
worldwide and the first photovoltaic system integrated
used as a into a glass
technical spacecurtain and Instruments
wall in China,
for ventilation system. As concerns the control
GreenPix transfor-
med the building envelop into a self-sufficient
lighting systems. logics, they areorganic
Minutes
system.
New York-based architect Simone Giostra pushes this
Days
technology in his site-specific
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal installation,
The improving
envelopes of the metering
units of the the
guardenergy
zone andefficiency of the
the metering previous
box. In guard system,
zone while in-
are constructed with prefabricated
Years
particular, the metering
creasing thebox is equipped
resolution a sandwich
withdigital
of the displaypanels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
and effec-
(specify)injected-
tively achieving a transparent media wall.
SolPix allows
The solar absorber, consistsdaylight into the
of two stainless building
steel while controlling
conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
its exposure to direct
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high sunlight, particular
reducing care
heat gainis taken
and in order to minimize the
pressure intransforming
order to generate internal solar
excessive channels thermal bridges
radiation into energy for around the entrance
On/Off door and the
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component
the media wall. When applied to building exteriors, the
sun-shading elements provide unobstructed
outside Other (specify)
views
needed for the from theof building
computation the coolinginterior,
power. while lending a con-
The absorber temporary texture
plate will be coatedto thea building
with Exposure
selective exterior. – South
The horizon- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coating
tal orwith solar absorption
vertical panels can coefficient
be mounted at a preferred Nanometers
angle or can be rotated in order to maximize exposure
help to direct
keeping sunlight.
nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
surface
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change Involvedrollers,
blinds)
change in progress
74
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Text description provided by the architects: Simone Giostra &
Partners
https://inhabitat.com/giant-solpix-led-wall-is-a-photovoltaic-solar-
shield/ (Accessed July 22, 2018)
https://www.designboom.com/design/simone-giostra-partners-
architects-solpix/ (Accessed July 22, 2018)
https://www.fastcompany.com/1644131/solpix-giant-led-display-
doubles-solar-shield (Accessed July 22, 2018)
© Simone Giostra & Partners

Rosa Romano
Mark Alston

4
3. Interactive Experience
4. System components as applied to a building
curtain wall
75
COMPONENT SYSTEM
InDeWaG, BAYREUTH (DE), 2015
ESTP
Prof.outdoor test cell
Dr. Dieter Brüggemann
Absolute guarded test(Industrial

cell
MATERIAL
The research project InDeWaG Deve-

lopment of Fluid Flow en Constructibilité,
Glazing Systems) Université
has been Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
funded for three and a half years by the European
Union within the framework of the program
Aim of the test facility
HORIZON
COMPONENT
2020.test facility under development in means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy

The outdoor
Paris atThe
the Ecole
project Spéciale
will bedes Travaux
ended Publics, 2019.
in March, ±0.02 %);
du Bâtiment
The focus et ofde this
l'Industrie (ESTP)
project is in
an insulating
- glazing
coolingunitpower: calculated from the
filled up with a water-glycol fluid circulating within one
FACADE
allow toof obtain
the Insulating
reliable Glass Units
estimates of (IGU)
thermalcavities. The glass
units will
performance be developed
indicators for both, the
of transparent andusage within faça-
opaque desbuilding
andelements.
as interior A separation
detailed discussion
walls. They are concei-
of design choices and early simulation results
ved to serve for both heating and cooling. can
The aim is to combine these units with other technolo-
but alsogies in HVAC
flexible enough systems, suchforasindoor
to be used photovoltaic and the
and allows high-direct measurement of: global and
efficiency
environmental qualityheat exchangers
(IEQ) leading to minimized
investigations. diffuse solartotal
irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
energy consumptions of buildings without restrictions
Description of the test
of daylight facility
autonomy. water.
anemometers,
INSULATING capacitance relative humidity
metering FLUID
box, while FLOWthe IEQGLAZING SYSTEMS;
tests are carried out GLAZING; DAYLIGHT
2.. WhenBuilding
and controlofof
used as Building status space for- ventilation and Instruments system.
The proposed cooling systemDETAILED DESCRIPTION
range of TECHNOLOGY
OF COMPONENT
and reported/ External skin
battery. Proposal
formulated/Design cm wall
Curtain thick
(stick)injected-
Window frame -2 -1
demonstration
to minimize
unit the
internal building
Building doorunit
services and the
CW
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating with solar absorption coefficient Solar tube ATF
comfort
Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
Acoustic comfort
conditions Energy management (harvesting,the
on the internal surface of test supply)
storing, TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
The facility will be Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
Indoor airpositioned
quality with its south façade
Appearance
quality)
in combination with mechanical ventilation systems
for controlling
guardgeneration
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control 4.1 m
the person(s):
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the building Andreaskin Kindinis
resources, etc): BF

76
TYPE OF MATERIAL TYPEINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
OF SWITCHABLE OF WATER-FLOW GLASS FAÇADE SYSTEMS (In
GLAZING
The research project InDeWaG (Industrial Development of Fluid Flow
funded for three-and-a-half-years by the EU within the framework o
The project will be ended in March, 2019.
Wood The focus
Photo-chromic of this project is an insulating glazing unit filled up w
Salthydrates circulating within one of the IGU cavities. The glass units will be deve
Fluidglass
Other (specify):
Other (specify):Fluidglass
façades and as interior separation walls. They are conceived to serve
The aim is to combine these units with other technologies in HVAC s
high-efficiency heat exchangers leading to minimized total energ
without restrictions of daylight autonomy.
Blinds with slat angle control In order to ensure the optimal integration of the FFG modules in the
Bi-directional transmission control it is essential to understand their exact spectral, thermal, mechanica
Insulating shutters For this purpose mathematical models for the relevant physical proc
Shading with dual-axis tracking dynamics, optical and structural behavior as well as environmental in
Other (specify): model of the glazing are mapped using highly complex flow simulatio
Dynamics). The results are validated by spectrophotometer measure
measurements.
MATERIAL EFFECT
HOW DOES THE MATERIAL ADAPT? The two laminated glass panes each consist of 2 x 8 mm TVG as well
Shape Memory Material There is a water chamber between the two VSG panes; in the second
Bi-material effect mixture. Due to the desired floor height, the dimensions of the Glazi
Electroactive material mm.
1
As an example of WFG (Water Flow Glazing) Layers
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Flow distribution and Temperature (source: http://www.htco.de)
Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
Chemical 1. An example of WFG (Water Flow Glazing) layers
2. Prototype
Prototype WFG WFG (Water
(Water Flow
Flow Glazing)
Glazing) BAUBAU 2017 Münich - ETEM Stand
2017
Other (specify): Münich - ETEM Stand
3. Bulgarian Pavilion with WFG Modules designed by
Architektonika (source: http://www.architectonika.
com)
77
ESTP outdoor test cell 3

- Indoor Environmental Quality main TYPE
CONTROL/OPERATION
DETAILED EXPLANATION the firstOFstepTHE FACADE AND
is the decoupling of the two test typologies. This SYSTEM Intrinsic (auto reactive)
OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION tests. The set of available sensors includes
Pt100, T-type thermocouples, Extrinsic omnidirectional
InDeWaG anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while thefacade
IEQ tests or are
radiant
carriedthermal
out management ele- Electromagnetic
Bulgarian Pavilion with WFG Modules designed by Architektonika (source: http://www.architecto
in a larger ments
zone duringand
room. The
the are
do not“room”
calorimetric
designed
need
tests.
sophisticated
works
such
as a guard electrical integration
A scheme
as to haveof
gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy
“passive” control
Other (specify)unit. More
both configurations
over heatingfor the and operation
cooling of the
by test
convection and low tests.
de-
acoustic comfort SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
cell is presented
gree in of [7] and can
forced be seen intransport.
mechanical Figure The core element
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and control
space, it is to achieve
possible this objective
to apply a false ceilingis a to“Triple Glazing Element”,
be performed
of the facility will be
Construction of Bulgarian demonstrator is scheduled in August 2018 and will be built on the site
Seconds
by means of an integrated National
used as a intechnical
which aspacefluid-mainly a water-glycol mixture - issystem.
circu- As concerns the control
Minutes
for ventilation and Instruments
Academy in Sofia.
lighting systems.
lated with a minimum of forced pumping. logics, they are presently Hoursbeing tested by means
The two laminated glass panes each of aconsist
thermal of model
2,0 described
x Dayswith more details in
The proposed [7].
8,0cooling system consists
mm Through Glass Via of a (TVG)
high- as well a 1,52 mm
Seasons
thick SentryGlas®Plus
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal
(SGP) interlayer.
The envelopes of the metering
Years zone and the
units of the There is a water
guard zone and the chamber
meteringbetween
box. In the guard
two zone are constructed with prefabricated
TVG panes;
Other (specify)
in the
particular, the second
metering boxSoftware
is equipped Defined
with aRadiosandwich
(SDR) panels,
thereformed
is by two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorberan andargon-air mixture.
an auxiliary cooling Due steel floor
to the desired
battery. sheetsheight,
and 15 cm thick injected-
polyurethane foam. The SYSTEMresulting
DEGREE thermal
OF ADAPTIVITY:
the dimensions of the Glazing element is 1300,0 x
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal toOn/Off 0.153 W.m-2.K-1. A
3000,0 mm.
pressure inInorder orderto to ensureinternal
generate the optimal
channels thermal of
integration bridges around theGradual
the Fluid entrance door and the
for the passage
FlowofGlazing
distilled(FFG)
water. modules
Distilled water interfacebuilding
in the overall where the test component
cli- is installed.
Other (specify)
is chosen for mate concept,toit accurately
the possibility is essential knowto its
understand their exact
specific heat capacity thermal,
at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1 DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
spectral, mechanical and fluid dynamic pro-
perties.
TiNOX® coatingFor thiswithpurpose mathematical
solar absorption coefficientmodels for the relevant Micrometers
α ~ 95 % physical
and thermal processes
emissivity (heat
ε ~ 4 exchange,
%.The Climate fluid –flow dyna-
Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
solar absorbermics, is also
opticalusedand as baffle in order
structural to
behavior as well as envi-
Centimeters
ronmental influences) within a software model of the
glazing are mapped using highly complex Coolingflow simula-
– Cooling
Meters
coil, Radiant panels
element.
tions Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Other (specify)
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of01
theNot visible (heat
metering box storage,
used phase change materials)
02 Visible, no surface3.0
change (smart glazing)
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internalsurface
03 Visible, dimensions
change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
4.0 m 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
with the only exception of the south façade where
dynamic facade elements)  Involved person(s):
Other (specify)
78
NEWS
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
Issue 2
Yearly cost of maintenance -
Yes
No
Horizon
the research project 2020 Research and Innovation Action – InDe
Other (specify): this issue is an ongoing Works within
with circulating fluid inside the glazing attracted great interest during th
fully functional
High (double skin facades, highmodel
tech, etc) of the planned demonstrator building with temper
flow glazing facades. Visitors were able to watch a video showing the princ
well
SYSTEMasMAINTENANCE
the flowFREQUENCY and temperature distribution within the demonstrator. Man
established
Daily during the project exhibition. Promotional materials for visitors
SENES - rollup, leaflets, pens, writing pads.
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Text description provided by: Ümit Esiyok 23-24 March 2017, 2nd Annual
4 Innovat
uesiyok@bollinger-grohmann.de
http://www.indewag.eu/d (Accessed July 22, 2018)

Summit, Prague, Czech Republic
Luis J. Claros-Marfil, J., Padial, F., Lauret, B. (2016), A New and

Dipl. Eng.
Inexpensive Veneta
Open Source Novakova
Data Acquisition and Controller forfrom
So- ETEM gave an inside about InDeWaG pro
titled
Energy, v. “Developing a commercial façade system using water flow glazing, wh
lar Research: Application to a Water-Flow Glazing, Renewable
92, pp. 450-461
control theG.,thermal
Fernando del Ama, stability
Belen, M., Juan, Juan A.Hernandez,in the interior spaces, and, in the same time a
order to get use forof it.” V. byNovakova introduced to the audience of pr

R. (2017), Thermal simulation of a Zero Energy glazed pavilion
in Sofia, Bulgaria. New strategies energy management
objectives of the InDeWaG approach, the advantages of FFG façades, pre

means of Water flow Glazing, IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering
ofReference
concept,to picture technical knowledge for FFG, innovation steps and challenges o
© Ümit Esiyok
5
Ümit Esiyok
uesiyok@bollinger-grohmann.de
Rosa Romano

4. System components as applied to a building

curtain wall
5. Principe of Fluid Flow Glazing as actively
controllable radiant cooling and heating
element (Source: Intelliglass, 2014)
6. FFG façade design. It Is a facade developed
with water flow glazing, which is able to
actively control the thermal stability in the
interior spaces, and, in the same time absorb
solar energy, in order to get use of it.
6
12-16 June, 2017, World Multidisciplinary Civil Engin

Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium, Prague, C
Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Associate Professor, American
79
Khaimah , Belen Moreno, fellow researcher – UPM
A.Hernandez Ramos, Associate Professor from UPM, dis
COMPONENT SYSTEM
BIPV ADAPTIVE FLAKES, MILAN (IT), 2016
ESTP outdoor
Enrico test cell Luisa Doniacovo
Sergio Mazzucchelli,
Absolute guarded test from

cell
MATERIAL
The BIPV façade system, developed Italian team,

is able to orientateen
theConstructibilité, Université
photovoltaic cells Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
in an intrinsic
way, in order to optimize the energy production in re-
COMPONENT
lation
Aim of the testtofacility
the outdoor conditions over a circulation year. Becausefans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
of thetest facility dynamism,
passive under development in means
the component can of adapt
Paris atitself
the Ecoleto theSpéciale
external des Travaux
climaticPublics,
conditions %);
±0.02without an
electrically powered mechanical system. - This cooling
allowspower: calculated from the
FACADE
Research to saveGroup the related movement
of Politecnico di Milano, energy
will consumption,
based mass-flow meter, accuracy %); and
allow toresulting in a more energy-efficient
of thermaloverall system be-
±0.5
obtain reliable estimates
performance
haviour. indicators
The lightness of transparent
should beand maintained to allow
opaque thebuilding elements.on
installation A detailed discussion
substructures of limited size: this ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
leads to save on cost and
use of building materials. At
weather conditions: a dedicated weather
the same
facility with time, theforcomponent
high accuracy calorimetric musttests have a good
station me-on a roof of the ESTP campus,
is placed
but alsochanical
flexible enough
behaviour to beunder used the
for indoor
action of andatmospheric
environmental
agentsquality such(IEQ)
as wind,investigations.
rain, hail, etc., but diffuse
alsosolar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
a good
facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
behaviour in relation to dust and pollution action. Inspeed and direction and rainfall
humidity, wind
this regard, the component must be easily cleaned
according -frequency
IndoorandEnvironmental Quality main
measurements and to
IEQ the ordinary the
campaigns, maintenance
first step
is the decoupling
modalities. of the two test typologies. This
anemometers, capacitance relativeMATERIALS,humidity
metering BIPV,
box, while ADAPTIVE
the IEQ tests FLAKES, SHADING
are carried out SYSTEM, HYGROMORPHIC TIMBER
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard
use zone is used - as an office The monitoring Orientation and controlofof
facade South, East, West
used as Building status space for- ventilation and Instruments system.
The proposed cooling systemDETAILED consists of a high- DESCRIPTION
range of TECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESSboth theLEVELterminal The envelopes of the TYPE metering zone and the SYSTEM
OF COMPONENT
and reported/
External skin
Proposal cm wall
(stick)
Window frame -2 -1
demonstration
to minimize
unit the
internal building
Building doorunit
services and the
CW
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
help keeping
Acoustic comfortnearly-constant
conditions on the
Energy internal (harvesting,
management surface of storing,
air quality
Appearance
quality)
Mobile screens 3.0
guardgeneration
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control 4.1 m
the person(s):
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the building Andrea skin Kindinis
resources, etc): BF

80
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Flake that changes its shape
MATERIAL EFFECT
HOW DOES THE MATERIAL ADAPT? 1
Bio-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

2
Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
3
Thermal
Chemical 1. Flakes adaptive layer (15 x 10 cm) with fixing
holes.
Other (specify): outdoor climate
2. Detail of the slotted holes and the neoprene
gaskets.
3. Flakes with adaptive and photovoltaic layer.
81
is the decoupling
DETAILED of the two test typologies. OF
has led to OFaTHE configuration
CONTROL/OPERATIONby which the SYSTEM Intrinsic (auto reactive)
in a larger The
room.BIPV adaptive flakes
as a canguardbe installed on a wood
The “room” works Electromagnetic
zone duringframe to createtests.
the calorimetric modular
A schemepanels of that can be used as
Other (specify)
both configurations
façade for the operation
cladding, of the testsystem and street fur-
sun-shading acoustic comfort tests.
niture item too. The basic preassembled module con-
RESPONSE TIME
sists of a wood perimeter frame, that is the support for
used as a transoms,
technical space whereforthe flakes are
ventilation and fastened
Instruments with system.
screws.As concerns the control
Concerning the union between the logics,
lighting systems. flakesthey are presently
adaptive lay- being tested by means
Minutes
er and the photovoltaic one, steel male-female screws
are used. The assembly between the adaptive and the Days
photovoltaic layers
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminalshould allow The
the envelopes
adjustment of
of the
this metering
units of the last
guard zone
one toandthethe metering
shape taken box.byIn theguard zone are constructed
self-adjusting ma- with prefabricated
Years
terial, dependingbox is equipped
on the outdoor sandwich panels,
with a conditions. Forformed
this by two 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)injected-
purpose, slotted holes on the lower part of the foam.
polyurethane flakes The resulting thermal
have been provided. The male-female screws, inser-
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m -2 .K-1. A OF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
ted into special neoprene
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high gaskets, particular
can movecarein is taken
these in order to minimize the
pressure inholesorder when the flake
to generate changes
internal channels thermal
its shape. bridges
The holes around
pro- the entrance
On/Off door and the
for the passage interface where the test component is installed.
videdof for distilled water. Distilled
the connection at water
the upper part are instead Gradual
circular and they constitute the fixed
connection point Other (specify)
needed for thebetween
computationthe two layers.
of the coolingThese
power. joints, protruding from
The absorber theplate
flakewill surface,
be coated allow a 0.5 cm Exposure
with a selective back-PV –cell South venti- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coatinglation,with solar absorption
designed to avoid coefficient
the overheating of the cells
α ~ 95 % themselves.
and thermal emissivity ε ~ cm4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
The 15x10 flake has four fixing point.
help BIPV flakes
keeping can also be
nearly-constant used as fixed
convection Heating or –mobile
Heatingsun-coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
conditions on the internal
shading system, surface of thethe
modifying testpanel’s wooden frame.
element. In this case, the panels consist of a timber framework Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
(40x100 mm in section) and intermediate transoms, Meters

where the flakes are fastened. In addition, transoms
Other (specify)
of 20x100 mm (at
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground the base and atDimensions
the top of and
the capabilities
mul-
reflectance lions,
of 0.25,astypical
well of asshort
every grass cm) areThe
60 lawns, internalto
inserted dimensions
tighten of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
the substructure. In case of mobile sun-shading, the 01 Not visible (heat storage, phase change materials)
handling system is made up of steel guides anchored
surface
with the onlytoexception
the upper floor,
of the southwhere
façadesliding
where carriages,
4.0 m connected
03 Visible, surface change Involvedrollers,
blinds)
the test sample
to theis installed.
panels, are inserted. Andrea Kindinis
About the electrical wires that connect the PV cells,
they are inserted into special grooves of the wooden
change in progress
frame
relevant heat flux profiles.
and environmental quantities
contributions:
Other (specify)  Contact person(s):
82
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
4 5
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Text description provided by the:
Mazzucchelli, E. S., Doniacovo, L. (2017), The integration of

BIPV adaptive lakes in the building envelope, 12th Conference
on Advanced Building Skins
Mazzucchelli, E. S., Alston, M., Doniacovo, L. (2017), Com-

bining timber and photovoltaic technologies: study of a BIPV
wooden adaptive system, Ne-xt facades Conference, Lucerne
Mazzucchelli, E. S., Alston, M., Brzezicki, M. and Pottgiesser,

U. (2017), Desired morphology in energy capture and storage
advanced façades, Ne-xt facades Conference, Lucerne
© Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli

Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Rosa Romano
6
4. Façade functional layers: 1 – Energy
capture layer, 2 – Self-adjusting layer, 3 –
Substructure layer, 4 – Ventilation gap, 5
– Other wall layers (support layer, thermal
insulation, etc.).
5. Example of flakes curvature
6. Example of BIPV adaptive flakes integration in
an envelope system
83
COMPONENT SYSTEM
SHAPESHIFT, Zürich (CH), 2010
ESTP outdoor
M. Kretzer, testE. cell
D. Rossi, Augustynowicz, S. Georgakopulou, S. Sixt
Absolute
‘ShapeShift’guarded test cell
MATERIAL
is an experiment in future possibilities

of architectural en Constructibilité,
materialization Université
and ‘organic’ Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
kinetics.
The project explores the potential application of Elec-
COMPONENT
the test
Aim of tro Active facility
Polymer (EAP) at an architectural circulation scale.
fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
EAP test is afacility
polymer underactuator
developmentthat in meanselectrical
converts of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atpower
the Ecole intoSpéciale
kinetic des force.Travaux
Due Publics, ±0.02 %);
to its extreme flexibility,
lightness, transparency,
thin dimensions - and cooling
its abilitypower: calculated from the
to smoothly measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group of changePolitecnico shape withoutwillthe need
di Milano, for exter-
allow to nalobtain
actuatorsreliableit isestimates
a highlyof attractive
thermal component for
performance indicators
architectural of transparent
solutions. and
In this proposal, the distinctive
opaquematerial
building elements. A detailed discussion
be found properties are not
in [7]. The major merely
design used
aim is as aan actuator
to build - repla-conditions: a dedicated weather
weather
cement
facility with high but are also
accuracy orchestrated
for calorimetric testsfor station
their aesthetic
is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but alsoqualities. The thin
flexible enough to film functions
be used as a possible
for indoor and allows alterna-
the direct measurement of: global and
environmental  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
tive forquality (IEQ) investigations.
conventional building skins anddiffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall
envisions the concept of a futuristic, soft, flexible and
In order sensitive to architecture.
optimize both calorimetric
metering EAP,
box, while ORGANIC’
the IEQ testsKINETICS,
are carried out SENSITIVE ARCHITECTURE, ACRYLIC TAPE
tests. Type -
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used - as an office The monitoring Orientationand controlof of
facade -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF COMPONENT
External skin
formulated/Design steel sheets and 15 cm wall
Curtain thick
(stick)injected-
03. Technology validated in lab Window frame -2 -1
to minimize
unit the
internal building
product/Existing
entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
help keeping
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
Mobile screens 3.0
protect the guard
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control
4.1 m
Other (durability, accesibility, use of natural Building automation systems for Involved
the person(s):
management
resources, etc): of plants and elements of the building Andrea
skin Kindinis BF

84
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Adaptive material
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):
2 3 4

Other (specify): Electric
5

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
6
1. SHAPESHIFT prototype
2. Side View
3. Front View
4. Component
5. Perspective View
6. Concept of the facade system
85
The component based form results sensors, out from theglobo-thermometers,
material’s luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
with spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringdesire to returntests.
the calorimetric into Aitsscheme
originalof shape combined Other (specify)
speciallyfordesigned structural frames sensors will betoused
developed al- for dedicated visual and
both configurations the operation of the test
low an
cell is presented appropriate
in [7] and can bedegree seen in of flexibility.
Figure SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the This minimum energy structure The
guard zone is used as an office retainsmonitoring and control of the facility will be
a variable
Seconds
stiffness, which allows for a variety of deformations
the control
within a given range. Each elementlogics,
lighting systems. they are
consists of apresently
thin being tested by means
layer of highly elastic, stretched acrylic tape that
of a thermal modelis at-
described with more details in
Hours
The proposed tachedcoolingto system consistsframe
a supportive of a high- [7].
and sandwiched between Days
stability distilled-water storage This(keeping Construction and boundaries
water in a through
two electrodes. is achieved coating both Seasons
sides of the film equally
with conductiveguard carbon
zone powder
andmetering
particular, the insulating box them with awith
is equipped sandwich
thina layer panels,
of liquid formed byOther
silicon. two 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)
solar absorberOnce and aanvoltage
auxiliaryin cooling steel kilovolts
battery.of several
the range sheets isand ap- 15 cm thick injected-
plied, the polymer changes its shapepolyurethane in two ways.foam. First, The resultingDEGREE thermal
The solar absorber,
due to the consists of two of
attraction stainless steel conductance
the opposing charges, the
is equal to SYSTEM
film is
0.153 W.m-2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken in order On/off to minimize the
pressure insqueezed
order to generatein its thickness direction.thermal
internal channels Second, the repel-
bridges around the entrance door and the
water interface
on bothwhere the test component
ling forces between equal charges electrodes Gradualis installed.
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled
is chosen for result in a linear
the possibility expansion
to accurately know of its
the film. After actuation Other (specify)
the film becomes thinner and its surface area increa-
ses. As the membrane is attached to 1,5 mm flexible DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
acrylic frames, due
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient to the initial prestretching of the Nanometers
α ~ 95 % polymer
and thermal film, the rhombic
emissivity ε ~ 4 frame
%.The bends Climate – Cachan,
when the ma- 48°79′N;Micrometers
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorberterial is also
is inused as bafflecondition.
its relaxed in order toAfter the high voltage
help keeping nearly-constant Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
is applied, the materialconvection
expands, and the component
element.
flattens out. Parallel to the design of a single
Cooling element,
– Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Meters
efforts in structural arrangements and tessellations
The facility will
were positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data
be performed. Other (specify)
facing an open meadow,
As with thus the
the single hypothesis
units, of
the dynamic structures achieve
their shape from the relationship of the pre-stretched
EAP to the flexible frame. Through direct component-
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
to-component
protect the guard zone envelope linkages an added
from snow m x 1.2ofmcomplexity
loads layer x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
02 Visible, no surface change (smart glazing)
and rain and isitachieved.
will shade itEach entityirradiance,
from solar of the guard
has an influence zoneform
on the are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
with the onlyand
exception of the ofsouth 4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
movement its façade where and therefore, on the
neighbours,  Involved person(s):
structure as a whole. Andrea Kindinis
facade elements)
86
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Text description provided by: Manuel Kretzer
http://caad-eap.blogspot.it/ (Accessed May 15, 2018)
http://materiability.com/about/ (Accessed May 15, 2018)
Kretzer, M., Rossi, D. (2012), SHAPESHIFT, Leonardo, Vol. 45,

N. 5, pp. 480–481
Lochmatter, P. (2007), Development of a Shell-like Electroactive

Polymer (EAP) Actuator, (PhD thesis) Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (ETH), Zurich
© Manuel Kretzer 8

Rosa Romano
7. Electrical connection
8. Thin layer Prototype
9. Thin layer Prototype
9
87
COMPONENT SYSTEM
ADAPTIVE FA[CA]DE, London (UK), 2009
ESTP outdoor
Marilena Skavaratest cell
Absolute guarded test cellthe light le-

MATERIAL
Driven by the need to effectively mediate

 Institut
velsde
of Recherche en following
buildings and Constructibilité, Université
the paradigm Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
of natural
systems, Adaptive Fa[CA]de explores the possibilities
COMPONENT
Aim of ofthelearning
test facility the emergent complexity of circulation
Cellularfans
Au-and active sensors: measured by
tomata
The outdoor test(CA) with
facility artificial
under Neural inNetworks
development means of (NN) to
Paris atcontrol
the Ecole anSpéciale
adaptive desskin.
Travaux
WhilePublics,
is often±0.02 %); that
assumed
adaptation to a complex set of phenomena - cooling
requirespower: calculated from the
equally measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group(orofeven more) dicomplex
Politecnico Milano, control
will mechanisms,
allow to obtain reliable
Adaptive Fa[CA]de estimates
suggests of athermal
simpler control system
performance
in terms indicators
of independentof transparent
units, yetandmorebox contextual to
opaqueits building elements.
environment. A detailed discussion
ADAPTIVE, anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while the IEQMACHINE tests are carriedLEARNING,
out NEURAL NETWORKS, CELLULAR AUTOMATA
tests. Type -
2.. WhenBuilding
and controlof of
facade -
a technical As concerns the control
Other informations -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF COMPONENT
External skin
02. Technology
battery. Proposal cm wall
Curtain thick
(stick)injected-
(AISI 304)04. Prototype
sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken Insulated
to minimize
unit the
internal building
product/Existing
entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
be coated / PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other:
help keeping
Acoustic comfort nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
control
4.1 m
the person(s):
management
skin Kindinis BF

88
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

1
Other (specify): Electric

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
2
1. Side view of the kinetic prototype showing the
3D-printed armature that supports the kinetic
panels. a-g. Various Cellular Automata patterns as
manifested on the working prototype
2. Adaptive Fa[CA]de render
89
Adaptive Fa[CA]de utilises the sensors, globo-thermometers,
inherent complexity luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
the input spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringfound in severaltests.
the calorimetric CA Atoscheme
effectively
of minimise Other (specify)
both configurations
from theforenvironment
the operationand of the test maximum adaptabi-
achieve
lity, significantly
cell is presented in [7] and canreducing
be seen inenergyFigure and cost and levera- SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
ging the building’s performance.
Seconds
A finite grid of panels, each capable of tilting to va-
Minutes
rious angles but obeying to a CA rule,
lighting systems. logics, they are
allows presently being tested by means
different
Hours
amounts of light to penetrate the of a thermalUsing
building. modelCA described with more details in
patterns as an interface between external conditions
and desired overall and local optima throughout a bu-
ilding, the signal is efficiently
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In communicated
guard zone down
are the
constructedYearswith prefabricated
façade.
particular, the metering However intricate,with
box is equipped or chaotic,
a sandwich the panels,
generatedformed byOther
(specify)
solar absorber and an are,
patterns auxiliary
no cooling
compromisebattery. between steel aesthetic
sheets merit
and pragmatic goals needs to be made.
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM DEGREE
0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
This project suggests
that complex adaptations
particular care can
is be
taken in order to minimize the
On/off
pressure inachieved and thatinternal
order to generate complexity
channels itself thermal
can bebridges
the toolaround
for the entrance door and the
for the passage
a deeper of distilled water. Distilled
understanding water
of our interface
natural where the test component
and constructed Gradualis installed.
world. The fact that the system is able to accommo- Other (specify)
specific heat datecapacity at constant
complexity bothpressure (cp), Number of
in the environmental
test beds – 1
data and in
The absorber theplateCAwillstructure
be coated itself
with suggests
a selective that Exposure
a control system
– South
TiNOX® coatingcan be withmade to adapt to
solar absorption such conditions even when
coefficient Nanometers
α ~ 95 % the and mechanism for doing
thermal emissivity ε ~ 4so Climate
is initially
%.The – Cachan,
unknown or un-48°79′N;Micrometers
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorber is also used
perceived. as baffle
Shifting frominresponsiveness
order to to intelligence Millimeters
and adaptability can lead to dynamic, sustainable con-
element. figurations of high aesthetic value. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant Meters
panels
The kinetic prototype shown here was manufactured
The facility will
withbelaser-cut
positionedacrylic
with its panels
south façade Ventilation
connected – No Data
to a system of Other (specify)
3d-printed thus Each
joints. the hypothesis
panel was of operated by a simple
servo motor and the whole grid was controlled by a
centralised
will be considered. script running
A dedicated real-time
structure in calorimetric
will for Processingmeasurements
lan- arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
guage.
protect the guard zoneThe script from
envelope included
snow a fixed m
loads x 1.2 model,
virtual m x 3.0 m, while the
a gi- internal dimensions
and rain and it will shade CAit from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
ven 7-state rule and an artificial NN employed to 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
with the onlytrain
the system.  Involved person(s):
Andrea Kindinis
90
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Information not available: 3
Reference
Text description provided by: Marilena Skavara
http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19042/ (Accessed May 15, 2018)
© Marilena Skavara

Marilena Skavara
The Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL
Rosa Romano
4
3. Perspective view of the model in action.

91
COMPONENT SYSTEM
HYGROSCOPE, Centre Pompidou, Paris (FR), 2012
ESTP outdoor
Achim test cell
Menges Architect
Absolute
The project guarded
explores a noveltest
mode ofcell
MATERIAL
responsive ar-
chitecture based on the combination of material inhe-
rent behaviour and computational morphogenesis.
The dimensional instability of wood in relation to moi- COMPONENT
Aim of the test facility
sture content is employed to constructcirculation a climate fans and active sensors: measured by
re-
sponsive architectural morphology. Suspended
Paris at the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics, ±0.02 %); within
du Bâtiment
a humidity et controlled
de l'Industrie
glass(ESTP)
case the in model opens and
collaboration
closes with the end-use
in response Efficiency
to climate changesmeasurement
with no need of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
for any technical equipment or energy.based will Meremass-flow
fluctua- meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
tions in relative humidity trigger the silent the temperatures
changes of at the envelope of the metering
box structure
opaque material-innate
building elements.movement. The material
A detailed discussion it-
of design choices
self is theand early simulation results can
machine.
be foundThein [7]. The major
project wasdesign aim is to build
commissioned by athe -Centreweather
Pompi-conditions: a dedicated weather
facility with
dou high
Parisaccuracy for calorimetric
for its permanent tests station
collection and it is
was placed
firston a roof of the ESTP campus,
shownquality
environmental in the exhibition
(IEQ) “Multiversitésdiffuse
investigations. Créatives“ on
2nd of May 2012. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
anemometers, capacitanceAUTOREACTIVE
relative humidity
metering MOISTURE
box, while the SENSITIVE; PARAMETRIC;
IEQ tests are carried out WOOD; KINETIC;
tests. Type All with significant RH variations
2.. WhenBuilding
used asBuilding
a technical
Built and Instruments system.
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF COMPONENT
External skin
battery. Proposal
formulated/Design Curtaincm wall thick
(stick)injected-
-2 -1

Insulated to minimize
glass unit the
internal building
product/Existing
entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
plate will be coated with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
Switchable Glazing
Visual comfort
Other:
Acoustic comfort
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
quality)
Mobile screens 3.0
protect the guard
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
the person(s):
resources, etc): of plants and elements of the building Andrea skin Kindinis BF

92
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):
TYPE OF TRIGGER (IMPUT)

Air quality (humidity, CO2 concentration, etc) 1

Other (specify):

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
2
1. Hygroscope – Achim Mengis/ICD Stuttgart 2012:
Understanding material properties of wood – folding
with humidity (www.achimmenges.net)
Understanding material properties of wood – folding
with humidity (www.achimmenges.net)
93
The project is based
on more than five years
sensors, of design
globo-thermometers, luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
zone duringresearch on climate
the calorimetric tests. responsive
A scheme of architectural systems Other (specify):
both configurations
that do not for the operation
require any of the testequipment, motor fun-
sensory
cell is presented
ctionsinor [7]even
and can be seen
energy. in Figure
Here, the responsive capacity is
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and controlSYSTEM RESPONSE
ingrained in the material’s hygroscopic behaviour and
Seconds
used as a anisotropic
technical space characteristics. and Instruments
for ventilationAnisotropy denotessystem.
the di- As concerns the control
Minutes
rectional dependence of a material’slogics,
lighting systems. they are presently
characteristics, in being tested by means
this case the different physical properties of wood in of a thermal model described with more details in
Hours
relation to grain directionality. Hygroscopicity refers to Days
a substance’s ability to take in moisture from the atmo-
Seasons
sphere when dry and
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In yield moisture guard
to the zone are
atmosphere constructed with prefabricated
Years
particular, the
when metering box is equipped
wet, thereby maintaining sandwich panels,
with aa moisture contentformedin byOther
(specify):
equilibrium with cooling battery.
the surrounding steel sheets
relative humidity.andIn 15 cm thick injected-
the process of adsorption and desorption of moisture
the material changes
physically, as water
particular molecules
thermal bridges around the entranceOn/off door and the
pressure inbecome
order to bonded
generate to the material
internal channelsmolecules.
for the passage of distilled or
The increase water. bound interface
Distilledofwater
decrease where thethe
water changes test component
distance between to accurately know its in the wood cell tis-
the microfibrils Other (specify)
specific heat sue,capacity at constant
resulting in both pressure
a change (cp), in Number of test beds – 1
strength due to in-
The absorber terfibrillar
plate will bonding
be coatedand with aa significant decrease–inSouth
selective Exposure overall DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coatingdimension.
with solarGiven the right
absorption morphological articulation,
α ~ 95 % this and dimensional
thermal emissivity change ε ~ can
4 %.The Climateto
be employed Cachan,the
– trigger 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
solar absorbershape is also used of
change asabaffle in orderelement.
responsive to This– enables to Radiant
help keeping Heating Heating coil, panels
Millimeters
employnearly-constant
simple wood, one
convection
of the oldest and most com-
Centimeters
element. mon construction materials, as a climate-responsive, Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Meters
natural composite that can be physically programmed
The facility will be positioned
to compute with itsshapes
different south façade Ventilation
in response – No Data
to changes in Other (specify)
relative thus the hypothesis of
humidity.
The thin wooden sheets curve (opening) and extend
for calorimetric 01 Not
measurements arevisible (heat 3.0
(closing) Athrough
will be considered. dedicated a hygroscopic
structure will behaviour (ability to
protect the guard
take inzone envelopefrom
moisture from snow loads m x 1.2
the atmosphere m x 3.0
when dry m, while the
and 02internal dimensions
and rain and it willmoisture
shade it from solar of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
irradiance, when 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
yield to the atmosphere wet) in respon-
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Involved person(s):
se to R.H. fluctuations which trigger the anisotropic 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
characteristics of the materials. dynamic facade elements)
94
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify):


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=5083 (Accessed September
16, 2018)
http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=7291 (Accessed September 16,

2018)
https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c7GpBeA/rb964z 4
http://www.biomimetic-architecture.com/2012/hygroscope-cen-
tre-pompidou-paris/ (Accessed September 16, 2018)
http://www.achimmenges.net/?p=5083 (Accessed September
16, 2018)

Sandra Persiani
Rosa Romano

5

Prototype (www.achimmenges.net)
4. Scientific Development: Humidity Responsive Wood
Composites
5. HygroScope: Meteorosensitive Morphology, Achim
Menges in collaboration with Steffen Reichert, 2012
95
COMPONENT SYSTEM
SOLAR XXI – BIPV - PCM, LISBON (PT), 2015
ESTP outdoor
Laura Aelenei test cell
Absolute guarded was built test cell

MATERIAL
Solar XXI building in Lisbon in 2006 as a

nearly en Constructibilité,
Zero Energy Université
Building demonstration Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
project.
One of the main objective of the project was from the
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of beginning the integration of the solar system circulationin fans
orderand active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
to offset test the
facility
lowunder
energy development
consumption in of means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
the building.
Paris atAthe Ecole Spéciale
BIPV-T system des wasTravaux Publics,
integrated into the %); buil-
±0.02south
ding façade also for the improvement - of the cooling
indoorpower: calculated from the
climate measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Groupduring heating di
of Politecnico season
Milano,in will
the day time hours,
allow to when obtain thereliable estimatesinofthe
heat released thermal
process of converting
performance indicators into
solar radiation of power
transparent and
is successfully box recovered.
opaqueIn building elements. A detailed discussion
order to test other strategies for using (RTDs),
a BIPVaccuracy
for ±0.07 °C);
be found the improuvment
in [7]. The major design of theaim indoor climate
is to build a -and regulating
PV cells,
facility with a different
high accuracy forcombination
calorimetric tests was designed, using on a roof of the ESTP campus,
station is placed
but alsoa storage
flexible enoughmodule. to The
be used storagefor indoor
module and is anallows the direct measurement of: global and
insulated
environmental
box with quality
10 (IEQ)
PCMinvestigations.
(DuPont Energain Datasheet) irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
diffuse solar pla-
tes. Between the PV and the storage box, there is a
In order cavitytoair, optimize
mechanically both ventilated.
calorimetric In this manner, the
- Indoor
throughEnvironmental Quality main
measurements
BIPV-PCM and IEQcancampaigns,
function also the first
as step
heat recover
is the decoupling
ventilationof of thethetwocavity
test typologies.
air. This
BIPV-T; THERMAL anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while the IEQ tests are STORAGE; carried out PCM; ENERGY STORAGE
tests. Type -
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard use zone is used - as an office The monitoring Orientation and controlof of
facade South
used asBuilding
a technicalstatus space for- ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns the control
consists of a high- DESCRIPTION[7]. OF THE CASE STUDY SYSTEM
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESS both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of the TYPE metering zone and the SYSTEM
OF COMPONENT
External skin
formulated/Design steel sheets and 15 cm wall
(stick)
to minimize
unit the
internal building
product/Existing
entrance
Building doorunit
services and the
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfortwith solar absorption coefficient Solar tube ATF

Switchable - Cfb
Visual comfort
Other: PV panel
help keeping
element. SG
The facility
Indoorwill beairpositioned
quality with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
Appearance
quality)
for controlling
protect the
guardgeneration the internalsolutions
and rain Personal
and it willusers’shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
control
4.1 m
the person(s):
management
skin Kindinis BF

96
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): PV Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Superabsorbent material 1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify):
2
Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 1. Inside view of the prototype
2. System configuration
Chemical
3. Views of the prototype installed on the SolarXXI
Other (specify): main façade.
97
metering box, The while the IEQ BIPV-PCM
prototype tests are carriedhas outbeensensors,
designed, installed
Electromagnetic
in a larger and
room.tested
The “room”
in realworks as a guard
condition on the main façade of So- spectroscopy unit. More
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of Other (specify)
larXXI office building in Lisbon. The sensors buildingwill wasbedesig-
ned and acoustic allowing
comfort tests.
cell is presented in [7]prepared
and can be toseen
workinas a test facility,
Figure the
2.. When the guard zone
installation is used
of the as an on
prototype office The monitoring and control of the facility will be
the façade.
space, it is The
possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed
prototype under study consists of an outer layer by means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a (PV technical space Instruments system. As concerns the control
module) andforanventilation
inner layer and(gypsum wallboard Minutes
logics, they are presently being tested by means
lighting systems.
incorporating PCM - Alba®balance of with operating
a thermal modeltem-described with more details in
Hours
The proposed perature
cooling of 23ºC).
system The properties
consists of a highof [7].
the system defined Days
by the three storage
layers are: water in a Construction and boundaries
(keeping Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 The envelopes of the metering
• °C) PV.which
The feeds both the terminal
PV polycrystalline modules has a peak po-
units of the guard zone and the guard zone are constructed with prefabricated
of metering box. In a Short Circuit Cur- Years
wer, Pmax, about 120 (Wp),
particular, the metering box is equipped with a sandwich panels, formed byOther two 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)
solar absorber and rent
an (ISC) ofcooling
auxiliary 7,7 (A)battery.
and an Open steel Circuit
sheetsVoltage
(VOC) of 21,8 (V). polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
crossconductance
section hasisa equalrec- to SYSTEM
DEGREE
The solar absorber,
• Air consists
Cavity. ofThe twoair
stainless
cavitysteel
(AISI 304) sheets weldedshapeand inflated at high particular care is taken in order to minimize the
tangular with 1,75 m width and 0,1 m depth, On/off
and the cavity has a height of 66 cm.
Gradual
is chosen for • thePCM. ThetoPCM
possibility usedknow
accurately is incorporated
its in the gyp- Other (specify)
specific heat capacity
sum boardat constant pressure (cp),
Alba®balance Number of type.
plasterboards The– 1
test beds
needed for the computation
PCM gypsum of the cooling
board is power.
integrated in the BIPV-PCM DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
The absorber plate will beadjacent
coated with Exposure – South
system toatheselective
interior room with 2,5 cm
thick. According to the manufacturing company,
solar absorber isthe alsoPCMusedhas a conductivity
as baffle in order toof 0.33 (W/m.K ) , and
help keeping is considered
nearly-constant a general
convection Heating
specific heat –ofHeating
1132 coil,
(J/ Radiant panels
Millimeters
Kg.K). The surface
materialofhas the atest
density of 1000 (Kg/m3), Centimeters
a latent heat of 12000 (J/kg) and a freezing starts Meters
and
The facility will be end temperatures
positioned of 18ºC Ventilation
with its south façade No Data
and 23ºC –respecti- Other (specify)
facing an open vely.
meadow, thus the hypothesis of
unobstructed In exposition
the case is of well met. A ground
BIPV-PCM Dimensions
(that is the and mo-
case of the capabilities
reflectance dule
of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering box used
integrating PCM in the gypsumforboard), during the
calorimetric measurements arevisible
(WxLxH):
(heat3.0
will be considered. A dedicated structure will 01 Not storage, phase change materials)
daytime, due to sun exposure, the PV panels absorb
and rain and the solar
it will radiation,
shade generating
it from solar heatofduring
irradiance, the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
conversion
with the onlyprocess,
exceptionheatof thethat
southisfaçade
used where 4.0 m
for phase change material 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
melting. During the nighttime, the melted PCM solidi- 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
Andrea Kindinis
fies and delivers heat that keeps the panel warm for a  Operating since:
Monitoring and control system 05 Visible, location or orientation change
prolonged
The monitoring systemperiod
considersof time.
all the most Construction in progress
98
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
4
Yearly
Information not available:
Reference
Aelenei, L., Pereira, R., Ferreira, A., Gonçalves, H., Joyce, A.
(2014), Building Integrated Photovoltaic System with integral
thermal storage: a case study, Renewable Energy Research
Conference, RERC 2014, pp. 172-178
Aelenei, L., Pereira, R., Gonçalves, H., Athienitis, A. (2013),

Thermal performance of a hybrid BIPV-PCM: modeling, design
and experimental investigation, SHC 2013, International Confe-
rence on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry
September 23-25, 2013, Freiburg, Germany, pp. 474-483
Aelenei, L. & Gonçalves, H. (2014), From Solar Building Design 5

to Net Zero Energy Buildings: Performance Insights of an Office
Building, Energy Procedia, 48, pp.1236–1243
Gião Beja Ventura, J. M. (2014), Estudo Experimental de um

Sistema BIPV/T-PCM, (Master Thesis) FCT/UNL, Lisbon Univer-
sity, Lisbon
© Laura Aelenei

Laura Aelenei
LNEG
Rosa Romano
4. Operating mode 1. Winter configuration. Heat

transfer from PV to PCM
transfer from PV to the indoor space
transfer from PCM to indoor space
99
ESO European Southern Observatory / Auer Weber (image: M. Brzezicki)
100
Case studies – Adaptive Façade Systems
Rosa Romano, Daniel Aelenei, Laura Aelenei, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Maria da Glória Gomes, Aleksandra Krstić-
Furundžić, Theoni Karlessi, Christophe Menezo
Introduction
The need to comply with European regulations on the energy efficiency of new and existing
buildings has led the construction and scientific research sectors in recent decades to experiment
in the smart and adaptive envelopes sector: a new generation of vertical closure systems capable
of reducing to zero the net energy consumption of the building in which they are integrated, with the
aim of improving the comfort and sustainability of our cities.
At the same time, envelope systems have been transformed from passive technological solutions
to active systems capable of producing renewable energy and, above all, able of changing the
building in a dynamic and adaptive system, in terms of the spatial configurations and behaviour of
its external skin, to improve indoor comfort conditions. Thanks to the presence of smart materials
and/or automated systems with varying degrees of complexity the building thereby becomes a
dynamic system, which can be likened to a living organism, in which each part reacts to external
and internal input, adapting to the surrounding space with the aim of regulating the energy balance
necessary for it to function.
Case Studies and Adaptivity Readiness Level
The adaptive façade system that have been analysed in the frame of the COST Action TU1403 are
technological systems that efficiently contribute to the energy balance of the building, limiting the
need to use air conditioning devices, with the consequent reduction in energy consumption.
In many cases, intrinsic dynamic façade systems are used which delegate the adaptive capacity
to the smart materials (e.g. Phase Change Material (PCM), Transparent Insulation Material (TIM),
Ethylene TetrafluoroEthylene (ETFE), Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV), etc.) they are
composed of. In these façades, the system’s adaptivity does not necessarily involve a change in
the spatial configuration but concerns regulation of the thermophysical properties based on the
external climatic conditions. This is the case of:
–– Palazzo Lombardia (Italy). The façade consists of an external “skin” (curtain wall) and an
internal “skin” (inter-storey height) in stratified glass. The double skin gap is 95,00 cm. This space,
accessible for the maintenance activities, is equipped with a floating micro-perforated aluminium
floor that regulates the air intake and distribution in the double skin buffer. The building has an
integrated photovoltaic façade that partly provides its energy needs. The sunshields layout, as
well as the airflow, are controlled through a supervision system that operates as a response to
temperature and natural light sensors.
–– nZEB office building Ympäristötalo (Finland), that is characterized by a double skin south
facades with integrated PV cells with an effective solar protection. The total installed PV power is
60 kW (570 m²) that provides about 17% of electricity use of the building. The double skin facade
cavity is open on the bottom and has motorized ventilation openings on the top.
101
–– BIPV/T Systems integrated into the south facade of Solar XXI building in Lisbon (Portugal)
ESTP outdoor
also for test cell of the indoor climate during heating season in the day time hours, when
the improvement
the heat released in the process of converting solar radiation into power is successfully recovered.
The storage module has an insulated box with 10 PCM plates. Between the PV and the storage
box, there is a cavity air, mechanically ventilated. In this manner, the BIPV-PCM can function also
The outdoor test facilityas under
heat recover. As a
development in heating
means strategy, in winterwattmeter
of a high-precision time during the days with high solar radiation, the
(accuracy
temperature of Publics, ±0.02 %);
the air heated by BIPV-T and insufflated into the offices can rich 30°C (Aelenei
2010). - cooling power: calculated from the
Other examples, in which theadaptivity
temperatures can at be
the interpreted
envelope of the asmetering
the capacity to produce energy in a
dynamic waydiscussion
according (RTDs), to the energy requirement of the building, are the façades of:
––
facility with high accuracyThefor Zero calorimetric
Energytests Mediastation
Wall;iswhere
placed on theaGreenPix
roof of the ESTP
curtain campus,
wall transforms the building envelop
into a self-sufficient
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. organic system, harvesting solar energy
diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative by dayand Fig.using
1: 3D itperspective
to illuminate
of the new test cell
humidity, awind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
the screen after dark, mirroring day’s climatic cycle. With the support of leading German
In order to optimize manufacturers Schueco and SunWays, Giostra and Arup developed for this building a new
both calorimetric
measurements and IEQtechnology
campaigns, the forfirst step
laminating photovoltaic
parameters will cells in a glass
be monitored curtain
during wall and oversaw the production of
comfort
the first glass solar panelstests.
by The
Chinese set of available sensors
manufacturer includesThe polycrystalline photovoltaic
Sun-Tech.
cells are
calorimetric tests are carried out laminated
in a dedicated within the glass of capacitance
anemometers, the curtain wall andhumidity
relative placed with changing density on the
in a larger room. The entire
“room” building’s
works as a skin.guard The density pattern increases building performance, allowing natural light
whentests.
zone during the calorimetric required by interior
A scheme of program,
sensors while
will be used reducing heat gain
for dedicated visualandand transforming excessive solar
radiation into energy
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure for the media
acoustic wall.
comfort With
tests. customised software, the skin interacts with the
2.. When the guard zone building
is used interiors and outside
as an office The monitoring
public space, and control of the facility
transforming thewill be
façade into a responsive environment
used as a technical space for entertainment
for ventilation and and public engagement.
Instruments system. As concerns the control
lighting systems. –– The ENERGYbase that logics, with itsthey are presently
special being tested
form carries by means mounted with an air space behind
PV elements
The proposed cooling system(12,00consists
cm gap). of aFurthermore,
high- [7]. thermal collectors are integrated in the top segment of the façade
as shell
stability distilled-water storage of thewater
(keeping building
in a andConstruction
they are and used boundaries
for solar cooling (evaporative cooling cycle) in summer
and contribute to heating in winter. As the windows are set high, daylight can penetrate right into
particular, the meteringthe boxrooms in winter,
is equipped with so sandwich
a even the panels,
core offormed by two 0.6ismm
the building stainless
very well lit, thanks to ample interior glazing
(Goschenhofer 2011). polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
–– The of
The solar absorber, consists Swisstech steel conductance
two stainlessConvention Center.
particular care
is On
is
equal
thetowestern
taken in
0.153 W.m
order to
-2.K-1. A
façade
minimize
of this building, a transparent and
the
coloured glazing
performs the
thermal double
bridges function
around the of solar
entrance protection
door and the of the façade and electricity
producer.
for the passage of distilled It is thewater
water. Distilled interface where
first large-scale the test component
implementation is installed.
of the dyed cells invented by Michael Grätzel,
professor at EPFL and manufactured by Solaronix, an EPFL spin off. In the Swisstech application
needed for the computation the 1400 solar modules,
of the cooling power. each one 35,00 by 50,00 cm in size, combine for a total surface area
of 300,00 m2 (Coccolo, Kaempf, Scartezzini 2015). The translucent panels are integrated as
α ~ 95 % and thermalvertical emissivity shading devices,Climate
ε ~ 4 %.The and create
– Cachan, an interesting
48°79′N; 2°33′E pattern
- Cfb through five different colours, giving
solar absorber is also used as baffle in aorder
the ensemble warm, to dynamic aspect. Each panel features a dedicated micro-converter that
conditions on the internal continually
surface adapts
of the test to the changing light conditions, maximizing the power output of the whole
installation. This innovative type of solar panels have the unmistakable advantage of maintaining
equalwith
The facility will be positioned or its
better
southefficiency when light
façade Ventilation intensity
– No Data decreases. As a result, they work perfectly well with
facing an open meadow, thethus the hypothesis
diffuse hazy andofcloudy days often seen at our latitude.
will be considered. AIndedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
other cases studies the adaptivity is instead explicit in the façade system’s capacity to move all or
and rain and it will shade some of solar
it from its parts. Theseofare
irradiance, theknown as kinetic
guard zone façade
are (WxLxH): 4.1systems
m x 6.2 m(Fox
x and Yeh 1991 and Wang et al.
with the only exception 2012)
of the south façadeofwhere 4.0 m
capable changing by moving in space and taking on different structures
 Involved and configurations
person(s):
over time. The long-term changes are achieved through reversible and unique conversions in the
Monitoring and controlcontext  Operating since:
system of a flexible structure, while short-term reversible adaptations can be brought about through
mechanical solutions.
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities Example of these type of dynamic envelopes are:
102
–– The west façade of GSW Office Tower in Berlin with its automated coloured panels that can pivot
vertically and sliding horizontally. These shading devices are located in the buffer zone of double
skin and help to manage solar heat gain and natural lighting. Furthermore, this façade system
serves as a second buffer for thermal and acoustic variations and its second glass ventilates and
cools the building, dispelling hot and stale air. Thanks to control fins located on the top and bottom
of the facade cavity, the airflow is more or less independent from the external conditions and allows
the air change inside the building to be comparable with that obtainable with a mechanical system.
–– The dynamic full-façade shading system of Kiefer Technic Showroom. The 112 white metal
panels of the façade are electrically moveable, individually and continuously with the help of 56
integrated motors and a smart control system. Thus, the panels create a dynamic three-dimensional
folding surface. With various choreographed scenarios, the goal of either shade parts of the façade
according to the weather conditions or process a media façade scenario are achieved.
–– ThyssenKrupp Quarter façade systems that show metallic sunshades comparable to vertical
moveable feathers. These feathers consist of an axis with two series of horizontal slats on either
side; the «barbs» enable the amount of sunlight entering the building to be regulated. The hollow
axes of these feathers are installed every 67,5 cm to fit in with the design of the offices. To
maximize sun protection an automatic adjustment of the system tracks the movement of the sun
throughout the day without blocking the view. The tracking, shape and angle of the horizontal slats
enable light to be reflected indirectly providing constant natural lighting to the offices (and avoiding
the need for additional electric lighting). Thanks to this system, the view from the Headquarters is
always pleasing: total transparency when the slats are open – partial transparency when the slats
are unfolded (Sauerborn, Fastabend, Constantin, Schücker 2010).
Furthermore, the adaptive façades analysed within the context of the COST database are
characterised by the complementary nature of the system and building technologies and by the
presence of regulation and control systems that make them a key element in the complex building-
plant system.
In general, the façade systems presented in this book stand out for the presence of one or more of
the following technological features:
–– High-performance innovative materials and systems for absorbing and storing solar energy, e.g.:
The SolarLeaf’s façade system integrated into Algaehouse in Hamburg. These bioreactors aim
to cultivate micro-algae to generate heat and biomass as renewable energy sources. The maximum
temperature that can be extracted from the bioreactors is around 40 degrees Celsius, as higher
levels would affect the microalgae. The system can be operated all year round. The efficiency
of the conversion of light to biomass is currently 10% and light to heat is 38%. The biomass and
heat generated by the façade are transported by a closed loop system to the building’s energy
management centre, where the biomass is harvested through floatation and the heat by a heat
exchanger. Because the system is fully integrated with the building services, the excess heat from
the photo-bioreactors (PBRs) can be used to help supply hot water or heat the building, or stored
for later use.
The outer skin of the RMIT Design Hub that comprises a specifically detailed double glazed
inner skin on each face of the building and an automated operable second skin-shading device.
It is made up of nominally 600 mm diameter sandblasted glass disks, which are fixed to either
a horizontal or vertical aluminium axle. The glass cells track the sun via the building computer
automation system to help shade and power the building. In a sections of the façade is incorporated
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), manufactured using the same high performing interlayer.
103
Perimeter air intakes and fine mist sprinklers incorporated into the double glazed inner skin provide
ESTP outdoor test cell passive cooling to the under floor air distribution system.
Absolute–guarded test natural

– Devices for managing cell ventilation in combination with mechanical ventilation systems, e.g.:
The envelope solution for the KfW Westarkade office building, where a not conventional
The outdoor test facility double
under skin facade has
development in been
meansintegrated. In this wattmeter
of a high-precision envelope(accuracy
the cavity is not ventilated by means of
the “stack effect”Publics,
and its±0.02 %); outer layer contains sensor-controlled flap openings that maintain
façade’s
collaboration with the a constant
end-useand even air -pressure
Efficiency
cooling
within power: calculated
the ring. The flaps fromarethe designed to adjust to five wind
directions as well as outside will
basedtemperature,
mass-flow meter, solar radiation
accuracy ±0.5 and pressure differences on the windward
%); and
performance indicators andofleeward sidesand
transparent of thethe temperatures
building. During at the envelope
warmer of the metering
months, these motorised flaps on the south-west
opaque building elements. andAnorth-east
detailed discussion
elevations open to allow air to flow through the cavity, while during cooler times of
be found in [7]. The major year the aim
design flaps are
is to closed,
build a - allowing weather airconditions:
to be preheated
a dedicatedbefore entering the offices. As a result, the
weather
offices tests station
can be ventilated is placed
naturally on a roof
for eight of theofESTP
months campus,
the year without creating drafts or undesired
heat loss.
In order to optimize The north both and south facades of Museion in Bozen, designed as “transparent membranes”
calorimetric
measurements and IEQthat campaigns,
divide and the first
at step
the same time link
parameters willthebeurban setting
monitored and comfort
during the museum. These two multi-layered
glass façades are tests. The
suspended from set
a of available
cable sensorsand
construction includes
fixed only at the corner. The space in
between
calorimetric tests are carried out the
in a two glass surfaces
dedicated of the façade systems
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity is developed as an active air-conditioning
in a larger room. The zone.“room” On itsas
way between the roof and the plant room in the basement, the incoming or exhaust air
works a guard
flows tests.
zone during the calorimetric through the space
A scheme of between
sensors willthebe glass
used forwalls. Depending
dedicated visual on and the time of year and the position of
the sun, the outside
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure air is used
acoustic to create
comfort an
tests. energy efficient buffer. Furthermore, during the day the
2.. When the guard zone lightiscanused an officeandThe
beasdirected monitoring
shaped room andbycontrol
roomofinthe all facility will be
the exhibition areas. This effect is obtained by
used as a technical space using for theventilation
movable,and translucent
Instruments louvres
system. between the twothelayers
As concerns of glass that make up the wall and
control
lighting systems. a screen in the inner side. logics,
When theyoutside
are presently being
is dark, tested bythe
instead, means
plates become a surface on which to
project and the light travels the opposite way.
The box-window façade of the DB Tower that is developed on the principle of the box window
particular, the meteringbut boxconsists
is equipped with a sandwich
of storey-high façade panels, formed by
elements. The twointerior
0.6 mm windows
stainless can be opened for ventilation
into the gap between thepolyurethane two façade foam. layers.The The exterior
resulting façadethermalcomprises openings for supply
steel conductance is vertical
equal toseparation
0.153 W.mfrom -2.K-1. A
and exhaust
The solar absorber, consists air. Horizontal
of two stainless as well as adjacent elements ensures optimum
sound insulation not only from the outside but from neighbouring offices as well. Ventilation is
provided
for the passage of distilled water. for by gaps
Distilled waterat theinterface wherethe
top and thebottom,
test component
whereby is installed.
the upper gap can be closed by vertically
shifting the position of the exterior window. This could better utilise the air collection effect in the
façade gap during
needed for the computation of the cooling power. heating periods.
––
α ~ 95 % and thermalMobile emissivityscreens
ε ~ 4 for%.Thecontrolling
Climatesolar radiation,
– Cachan, 48°79′N; e.g.:
2°33′E - Cfb
conditions on the internal The surface
façadeofofthe Kolding
test Campus that consists of 1600 perforated steel solar shading panels
controlled by sensors that monitor light and heat levels around the building, adjusting themselves
by either
The facility will be positioned opening
with its or closing
south façade automatically.
Ventilation – No Data This system allows for optimal user comfort in terms of
facing an open meadow, thus the
lighting and hypothesis
heating.of Dimensions and capabilities
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground
will be considered. AThe dedicated for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
glassstructure
façade will
of Cologne Oval Office Buildings that is made out of colored glass folding
and rain and it will shade shutters that irradiance,
it from solar are automatically and zone
of the guard individually controllable.
are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2This
m x innovative dynamic envelope
with the only exception is of the south façadetowhere 4.0 m
able (thanks the presence of light sensors) following the position of the sun,
 Involved offering a
person(s):
spectacular sight over the Rhine and Dome of Cologne and guarantying good day lighting inside
Monitoring and controlthe  Operating since:
office buildings.
system
104
The new type of closed-cavity facades of the building envelope of Allianz Suisse
Headquarters. It is characterized from an air cavity (hermetically sealed and mechanically
ventilated, which avoids condensation problems) where a curtain hangs of aluminium-coated
silver is located. The curtain fabric of highly reflective aluminium vapour coating is able responding
to external environmental factors processed by computer-controlled algorithm. This innovative
shading device is employed for the first time as a glare control in an office building.
–– Technological solutions designed to increase daylighting inside the building, e.g.:

In the Yale Sculpture Building, the curtain wall of triple glazing and insulating translucent spandrel
panels was combined with an exterior sun shading system to control glare and prevent solar heat
gain in the summer. In detail, the transparent panel consisted of a low-E Insulating Glazing Units
(IGU) at the exterior, an air cavity, and a Kalwall panel filled with aerogel insulation. Both the IGU
and the Kalwall were glazed directly into the thermally broken curtain wall mullion. In this case, the
aerogel panel not only fulfils current energy-saving standards for the transparent envelope, but with
Uf values of up to 0,7 W/m2K, already exceeds some of these requirements today.
The adaptive façade of the Cyclebowl that was constructed with ETFE cushions realized as
three-layer Texlon Foil Systems with two pressure chambers. The external and middle layer had
a positive/negative leaf pattern printed. By pneumatically changing the pressure in the chambers,
the middle layer adhered either to the inside or to the outer layer, changing the parameters of the
envelope (Brueckner 2000). This adaptive envelope can be considered one of first applications of
sun protection provided by pneumatically controlled shading system.
The innovative translucent ETFE facade cladding of the Media Tic Building that performs
simultaneously as an external protection and a mobile solar screen to regulate both light and
temperature and, hence, contributing to decrease the building energy demand. The cladding
has three layers of material on the façade that receives the most sunshine. These layers can
be automatically inflated using sensors to form two air chambers. The first layer of ETFE is
transparent; the second and third layers have a reverse pattern design which, when inflated or
deflated, makes the façade transparent or opaque. This avoids the entry of light and heat at times
of maximum sunlight.
–– Building automation systems for the management of plants and elements of the building skin, e.g.:
The AGC external façade that is fully covered with double glazing system in combination with
thermally insulated glass sunshades printed with white silk screen. These louvers respond
dynamically and automatically to the angle of the sun in order to improve the control over energy
consumption, solar radiation and glare with the ability to admit natural light into the building while
affording a view over the surrounding countryside. When in the east and west, the sun is relatively
low and the vertical louvres are better able to track it. Louvers are fixed in their open position in the
case of rain and when the outside temperature is below 3°C (risk of icing). COLT, widely known
in the manufacture of solar shading and climate control systems, designed the standard louvres
control software: the system is based on light levels measured by a roof mounted sensor. 256
actuators thus control the louvres of the four facades: 72 for each north/south facade and 56 for
each east/west façade (Attia, Bashandy 2016).
The dynamic façade of Al Bahar Towers, conceived as a contemporary interpretation of the

traditional Islamic “mashrabiya”: a popular form of wooden lattice screen found in vernacular Islamic
architecture and used as a device for achieving privacy while reducing glare and solar gain. Each
105
of the two towers comprises over 1.000 transparent umbrella-like components that open and close
ESTP outdoor test cell in response to the sun’s path. These shading device are controlled via the Building Management
System, creating an intelligent façade (Attia 2017).
Finally, it is interesting to note how the selected case studies feature, with respect to traditional envelope
systems, construction costs and higher maintenance costs due to the materials used, the number of
The outdoor test facilityspecial
underpieces, the complexity
development in meansofofmanaging the components
a high-precision and their reciprocal placement.
wattmeter (accuracy
Conclusions the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
be found in [7]. The major The analysed
design aim is toadaptive
build a façades
- demonstrate
weather conditions:that architectural
a dedicated weather research is moving towards
innovative solutions teststhatstation is placed on
(by exploiting thea possibility
roof of the ESTP campus, IT systems, mechanical
of integrating
environmental quality (IEQ)actuators and innovativediffuse
investigations. materials) are able air
solar irradiance, of transforming it from 
temperature, relative a static
Fig. 1: element into aof dynamic
3D perspective the new test cell
humidity, wind speedchanging
and direction and inrainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
element capable of rapidly and efficiently shape relation to specific functional, static,
In order to optimize and physical requirements. This is the era of media, dynamic, multimedia, and smart architecture
both calorimetric
measurements and IEQable campaigns, the firststructure
of changing step with respect to external
parameters will be monitored environmental
during comfort stimuli and user requirements.
The advanced screen, tests. The set
eco-efficient and of sustainable
available sensors includes
envelope interacts and regulates energy flows
and, inoutsome
calorimetric tests are carried cases, becomes
in a dedicated a plant system, by itself,
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity able of producing energy, heat or electricity,
in a larger room. The and ofworks
distributing it at a building or even an urban scale.
“room” as a guard
-2 -1
Figure 1 - Locations of case studies “systems”
References
Aelenei, L., Gonçalves, H, Rodrigues, C., (2010). The Road Towards “Zero Energy” in Buildings: Lessons Learned
The facility will be positionedfromwith SOLARXXI Ventilation
Building
its south façade – NoProceedings
in Portugal, Data of EuroSun 2010, Gratz, Austria
facing an open meadow, thus
Attia, S.the
andhypothesis
Bashandy,ofH. (2016), Evaluation of Adaptive Facades: The Case Study of AGC Headquarter in Belgium.
reflectance of 0.25, typical of Challenging
short grassGlass
lawns,5 – Conference on Architectural and Structural
The internal dimensions of the metering box usedApplications of Glass, Belis, Bos & Louter
(Eds.), Ghent University, Belgium
and rain and it will shade Attia, S. (2017),
it from Evaluationofofthe
solar irradiance, adaptive facades:
guard zone The case4.1
are (WxLxH): study
m xof6.2
Al m
Bahr
x Towers in the UAE, QScience Connect
with the only exception Brueckner,
of the south A.,façade 4.0 m
where Cyclebowl,
Experiment Avedition, 2000  Involved person(s):
Coccolo, S., Kaempf, J., Scartezzini, L. (2015), The EPFL campus in Lausanne: new energy strategies for 2050, 6th
International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015, Lausanne, Switzerland
106
Fox, M.A., Yeh, B.P. (1999), Intelligent kinetic systems in architecture, in Managing Interactions in Smart Environments,
pp 91-103
Goschenhofer T. (2011), Energy performance of the office building ENERGYbase (heating, cooling, air conditioning,
lighting), (Bachelor Thesis) University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien Urban Renewable Energy
Technologies, Vienna
Sauerborn, N., Fastabend, M., Constantin, R., Schücker, B. (2010), ThyssenKrupp Headquarter in Verbundbauweise,
Stahlbau, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 306-316
Wang, J., Beltrán, L., Kim, J. (2012), From Static to Kinetic: A Review of Acclimated Kinetic Building Envelopes, in
Proceedings of the Solar Conference n. 5, pp. 4022-2029
107
FACADE SYSTEM
YALE SCULPTURE BUILDING, New Haven Connecticut (USA), 2007
ESTP outdoor test ASSOCIATES
KIERANTIMBERLAKE cell LLP
Absolute
The 51,000 guarded
square-foot studiotest cell
MATERIAL
N
building contains three
 Institut de of
floors Recherche
individualenand
Constructibilité,
group studiosUniversité Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
above ground
and basement floors of classrooms, machine shops,
COMPONENT
the test
Aim of and facility
administrative spaces. Conceived circulationas a loft to fans
ac-and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
commodate test facility
a rangeunderofdevelopment in means
artistic activities, of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
the structure
Paris atisthe anEcole
exposed Spécialesteel desframe.
TravauxThe Publics, ±0.02
columns and%);beams
are all narrow eight
inch wide flange - sections,
coolingwithpower: calculated from the
beams measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Grouplapping over girders
of Politecnico in a will
di Milano, simple yet eloquent
allow to wovenobtainpattern.
reliable estimates of thermal
performance indicators of worked
KieranTimberlake transparent and
with Schuco boxand Kalwall
opaqueCorporation
to develop the facade system. (RTDs), accuracy
This wall ±0.07 °C);
be found system
in [7]. The incorporates
major design solar aim is toshading,
build a a- tripleweather
glazedconditions: a dedicated weather
low-ehigh
facility with vision panel,for8 foot-high
accuracy calorimetricoperable windows,
tests station and on a roof of the ESTP campus,
is placed
but alsoa flexible
translucent enough to be cavity
double used for indoor panel.
spandrel and allowsAs the
a re-direct measurement of: global and
environmental
sult, the quality
entire(IEQ)
skin investigations.
of the building admits diffuse irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
solarlight
natural
and actively works to control the temperature in the
In order interior.to optimize both calorimetric
tests. The set of available Latitude sensors includes72°94’
41°30’, Longitude
metering DOUBLE
box, while theSKIN IEQ tests FACADE,
are carried out SMART ENVELOPE, PV SYSTEM, ENERGY SAVING
Building floor area 5000 sq.m acoustic comfortClimate
tests. Type Dfd
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoring Orientationand controlof of
used asBuilding
a technicalstatus space forNew ventilation
consists of a high- DESCRIPTION
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which feeds READINESS both theLEVELterminal The envelopes of the TYPE metering zone and SYSTEM
OF FACADE the
Active façade
battery. Proposal
formulated/Design cm thick
Advanced façade injected-
03. Technology validated in lab Biomimetic façade-2 -1
04. Prototype and inflated at high particular care is taken Kinetic
demonstration in order to minimize the
façade
Intelligent door and the
façade
Interactive façade
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – Movable 1 façade
needed for the computation of the cooling power. Responsive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX® Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient Smart façade ATF

Transformable façade
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
help keeping
element. SG
be quality
Appearance
unobstructed exposition (aesthetic met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
for controlling
protect the guard
and rain Personal
and it willusers’shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems for Involved
the person(s):
management
resources, etc.): of plants and elements of the building Andrea skin Kindinis BF

The monitoring system considers all the most Construction in progress FS_01
108
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): TIM (Nanogel, Kalwall) Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. South facade ©EnzoFigueres
2. Façade, external view, © EnzoFigueres
3. Building view, © EnzoFigueres
109
The spandrel of KieranTimberlake sensors,consists
facade globo-thermometers,
of a luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
gascavity,
phase photoacoustic
and a two spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringlow-E IGU at thetests.
the calorimetric exterior, a three-inch
A scheme of Other (specify)
and a half-inch
both configurations Kalwall of
for the operation panel filled with
the test aerogel insula-
cell is presented
tion. in [7] and
Both thecanIGU beand
seenthe in Figure
Kalwall are glazed directly SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
into the thermally broken curtainwall mullion. Testing
Seconds
has suggested that the overall R value of the spandrel
Minutes
assembly is in excess of R 20, while
maintaining 20% being tested by means
visible light transmittance. The cavity of a thermal model ra-
traps solar described with more details in
Hours
diation, forming a warm air layer that further increases
thermal performance when the sun is shining. Opera- Seasons
ble windows allow the
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In building to guard
ventilatezone are
naturally constructed
in with prefabricated
Years
particular, the
springmetering boxreducing
and fall, is equipped fanwith
loads a andsandwich panels,
providing formed byOther
surplus two 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)
ventilation capacity cooling
for battery.
high occupancies,steel sheetswhile andcon- 15 cm thick injected-
necting the building to its external environment.To en-
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
hance occupant control
over the interior environment,
particular care is taken in order to minimize the
On/off
pressure ineveryorder space is provided
to generate internal with interiorthermal
channels bridges around
shades.There has the entrance door and the
beenofsignificant
for the passage distilled water.post-occupancy
Distilled water testinginterface
of where the test component
the façade Gradualis installed.
for thermal performance. Temperature, humidity, and Other (specify)
specific heat capacity at constant pressure Number of test beds – 1
solar radiation monitors were(cp),
installed within the rooms
The absorber and onwill
plate theberoof.
coated Within
with athe Exposurethe
wall structure,
selective tempe-
– South
TiNOX® coatingraturewith of solar
the cavity between
absorption the translucent insulation
α ~ 95 % paneland thermal and emissivity
the one-inch %.The Climate
ε ~ 4 insulated glazing – Cachan,
unit was 48°79′N;Micrometers
2°33′E - Cfb
analyzed. Two as baffle with
panels in order to
ventilation gaps were also
Millimeters
monitored for temperature and air movement. Findings
element. indicate that temperatures in the chambers Cooling – areCooling coil, Radiant panels
nearly
Meters
140°F but will not damage the translucent insulation
The facility will be positioned with its south façade
panel. Ventilation – No Data Other (specify)
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat3.0
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
Andrea Kindinis
facade elements)
110
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
References
http://www.aiatopten.org/node/126 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.kierantimberlake.com/posts/view/137/ (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
Murray, S. C. (2009), Contemporary Curtain Wall Architect,

Princeton Architectural Press, New York, pp. 232-236
© Enzo Figueres

4
Rosa Romano
.5°

72
Politecnico di Milano BRACKET

25.5°
WI
NT LOW E NANOGEL
ER
SO
SUN LA
RN
IGU KALWALL
SHADE OO
N
(R=20)
SUM
MER
SOL
AR N
FINTUBE
OON
5



 SOUTH SPANDREL
133 

4. Façade detail © EnzoFigueres 
 5. Façade Technological detail by KIERANTIMBERLAKE


ASSOCIATES LLP






111



FACADE SYSTEM
OVAL COLOGNE OFFICES, Cologne (DE), 2010
ESTP outdoor
Sauerbruch test
Hutton cell
Architekten

MATERIAL
N
Despite the increasing building density on the Rhine
riverfront south of en
theConstructibilité,
city centre, the Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
Cologne Oval
Offices were designed to maintain the landscape qua-
Aim oflities of this area. The two offset volumes also help toand active sensors: measured by COMPONENT
the test facility circulation fans
integrate
The outdoor test an existing
facility under12-storey
development blockin into
meansthe oflower-
Paris atheight
the Ecole
urban Spéciale
fabric. desEach
Travaux Publics,
volume contains %); co-
±0.02three
res, around which
the functional areas are
- laid out in power: calculated from the
cooling
Research a curving
Group strip. Internal difinger-like
of Politecnico soffit measurement
Milano, will “sails”, whichof the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE

allow to play an acoustic
obtain role, alsoofserve
reliable estimates thermal to define working
zones indicators
performance and to mask of various
transparenttechnical
and systems. The
opaqueextensively
glazed facade allows good daylighting,
while nearly 5000 external folding shutters reduce
so-
facility lar
withheat
high gains.
accuracy Printed externallytests
for calorimetric in various
station shades,
but also theflexible
shutters enoughlendtothe be outer
used skin
for indoor and allows
an iridescent the direct measurement of: global and
colora-
environmental
tion. quality (IEQ) investigations. diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
Latitude 50°56’, includes
Longitude 07°57’
meteringAUTOMATIC
box, while the IEQ VERTICAL
tests are SHUTTER;
carried out DAYLIGHT REGULATION; OVAL; COLOR IN ARCHITECTURE
Building floor area 43.000 sq.m acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientation and control of facade
of the the facility will All
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New Built
ventilation and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
consists of a DESCRIPTION
high- [7]. OF THE CASE STUDY SYSTEM
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which READINESS
feeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering zone and
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed with prefabricated
observed and reported/ Idea
Active façade
02. Technology
solar absorber concept formulated/Design
and an auxiliary cooling battery. Proposal steel sheets and Advanced 15 cm façade thick injected-
Biomimetic façade -2 -1
(AISI 304) 04. Prototype
sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is takenKinetic
demonstration in order
façadeto minimize the
pressure05.inCommercial
order to generate building thermal bridges aroundIntelligent
internal channels
product/Existing the entrancefaçadedoor and the
CW
Interactive façade
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds –Movable 1 façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermalcoating comfort
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
help keeping comfort
Acoustic nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
conditions on management
Energy the internal (harvesting,
surface ofstoring,
the test
supply)
element. Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
Radiant panels FEATURES
SG
The facility willair
bequality
Appearance (aesthetic quality)
Mobile screens 3.0
protect theEnergy
guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
generation the internal
Technological dimensions
solutions designed to increase
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
users’ it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are and/or
control (WxLxH): 4.1comfort
control m x 6.2 m x the building
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Building automation systems theInvolved
for managementperson(s):
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the building skin
resources, etc.): Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_02
112
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Shading device
2. Façade, external view
3. Building view
113
Electromagnetic
in a larger Theroom.architects
The “room” atworks
Sauerbruch
as a guardHutton always aim to in- spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringvent the something
calorimetric tests.
new in A their
scheme of
architecture and Other (specify)
sensors willthey
be stay
true to this. Together with Dobler’sacoustic
realisation
comfortoftests.
the
2.. When the facades
guard the
zonearchitects
is used as vision was proved
an office again, throu-
The monitoring and control of the facility will be
space, it is gh groundbreaking
possible to apply a falseenergy
ceiling to be performed
concepts, flexibleby interior
means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a designtechnicalandspace for ventilation
highly and Instruments
creative requirements in the system. As concerns
best Minutes
the control
shapes and colours available. of a thermal model described with more details in
Hours
The proposed At cooling
the Cologne
system Oval
consistsOffice, the glass
of a high- [7]. facade lets the Days
day light deep
stability distilled-water storageinto the rooms
(keeping water inofa theConstruction
free formedand main boundaries
The envelopes of the metering Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 body °C)ofwhich
the building
feeds both with
theits inner courtyard.
terminal
units of theThe guardglass
zone ofandthethe building
metering box. In guard zone are constructed
envelope, sitting in front of
(specify)
the facade and following the position of the
steel sun, offers
sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery.
a spectacular sight over the Rhine and Dome of foam.
polyurethane Colo- The resulting thermal
gne. consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM
The solar absorber, 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
(AISI 304) The sheets weldedshutters
folding and inflatedare atthe high particular care
sunscreens. They are is taken in order
pressure inmade order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance door and the
out of colored glass and they are automatical-
Gradual
ly and individually controllable. In particular there are
specific heat shutters
capacitycontrolled
at constant only manually
pressure (cp), on the ground
Number floor– 1
of test beds
needed for (with view of sun
the computation protection
of the fixtures).
cooling power. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
The absorber Exposure – South
In plate will befloors
the other coatedthewith a selective
shutters are controlled externally
by the system measuring the insolation.
Millimeters
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
with the only exception of the south façade where  Involved person(s):
Andrea Kindinis
114
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
www.sauerbruchhutton.de (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.scientific.net/AST.77.124 (Accessed October 15,

2018)
4
Ruhmann, R. , Seeboth, A., Muehling, O. and Loetzsch, D.
(2012), Thermotropic Materials for Adaptive Solar Control,
Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 77, pp. 124-131
http://www.dobler-metallbau.de/cms/Projekte/Detailansicht/colo-
gne-oval-offices-koln/?lang=en (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.detail-online.com/inspiration/office-building-in-colo-
gne-108802.html (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.dobler-metallbau.com/doc/index.
php?lang=en&pid=3&spid=5 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.coo.de/en/beschreibung.html (Accessed October 15,

2018)
http://www.studiomaven.org/images/6/66/Sauerbruch-hutton_
Cologne_Oval_Offices.jpg (Accessed October 15, 2018)

Marcin Brzezicki
Wroclaw University of Technology
Rosa Romano
5
4. Façade detail. The vertical axis glazed sun

louvers serve the purpose of light regulation and,
simultaneously, perform as outstanding architectural
façade element.
5. Façade detail
115
FACADE SYSTEM
PALAZZO LOMBARDIA, Milan (IT), 2010
ESTP outdoor
Pei Cobb Freed &test cellCaputo Partnership
Partners,
Absolute guarded test celleight-floor

MATERIAL
N
Palazzo Lombardia consists of curvilinear
buildings and a 39 en Constructibilité,
floor, 161,30 m highUniversité Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
central tower.
The façade consists of an external “skin” (curtain wall)
Aim ofand an internal
facility “skin” (inter-storey height) in stratified
COMPONENT
the test circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
glass. testThefacility
double under
skindevelopment
gap is 95,00 in cm.
means
This of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
space,
accessible for the maintenance activities, is equipped
with a floating - cooling
that power: calculated from the
collaboration with themicro-perforated
end-use Efficiency aluminium floor
measurement
in the doubleof the water mass flow (Coriolis-
FACADE
Research Group the
regulates of Politecnico
air intake di andMilano, will
distribution
allow to skin buffer. The building has an integrated
obtain reliable estimates of thermal photovol- at the envelope of the metering
the temperatures
performance
taic façade indicators of transparent
that partly provides itsand energyboxneeds.
(Pt100The resistance temperature detectors
sunshields layout, as well
as the air flow, are
(RTDs), control-
be found ledin through
[7]. The majora supervision
design aim system
is to buildthat
a operates
- as a conditions: a dedicated weather
weather
facility response to temperature
with high accuracy and natural
for calorimetric tests light sensors.
tests. The set of available Latitude 45° sensors includes
29’ Longitude 09° 11’
meteringBUILDING
box, while the INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC;
IEQ tests are carried out SKYSCRAPER; RENEWABLE ENERGY
Climate Cfa
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientationand control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New Built
range ofTECHNOLOGY
feeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering
OF FACADEzone and the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
02. Technology
and an auxiliary cooling battery. Proposalsteel sheets and Advanced 15 cm façade thick injected-
demonstration in orderfaçadeto minimize the
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance façadedoor and the
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will/ GOAL with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
be coated

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
supply)
element. Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
SG
bequality
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities in combination with mechanical ventilation systems
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements Mobile screensare (WxLxH): 3.0 solar radiation
for controlling
protect theEnergy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m theInvolved
for person(s):
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems management

FS_03
116
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Aluminium and PV Panels Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Facade
2. Building view
117
DETAILED EXPLANATION parameters
OF THE will be monitored during comfort
anemometers, capacitanceExtrinsic relative(requires
humidityexternal control)
A “climate wall” houses vertical brise sensors, soleil in order
zone duringtothe exploit exploittests.
calorimetric sunAenergy
schemeand of shield direct light to Other (specify)
optimizeforindoor
both configurations lightingofand
the operation temperatures.
the test A Building
cell is presented in [7] and can
Management Systembe seen in Figure
controls the system and ensures
maximum is used as
efficiency. The office The layout,
an sunshields monitoring and control SYSTEM
supervi-
RESPONSE TIME
used as a sion system
technical spacethatforoperates
ventilationasanda response
Instruments to tempera-
system. As concerns the control
ture and natural light sensors. This
lighting systems. system
logics, operates
Minutes
separately on each section of the buffer of a thermal
spacemodel
to take describedHours
with more details in
The proposed [7].
intocooling
account system
the consists of aof
variability high-
the façade structure and
Days
therefore of the different
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal
solar load.
The In this way
envelopes of it is
the metering
units of the possible
guard zone toandbalance the solar
the metering box. Inenergy
guardcontribution by
zone are constructed with prefabricated
Years
enhancing
particular, the metering itboxin iswinter and with
equipped a sandwich
controlling panels, formed
it in summer, in by two 0.6 mm stainless
steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
accordance with the natural lightingpolyurethane objectives. foam. The Other (specify)
resulting thermal
The building has an integrated photovoltaic façade that
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
-2
partly provides its energy
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high needs. On the
particularsmaller
care fronts
is taken in order to minimize the
pressure inoforder the totower, the internal
generate windows thermal bridges
have been integrated with
channels around the entrance
On/off door and the
photovoltaic
for the passage of distilledcells
water.with a total
Distilled powerinterface
water of about where
160the KWp test component
is chosen for fortheanpossibility
estimated to accurately know its
energy production of around 104000 Other (specify)
needed for kWh/year
the computation andofathe 2
saving
COcooling power.of around 73 tons/year.
The absorber The photovoltaic
plate will be coated generator is integrated
with a selective Exposurein the two fa-
– South DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
cadeswith
TiNOX® coating of solar
the central tower
absorption facing south and southwest
coefficient
α ~ 95 % and and thermal emissivity Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
it occupies overε100,00
~ 4 %.The m in height. Each of the
help
450 modules
keeping
is made up
nearly-constant
of 120 high efficiency mono-
Millimeters
conditions crystalline
on the internal cellssurface
for a power
of theoftest
350 Wp per module. Fur-
element. thermore, the photovoltaic layout has Cooling Cooling coil,
been –designed to Radiant panels
Centimeters
give the degree of shading glass required by designers Meters
and to reduce the solar radiation inside the building. Other (specify)
This system operates
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground separately on each
Dimensions section
and of
capabilities
reflectance the buffer
of 0.25, space
typical to take
of short grassinto The the
account
lawns, internal dimensions
variability of of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
will be considered.
the façade A structure
dedicated andstructure forthe
will of
therefore calorimetric
differentmeasurements
solar are (WxLxH): 3.0
protect the guard m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the01internal
Not visible (heat storage, phase change materials)
dimensions
load. zone
In this envelope from
way it is snow loads
possible to balance the solar ener-
surface
with the onlygyexception
contribution
of the by enhancing
south façade whereit in winter
4.0 m and controlling
blinds)
it inissummer,
the test sample installed. in accordance with the natural lighting Andrea Kindinis
objectives. 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
change in progress
118
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Bassignana, M. and Bertelli, M. (2010), The new headquarters
for the Lombardy Regional Government: a transparent inner
court roof structure in “Steel Construction”,
Croce, S., Poli, T. (2013), Transparency. Facciate in vetro tra

architettura e sperimentazione, Ed.Il Sole24Ore, Milano
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/palazzo-lombar-
dia/2690 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/HP/istitu-
zione/regione/palazzo-lombardia (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.en.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/site/en-regione-
lombardia/DettaglioRedazionale/institution/headquarter/red-
headquarter-en (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli

Rosa Romano
5
3. Façade detail.
4. Façade detail.
119
FACADE SYSTEM
CYCLEBOWL, Hannover Expo (DE), 2000
ESTP outdoor
ATELIER testGmbH
BRÜCKNER cell
MATERIAL
N
“Duales System” (a German recycling company) bu-
 Institut
ilt a de Recherche
pavilion enWorld
For the Constructibilité,
Exposition Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
2000 in Hano-
ver. The façade of the building utilized Texlon Foil
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim ofSystems. The adaptive façade was constructed circulation fanstoand active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
controltest thefacility under development
light incoming into the in meansand
pavilion, of awas
constructed as a three-layer system with two pressure
chambers. - cooling
a po- power: calculated from the
collaboration with The theexternal
end-useandEfficiency
middle layer had
Research Group of Politecnico
sitive/negative leaf pattern di Milano,
printed.willBy pneumatically
allow to obtain reliable estimates
changing the pressure in the chambers, of thermal
the the middle at the envelope of the metering
temperatures
performance indicatorseither
layer adhered of to transparent
the inside or andto the outer layer,
changing the parameters of the envelope. (RTDs),
It had accuracy
45% ±0.07 °C);
be found of intransparency
[7]. The major in open
design aimstate, and awas- fully weather
is to build opaque conditions: a dedicated weather
facility closed
with high accuracy for calorimetric tests station is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
state.
tests. The set of available
Latitude 52° sensors includes
32’ Longitude 09° 81’
meteringPNEUMATIC;
box, while the IEQ SUN SHADING;
tests are carriedETFE;
out CUSHION; PATTERN
Building floor area 1600 sq.m acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used as an
Exhibition office The monitoringOrientation
pavillion and control of facade
of the the facility will South
be East, East, South West
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New ventilation
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
02. Technology cooling battery. Proposal
concept formulated/Design steel sheets and Advanced 15 cm façade thick injected-
04. Prototype and inflated at high particular care is takenKinetic
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
be coated

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
Acoustic nearly-constant
conditions on the internal surface of the test supply)
element.
Energy management (harvesting, storing, Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
SG
bequality
for controlling
protect theEnergy
Technological dimensions designed to increase
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control (WxLxH): 4.1 m
control x 6.2 m
comfort x the building
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Building automation systems for theInvolved
managementperson(s):
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the building skin Andrea Kindinis
resources, etc.): BF

FS_04
120
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): pneumatic blinds
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Occupant’s presence 2
Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
1. Detail of positive/ negative leaf pattern printed on

the outer two of the three-layer system 3
2. Building view
3. Facade built with Folitec
121
Interior sun protection is providedsensors, out by pneumatical-
Electromagnetic
ly controlled shading systems realized gas phase photoacoustic
with ETFE spectroscopy unit. More
cushions sensors willheight
be used of for dedicated visual and
both configurations for(width of element
the operation of theapprox.
test 1,70 m,
cell is presented
middle in [7] and canapprox.
element be seen1,80
in Figure
m, three layers). SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guard zone is used
These nylon+ polyurethane cushionsas an office The monitoring
has a flexibleand control of the facility will be
Seconds
space, it is transparent
possible to apply layer a false ceiling to be performed by means of an integrated National
inside.
used as a technical space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns
Minutes the control
A positive/negative pattern is printedlogics,
lighting systems.
on the middle
they and being tested by means
are presently Hours
on the outer layer of the cushions.ofWhen a thermal
themodel
middle described with more details in
The proposed layer cooling system
overlaps consists
with of a high-
the outer [7]. printed patterns
layer, the Days
superimpose and shading is provided. When it moves
away from the outer layer, light filters through the pat- Years
terns
particular, the printedboxonisthe
metering surfaces.
equipped a sandwich panels,
with Intermediate rangesformed of byOthertwo 0.6 mm stainless
(specify)
solar absorber and anare
shading auxiliary cooling
possible battery.
depending onsteel sheets of
the position and the 15 cm thick injected-
middle layer. polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber, consists conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m-2.K-1. A
Cushions are of two stainless steel
mechanically activated by an
particular care
exterior
is taken in order
(powered) system.
pressure in order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance Gradual door and the
Foiltec
for the passage was selected
of distilled designinterface
for thewater
water. Distilled where the test component is installed.
and manufacture
Other (specify)
is chosen for ofthethepossibility
pavilion’s to accurately
envelopeknow its for its variable tran-
not only
sparency technologies but also for its ecological cha-
needed for racteristics.
the computation of the cooling power. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
TiNOX® coatingThe foil withproducts have an
solar absorption extremely low energy con-
coefficient
α ~ 95 % sumption
and thermalduring ~ 4 %.The Climate
theirε manufacturing
emissivity – Cachan,
process; and the 48°79′N;Micrometers
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorber is also system
complete used as baffle
weighsin order
betweento 50 and 90 percent Millimeters
less than systems madeconvectionfrom other materials with com- Centimeters
parable properties further conserving on the
Cooling structural
Cooling coil, Radiant panels
element. – Meters
system needed to support the cladding.
Other (specify)
and rain and it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 msurface
03 Visible, x 6.2 mchange
x (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
 Involved
(shutters, flaps,
122
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Atelier Brueckner (2000), Experiment Cyclebowl, Avedition
http://www.atelier-brueckner.de/en/projects/cyclebowl (Acces-
sed October 15, 2018)
http://www.architetturatessile.polimi.it/membrane_scocche/cam-
pi_mem/1B_edificio_tessile_t/2000_Cycl
eBlowl_p/2000_CycleBlowl_P.htm (Accessed October 15,
2018)
http://www.vector-foiltec.com/projects/duales-system-expo-
2000-hannover/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.tensinet.com/database/viewProject/4228.html (Ac-
cessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.tensinet.com/database/viewProject/4228.html (Ac-
© Marcin Brzezicki
Wroclaw University of Technology 6

Sandra Persiani
Rosa Romano
4. Facade system
Marcin Brzezicki 5. Building otuside view.
Wroclaw University of Technology 6. Building inside view.
123
FACADE SYSTEM
ARAB WORLD INSTITUTE, Paris (FR), 1987
ESTP outdoor
Atelier test cell
Jean Nouvel

MATERIAL
N
The building itself is a sharing of culture with the
 Institut
northdefaçade
Recherche en Constructibilité,
reflecting Université
the Parisian blocks across Paris-Est
the ESTP, FRANCE
River, and the south façade covered in the motorized
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim ofhexagonal lenses. Their pattern and light circulation
propertiesfans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor test facility to
are a reference under development
mashrabiya, in means motif
a lattice-work of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
found in Arabian architecture that provides shaded
light andwith
collaboration privacythe with a view.Efficiency -
end-use
Research Group ofofPolitecnico
Consisting 30000 diaphragmsdi Milano, will on 1600 elements
resting on a stainless-steel, aluminum and of thermal glass fra- at the envelope of the metering
the temperatures
performance
mework, indicators
the geometric of transparent
array is a and compilation of high-
tech photosensitive mechanical devices. (RTDs),
Using accuracy
photo- ±0.07 °C);
be found voltaic
in [7]. cells,
The majorthe design
light levels
aim isand transparency
to build a - can be conditions: a dedicated weather
weather
facility adjusted
with high in accuracy
a fashion for calorimetric
similar to tests
a camerastation is placed
lens by a on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also flexiblecomputer
central enough tosystem be used to for indoor
allow 10-30%and ofallows
lightthein.direct measurement of: global and
environmental
Although quality (IEQ) investigations.
designed in an exploration ofdiffuse light,solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
reflec-
tions,ofcontours
Description and shadows, this concept
the test facility water. can be
In order applied to to optimize
solar shading both incalorimetric
efforts to reduce cooling
measurements
loads. and IEQ campaigns, the first step parameters will be monitored during comfort
Latitude 48°84’ includes
Longitude 02°85’
meteringMECHANIC;
box, while the LIGHT IEQ testsREGULATING;
are carried out DIAPHRAGM; MOUCHARABIEH; POLYGON
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Education office The monitoringOrientation
Museum and control of facade
be
used asBuildinga technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which READINESSfeeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering zone and
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
guardprinciples
Active façade
02. Technology
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
plate will / PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermalcoatingcomfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
the internal (harvesting,
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
Energy Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
supply) Radiant panels FEATURES
SG
The facility
Indoorwillair positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
protect theEnergyguard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside

FS_05
124
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Aluminium Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): shutter diaphragms
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

2
Other (specify)
1. Detail of shading device system

2. Detail of elements resting on a stainless-steel,
Mechanical aluminum and glass framework
3. South facade
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
125
DETAILED EXPLANATION
OF THE
has led to CONTROL/OPERATION
a configuration by which the Intrinsic
(auto reactive)
metering box, This while the IEQ facade
southern tests areiscarried
entirely outcomposed of 240 mo-
sensors, globo-thermometers, luxmeters
Electromagnetic and a
in a larger tor-controlled
room. The “room” works as adiaphragms
camera-like guard in metal scree- spectroscopy unit. More
ned by a glass facade. sensors will be used for dedicated visual and
The devices automatically adjust acoustic
their comfort /tests.
openness clo- SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guardevery
seness zone hour
is used as an office
to match The monitoring
the outdoor changingand lightcontrolSeconds
space, it is levels
possiblewith to apply a false ceiling
the desired to be
interior lightperformed by means of an integrated National
level, filtering light
used as a intechnical
and outspace of thefor ventilation
building and Instruments
throughout the day.
system. As concerns
Minutes the control
Hours
The “Institute du Monde Arabe” isofan a thermal
example modelfordescribed
a with more details in
The proposed kinetic
coolingarchitecture
system consiststhat ofdepends
a high- on [7].mechanicals mo- Days
vements. storageA complex (keeping Constructiondevices
water inofa sensor-brain
system and boundaries Seasons
range of ±0.1 °C) which
analyze the feeds
indoorbothlight terminal The
theconditions and
envelopes of the metering zone and the
adjust the he- Years
xagonal screens by a more or less sandwich centralized control
panels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
particular, the metering box is equipped with a Other (specify)
solar absorbersystem.
and an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
During the various phases of the lens, polyurethane
a shiftingfoam.
geo- TheSYSTEM resulting thermal
The solar absorber, consists is
metric pattern of two stainless
formed andsteel conductance
showcased as bothis light
equal to 0.153 W.m-2.K-1. A
(AISI 304) and sheets welded and inflated particular care is taken in order to minimize the
circles,atand highoctagonal shapes are On/off
void. Squares,
produced in a fluid motion as light is modulated in pa-
Gradual
is chosen for rallel. Interior to

the possibility spaces are know
accurately dramatically
its modified, along Other (specify)
specific heat withcapacity at constant
the exterior pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1
appearance.
needed for While
the computation
these ocularof the cooling
devicespower.create an incredible aes- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
thetic, they are functional from an environmental con- Nanometers
α ~ 95 % trols standpoint
and thermal as well.
emissivity ε ~ Solar
4 %.The gainClimate
is easily– Cachan,
mitigated 48°79′N;Micrometers
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorberby closing or reducing
is also used as baffle the aperture
in order to sizes. Millimeters
Centimeters
Ventilation – No Data Other (specify)

01 Not
 Involved
(shutters, flaps,
126
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/desktop/home/#/en/desktop/
projet/paris-france-arab-world-institut1 (Accessed October 15,
2018)
http://www.imarabe.org/architecture-institut-du-monde-arabe
(Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.akdn.org/publications/akaa/1989_138.pdf (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
Moloney, J. (2011), Designing Kinetics for Architectural Facades,

State Change, Routledge, New York
http://blog.kineticarchitecture.net/2011/01/arab-world-institute/
https://www.archdaily.com/162101/ad-classics-institut-du-mon-
de-arabe-jean-nouvel (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Rosa Romano
https://aehistory.wordpress.com/1987/10/04/164/ (Accessed
October 15, 2018)

Rosa Romano
Florence University, Department of Architecture 5

4. The kinetic facade from the library

5. Detail of shading device system from inside of the
building
127
FACADE SYSTEM
ARTICULATED CLOUD, Pittsburgh (USA), 2004
ESTP
Ned outdoor testEizenberg
Kahn and Koning cell Architecture
Absolute guarded testKoning
celland Julie
MATERIAL
Ned Kahn collaborated with Hank N
Eizenberg
 Institut to createenthe
de Recherche museum’s facade.
Constructibilité, Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
The building façades become a wind sculpture thanks
to 43.000 individual light and shadows hinged to a
COMPONENT
steel screen.
Paris atAtthe Ecole
night it’sSpéciale
lit fromdes Travaux
within, Publics,
turning ±0.02 %);into a
the entrance
du Bâtiment
shimmering et de l'Industrie (ESTP) in
lantern. - cooling power: calculated from the
collaboration
Composed with ofthe end-useof translucent,
thousands Efficiency white plasticof the water mass flow (Coriolis-
measurement FACADE
squares that move in the wind, the artwork based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
is intended
to suggest that theof building has been the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators transparent and enveloped by a
opaquedigitized
building elements.
cloud. The A detailed discussionof the skin chan-
optical qualities
of designgechoices
with the and early simulation
weather and theresults
time ofcanday.
Longitude -80°44’
meteringKINETIC;
box, while the SCREEN;
IEQ testsPLASTIC;
are carried TILES;
out ART
Building floor area 5.000 and up sq. m. acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Museum as an office The monitoringOrientation
and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coatingcomfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside

FS_06
128
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect 1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

2
Other (specify)
1. Detail of facade system with articulated cloud

2. Articulated Cloud, by Ned Kahn. Reacts to wind and
Mechanical other stresses, much like a cloud would.
3. Facade of the museum, (c) Ned Kahn Studios
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
129
OF THE
parameters CONTROL/OPERATION
will be monitored during comfort TYPE
a configuration by which the Intrinsic (auto
reactive)
metering box, The while the IEQ
facade tests are
system is ancarried out
aluminium frame with thou-
in a larger sands
room. The “room” works white
of translucent, as a guard
plastic gas
squares
phasethat move spectroscopy unit. More
photoacoustic
zone duringwith the the
calorimetric
wind. tests. A scheme of artist’s website, “the Other (specify)
According to the sensors will be used for dedicated visual and
artwork is intended to suggest acoustic
that the comfort tests.
building has
2.. When the been enveloped
guard zone is usedby a digitized
as an office Themaking
cloud”, monitoring
the and
windcontrol of the facility will be
Seconds
space, it is visible.
possible to Theapply a falsequalities
optical betheperformed
ceiling toof by means
material make the of an integrated National
used as a appearance
technical space for ventilation Instruments system.
and lighting and weather As concerns
Minutes the control
change in different logics, they are presently being tested by means
lighting systems. Hours
conditions. of a thermal model described with more details in
The proposed Thecooling
facade consists
system of aofgrid
consists [7]. small polycar-
of 43.000
a high-
Days
bonate panels,storagehinged
(keeping towater Construction
in aframe,
a steel that can beandmo- boundaries
Seasons
range of ±0.1 ved°C) which feedsbyboth
individually the the
wind action. The envelopes of the metering
terminal Years
zone and the
units of theThe guardinternal
lighting and transparent/translucent skin
(specify)
allows the building to emit a bright steel
but gentle
sheetslantern-
like glow, brightening Allegheny Square polyurethane foam.is The resulting thermal
at night, and SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
The solar absorber,
intended consists
to serveof twoasstainless
an actual steelandconductance
metaphorical is bea-
(AISI 304) con sheets welded and inflated at high particular care is taken in order
in the Northside neighborhood.
Other (specify)
Centimeters
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, RadiantMeterspanels

01 Not
03 Visible, x 6.2 change
mx (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
 Involved
(shutters, flaps,
05 Visible, location or orientation since:
change
130
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://nedkahn.com/portfolio/articulated-cloud/
http://www.kearch.com/work/childrens-museum-of-pittsburgh/
http://architizer.com/projects/childrens-museum-of-pittsburgh/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvkNdlKVP2Y (Accessed
October 15, 2018) 5
http://pghmurals.blogspot.it/2016/01/articulated-cloud-by-ned-
kahn.html (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://www.rudybruneraward.org/wp-content/
uploads/2007/01/03-Childrens-Museum-of-Pittsburgh-1.pdf
Linn, C., Fortmeyer, R. (2014), Kinetic Architecture: Designs for

Active Envelopes, The Images Publishing Group
http://architizer.com/projects/childrens-museum-of-pittsburgh/
© Ned Kahn Studios

6
Rosa Romano
Florence University, Department oF architectUre
4. Facade of the museum, (c) Ned Kahn Studios
EnRico sERgio mazzucchElli 5. Prototype of Articulated Cloud
Politecnico di Milano 6. Detail of Facade of the museum
131
FACADE SYSTEM
ES VIAGENS BUILDING/ PT BUILDING, Lisbon (PT), 1998
ESTP
Sua outdoor test cell
Kay Arquitectos

MATERIAL
ESViagens/PT building was designed by Sua Kay Ar- N
chitects
 Institut and built in
de Recherche en1998 in a completely
Constructibilité, revitalised
Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
district of Lisbon, Portugal, to host Expo98, alongside
the Tagus River.
COMPONENT
It has test
The outdoor a 2500,00 sq.m development
facility under double skininfaçade means envelope
Paris atwhich
the Ecole Spéciale
provides des Travaux
a great Publics, and
transparency %);
connection
±0.02
to the outside. - cooling power: calculated from the
collaboration
The shading with device
the end-use Efficiency
is a horizontal slat venetian blindof the water mass flow (Coriolis-
measurement FACADE
which is located in the airgap and is based
mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
automatically
controlled. the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
opaqueThe building
double elements. A detailed
skin facade has discussion
an outdoor air curtain cor-
of designridorchoices and early
typology andsimulation
hybrid airresults can
gap ventilation.
Longitude 9°05’
DOUBLE SKIN FACADE; AUTOMATIC anemometers,
VENETIAN BLIND AND capacitance
EXHAUST relative
AIR-GAP humidity DAYLIGHT REGULATION
VENTILATION;
Building floor area 13.250,00 sq.m acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Csa
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientation
of the the facility will South-East
be North-West
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance door and the
façade
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
be coated

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
The facility
bequality
for controlling
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Building automation systems for theInvolved person(s):
management

FS_07
132
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Aluminium and PV Panels Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Detail of facade system near the roof of the tower

2. View of the building.
3. Facade system
133
3
OF THE
parameters CONTROL/OPERATION
will be monitored during comfort TYPE
a configuration by which the Intrinsic (auto
reactive)
in a larger ESViagens/PT
room. The “room”buildingworks ashas both double skin facade Electromagnetic
a guard
airgap ventilation and shading device systems adap- Other (specify)
both configurations
tive. Theforairthegapoperation
has a ofhybrid
the test
ventilation.
acoustic The airtests.
comfort gap
cell is presented
exhaustin [7]ventilator
and can be seen in Figure
switches on as soon as: SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and controlSeconds of the facility will be
i) outdoor temperature higher than 24ºC and air gap
used as a temperature
technical space higher than 40ºC;and Instruments system. As concerns
for ventilation Minutes the control
ii) outdoor temperature lower thanlogics,
lighting systems. 24ºC they
andareairpresently
gap being Hours
tested by means
temperature higher than 30ºC. It switches off when air
Days
gat temperature is lower than 30ºC.
range of ±0.1 The°C)venetian
which feeds blind
bothshading
the terminaldeviceTheisenvelopes of the metering zone and the
automatically
guard zone Years
units of the pulled
guard zone
downand the metering
depending on box.
the In
illuminance levelare
onconstructed
lux with prefabricated
meters box on
located is equipped sandwich panels,
with aHowever, this shading
building roof. formed by two 0.6
Other mm stainless
(specify)
control system is frequently overridden by the users.
-2 -1
Other (specify)
Centimeters
element. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant
Metrespanels

01 Not
 Involved
(shutters, flaps,
134
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.suakay.com/projecto.php?pid=142&sid=41&ssid=109
Gomes, M.G. (2010), Thermal performance of double skin

façades. Numerical modelling and experimental analysis, (PhD
4
Thesis), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Technical University of 4. ES Viagens/PT Building
Lisbon
Marques da Silva, F., Pereira, I., Pinto A., Santos A., Patrício, J.,
Matias, L., Gomes, M. G., Moret, R. A., Duarte, R. (2008), Moni-
toring of the double skin facade of ES viagens building - Parque
das nações, Rel. 27/2008 - NOE, LNEC, Lisbon
http://www.suakay.com/projecto.php?pid=142&sid=41&ssid=109

Maria da Glória Gomes
Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa
Rosa Romano,
135
FACADE SYSTEM
CAMPUS KOLDING, Kolding (DK), 2014
ESTP outdoor
Henning test cell
Larsen Architects
Absolute
As the new guarded
learning centre test cell Kolding
MATERIAL
N
of excellence,
Campus will houseenthe
Constructibilité, Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
courses in communications,
design, culture and languages of the University of
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim ofSouthern Denmark. circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
The main test feature
facility under
of thedevelopment
building is the in façade.
means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
It con-
Paris atsiststhe Ecole
of 1600 Spéciale des Travaux
perforated steelPublics, ±0.02 %);
solar shading panels.
These triangular shaped solar shading- devices
cooling
are power: calculated from the
monitorwilllightmeasurement
and heat le-of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
FACADE
Research controlled
Group of byPolitecnico
sensors that di Milano,
allow to velsobtain around reliable
the estimates
building, ofadjusting
thermal themselves by
performance
either openingindicators or ofclosingtransparent and
automatically. This(Pt100
system
box resistance temperature detectors
opaqueallowsbuilding elements. A detailed discussion
for optimal user comfort in terms of (RTDs),
lightingaccuracy
and ±0.07 °C);
be found heating.
in [7]. The major design aim is to build a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
facility The
with building
high accuracy features a numbertests
for calorimetric of sustainable fea- on a roof of the ESTP campus,
station is placed
but also tures,flexible
for enough
instance to be used by
cooling for indoor
means of andwater
allowsfrom
environmental
Koldingquality River,(IEQ) investigations.
mechanical diffuse solarand
low-energy ventilation irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
solar cells.
Longitude 9°48’
meteringSHADING
box, while the DEVICE,IEQ tests areDYNAMIC
carried out AND ADAPTIVE ENVELOPE, ENERGY SAVING
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Office,as an office The monitoringOrientation
Education and control of facade
of the the facility will South,
be East, West
used asBuilding a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
guardprinciples
Active façade
façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will/ GOAL / PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
The facility
Indoor willair positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
protect theEnergy guardgeneration
zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal
and rainPersonal
and it willusers’
shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are and/or
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Building automation systems  forInvolved person(s):
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural the management
resources, etc.): of plants and elements of the buildingAndrea skin Kindinis BF

FS_08
136
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. South facade ©Hufton+Crow
2. Façade, detail of shading device, ©Hufton+Crow
3. Façade, detail of shading device, ©Hufton+Crow
137
OF THE
(auto reactive)
in a larger The
room.solar shading
The “room” workssystem consists of 1600 triangu-
as a guard
gasarephase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
lar shutters of perforated steel. They mounted on Other (specify)
both configurations
the facade for the
in aoperation
way which of the test them to adjust to the
allows acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented
changingin [7] and can be of
intensity seen in Figureand desired inflow of
daylight SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
light. When the shutters are closed, they lie flat along
Seconds
used as a the facade.
technical Theyforprotrude
space ventilation andthe Instruments
from facade when system.
open As concerns
Minutes
the control
lighting systems.
as desired and when entirely open logics,
theythey are presently
provide the being tested by means
Hours
building with a very expressive appearance. The solar
shading system is fitted with sensors that continuously Days
range of ±0.1 measure
°C) which light andboth
feeds heatthelevels The envelopes
and regulate
terminal of the metering
the shutters
mechanically by means
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In of a small guard
motor. zone are constructed with prefabricated
Years
particular, the
Themetering
perforation box isof equipped
the hugewith a sandwich
shutters panels,
is a light, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
organic Other (specify)
solar absorber and an steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
pattern ofauxiliary
round holes,coolingwhich
battery.provides a distinctive play
in the facade on the outside as wellconductance
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel
as a dynamic equal to SYSTEM
is play 0.153 W.m DEGREE
of light on the inside.

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high The holes in particular
the facadecareareis taken
de- in order to minimize the
On/off
pressure insigned
order toand generate
adapted internal
to anchannels
opening anglethermalofbridges
approx. around
30 the entrance door and the
%. Engineers
for the passage of distilled andwater.architects interface where
have conducted
Distilled water the test component
analyses
and calculations to establish this as the optimal ope- Other (specify)
ning angle in relation to the amount of light and energy
The absorber letplate
in and outcoated
will be of thewith building - whileExposure
a selective at the same– Southtime
TiNOX® coating with solar
providing users absorption
with optimalcoefficient
views to the outside urban Nanometers
and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N;Micrometers
α ~ 95 % space. 2°33′E - Cfb
Sensors monitor heat and light levels around the buil-
Millimeters
conditions on ding, theallowing
internal the facade
surface of thepanels
test to shift from open to Centimeters
element. half-open to fully open. Even when Cooling fully closed, a con-
Meters
trolled amount of natural light is able to shine through
The facility will be positioned withof
its round
south façade Ventilation – No Data Other (specify)
a custom pattern holes, some of which are
linked to create amoeba-like openings.
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m  Involved person(s):
Andrea Kindinis
138
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.henninglarsen.com/projects/0900-0999/0942-sdu-
kolding-campus.aspx (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.dezeen.com/2015/07/14/henning-larsen-syddansk-
universitet-sdu-kolding-campus-buildingdenmark-
green-standards-university/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-
larsen-architects (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.rmig.com/files/RMIG/PDF/UK/RMIG_Case_Study_
SDU.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018)
4
http://www.floornature.com/henning-larsen-architects-inaugura-
tes-the-kolding-campus-in-denmark-10258/
https://www.ribaj.com/products/campus-kolding-university-of-
southern-denmark (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.archilovers.com/projects/16806/kolding-campus-
university-of-southern-denmark.html#info
http://bustler.net/news/3096/construction-update-dynamic-
facade-on-henning-larsen-architects-kolding-campus (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
© Henning Larsen arcHitects

rosa romano
enrico sergio mazzuccHeLLi

4. Detail of triangular shutters

5. Detail of perforated steel
139
FACADE SYSTEM
ALLIANZ HEADQUARTERS, Wallisellen (CH), 2014
ESTP
Wieloutdoor test Maik
Arets, Felix Thies, cellIlmer
Absolute
The Allianz guarded testconsists
cell
MATERIAL
Suisse Headquarters of two N
buildings: en Constructibilité,
a 17 storeys tower plus roof Université
terrace andParis-Est ESTP, FRANCE
a five-storey block perimeter building with an inner
Aim ofcourtyard. Glazed bridges connect the buildings.circulation Cha-
COMPONENT
the test facility fans and active sensors: measured by
racteristic
The outdoor of the under
test facility buildings is its fully
development in glazed
means building
Paris atenvelope
the Ecole applying
Spéciale desa suspended unitized
Travaux Publics, façade
±0.02 %); with
du Bâtiment et deTol'Industrie
closed cavity. (ESTP)
meet the local in planning requi-
urban - cooling power: calculated from the
rements of the district Richti, a façade style with cle-of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
measurement FACADE
allow to arlyobtain
defined window
reliable structures
estimates is chosen:
of thermal
based two glass meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
mass-flow
elements are framed thethe
temperatures
abstract at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators of with foils thatand
transparent depict
opaquepicture
buildingofelements.
an onyx Amarble.
detailed discussion
of design choicestoand
Thanks theearly simulation
highly resultsmultiple
insulating can glazing, the
building still meets the Swiss Minergie standard and
2000W label. The air cavity in the façade elements
is hermetically
environmental quality (IEQ) sealed and mechanically
investigations. ventilated,
which prevents moisture. Furthermore, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
contribute
humidity,
computer-controlled sun protections in the façade ca-
vity, made of aluminium coated silver curtains,
- to the Environmental Quality main
Indoor
indoor climate regulation. parameters will be monitored during comfort
Latitude: 47°41′ includes 8°59′ E
N Longitude:
anemometers, capacitance
THERMALrelative humidity
meteringCURTAIN
box, while the WALL; SHADING;
IEQ tests are carriedDAYLIGHT
out CONTROL; COMFORT; AESTETHIC QUALITY
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
02. Technology
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
element.
Energy management (harvesting, storing, Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
SG
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy
protect the guardgeneration
zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal
and rainPersonal
and it willusers’
inside
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural the management
resources, etc.): of plants and elements of the buildingAndrea skin Kindinis BF

FS_09
140
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): - Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Aluminium coated silver curtain
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Buildind view ©Welaretsarchitects
2. Building view, ©Welaretsarchitects
3. Façade, detail of shading device,
©Welaretsarchitects
141
FACADE willANDbe monitored during comfort
reactive)
has led to OFaTHE configuration by which the SYSTEM
CONTROL/OPERATION Pt100, T-type thermocouples, omnidirectional
A new type of closed-cavity facadessensors, out composes the bu-
globo-thermometers, luxmeters
ilding envelope. The single elements gasare comprised
phase photoacoustic of spectroscopy unit. More
hermetically sensors will be used for dedicated visual and
both configurations for thesealed,
operation multiple glazing
of the test with high insula-
tion efficiency.
cell is presented in [7] and canThebeairseencavity is mechanically ventilated,
in Figure SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the whichguard avoids
zone iscondensation
used as an officeproblems. The The monitoring
resultand of a control of the facility will be
space, it is series
possibleoftotests
apply demonstrated
a false ceiling tothat performed by means of an
be moisture integrated National
Seconds
is constan-
tly extracted from the air that is pumped
lighting systems. logics, theythrough the being tested by means
are presently
Minutes
cavity. Additionally, the cavity also ofhosts the model
a thermal shading described with more details in
Hours
The proposed curtains.
cooling Suspended
system consists from
of athe [7].
high-construction, the uniti- Days
zed facade storage (keeping water
is providing in a Construction
a visually flowing surface and boundaries
by Seasons
a flush-mounted construction. Twoguard facadezone elements
are constructed Yearswith prefabricated
each
particular, the are framed
metering by a pixel
box is equipped withpattern
a sandwichof natural
panels, stone
formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
Other (specify)
solar absorberonyx,and as an interpretation
an auxiliary of the district’s
cooling battery. steel sheetsrequirementand 15 cm thick injected-
to provide natural stone facades. polyurethane foam. The resulting -2thermal
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m DEGREE
.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
Wiel Arets Architects decided to photograph
particular care
and is
ab- in order to minimize the
taken
stract the onyx window pattern of Mies van der Rohe’s
pavilion in Barcelona as a tribute to the famous architect
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component Gradualis installed.
is chosen for whothe was a sontoofaccurately
possibility a stone know
mason. its The way the patterns Other (specify)
specific heat are capacity
placedaton constant
the façadepressure (cp), asNumber
appears if offsetofstruts
test bedsflow– 1
all way from the of top
the cooling power. floor of the buildings
to the ground DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
surface. The pattern gives
TiNOX® coating with solar absorption coefficient the fully glazed façade the Nanometers
α ~ 95 % impression
and thermal of a marble
emissivity ε ~cladding,
4 %.The and the placement
Climate of
– Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
solar absorbercurtain hangs
is also used instead
as baffleof in conventional
order to blinds gives it a
help keeping Heating – Heating coil, Radiant Millimeters
panels
specialnearly-constant
visual impression. convection
The curtain hangs of alumi-
num coated silver respond to external Cooling environmental
element. Meters
factors processed by computer-controlled algorithm.
Thebecurtain
The facility will fabric
positioned withofitshighly reflectiveVentilation
south façade aluminium – Novapour
Data Other (specify)
coating
facing an open are employed
meadow, for the first
thus the hypothesis of time as an integrated
shading andisglare
well control.
met. A Whenground theDimensions and capabilities
curtains are open, LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
the façade looks like a thin membrane from the
inside arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
despite
protect the guard theenvelope
zone element fromthickness
snow loads of 300,00
m x 1.2mm.
m x It3.0
seems
m, while the internal dimensions
and rain and toitclose
will shade
withitdirect
from solar irradiance,
sunlight of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
irradiation.
Andrea Kindinis
142
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.detail.de/artikel/vorhang-auf-fuer-ein-neues-
stadtquartier-das-richti-areal-in-zuerich-wallisellen-12391/
facade construction: http://josef-gartner.permasteelisagroup.

com/project-gallery/487/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://josef-gartner.permasteelisagroup.com/
media/1392/2014_5-detail-englisch-allianz-headquarters-in-
wallisellen-richti-engl.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018) 4
curtain wall fabric: https://www.creationbaumann.com/de/

Richti-Areal-Buerogebaeude-und-Hochhaus-Wallisellen-
Schweiz-5266.html (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Welarets Architects

Susanne Gosztonyi
Lucerne University, Institute of Civil Engineering IBI
Rosa Romano

4. Facade system, external view. ©Welaretsarchitects

5. Detail of facade. ©Welaretsarchitects
143
FACADE SYSTEM
HANWHA HEADQUARTERS REMODELLING, SEOUL (ROK), 2013
ESTP outdoor
UNStudio test
and Arup cell
Hong Kong

MATERIAL
UNStudio’s design has been selected as the winning N
entrydeinRecherche
 Institut the competition for the remodeling
en Constructibilité, of Paris-Est
Université the ESTP, FRANCE
Hanwha headquarters building in Seoul.
The renovation of the office tower incorporates the COMPONENT
remodelling
The outdoor of the
test facility facade,
under the interior
development in ofmeans
the common
Paris atspaces,
the Ecole Spécialemeeting
lobbies, des Travaux Publics,
levels, auditorium %); exe-
±0.02 and
du Bâtiment et dealong
cutive areas, l'Industrie
with the(ESTP)
redesign in of the landsca-
collaboration
ping. with the end-use Efficiency measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Located on the Cheonggyecheon in Seoul, basedthemass-flow
57,696 meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to 2 obtain reliable estimates of thermal
m headquarter building was seen to nothe temperatures
longer reflect at the envelope of the metering
opaqueHanwha
building elements.
as one ofAthe detailed discussion
leading environmental techno-
of designlogychoices and early
providers simulation
in the world. results can
be found For the competition to remodel the tower- UNStudio
in [7]. The major design aim is to build a weather te- conditions: a dedicated weather
amed with Arup (sustainability and facade consultant)
and Loos
environmental van
quality Vliet
(IEQ) (landscape designer).
investigations. Following
the selection of the competition design,humidity, AG Licht wind
joi-speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Description
ned as of the test facility
lighting consultant for the interior, water.
landscape
In order to optimize
lighting. both calorimetric -
and facade Indoor Environmental Quality main
Longitude 126°58’
meteringFAÇADE
box, while RETROFIT;
the IEQ tests FAÇADE
are carried RENOVATION;
out SUN SHADING; BIPV; DYNAMIC LED LIGHTING
Climate Cwa
2.. When the guard
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for ventilation and Instruments system.
Refurbished Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will / GOAL with a selective Exposure – South
/ PURPOSE
be coated
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
conditionsEnergy management (harvesting, the
on the internal surface of test supply)
element.
storing, Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
SG
bequality
for controlling
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside
management

FS_10
144
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): PV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Geometry of the window frame
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
1. Hanwha_PV Diagram ©UNStudio

2. Building view, ©UNStudio
3. Façade, detail of PV windows, ©UNStudio
145
DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THEparameters
FACADE willAND be monitored during comfort
UNStudio developed an integrated gas phase photoacoustic
responsive facade spectroscopy unit. More
conceptforwhich improves sensors
climatewill be used exi- for dedicated visual and
both configurations the operation of thethe indoor
test of the
cell is presented
stinginbuilding
[7] and can
andbe seen to
reacts in both
Figurethe programmed distri- SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guard zone The monitoring and control of the facility will be
bution and theislocation.
used asThrough
an office fully integrated design
space, it is strategies
possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed by means of an integrated National
Seconds
the UN facades can provide responsive and
the control
performative envelopes that both contextually
lighting systems. logics, they and
are presently
con- being tested by means
ceptually react to their local surroundings, of a thermal model
whilst simul- described with more details in
Hours
The proposed cooling system
taneously consistsinterior
determining of a high- [7].
conditions. Days
stability distilled-water storage (keeping size
waterand Construction and boundaries
in a reveal)
The geometry (pattern, of the framing Seasons
is further defined by the sun and orientation guard zone factors
are to
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In Years
ensure
particular, the userbox
metering comfort insidewith
is equipped sandwich
anda reduced panels, con-
energy formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
Other (specify)
sumption. In thecooling
designbattery.
for the Hanwhasteel sheets
headquarterand 15 cm thick injected-
building the North facade opens to polyurethane enable day lightingfoam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber, consists of twobutstainless conductance is equal to SYSTEM
steel more 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
within the building becomes opaque
particular care onis the in order to minimize the
taken
South façade, where the sun would otherwise have too
muchofimpact
for the passage distilled on the Distilled
water. heat load of theinterface
water where the test component
building. Gradualis installed.
Openings withinto accurately
the facade knoware its further related to the Other (specify)
specific heat capacity
views: at constant
opening pressure
up where (cp),areNumber
views possible of test beds – 1
but beco-
needed for theming computation
more compact of the cooling
on thepower.side adjacent to the nearby DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
buildings.
α ~ 95 % Direct solaremissivity
and thermal impact on ε ~the building Climate
4 %.The is reduced– Cachan,
by sha- 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
solar absorberdingis which
also used is as baffle inby
provided order to
angling the glazing away
Millimeters
from direct sunlight, while the upper portion of the
element.
South facade is angled to receive Cooling direct sunlight.
– Cooling PV coil, Radiant panels
cells are placed on the opaque panels on the South / Meters
Southeast its south façade PVVentilation
with Furthermore,
facade. panels are – No Data
angled Other (specify)
facing an open
in themeadow,
areas thus
of thethefacade
hypothesis of energy from the sun
where
unobstructed canexposition well met. A ground Dimensions and capabilities
best be isharvested. LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
The facade will boast a distinctive nighttime glow,
with arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat3.0
thousands
protect the guard of LED from
zone envelope pixelssnowto be m x 1.2by
controlled
loads max sophisti-
3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
and rain and it will computerized
cated shade it from solar systemofthat
irradiance,
lighting the will
guard zonefor
allow area (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
where 4.0 m
with the onlyvirtually
exception of the south
limitless arrayfaçade
of possibilities in terms the to-  Involved person(s):
Andrea Kindinis
wer’s outward appearance.
146
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly 4
Reference
http://www.unstudio.com/projects/hanwha-headquarter-remode-
ling (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/30/hanwha-hq-seoul-unstudio-
dynamic-facade/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.arch2o.com/hanwha-headquarters-remodelling-
unstudio/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.architetti.com/riqualificazione-sostenibile-l-hanwha-
headquarters-a-seoul-di-unstudio.html (Accessed October 15,
2018)
Reference to picture 5
© UNSTUDIO

Rosa Romano

4. Outside view with PV window. ©UNStudio

5. Configuration detail. ©UNStudio
6. Section of building with integration of PV window.
©UNStudio
147
FACADE SYSTEM
NORDIC EMBASSIES IN BERLIN, Berlin (DE), 1999
ESTP outdoor
Alfred test
Berger, Tina cell
Parkkinen
Absolute guarded test cell plan for

MATERIAL
Berger and Parkkinen developed a master N
the Nordic
 Institut embassy
de Recherche en in Berlin and initiated
Constructibilité, the deve-
lopment of building in 1999.
The shape of the building (with acute angle corners)
COMPONENT
is derived
The outdoor from pedestrian
test facility paths passing
under development in means through
of a the
Paris aturban
the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux Publics, ±0.02 %);
landscape.
du Bâtiment
The main et façade
de l'Industrie
is covered(ESTP) in
with copper - with horizon-
collaboration with thatthe are end-use Efficiency
tal lamellas supposed to give themeasurement
unique im-of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
pression of what is a five separate buildings.
The lamellas the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicatorsin of the transparent
façade could and be controlled in
opaquegroups,
building revealing
elements. Athe detailed
properdiscussion
façade, that is hidden
below.
Longitude 13°21’
meteringPRE-PATINATED
box, while the IEQ tests LAMELLAS;
are carried COPPER
out LAMELLAS; SUN SHADE; EMBASSY; UNIFIED APPEARANCE
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
built and Instruments system. As concerns the control
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
be coated

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
The facility
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside

FS_11
148
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Copper Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Geometry of the window frame
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
1. The copper wall with louvres

2. Main Entrance
3. The copper wall with louvres
149
Common external façade of the six sensors, out embassyglobo-thermometers,
buildings luxmeters
is 230 meters long and 15 meters gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
high.
The wavy sensors will be used for dedicated visual and
both configurations for wall is a Berger
the operation and
of the testParkkinen project. The
envelope is acan
sum be seen in Figure
of copper lamellas mounted on a SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
2.. When the guard zone The monitoring and control of the facility will be
stainless steelisconstruction,
used as an office
encloses the six buildings
space, it is as
Seconds
a continuous and autonomous element.
the control
The angles at which the copper lamellas
lighting systems. logics, they
areare presently being tested by means
inclined
allow controlling the amount of light, of aview
thermal
andmodel
air thatdescribed with more details in
Hours
The proposed coolingfrom
moving system consists
outside to of a high-
inside [7].
the buildinga and vice- Days
stability distilled-water Construction and boundaries
versa. storage (keeping water in a Seasons
Some of the blinds are equipped with guardhydraulic
zone pumps
withmetering
particular, the which they box isare electrically
equipped sandwich panels,
with amaneuvered from formed
the by two 0.6 mm stainless
Other (specify)
interior. steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
DEGREE
On/off
Millimeters
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
Andrea Kindinis
150
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.arcspace.com/features/berger--parkkinen/nordic-
embassy-complex/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/
handle/1794/10591/roussa_cassal_arch_510_precedents. 4
pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.imoa.info/download_files/stainless-steel/euroinox/
Nordic.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.arcspace.com/features/3xn/royal-danish-embassy/
http://www.arcspace.com/features/palmar-kristmundsson/the-
icelandic-embassy/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.arcspace.com/features/snoehetta/the-norwegian-
embassy/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.arcspace.com/features/wingaardh-arkitektkontor-ab/
royal-swedish-embassy/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.arcspace.com/features/viiva-arkkitehtuuri-oy/finnish-
embassy/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Marcin Brzezicki

Rosa Romano

Marcin Brzezicki
4. Perforated stainless steel panels on the facade of

the Danish Embassy
5. Detail of the copper band that encircles the five
embassies
151
FACADE SYSTEM
MEDIA-TIC, Barcelona (ES), 2007
ESTP
Enricoutdoor
Ruiz-Geli test cell
Absolute guarded test cellRuiz-Geli

MATERIAL
Media Tic building was designed by Enric N
(Cloud-9)
 Institut and intend
de Recherche to be a vehicleUniversité
en Constructibilité, for spreading
Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
new technologies to all citizens. It is a building of great
transparency, open to the public, gathering a creative
COMPONENT
and environmental
The outdoor test facility under awareness.
development It features
in means a large
of aau-
Paris atditorium
the Ecolewith Spéciale des Travaux
a seating capacity Publics, 300.%);
of about±0.02
du Bâtiment
It has anetinnovative
de l'Industrie (ESTP) translucent
and attractive in Ethyle- power: calculated from the
- cooling
collaboration withFluorothe Ethylene
end-use (ETFE) Efficiencyfacade cladding,
ne Tetra measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group of 2Politecnico di Milano, will
with 2500 m , which performs simultaneously based mass-flow
as an meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
externalindicators
protectionofand a mobile solar the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance transparent and screen to regu-
opaquelate building
bothelements.
light andAtemperature
detailed discussion
and, hence, contribu-
of designting choices and earlythe
to decrease simulation
buildingresults
energycandemand.
Latitude 41°40’; includes
Longitude 2°19’
meteringPNEUMATIC
box, while the IEQ FACADE tests areAND BLIND;
carried out DAYLIGHT REGULATION; OFFICE BUILDING; ETFE
Building floor area 23.104,00 sq.m acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate BSk
2.. When the guard
of the the facility will South-east,
be South-west
used asBuilding
a technical
built and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber / GOAL
/ PURPOSE
be coated

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
The facility
bequality
for controlling
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside
the management
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the buildingAndrea skin Kindinis

FS_12
152
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): ETFE (ethylene tetrafluorethylene) Other (specify):
cladding

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): ETFE with serigrafy
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify): Pneumatic mechanisms

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Detail of one of the mobile bags that function as a

solar screen
2. Facade system
3. Detail of one of the mobile bags that function as a
solar screen
153
in a larger The
room.Sancho
The “room” works Façade
as a guard
de Ávila gas phase
(south-east photoacoustic
façade ) ta- spectroscopy unit. More
kes an average of 6 hours of sunshine sensors
in onewillday,
be needused for dedicated visual and
an external acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented in [7] andsolarcan be system
seen inbased
Figure on a double layer of SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
cladding that isis used as an office
regulated, domotic, Thestructurally
monitoring and light,control of the facility will be
space, it is with
Seconds
low energy consumption and great illumination
efficiency. The solution is an exterior “film”
logics, theyof are
material Minutes
lighting systems.
with a variable ETFE solar filter in Diaphragm configu-
Hours
The proposed cooling
ration, system consists
constructed with three layers[7].
of a highof ETFE, with con- Days
stant pressure storageand (keeping in a Construction
watercirculation
variable and boundaries
of air between Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 which feeds The envelopes of the metering
the°C) chambers. Thebothfirstthe terminal
layer is transparent,
guard the
zone second
(middle) and third layers have a reverse pattern design
(specify)
solar absorberwhich,
and anwhen inflated
auxiliary coolingandbattery.
joined together,steel create
sheets shade, and 15 cm thick injected-
or in other words a single opaque layer. polyurethane
When the foam. se- The resulting -2thermal
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless conductance is equal to SYSTEM
steelcreating 0.153 W.m .K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
cond and third layers are joined, shade, the in-
flatable section only has one air chamber. The system On/off
activates
for the passage itselfwater.
of distilled automatically interface wheresensor
with a temperature
Distilled water the test component
is chosen for network. Eachtoofaccurately
the possibility the “pillows”know its have their own sensors Other (specify)
specific heat and capacity at constantseparately.
are controlled pressure (cp), TheyNumber
measure of test
the bedstem-– 1
perature, heat,ofand the the
cooling
sun’s power.
angle to control the clima- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
te of the building’s interior.It
performs and regulates the Nanometers
α ~ 95 % solar energyemissivity
and thermal with a filterε ~ in 4 the
%.The façade, which
Climate combines
– Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
a nitrogen as baffle
particle system in order
with to air from the ETFEs and
help keeping
createsnearly-constant
a cloud that protects convection Heating – Heating
the building´s interior. The coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
conditions on the internal surface of
sensors work in real-time with air chambersthe test to makecoil, Centimeters
it Radiant panels
element. Cooling – Cooling
inflate or deflate. Meters
Another
The facility will façadewith
be positioned with a singular
its south façade configuration
Ventilation – Nois Data
that Other (specify)
facing an open
which meadow, thus the
looks onto the hypothesis of
interior street: this façade also re-
unobstructed exposition Dimensions and capabilities
ceives a fairisamount
well met.of Asunshine
ground and in this case the LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
“EFTE Lenticular” configuration is used, which injects
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
a spray
protect the guard zone ofenvelope
nitrogenfrom
intosnow loads ofmETFE
a number x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions
longitudinal
and rain and it willarranged
bags shade it from solarthe
along irradiance,
SW façade.of the guard
This zone the
brings are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
with the onlysolar
exception
factorofdown
the south
fromfaçade
0,45,where 4.0 mby the Building 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
as required  Involved person(s):
Code, to 0,10, four times less. 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
Andrea Kindinis
The other two façades of the cube are glassed-in and
havesystem
little exposure 05 Visible, location or orientation change
The monitoring considerstoallthe thesun.
most Construction in progress
154
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify): 20.791.486,00 €


Daily
Weekly 4
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Albiñana, M. and Ruiz-Geli, E. (2011), Media- Tic, ACTAR
Publishers
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Media-Tic (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
http://www.archdaily.com/49150/media-tic-enric-ruiz-geli (Acces-
http://www.ruiz-geli.com/projects/built/media-tic (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
http://www.22barcelona.com/documentacio/pdfangles.pdf (Ac-
http://www.ruiz-geli.com/projects/built/media-tic (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/enric-ruiz-geli-media-
ict-building-under-construction/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.abitare.it/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Presenta-
cionMEDIA-TIC_web_EN-1.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.22barcelona.com/documentacio/pdfangles.pdf (Ac-

Marcin Brzezicki
Rosa Romano
5
4. Media-TIC at the intersection of Sancho de Ávila
and Roc Boronat
5. Diagrams of the way the ETFE Diaphragm works
Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa
Dilara Güler
Universidad Del Pais Vasco
155
FACADE SYSTEM
KFW WESTARKADE, Frankfurt (DE), 2010
ESTP outdoor
Sauerbruch test
Hutton, cell Theiss Planungsgesellschaft mbH, Transsolar
Architekten
Absolute
In 2002, theguarded
Kreditanstalt fürtest cell began
MATERIAL
Wiederaufbau N
to renovate
 Institut and extend
de Recherche its head office
en Constructibilité, northwestParis-Est
Université of ESTP, FRANCE
Frankfurt’s city centre. With primary energy usage re-
maining below 100 kWh/m2/year, the Westarkade sets
COMPONENT
new energy
The outdoor standards
test facility under for high-rise in
development office buildings.
means In
Paris atcontrast
the EcoletoSpéciale
conventional double
des Travaux skin facade
Publics, ±0.02construc-
%);
du Bâtiment
tion, theetfacade de l'Industrie
cavity is not (ESTP) in
ventilated - by means
coolingof power: calculated from the
collaboration
the “stack with effect”,
the end-use
in which air Efficiency
is ventilated upwardsof the water mass flow (Coriolis-
measurement FACADE
through the building but, instead wind based
pressure and meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
mass-flow
suctionindicators
at the leeof side of the tower the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance transparent and are utilised. To
opaqueenable
buildingthis, the facade
elements. A detailedis clad with zigzagged
discussion tran-
of design choicescolourised
sparent and early simulation
glass panes results
andcannarrow ventilation
be found in [7].Furthermore,
flaps. The major design the aim is to build a wind-pressuri-
double-layered - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
but also zed facade
flexible has high
enough to be insulation
used for values
indoor and andoffers
allowsnatu-
ral ventilation
environmental quality (IEQ)independent of the weather,
investigations. as solar
diffuse well asirradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
efficient solar protection. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Longitude 8°30’
meteringDOUBLE
box, while FACADE;
the IEQ testsOFFICE are carriedBUILDING;
out LOW-ENERGY BUILDING; VENTILATION FLAPS
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
be orientation
status space for New built
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
observed and reported/ Idea Active façade
02. Technology
(AISI 304)04. Prototype and inflated at high particular care is takenKinetic
demonstration
sheets welded in order
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
SG
The facility
Indoor will air positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
be quality
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements Mobile screens for controlling
are (WxLxH): 3.0 solar radiation
Energy
protect the guardgeneration
zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internalsolutions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
management

FS_13
156
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Facade view
2. Building view
3. Detail of facade system
157
DETAILED EXPLANATION OF parameters
THE FACADE willANDbe monitored during comfort
reactive)
in a larger The
room.façade’s outer
workslayer
as a contains sensor-controlled Electromagnetic
The “room” guard
flap openings that maintain a gas phase
constant and photoacoustic
even air spectroscopy unit. More
pressure
both configurations forwithin the ring.of the test acoustic comfort tests.
the operation
The inner canhas
layer be seen in Figure
operable windows that allow the SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
offices within to be ventilated. The air flow within the
Seconds
used as a pressure
technical ringspace is for
regulated
ventilationto never
and exceed 6 m/s.
Minutes
The flaps are designed to adjust to logics,
lighting systems. theydirections
five wind are presently being tested by means
of a thermal model described Hours
as well as outside temperature, solar radiation and
pressure differences on the windward and leeward
range of ±0.1 sides°C) of
whichthefeeds
building. As terminal
both the a result, The
the offices
envelopes can of be
the metering
ventilated naturally for
units of the guard zone and the metering box. In eight months of
guardthe year
zone without
creating
particular, the metering drafts
box isorequipped
undesired a sandwich
with heat panels, formed by two 0.6 mm stainless
loss. Mechanical Other (specify)
solar absorber and an auxiliary coolingfor
battery. steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
ventilation is required less than polyurethane
50% of all workingfoam. The resulting thermal
hours.
The double façade also

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high functions as a passive
particular carethermal
is taken in order
On/off
to minimize the
pressure insolarorder collector,
to generate asinternal
the flow of fresh thermal
channels bridges around the entrance door and the
air is pre-tempered
double interface
façade.where
In thisthewaytest component
Gradual is installed.
by solar
for the passage radiation
of distilled water.within the water
Distilled
heat loss is minimized and heat energy is conserved. Other (specify)
The outer skin of the double façade can be opened
The absorber completely
plate will beincoated
order with
to avoid overheating
a selective of the
Exposure building
– South
TiNOX® coatingin summer.
with solar During warmer
absorption months, the motorised flaps
α ~ 95 % on and thethermal emissivityand
south-west 4 %.The Climate
ε ~ north-east elevations– Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
open to Micrometers
allow air to flow through the cavity, Heating while during cooler
Heating coil, Millimeters
Radiant panels
help keeping nearly-constant convection –
conditions on times the ofinternal
year the flapsof are
surface the closed,
test allowing air to be Centimeters
element. preheated before entering the offices. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Andrea Kindinis
158
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly 4
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.archdaily.com/316143/kfw-westarkade-sauerbruch-
hutton (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/
kfWWestarkadeFrankfurt/tabid/2896/language/en-US/Default.
aspx (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/kfw-westarkade-offices-and-
conference-centre-frankfurt-bysauerbruch-hutton/8612329.
fullarticle (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.bdonline.co.uk/kfw-westarkade-banking-hq-frankfurt-
by-sauerbruch-hutton/5030258.article (Accessed October 15,
2018)
http://www.detail-online.com/inspiration/sustainable-architecture-
administration-building-in-frankfurt-110286.html (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/50ec/41a7/b3fc/4b65/
cb00/000f/large_jpg/KFW02_1440.jpg?141395093
photos avaiable form the architect’s web-site (Accessed October
15, 2018)
October 15, 2018)
October 15, 2018) 5
Marcin Brzezicki 4. View of the Office
Wroclaw University of Technology 5. Facade construction phase
Rosa Romano

159
FACADE SYSTEM
HEAD OFFICE OF AGC GLASS EUROPE, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve (DE), 2014
ESTP outdoor
SAMYN test cell
and PARTNERS, Daidalos Peutz, AGC Glass
Absolute guarded
of AGC Headtest
Office cell
MATERIAL
N
Glass facades were equipped
 Institut
withde Recherche
glass en Constructibilité,
sun shades, Université
that turn towards the sunParis-Est
au- ESTP, FRANCE
tomatically. The light allowed into the interior is diffu-
Aim of sed, as facility
their surfaces have been treated and printed COMPONENT
with alternate
The outdoor test facilitybands
under ofdevelopment
white screen-printed
in means stripes.
Paris atRemovable
the Ecole Spécialeblindsdes made Travaux Publics, wood
of bamboo %); also
±0.02were
installed on all the other openings in thebuilding. cooling power: calculated from the
In terms measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
Group of of energy performance,
di Milano, the will aim for the buil-
FACADE
Research Politecnico
ding is to reliable
achieveestimates
zero energy. based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain of thermal
Energyindicators
performance saving, throughout
of transparent (natural
and light, insulation
opaqueetc.)
buildingtheelements. A detailed
use of efficient discussion
materials (energy-saving cir- ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
culation, regulation etc.) and
reliance on renewable
energy
facility with high (photovoltaic panels, ground
accuracy for calorimetric probes,
tests station heat on a roof of the ESTP campus,
is placed
but alsopumps
flexibleetc.)
enoughmade to itbepossible
used fortoindoor
do so. and allows the direct measurement of: global and
Longitude 4°37’
anemometers, capacitance relative NATURAL
humidity LIGHT
metering GLASS
box, while BUILDING;
the IEQ testsMOVABLE
are carried outLOUVRES; AUTOMATED CONTROL;
Building floor area 10.923 sq.m acoustic comfort tests. Type
Climate Cfb
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard
use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientation and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding status space for
a technical New built
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of the guardprinciples
01. Basic zone and the metering
observed box. InIdeaguard zone are constructed with prefabricated
and reported/ Active façade
02. Technology
demonstration façade
in order to minimize the
internal channels
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the testInteractive component is installed. CW
façade
FUNCTION / GOAL / PURPOSE
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient
ATF

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to Switchable façade
help Acoustic comfort
keeping nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
surface of storing,
the test
supply) TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
be quality
Appearance (aesthetic quality) Dimensions and capabilities
unobstructed exposition is well met. A ground in combination with mechanical ventilation systems
Structure
reflectance performance
of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering box used MFM
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy generation m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shadecontrol
it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are and/or
(WxLxH): 4.1comfort
control m x 6.2inside
m x the building
with the Other
only exception 4.0 m
(durability,of the south façade
accessibility, where
use of natural Building automation systems  forInvolved person(s):
the management
resources, etc.): of plants and elements of the building skin Kindinis
Andrea BF

FS_14
160
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Shading with dual-axis tracking
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): Manual 1. Building view
2. Facade detail
3. Glass shading device detail
161
in a larger The
room.external
The “room” worksisasfully
façade a guardcovered gaswith double
phase gla- spectroscopy unit. More
photoacoustic
zing system in combination with thermally
sensors willinsulated
glass sunshades printed with white acoustic
silk comfort
screen. tests.
These
2.. When the louvers
guard respond
zone is useddynamically
as an office The monitoring to
and automatically and thecontrol of the facility will be
space, it is angle
possible to apply a false ceiling to be performed
of the sun which improves the control over ener- by means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a gy technical space for
consumption, ventilation
solar radiation andandInstruments
glare with
the abi- Minutes
lity to admit natural light into the building while affording
of a thermal model described Hours
The proposed a view over
cooling the surrounding
system consists of a high- countryside.
[7]. Days
The louvres
stability distilled-water on the
storage northwater
(keeping a Construction
and insouth facades areand instal- boundaries
Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 led°C) which feedswhile
horizontally, both the on theThe
terminal
those eastenvelopes
and west of the metering
fa-
Years
cades are vertical. When in the east and west, the sun
solar absorberis relatively low and
and an auxiliary thebattery.
cooling vertical louvres steel are betterand
sheets able 15 cm (specify)thick injected-
to track it. In special case, louverspolyurethane are fixed infoam. their The resulting thermal
open position
The solar absorber, consistsin of the
two case
stainlessof rain
steel andconductance is equal to SYSTEM
when the outside 0.153 W.m DEGREE
(AISI 304) temperature

sheets weldedis and inflated at high particular care is taken in order to minimize the
below 3C: risk of icing. ‘TOP on Clearvi- On/Off
sion’, the AGC glass’s product was selected after doing
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component Gradual is installed.
is chosen for several tests and
the possibility modifications
to accurately know itsto choose the type of Other (specify)
specific heat glazing
capacityforatthe adaptive
constant façade.
pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1
needed for theThecomputation
standard of the cooling
louvres controlpower.software was designed DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
byplate will be
COLT, coatedknown
widely with a selective
in the manufacture of solar Nanometers
α ~ 95 % shading
and thermal andemissivity
climateε control
~ 4 %.The systems.
ClimateThe– Cachan,
system 48°79′N;
is 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
solar absorberbased on light
is also used levels measured
as baffle in order to by a roof mounted sen-
Millimeters
help sor. The
keeping louvres of the four
nearly-constant facadesHeating
convection are thus– Heating
controlled coil, Radiant panels
conditions on by 256the internal
actuators: surface
72 forof each
the test north/south facade and Centimeters
56 for each east/west façade. Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Andrea Kindinis
162
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 4
Yearly
Reference
Attia, S. and Bashandy, H. (2016), Evaluation of Adaptive Faca-
des: The Case Study of AGC Headquarter in Belgium, Challen-
ging Glass 5 – Conference on Architectural and Structural Appli-
cations of Glass, Belis, Bos & Louter (Eds.), Ghent University
http://www.archdaily.com/644709/head-office-of-agc-glass-euro-
pe-samyn-and-partners (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.agc-glass.eu/English/Homepage/News/
AGCGlassBuilding/page.aspx/2508 (Accessed October 15,
2018)
https://www.domusweb.it/it/architettura/2014/10/27/agc_glass_
europe.html (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://www.world-architects.com/en/samyn-and-partners-brus-
sels/project/head-office-of-agc-glass-europe (Accessed October
15, 2018)
http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5584/be0b/e58e/ce09/
c200/0171/large_jpg/577_R013.jpg?1434762743, © Ghislain
André (SAMYN and PARTNERS) (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5584/c0d0/e58e/ce09/
c200/0183/large_jpg/Fa%C3%A7ade_Sections_0
1.jpg?1434763462 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.domusweb.it/content/dam/domusweb/en/architectu-
re/2014/10/27/headoffice_agc_glass_europe/rbig/00-agc-glass-
europe.jpg (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://img.edilportale.com/news/41849_02.jpg (Accessed Octo-

ber 15, 2018)

Shady Attia
Liege University
Marcin Brzezicki
5
4. Facade detail
Rosa Romano 5. Technological section

163
FACADE SYSTEM
NURSING HOME MEIDLING, Vienna (AT), 2011
ESTP outdoor
HERMANN test cell
& VALENTINY UND PARTNER, COLT
Absolute
Spread overguarded test cell
MATERIAL
N
five floors, the home houses 256 beds for
 Institut
thosedeinRecherche en Constructibilité,
need of round-the-clock Université
care. All Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
of the rooms
boast spacious, barrier-free loggias, which have been
Aim of built so facility
as to form a walkway around the entire fans
buil-and active sensors: measured by COMPONENT
the test circulation
ding on
The outdoor testeach floor.
facility To protect
under the residents
development in means fromofdirect
Paris atsunlight
the Ecoleand Spéciale
ensuredes their
Travaux Publics,
privacy, these %); are
loggias
±0.02
enveloped in salmon-pink sliding and rotating - shutters
made of perforated aluminum. measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
di Milano,The will fixed and mova-
FACADE
Research Group of Politecnico
bleobtain
elements used here ensure based mass-flow
that light and shadow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to reliable estimates of thermal
interplay,
performance bringingofthistransparent
indicators concrete building
and
boxto life.
(Pt100Eachresistance temperature detectors
opaqueloggia
buildingiselements.
fitted withA detailed
threediscussion
four-wing (RTDs),
sliding-folding
shutters, two of which are fixed and one moveable,
facility although some of the
with high accuracy loggias boast
for calorimetric testssix-wing
stationshutters.
but alsoAllflexible
of these enoughelements
to be are
useduniform
for indoorin size,
and measuring
68,00 cm
environmental in width
quality and 230 cm in height.diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
(IEQ) investigations.
Longitude 16°19’
metering SLIDING-FOLDING
box, while the IEQ testsSHUTTERS; are carried outHEALTHCARE; ELDERLY ACCOMMODATION
Climate Dfb
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard
use zone is used as an office The monitoringOrientation
Healthcare and control of facade
be West
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
02. Technology
sheets welded demonstration
and inflated at high particular care is takenKinetic in order to minimize the
façade
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
ATF

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
surface of storing,
the test
be quality
Structure
reflectance performance
of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering box used MFM
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy generation m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads
and rain Personal
and it willusers’
shadecontrol
(WxLxH): 4.1comfort
m x the building
with the Other
use of natural Building automation systems for theInvolved person(s):
management
resources, etc.): of plants and elements of the building skin
Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_15
164
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Sliding-folding shutters
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):


Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
2. The fixed and moveable façade elements define
the building’s external appearance, photo © Colt
International GmbH | David Auner Photography,
Vienna
1. The loggias provide the residents with more space 3. The moveable sliding and folding shutters can be
as well as a private, accessible outdoor area, controlled from each of the nursing home’s rooms,
photo © Colt International GmbH | David Auner photo © Colt International GmbH | David Auner
Photography, Vienna Photography, Vienna
165
reactive)
in a larger The
room.fixed
The and “room” works as
movable a guard used here ensure that
elements gas phase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
zone duringlight the calorimetric
and shadow tests. A scheme
interplay, of
bringing this concrete bu- for Other (specify)
sensors will be used dedicated visual and
ilding to life. Each loggia
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure is fitted with three
acoustic four-wing
comfort tests.
2.. When the sliding-folding
guard zone is shutters,
used as two of whichThe
an office aremonitoring
fixed andand one control of the facility will be
space, it is moveable,
possible to apply although
a falsesome oftothe
ceiling performed
beloggias boastbysix-wing
Seconds
used as a shutters.
technical All space for ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns the control
of these elements are made of perforated Minutes
lighting systems.
aluminum panels, whose edges areoffolded a thermal over
model thrice
describedHours
The proposed all cooling
the waysystemround, increasing
consists their stability.
of a high- [7]. Days
The upperstorage
stability distilled-water edge (keeping
of each water
shutter Construction
in ais attached and
to the boundaries
con-
Seasonszone and the
range of ±0.1 crete°C) façade,
which feeds wherebothathetiming belt isThe
terminal used envelopes
to openofand the metering
units of the close
guard them.
zone and guard zone are constructedYearswith prefabricated
Thethebottom
metering edgebox.isInset in a track, which is
(specify)
in turn integrated into a rail, also designed
by Colt Inter-
steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
national. A 230-volt motor allows each user to control
their individual
The solar absorber, consists ofshutters as they
steel wish, while the equal to SYSTEM
is soft- 0.153 W.m DEGREE
(AISI 304) start/soft-stop

sheets welded and inflated atensures
high particular care is taken in order to minimize the
mechanism that the shutters On/off
pressure indon’torder make
to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance door and the
too much noise as possible when opening
is chosen for and theclosing.
possibility to accurately know its Other (specify)
help keeping nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant Millimeters
panels
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Andrea Kindinis
166
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
4
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/moving-facades (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
http://www.hv-wien.at/index.php?pageid=2&projectid=33 (Ac-
https://www.stylepark.com/en/news/moving-facades (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
© David Auner Photography, Vienna

Marcin Brzezicki
Rosa Romano

4. The loggias form a walkway around the entire

building, photo © Colt International GmbH | David
Auner Photography, Vienna
5. The salmon-pink sliding and folding shutters by Colt
International define the façades of Vienna’s latest
nursing home, photo © Colt International GmbH |
David Auner Photography, Vienna
167
FACADE SYSTEM
OFFICE BUILDING FRIEDRICHSTRASSE 40, Berlin (DE), 2011
ESTP outdoor
HERMANN test cell
& VALENTINY UND PARTNER, COLT

MATERIAL
N
The front facade to Friedrichstrasse is perfectly tran-
sparent englass
with vertical Constructibilité, Université
lamellas to protect Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
against
heating and which link the house to the environment.
COMPONENT
Aim of Thethe test
gardenfacilityfront is different: with slidingcirculationdoors and fansaand active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
shading testdevice
facility made
under from
development in means
textile material. Theof a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
inte-
rior sees a mix of glass, wood and textile.
The artistic - Antje cooling
Schif- power: calculated from the
collaboration with interpretation
the end-use of Efficiency
the place by
Research fersGroup
escorts of the
Politecnico di Milano,
public within will
the public accommoda-
allow to obtain reliable estimates of
tions of the house. Sustainability in constructionthermal and at the envelope of the metering
the temperatures
performance
technology indicatorshas been of transparent
pre-certifiedand with the GOLD
of designawardchoicesof and
the early
Deutsche Gesellschaft
simulation results can für Nachhaltiges
be found Bauen.
in [7]. The major design aim is to build a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
Longitude 15°35’
meteringROLLERS;
box, while theHIGH-PERFORMANCE
IEQ tests are carried out FACADE; OPERABLE TEXTILE SCREENS; DOUBLE FACADE
Building floor area 500 - 5000 sq.m acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
of the the facility will East
be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New built
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
zone and the metering
and reported/
Active façade
02. Technology
pressure05. inCommercial
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
be coated/ PURPOSE

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
Energy supply)
element. Radiant panels SG
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
protect theEnergy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m theInvolved
for person(s):
Other (durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems management
the test sample
resources, is installed.
etc.): of plants and elements of the building skin Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_16
168
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Sliding-folding shutters
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):


Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
1. View of the facade from an apartment ©Jan Bitter
2. The front facade ©Jan Bitter
3. Detail of the double skin facade on the front ©Jan
Bitter
169
in a larger The
room.garden side works
is outfitted with operable shade scre- Electromagnetic
The “room” as a guard
ens that extend down over each window to protect the Other (specify)
interior for
both configurations from thethe morning
operation of glare.
the testRoll-out textile shades
cell is presented
can be in [7] and can be
extended seenneeded,
when in Figure or retracted for more SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
light once the sun has moved past its zenith.
Seconds
used as a On the street
technical space side,
for the buildingand
ventilation features three two-story
Minutes
high bay windows, with a speciallylogics,
lighting systems. they are
designed presently being tested by means
double-
Hours
glazed facade.
A series of vertical fins are integrated to the outside of
range of ±0.1 the°C)windows
which feedsthat both
can be terminal to The
the rotated envelopes
protect againstofthe the metering
heat.
(specify)
On/off
panels
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Andrea Kindinis
170
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
4
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.german-architects.com/en/petersenarchitekten-
berlin/project/f40-geschaftshaus (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://inhabitat.com/berlin-office-building-features-two-different-
high-performance-facades/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://divisare.com/projects/169096-petersen-architekten-jan-
bitter-f40-office-building (Accessed October 15, 2018)
©Jan Bitter by: https://divisare.com/projects/169096-petersen-
architekten-jan-bitter-f40-office-building (Accessed October 15,
2018)

Marcin Brzezicki
Rosa Romano

4. Front facade and the garden front views. ©Jan

Bitter
5. Detail of the shading device on the garden front.
©Jan Bitter
5
171
FACADE SYSTEM
KUGGEN, Göteborg (SE), 2011
ESTP outdoor
WINGÅRDH test cell
ARKITEKTKONTOR
Absolute
The buildingguarded
in the middle of test
the towncell
MATERIAL
square serves N
localdeChalmers
 Institut University.
Recherche The upperUniversité
en Constructibilité, floors project
out over the lower ones. In a result the building partial-
ly shades itself when the sun is high in the sky, what
COMPONENT
happens
The outdoor test isfacility
a summer
under months
development in Scandinavia.
in means of This is
Paris atalso the reason
the Ecole Spécialewhydesthe floor at
Travaux the top ±0.02
Publics, of the%);
building
needs additional
du Bâtiment shade (no(ESTP)
et de l'Industrie floor to inshade
- thiscooling
one). power: calculated from the
collaboration
A solution withwas theprovided
end-useby aEfficiency
rotating shading screen,
that follows a circular guides around thebased mass-flow
building. The meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
screenindicators
is adjustedofaccording to the the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance transparent andsun’s path.
Longitude 11°56’
ROTATING SCREEN; anemometers, capacitance relative humidity
metering box, while the IEQ testsTRIANGULAR
are carried out FACADE MODULE; MULTICOLOUR FACADE CLADDING
Climate Dfb
2.. WhenBuilding
the guarduse zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientation
be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for Newventilation
built and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
feeds both theLEVELterminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering zone and
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
02. Technology
demonstration
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
ATF

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface of storing,
the test
be quality
Mobile screens 3.0
Energy generation
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal
and rain Personal users’
and it will shadecontrol
(WxLxH): 4.1comfort
m x the building
with the Other
management
Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_17
172
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Rotating screen on circular railing
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):
TYPE OF TRIGGER (IMPUT)


Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
1. Technological Detail of Facade System
2. Facade System
3. Detail of Facade
173
reactive)
The building is characterized from the integration of a Other (specify)
rotatingfor
both configurations screen that is able
the operation of theshaded
test the topcomfort
acoustic floors,tests.
fol-
cell is presented
lowing in [7]
theand
sun’scanpath
be seen in Figure
around it. SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
The upper floors project out over the lower—more on
Seconds
used as a the south space
technical side than on the north,
for ventilation and so Instruments system. As concerns the control
that the building Minutes
partially shades itself when the sun logics,
lighting systems. is highthey are sky.
in the presently being tested by means
The form of the facade componentsofoffers a thermal model described with more details in
Hours
lots of floor
space in relation to the amount of exposed exterior
range of ±0.1 which feeds both the terminal The envelopes of the metering zone and the
wall°C)surface.
(specify)
DEGREE
On/off
Millimeters
Meters
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Andrea Kindinis
174
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
4
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.archdaily.com/289856/kuggen-wingardh-arkitektkon-
tor (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.e-architect.co.uk/sweden/kuggen-gothenburg (Ac-
https://www.behance.net/gallery/21776507/The-Kuggen-Lindhol-
men-Goeteborg-Sweden (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://cudaarchitektury.pl/kuggen/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/disp/018b2
b21776507.5630751a2eae9.jpg, Mabry Campbell (Accessed 5
October 15, 2018)
http://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5097/f0f9/28ba/0d49/
de00/03e3/large_jpg/section.jpg?1414171450, Courtesy of
Wingårdh Arkitektkontor (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.designboom.com/cms/images/erica/-----kuggen/kug-
gen02.jpg (Accessed October 15, 2018)

Marcin Brzezicki
Rosa Romano
4. Building in the urban contest

5. Facade view
6. Technological section of the building
6
175
FACADE SYSTEM
nZEB OFFICE BUILDING YMPÄRISTÖTALO, Ympäristötalo, Helsinki, (FI), 2011
ESTP outdoor
AB CASE test
CONSULT cell
LTD, KIMMO KUISMANEN

MATERIAL
The nZEB office building is characterized by a double N
skinde
 Institut south facadesen
Recherche with integrated PV cells
Constructibilité, with anParis-Est
Université ef- ESTP, FRANCE
fective solar protection. Apart from the atrium space,
all the building is air-conditioned with effective inte-
COMPONENT
gratedtest
The outdoor balanced ventilation
facility under and free
development in cooling
means system
Paris atwith both passive
the Ecole Spéciale and active chilled
des Travaux Publics,beams.
±0.02 %);
du Bâtiment
Althoughetwindow de l'Industrie
area in only (ESTP)23% of in the external wall
collaboration
area, the with the stills
building end-usehas an Efficiency
outlook of a glass bu-of the water mass flow (Coriolis-
measurement FACADE
ilding. The double skin facade cavity isbased
openmass-flow
on the meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
bottomindicators
and has motorized ventilation the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance of transparent and openings on the
opaquetop. building elements. A detailed discussion
Longitude 24°56’
metering nZEB;
box, while BUILDING
the IEQ tests INTEGRATED
are carried outPV; DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE; SOLAR SHADING
Building floor area 6.791 and up sq. m. acoustic comfort tests.Type
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
be
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
and reported/
Active façade
02. Technology
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
The absorber plate will / GOAL / PURPOSE

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
Energy supply)
bequality
Mobile screens for controlling
3.0 solar radiation
protect theEnergy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
for person(s):
management
the test sample

FS_18
176
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass and PV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): PV panels have a shading function
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):


Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
2
Thermal
1. Atrium space.
Chemical 2. View of the building
Other (specify): Manual 3. PV installation on the south double facade
177
case studies
DETAILED EXPLANATION parameters will be monitored during comfort
is the decoupling of the two test typologies. OF ThisTHE FACADE AND
(autoincludes
CONTROL/OPERATION Intrinsic reactive)
in a larger South
room. The facade
“room” works
of the as a guard
building has a gas
double facade with spectroscopy unit. More
phase photoacoustic
vertical PV panels and some panels
are also
sensors will installed
on the roof. The total installed PV acoustic
power is comfort
60 kW tests.
(570
2.. When the m²)guard
that zone
provides
is used about 17%
as an The monitoring
of electricity
office use ofandthe control of the facility will be
space, it is building. integrated National
Seconds
used as a Atriumtechnical spaceoffor Instruments system. As concerns the control
space theventilation
building and has no installed cooling Minutes
lighting systems.
and overheating is avoided by opening bottommodel
of a thermal and top describedHours
nZEB office building

The proposed windows.
cooling system consists of a high- [7]. Days
Motorizedstorage
stability distilled-water operable windows
(keeping water incan
a toConstruction and boundaries
be open manual- Seasonszone and the
ly when feedsand
needed bothwill
the be closed The
terminal envelopes of the metering
by weather station
Years
control (wind, rain and temperature control) automati-
Ympäristötalo in Helsinki, Finland
(specify)
solar absorbercally.
In total there are about 30 motorized openings/win-
dows used
The solar absorber, forofthe
consists twodouble steel conductance
stainlessfacade and atrium excessis equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m DEGREE
(AISI 304) heatsheets welded and

and some
inflatedof at particular care
highare also used for smo- is taken in order to minimize the
removal them On/off
ke removal. interface where theoftest component
City
for the passage ofdistilled
of Helsinki
water.hasDistilled
takenwaterthe exemplary role the public sector seriously. The latest proof is the
Environment Centre building Ympäristötalo
completed in last year. It shows the best energy perform-
needed for ance of an office
the computation of thebuilding ever built in Finland. Total primary
cooling power. DEGREEenergy OF SPATIALuse of 85 kWh/(m² a) including
ADAPTATION
small power loads is
expected to comply with future nearly
Nanometerszero energy building requirements. The
α ~ 95 % building
and thermal is emissivity
also highly ε ~ cost efficient,
4 %.The nZEB
Climate related48°79′N;
– Cachan, extraMicrometers
construction
2°33′E - Cfb cost was only of 3–4%.
panels
Meters
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of Energy performance
Jarek Kurnitski
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the building
metering box
REHVA Fellow
The hasused
a high quality building envelope,
01 Not
south
(WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
Sitra, the Finnish Innovation Fund
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internal dimensions double facades with integrated
facades being
and rain and it will shade it from jarek.kurnitski@sitra.fi PV02cells
solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
4.1providing
m x 6.2 m xeffective solar protection at the
with the only exception of the south façade where same time. All the building, exceptperson(s):
 Involved the atrium space,
the test sample is installed. 04 Visible, size or shape
is air-conditioned withchange (shutters,
effective flaps,
integrated
Andrea Kindinis balanced
-
44
contributions:
REHVA Journal – February 2012
heating power and electrical powering of
 Contact
Andrea
person(s):
Kindinis akindinis@estp-paris.eu
178
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.rehva.eu/publications-and-resources/hvac-
journal/2012/022012/nzeb-office-buildingympaeristoetalo-
in-helsinki-finland/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
Kurnitski, J. (2012), nZEB Office Building - Ympäristötalo in

Helsinki, Finland, Rheva Journal, n. 2, pp. 44-49 4
http://www.energy-cities.eu/db/Helsinki_nzeb-office-buil-
ding_2012_en.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018) 4. PV installation on the south double facade
http://www.rehva.eu/publications-and-resources/hvac-
journal/2012/022012/nzeb-office-building-ympaeristoetaloin-
helsinki-finland/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)

Rosa Romano

179
FACADE SYSTEM
MUSEION, Bolzen (IT), 2008
ESTP outdoor
Krueger, test
Schuberth, cell KSV
Vandreike,

MATERIAL
N
Museion building measures 54 metres in length, 25
metres in height and 23 metres in width. It’s characte-
rized by transparent front and rear façades that con- COMPONENT
the test
Aim of nect thefacility
historic centre and the new city, circulation
as well fans
asand active sensors: measured by
the grassy banks of the Talvera river. In this way the
building etis adephysical
du Bâtiment and (ESTP)
l'Industrie symbolicinlink between the
collaboration
two parts withof the
the city.
end-use Efficiency
Research TheGroup of Politecnico
sculptural effect that di characterises
Milano, will the building is meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
based mass-flow
allow to givenobtain reliable
by the estimates
contrast betweenof thermal
the closed metal shell
of the side walls and the funnel-shaped, boxtransparent
glass façades. (RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);
be found Thein [7]. The major
façade design aim is tomembrane”
is a “transparent build a - thatweather
dividesconditions: a dedicated weather
facility and
with at hightheaccuracy
same time for calorimetric tests setting
links the urban station and
is placed
the on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also flexible enough
museum. It hosts to screenings
be used for ofindoor andphotos
videos, allows the
anddirect measurement of: global and
animations that the artists select to have a dialogue
with Museion’s
Description architectural structure and
of the test facility water.the urban
landscape.
Longitude 11°34’
meteringGLAZED
box, while FACADE;
the IEQ tests MEDIA FACADE;
are carried out NATURAL LIGHT; ACTIVE AIR-CONDITIONING WALL
Climate Dfa
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Museumas an office The monitoringOrientation
of the the facility will East-
be West
used asBuilding
a technical
built and Instruments system. As concerns the control
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
and reported/
Active façade
demonstration
internal channels
façade
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
be coated
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
help keeping
Acoustic comfortnearly-constant convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
surface ofstoring,
the test
Energy supply)
Indoor air positioned
for controlling
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
for person(s):
management
the test sample

FS_19
180
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): Manual 1. East Facade
2. West multimedia facade
181
is the decoupling
OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION SYSTEM Pt100, T-type thermocouples, omnidirectional
in a larger Inroom. The works as a
contrast to the thick metal skin,gas
“room” guard the exterior glass spectroscopy unit. More
Electromagnetic
phase photoacoustic
zone duringfaçadethe calorimetric
providestests. the Amaximum
scheme oftransparency. It is su-
Other (specify)
spended from a cable construction
and fixed
acoustic comfortonly
tests.at
2.. When the theguard
corner. zoneIn is
theusedevening,
as an the
office The monitoring
interaction between andthe control SYSTEM
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is interior
possible glazing
to apply aand falsethe
ceiling to be performed
moveable, translucent by louvres
Seconds
used as a causestechnicalthe space
museumfor ventilation and Instruments
to start emitting a light andsystem.
radian-As concerns the control
Minutes
ce of its own. of a thermal model describedHours with more details in
The proposed Moreover, the multi-layered
cooling system consists of a high- [7].
glass façade also acts as
a filter. The
stability distilled-water glass
storage walls water
(keeping of each Construction
in a exhibition floorandactboundaries
as Days
“side” skylightsfeedsand bothgive
the these The envelopes
terminalspaces a distinctive at- of the metering
units of the mosphere.
guard zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed with prefabricated
On the other way, during the day, the light Years
solar absorbercanand beandirected and shaped
auxiliary cooling battery. roomsteel
by room sheets andthe15 cm
in all Otherthick
(specify)injected-
exhibition areas. This effect is obtained polyurethane
by using foam. the The resulting thermal
The solar absorber,
movable, consists of two stainless
translucent louvres steel conductance
between the twoislayers equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) of sheets particular care is taken in order to minimize the
glasswelded
that makeand inflated at high
up the wall and athermal
screenbridges
in thearound
inner the entrance
On/Off door and the
side. When outside is dark, instead, the plates become
Gradual
is chosen for a the
surface on which
possibility to project
to accurately know itsand the light travels the
specific heat capacity way.
opposite at constant
In thispressure Numberofofnetworked
(cp), number
way, a large test beds – 1 Other (specify)
projectors of the cooling
transform power.glass wall into a giant
the entire
screen.
α ~ 95 % The two Media
and thermal Façades
emissivity ε ~ can operate
4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N;
simultaneously or 2°33′E - Cfb
Nanometers
alternately, as baffle on
depending in order to
the proposed artistic projects, Micrometers
help keeping
choosing nearly-constant
the façade that faces the Heating
convection centre of – Heating
the citycoil,
or Radiant panels
Millimeters
conditions on the internal surface
the one towards the meadows of the of the test Talvera river. coil, Radiant
element. Cooling – Cooling panels
Centimeters
To enable the museum to be open to the outside world
Meters
via be
The facility will thepositioned
large glass walls
with its southand at theVentilation
façade same time – No Dataa
have
Other (specify)
facing an open
wall meadow,
with highthus the hypothesis
energy properties, of the space in between
unobstructed Dimensions and capabilities
theexposition
two glass is surfaces
well met. of A ground
the façade systems is used
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
as an active air-conditioning zone. On its way between
the roof
protect the guard zoneand the plant
envelope from room m x 1.2 m x the
in the basement,
snow loads 3.0 m, while the01internal
inco- dimensions
and rain andming
it willor exhaust
shade it fromair flows
solar through of
irradiance, thethespace
guard between
zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
02 Visible, no surface
with the onlythe
glass walls. Depending on the time of year and the 03 Visible, surface change Involvedrollers,
blinds)
position of the sun, the outside air is used to create an 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps,
Monitoringenergy-efficient
and control system buffer. dynamic facade elements)  Operating since:
change in progress
182
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
http://www.ksv-network.de/en/project/museion-museum-fur-mo-
derne-und-zeitgenossische-kunst/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.museion.it/the-building/?lang=en#1463749601228-
39d6e8d9-b287 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano

4
3. Facade structural detail
4. Indoor view of the facade system
183
FACADE SYSTEM
GSW HEADQUARTERS, Berlin (DE), 1999
ESTP outdoor&test
SAUERBRUCH cell
HUTTON ARCHITEKTEN

MATERIAL
The GSW Headquarters building, a real estate com- N
panydeofRecherche
 Institut private property, was the first skyscraper
en Constructibilité, UniversitétoParis-Est
be ESTP, FRANCE
built in Berlin after the fall of the Wall in 1989.
The red and pink hues of the west façade provide a di-
COMPONENT
stinct test
The outdoor identity to the
facility undernew office tower,
development in helping
means to of diffe-
Paris atrentiate
the Ecole theSpéciale
elements des ofTravaux
the new Publics,
set: a pair
±0.02 of%);
low-rise
du Bâtiment
buildingset along de l'Industrie
the street (ESTP)
ceramic in coated
- anthracite,
collaboration
the existingwith tower
the with end-usegrey andEfficiency
ochre, called “pillbox”.
The design of high-rise slab is generated based
to mass-flow
create an meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
exemplary
performance working
indicators of environment
transparent and by thethe temperatures
passive con- at the envelope of the metering
opaquetrolbuilding elements.
of energy A detailed and
consumption discussion
by the commitment to
of designanchoices and early
architecture simulation
that results can
is economical towards both natu-
be found ralinand
[7]. The
builtmajor design aim isresources.
environmental to build a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
Longitude 13°39’
metering DOUBLE
box, while the SKIN;IEQ SOLAR
tests are CHIMNEY;
carried out NATURAL LIGHTING; LOUVER SYSTEM
Climate Dfa
2.. WhenBuilding
the guard
use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientationand control of facade
of the the facility will East-
be West
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
zone and the metering box. InIdeaguard zone are constructed with prefabricated
01. Basic observed and reported/ Active façade
02. Technology
03. Technology validated in lab Biomimetic façade -2 -1
internal channels
façade
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
ATF

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface of storing,
the test
for controlling
Energy generation
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internalsolutions
and rain Personal
and it will shade
users’ it from solar irradiance,
control of the guard zone are and/or
(WxLxH): 4.1 m
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
management
Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_20
184
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. Facade detail
2. Shading device
185
is the decoupling
in a larger The
room.double
The “room” works as a guard
skin automated coloredgas panels
phaseon the west spectroscopy unit. More
Electromagnetic
photoacoustic
facade, creates a cavity that help tosensors
manage willsolar
be used
heat for dedicated visual and
Other (specify)
gain in and acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented [7] natural
and canlighting.
be seen inAnFigure
integrated system of closu-
2.. When the res,guard zone is used
construction as an office
technique The monitoring
of low energy consumptionand control SYSTEM
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is inside
possiblethe to apply a false ceiling
wall allows natural be performed
to cross ventilation,by means of an integrated National
facilita- Seconds
ting the airflow from the front east logics, to west theythrough the being
are presently tested by means
Minutes
lighting systems.
interior spaces and specially designed of a thermal
openings model describedHours
in the with more details in
corridors.
a Construction and boundaries Days
The louver storage
system (keeping
on thewater
westin facade has an important
range of ±0.1 The envelopes of the metering zone and the
role°C)in which
reducing feedstheboth theofterminal
use artificial heating and cooling. Seasons
Themetering
particular, the choice box of theis parasols colora was
equipped with a key feature
sandwich too. by Years
panels, formed two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorberTheand an auxiliary
shading cooling
of the west facade is steel
battery. achieved sheets
with anda se-15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
ries of panels that pivot vertically polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
and sliding panels
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
steel with
-2
suspended in the thermal chimney 18% perforated SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
area.
pressure in order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
The of
for the passage western
distilledfacade has a second
water. Distilled glass skin
water interface wherethattheven-
test component is installed.
Gradual
tilates and cools to accurately know its
the building, dispelling hot and stale
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), Number of test beds – 1 Other (specify)
air. In addition, the double façade serves as a second
buffer for thermal and acoustic variations.
Convection
TiNOX® coating with solarinabsorption
the double west façade of the building
coefficient
α ~ 95 % creates
and thermal emissivitypressure
a negative ε ~ 4 %.The
that can Climate – Cachan,
pull cool 48°79′N; Nanometers
air throu- 2°33′E - Cfb
gh the building. When the two facades windows open, Micrometers
fresh air flows from eastconvection
to west side. Thanks to control Millimeters
element. fins on the top and bottom of the solar
Cooling chimney,
– Cooling the
Centimeters
air flow is more or less independent from the external Meters
conditions and with its south
allows façade
the air change Ventilation – No Data
to be comparable Other (specify)
facing an open
with meadow, thus the with
that obtainable hypothesis of
a mechanical system.
One result of these interventions design is energy sa-
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
ving up to
will be considered. A 40% compared
dedicated will for calorimetric
to traditional
structure ones. measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
and rain and it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Involvedrollers,
03 Visible, surface change blinds)
change in progress
186
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/images/GSW_headquarters_
en.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.architecturerevived.com/gsw-headquarters-berlin-
germany/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/gsw-headquarters/ (Ac-
http://buildingskins.blogspot.it/2008/02/gsw-headquarters-
facing-east-west.html (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Rosa Romano
© Marcin Brzezicki

Rosa Romano

4
3. Building in the skyline of the Berlin
4. East facade
187
FACADE SYSTEM
ALTIS BELÉM HOTEL, Lisoba (PT), 2008
ESTP outdoor
RISCO Architectstest cell
Absolute guarded
Building is test
a narrowcell
MATERIAL
Altis Belém Hotel structure per- N
pendicular
 Institut to the Tagus
de Recherche River in Lisbon,
en Constructibilité, in order Paris-Est
Université mi- ESTP, FRANCE
nimize the visual obstacle along the waterfront axis
between the Belém Tower and the Monument to the COMPONENT
Discoveries.
Paris atIt the
is mainly composed
Ecole Spéciale of a rectangular
des Travaux platform
Publics, ±0.02 %); and
du Bâtiment
“pockets” et that
de provide
l'Industrie (ESTP)
privacy in
to different uses, such
collaboration with theAbove
as a restaurant. end-use Efficiency platform, there
this rectangular measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
is an accessible large green space. based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
performance indicators of transparent and is an intricate
The exterior vertical building envelope
box system
(Pt100 ofresistance temperature detectors
opaquesurface
building which
elements. A detailed
is actually discussion
a solar protection
of design choices and
aluminum early simulation
perforated shuttersresults
thatcan
guests can operate
be found to inexpose
[7]. Thetheir
majorbalconies.
design aimThisis to build
“wavesa of
- lace”weather
move- conditions: a dedicated weather
able shutters, as referred to by Architect João Almei-
da, of Gabinet
environmental Risco,
quality (IEQ) helps sheltering the
investigations. rooms
diffuse from
the sun while highlighting the views from humidity, windtospeed and direction and rainfall
the city facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Description of theRiver.
the Tagus test facility water.
Longitude -9°21’
meteringHOTEL;
box, whileSHADING
the IEQ tests DEVICE;
are carriedALUMINIUM;
out CURTAIN WALL; BALCONIES
Climate Csa
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Hotel as an office The monitoringOrientation
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for Newventilation and Instruments system.
Construction As concerns the control
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
and reported/
Active façade
façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
Energy supply)
bequality
Mobile screens for controlling solar radiation
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m
(durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems fortheInvolved person(s):
management
the test sample

FS_21
188
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):


Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. South facade
2. Detail of West Facade
189
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the facade of Altis
calorimetric tests.Belem
A schemeHotelofis fronted with floor-to-
Other (specify)
ceiling vertical adjustableof the test
sunshading elements. Hun-
ter Douglas provided motor driven folding shutters that
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is open
possibleuptotoapply
reveal deep
a false to be performed by means of anSeconds
balconies.
ceiling integrated National
used as a The technical
patternspace
chosenfor ventilation and Instruments
by the architect for the glasssystem.
façadeAs concerns the control
lighting systems.
needed to continue in the folding shutters. logics, they are presently
Hunter Dou- being tested by means
Minutes
glas met this challenge by cutting out the pattern from
aluminum plates. These plates were then mounted
Days
onto a frame.
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal The envelopes of the metering
units of the Toguard zonethe
close andshutters
the metering box. In guard
completely, zone arestarts
each section constructed with prefabricated
particular, the sandwich panels, formed by Yearstwo 0.6 mm stainless
withmetering
a shutter boxofisa equipped withAlla panels
half width. are driven indi-
steel sheets and 15 cm
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. Otherthick
(specify)injected-
vidually for ease of operation. polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
-2
pressure in order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component Gradual
is installed.
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
blinds)
Monitoring and control system dynamic facade elements) Operating since:
change in progress
190
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference 3
http://it.archello.com/en/project/altis-belém-hotel-spa-0 (Acces-
https://www.dezeen.com/2010/03/20/altis-belém-hotel-by-risco/
https://www.e-architect.co.uk/portugal/altis-belem-hotel-lisbon
http://www.risco.org/projects/hotel-altis-belem_1 (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
https://www.designhotels.com/hotels/portugal/lisbon/altis-belem/
architecture (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://www.archdaily.com/53485/altis-belem-hotel-risco-archi-
tects (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Marcin Brzezicki

Rosa Romano

4
3. West facade
4. West facade
191
FACADE SYSTEM
BAHN TOWER, Berlin (DE), 1998-2000
ESTP outdoor
Murphy/Jahn test cell
Architects

MATERIAL
N
The Sony Center - Potsdamer Platz created a pulsa-
 Institut
ting de Recherche
urban en Constructibilité,
development in the heart of Université
Berlin. Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
The Center, with a floor space of approximately
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of 132500 m2, houses the European Headquarters circulation fansofand active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
Sony, test the facility
Filmhaus underand development
German inMediateque,
means of a134 high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
apartments and an Imax 3D-cinema theatre.
The transparent - cooling power: calculated from the
collaboration with the office towerEfficiency
end-use with a semicircular
Research glass Group
facade of Politecnico
is toweringditowardsMilano, Potsdamer
will Platz.
Longitude 13°17’
meteringGLASS
box, while FACADES;
the IEQ tests DOUBLE
are carriedSKIN
out FACADE; TOWER; BOX-WINDOW FAÇADE
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
Building and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
Construction Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
03. Technology validated in lab Biomimetic façade -2 -1
internal channels
façade
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
be coated/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
Energy supply)
bequality
Energy generation the internalsolutions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
(durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems theInvolved
for person(s):
management
the test sample

FS_22
192
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. Detail of facade system
2. The Bahn Tower from Postdamer Platz
193
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the box-window
calorimetric tests. façade of theofDBgas
A scheme
phase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
Tower is based on Other (specify)
both configurations for theofoperation
the principle the boxofwindowthe test but consists of storey-
high façade elements.can be seen in Figure
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office The monitoring and control SYSTEM RESPONSE
space, it is The interior
possible windows
to apply a false can be performed
betoopened
ceiling by means
for ventilation intoof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a the gap between
technical space forthe two façade
ventilation and layers.
The exterior façade comprises openings
lighting systems. logics, for
theysupply
are presently
and being tested by means
Minutes
exhaust air. Horizontal as well as vertical separation
from adjacent elements ensures optimum sound insu- Days
lation not only from the
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal outside The
but fromenvelopes of
neighbouring the metering
units of the offices
guard zone and the metering box. In guard zone are constructed
as well. with prefabricated
with a sandwich formed by Years
particular, the metering box
Unpleasant odouris equipped
and flashover can be panels,
prevented
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. Otherthick injected-
(specify)
rather easily if the compartmentalisation is designed
correctly.
The solar absorber, Thermal
consists of twoshorts,
stainless meaning exhaust airisfrom
steel conductance equal a to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A-2
(AISI 304) lower
sheets element
welded and flowing intoat an
inflated element above, can be in order to minimize the
high particular care is taken
pressure inavoided
order to by generate internal thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
offsetting thechannels
supply and exhaust openings
from storey to storey. Gradual
specific heat Ventilation
capacity at isconstant
provided for by(cp),
pressure gapsNumber
at the oftoptest
and
beds the– 1 Other (specify)
bottom,
needed for the whereby
computation thecooling
of the upperpower.
gap can be closed by ver-
The absorber tically
plate shifting the position
will be coated Exposure
of the exterior
with a selective – SouthThis
window. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
could better utilise the air collectionClimate
effect in the façade
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The – Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
gap during heating periods.
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the01internal Not visible (heat storage, phase change materials)
dimensions
change in progress
194
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
http://www.architecturerevived.com/bahn-tower-potsdamer-
platz-berlin/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.jahn-us.com (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Marcin Brzezicki
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano

4
3. Detail of double facade system
4. View of the tower from
195
FACADE SYSTEM
EUROPEAN ACADEMY (EURAC), BOLZANO (IT), 2003
Architekturbüro
Absolute guarded test cellusing cast

MATERIAL
The new EURAC buildings were realized N
in-situ
 Institut de and composite
Recherche constructions withUniversité
en Constructibilité, point-suppor-
ted slabs in exposed concrete. Most of the supports
function as composite columns with steel cores. The
COMPONENT
designer
The outdoor test used
facilityaunder
joint-free buildinginmethod
development meansand of akept
Paris atcrack
the Ecole
widths Spéciale
in thedes Travaux Publics,
reinforced concrete to %);
a minimum.
±0.02
du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie
The wingshaped (ESTP)roof
steel foyer in with its large
collaboration
overhang withpresented
the end-use Efficiency
a structural challenge, as did the
all-glass structural glazing facades. based facades
These mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
are partially realised the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators of without mullions,
transparent and with vertical lo-
opaqueads building
being elements.
transmitted A detailed discussion
by round steel rods suspended
of design choices
inside theandglassearly simulation results can
joints.
Longitude 11°34’
meteringSTRUCTURAL
box, while the IEQGLASS; tests areDOUBLE
carried out SKIN FACADE; VENETIAN BLINDS; MULTI-STOREY FAÇADES
Climate Dfa
2.. When the guard
Research office The monitoringOrientation
Center and control of facade
of the the facility will North,
be East, West
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New ventilation and Instruments system.
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
façade
internal channels
façade
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
with solar absorption coefficient ATF

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
bequality
dimensions
Energy generation Technological designed to increase
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
accessibility, where 4.0 m
management
the test sample

FS_23
196
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. Detail of the openings at the floor level
2. East facade
197
is the decoupling
in a larger The
room.Eurac facadeworks
The “room” is designed
as a guard as a sensors,
second-skinglobo-thermometers,
or mul- luxmeters and a
Electromagnetic
zone duringti-storey
the calorimetric
façades. tests. A scheme
Instead, of
the exterior façade contains
Other (specify)
both configurations
a layer of for air
thethat
operation
envelops of thethetest
entire building as atests.
buf-
acoustic comfort
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen
fer in front of the interior façade. in Figure
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is The exterior
possible to applyfaçade
a falseisceiling
ventilated performedopenings
to be through by meansatof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a floor and space
technical ceilingforlevel. The vents
ventilation and can be closed
Instruments duringAs concerns the control
system.
lighting systems.
winter to make use of the greenhouse logics, they and
effect are presently
to in- being tested by means
Minutes
crease the thermal protection.
In summer, the façade flaps can be opened to prevent
Days
overheating.
units of the The
guardvenetian
zone and blinds,
the metering
that box. guard the
are Inbetween zonetwoare glass
particular, the metering box the
is equipped with a sandwich panels, formed by Years two 0.6 mm stainless
layers, control daylighting inside the building and
(specify)
reduce the overheating in the summer months. foam. The resulting thermal
polyurethane
steel conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
The limited number of ventilation openings ensures -2
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
(AISI 304) goodsheetssound
weldedinsulation
and inflated from at the particular care
high outside but, within is taken
the in order to minimize the
pressure infaçade,
order toentails
generate thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
theinternal
risk ofchannels
sound propagation from room
to room. Gradual
2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
blinds)
change in progress
198
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
https://www.frener-reifer.com/referenze/accademia-europea-
eurac/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://enertour.bz.it/it/elenco-enertour/Ifassadentour.pdf
http://www.bergmeister.it/bm/upload/datenblaetter/223_E_EU-
RAC_Bozen.pdf (Accessed October 15, 2018)
http://www.eurac.edu/en/aboutus/Headquarters/Pages/default.
aspx (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano
4
3. West facade
4. Detail of the venetian blinds inside the double skin
199
FACADE SYSTEM
FÜNF HÖFE, FIVE COURTYARDS, Munich (DE), 2003
ESTP outdoor
Herzog testIvano
& de Meuron, cellGianola and Hilmer & Sattler
MATERIAL
N
Close to Marienplatz, in the heart of Munich, a histori-
cal and traditional street block was transformed into a
new city space. Retaining largely the overall structure COMPONENT
Aim of andthe test
thefacility
street façades, the interventioncirculation designed fans
byand active sensors: measured by
Herzog & de Meuron took advantage of the existing
buildingsetto de
du Bâtiment create unexpectedly
l'Industrie (ESTP)singular
in spaces. The
collaboration
city block withwasthe end-use
carefully Efficiency
opened up for pedestrian ac-
Research Group of Politecnico di
cess, creating a network of arcades and Milano, will courtyards
allow to obtaininreliable estimates
shape, of thermal
varying size and every sectionthewith
temperatures
its own at the envelope of the metering
character. The only new building box (Pt100 on
constructed, resistance temperature detectors
Theatinerstrasse, highlightsresults
the main (RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);
of design choices and early simulation can entrance of the
be found in [7]. The
complex asmajor design aimon
it innovates is to build a use
material - andweatherat theconditions: a dedicated weather
facility same
with hightimeaccuracy
respects foritscalorimetric tests The
urban context. station
glassis placed
faça- on a roof of the ESTP campus,
de is covered by a multi-layered skin of bronze per-  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative
forated elements that guarantee a dynamic effect
humidity, windinspeed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
an contrasting open/ closed, heavy/light, water.
dark/bright
In order face. to optimize both calorimetric - Indoor Environmental Quality main
Longitude 11°57’
meteringMULTI-LAYERED
box, while the IEQ tests SKIN;are BRONZE
carried out PERFORATED ELEMENTS; SHADING DEVICES
Climate Dfa
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used office The monitoringOrientation
as an Building
Commercial and control of facade
be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for New Building and Instruments system.
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
and reported/
Active façade
façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE
TiNOX®Thermal
coatingcomfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
Energy supply)
bequality
Energy
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
(durability, accessibility, use of natural Building automation systems theInvolved
for person(s):
management
the test sample

FS_24
200
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Bronze perforated elements Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. Detail of the mechanism to move the bronze
shading devices
2. View of the facade from Theatinerstrasse
201
is the decoupling
in a larger Haus
room. Theatinerstrasse
8, the only new building, Electromagnetic
exten- spectroscopy unit. More
ds from the interior of the block tosensors
the will be
street usedis for dedicated
front, visual and
Other (specify)
characterized from acoustic
façadecomfort tests.
cell is presented in [7] and can be a multi-layered
seen in Figure that produ-
2.. When the cesguard
varyingzoneeffects
is used as inside
both an office and The monitoring and control SYSTEM
outside. of the facility will be
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is Herzog
possible to apply
& de a false studio
Meuron ceiling to be performed
is carefully by means of an integrated National
exploring in this Seconds
project the possibilities of perforated sheet
logics, filters.
Minutes
lighting systems.
The whole façade of this building inofMunich a thermalismodel
covered describedHours
The proposed with cooling
a layersystem consists of folding
of horizontal [7].
a high- sliding metal panels.
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water in a canConstruction and boundaries Days
The manipulation of these leaves be done from the
inside through a sophisticated mechanism.
Each
particular, the leaf isbox
metering formed from a with
is equipped drilled sandwich
a metal panels,
sheet, cir- by Years
withformed two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorbercularandperforations
an auxiliary cooling a couple ofsteel
aboutbattery. sheets diame-
centimetres and 15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
ter. The perforated sheet is then corrugated, polyurethane foam.
giving the The resulting -2thermal
The solar absorber, consists of twoand
stainless conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
steelcomplex
panel more rigidity a more transparency. SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
From the inside, the
visual texture of
thermalthe metal
bridges she-
around the entrance
On/Off door and the
et seems
for the passage a textile
of distilled water.curtain,
Distilled and
waterallowsinterface
the where
view the test component is installed.
to the Gradual
outside and an to adequate
accurately know its The solar protection
lighting.
is not very high, but perhaps appropriate to these lati-
tudes.
This with
TiNOX® coating external
solar skin of bronze
absorption elements guides the per-
coefficient
α ~ 95 % ception
and thermal emissivity
of the ε ~ 4
environs %.The
and Climate – Cachan,
the buildings, moving 48°79′N;
its 2°33′E - Cfb
Nanometers
parts in relaction of the time of day and the lighting Micrometers
requirment of indoor spaces. In this way ,the building Millimeters
element. oscillates between open and Cooling
closed, light – Cooling
and coil,
heavy, Radiant panels
Centimeters
bright and dark, metallic and textile. Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m  Involved
03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, person(s):
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
202
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
https://architextsassociation.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/funf-
hofe-five-courtyards-for-the-munich-city-centre/ (Accessed
October 15, 2018)
http://filt3rs.net/case/drilled-and-corrugated-folding-sliding-
panels-hdm-587 (Accessed October 15, 2018)
https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-
works/126-150/143-fuenf-hoefe.html (Accessed October 15,
2018)
http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/funf-hofe-five-
courtyards/ (Accessed October 15, 2018)
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano
4
3. Detail of perforated sheet
4. View of the facade from Theatinerstrasse
203
FACADE SYSTEM
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF FRANCE, Paris (FR), 1996
ESTP outdoor
Dominique test
Perrault cell
Architecture

MATERIAL
Design by architect Dominique Perrault, the French N
National
 Institut Library is en
de Recherche considered the first Université
Constructibilité, example ofParis-Est
mi- ESTP, FRANCE
nimalist modern architecture on a large scale.
The library is composed by four 25-story glass towers
COMPONENT
defining
The outdoor testthe borders
facility underofdevelopment
a large excavated
in means esplanade
Paris attothe create
Ecole aSpéciale
large forest-garden.
des Travaux Publics, ±0.02 %);
Walls and
du Bâtiment et ceilings
de l'Industrieare wrapped
(ESTP) with in
-metal cooling
knitting power: calculated from the
collaboration
originally withdeveloped
the end-use for the Efficiency
aerospacemeasurement
industry and of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
filters production.
Perraultindicators
intentionally exploited the the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance of transparent andexpressive force
opaqueofbuilding
this material
elements.that affectsdiscussion
A detailed the chromatic shades of
of designthechoices
different andareas
early simulation results can
of the building. The materials used
be found forinthe
[7]. construction
The major design aim Library
of the is to build(exposed
a - weather conditions: a dedicated weather
concrete,
but also stainless steel and
flexible enough to doussié
be used wood) are the
for indoor andheart
allowsofthe
thedirect measurement of: global and
designquality
environmental concept (IEQ)ofinvestigations.
the building. diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
Longitude 2°37’
meteringSTRUCTURALLY
box, while the IEQ tests GLAZED; WOOD
are carried out SHADING DEVICE; TOWER
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used an office The monitoringOrientation
as Building
Cultural and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which READINESS feeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering zone and
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
conditionsEnergyon management
surface ofstoring,
the testsupply) TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES
The facility
Indoorwill air positioned with its south façade Ventilation – No Data for absorbing and storing solar energy
bequality
dimensions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_25
204
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass, Wood Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. Detail of wood shading devices
2. View of the facade system
205
is the decoupling
in a larger The
room.Bibliothèque
Nationale de France wasphotoacoustic
designed spectroscopy unit. More
Electromagnetic
gas phase
to resemble four open
books, each facing
sensors one
will another. Other (specify)
The infour
cell is presented corner
[7] and can be towers
seen inare madeacoustic
Figure up ofcomfortmore tests.
than
2.. When the guardmzone
60.000 2
of structurally
is used as an glazed The monitoring
office monolithic panels.and control SYSTEM
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is The
possible to apply a
buildings, characterised be a performed
false ceiling to by double by means of an integrated National
façade, are Seconds
visually complex and layered, refracting logics, atheyprismatic di- being
are presently tested by means
Minutes
lighting systems.
splay of natural and artificial light ofthat is both
a thermal artistic
model describedHours
The proposed expression and purposeful
cooling system high- [7].
consists of asignage.
stability distilled-water storage (keeping water Construction and boundaries
in a buildings
Days
The thermal performance of the is essential
range of ±0.1 whichpreservation:
feeds both theitterminal The envelopes of the metering
for°C)books is maintained by an air flow
system
particular, the whereby
metering box is pumped
equipped airwithis acontinuously
sandwich panels,circulated
formed by Years
solar absorberbetween the twocooling
and an auxiliary glass battery.
façades, that are sheets
steel the two andmain15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
skins of the buildings. polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber, conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
On the consists
glass panelsof two stainless
(1,8 msteel
x 3,6 particular
m) structural silico- SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
ne joints were designed
without the use
thermal of supporting
bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
setting
for the passage blocks.water.
of distilled ThisDistilled
allowswater
a perfectly
interface isotropic
where theandtest component is installed.
Gradual
is chosen for uniform dilatation
the possibility of the glass
to accurately know its and aluminium and de-
creases the shear movement on the silicone joint by a
factor of two.
Movable
TiNOX® coating woodabsorption
with solar panels are located in the indoor spa-
coefficient
α ~ 95 % ces of the double
and thermal emissivityskin
ε ~ facade Climateto– control
4 %.Thein order Cachan, the
48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
daylighting in the reading rooms and decreasing the Micrometers
overheating phenomena. convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
dimensions
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
206
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly 3
Yearly
Reference
http://www.arcvision.org/the-national-library-of-france/?lang=en
http://www.architecturerevived.com/national-library-france-paris/
https://www10.aeccafe.com/blogs/arch-showcase/2015/04/10/
national-library-of-france-by-dominique-perrault-architecture/
http://www.bnf.fr/fr/acc/x.accueil.html (Accessed October 15,

2018)
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano

4
3. Detail of the aluminium frame
4. View from central place
207
FACADE SYSTEM
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CENTRE, Lucca (IT), 2003
ESTP outdoor
Centro test cell
ABITA Florence, Arch. R. Romano, Arch. M. Sala

MATERIAL
N
The ICT Center has been committed by Chamber of
Commerce en Constructibilité,
of Lucca. ABITA Center was Université
in chargeParis-Est
of ESTP, FRANCE
green design to test new technologies related to ener-
Aim of gy the efficiency
test facilityfor office buildings located in the fans
Medand active sensors: measured by COMPONENT
circulation
The outdoor
Area. testThe facility
projectunder development
has been focusedinon:means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
development
Paris atofthe Ecole Spéciale
components anddes Travaux Publics,
advanced energy saving %);
±0.02 systems,
du Bâtiment et of dedynamic
l'Industrie (ESTP) in
integration facades in order - to reduce
cooling
the power: calculated from the
heatGrouploss of through building envelope measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Politecnico di Milano, will and energy pro-
duction based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain by renewable
reliable estimatesenergy sources. All windows
of thermal
performance indicators aluminum
have movable of transparentshading and device, allowing
opaquesun building elements.
protection. The A detailed discussion
south glass roof of greenhouse is ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
made by semi-transparent photovoltaic panel, which
facility are
with integrated
high accuracy alsoforoncalorimetric
the southtests façade. The isselecti-
station placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also veflexible
low-E enough
glass skylight
to be usedand for
transparent
indoor and surfaces
allows thehasdirect measurement of: global and
been designed to investigations.
ensure excellent natural diffuse irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
solar in-
lighting
side the building. Air exchange is provided by naturalspeed and direction and rainfall
humidity, wind
ventilation system.
Longitude 10°50’
anemometers,
FACADE capacitance relative humidity
meteringSMARTbox, whileFACADE;
the IEQ tests PV;areDOUBLE
carried out SKIN
Climate Csa
2.. When the guard
be East
used asBuilding
a technical
Constructionand Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
bequality
dimensions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
use of natural Building automation systems for theInvolved
the test sample
resources,is installed.

FS_26
208
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass, PV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Air quality (humidity, CO2 concentration, etc) 2

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify):
1. View of Building 3
2. Domino facade’s Prototype
3. Domino facade’s Prototype
209
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the smart
calorimetric
skin tests. A scheme
developed of building is a mobile
for this
Other (specify)
both configurations
double skin for the operation
with a 50%ofopaquethe testmodule (where a PV
or solar thermal panel can be integrated) and a 50%
space, it is transparent
possible to apply module.
a false It to be of performed
consists
ceiling by means
several parts “dry”of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a assembled
technical space with for ventilation
a window Instruments
and whit
frame an aluminumsystem.me-As concerns the control
lighting systems.
tal coating. logics, they are presently being tested by means
Minutes
Furthermore, it uses a technological solution with the
recessed panels that allows to hide in the aluminum
Days
box mobile elements:
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal a glass panel Theandenvelopes
a shading of the
de- metering
units of the vice.
guardThe zonerecessed
and the metering
panel can In guard
box. bear zoneof are
a weight 180constructed
Kg. with prefabricated
particular, the metering box outdoor
is equipped with a cansandwich panels, formed by Years two 0.6 mm stainless
In the opaque module be installed three
(specify)
PV panels that have a electrical polyurethane energy production
foam. The resulting thermal
steelTheconductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
between 0,50 of and -2
The solar absorber, consists two 0,30 kWP.
stainless energy production
(AISI 304) depends
sheets welded and inflatedand
on orientation at high particular care is taken in order to minimize the
localization of the façade
pressure insystem.
On/Off door and the
The modules are dynamic and can change configura- Gradual
specific heat tion. In front
capacity of the transparent
at constant pressure (cp),module Number a metallic
of test bedsmo-– 1 Other (specify)
squito
needed for the net is installed;
computation it allowos
of the cooling power. opening the window
The absorber of plate will be coated module
the transparent at night Exposure
with a selective – South
so to improve night DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
cooling in the building during summer months.
Nanometers
The fixed and mobile parts of the two module can be
help operated
keeping by automatic convection
nearly-constant Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
or manual controls.
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
210
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
IS THE SYSTEM ECONOMICALLY VIABLE? Cost/m2 750,00
Yes Yearly cost of maintenance 0,00
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Sala, M., Romano, R. (2007), Sistema di facciata Intelligente.
Integrazione architettonica ai tecnologie per il risparmio ener-
getico, Convegno Abitare Verde 2007, NAPOLI, 2007, Luciano
Editore, pp. 450-454
Sala, M., Romano, R. (2011), (2011). The new information

communication Technology Centre of Lucca, Ecole Polytech-
nique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 14-16
September 2011, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
pp. 255-260
Sala, M., Romano, R. (2011), Innovazione per l’involucro

architettonico:Smart Facade per edifici non residenziali,
TECHNE, vol. 02, pp. 158-169
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano
4. Bioclimatic section of the office building “Ex

Bertolli” in Lucca.
211
FACADE SYSTEM
BIQ – THE ALGAEHOUSE – THE CLEVER TREEFROG, Hamburg (DE), 2013
ESTP outdoor
SolarLeaf, testSCC,
Arup, Colt, cellSplitterwerk Architects
Absolute
The world´s guarded test generates
cell rene-
MATERIAL
first bio-reactive façade

N
wable
 Institut de energy fromenalgal
Recherche biomass andUniversité
Constructibilité, solar thermal
heat. The integrated system, which is suitable for
Aim of both new and existing buildings, was developed col-and active sensors: measured by COMPONENT
the test facility circulation fans
laboratively
The outdoor by Strategic
test facility Science Consult
under development in means of Germany
Paris at(SSC),
the Ecole Colt International
Spéciale des Travauxand Publics,
Arup. This system
±0.02 %); has
du Bâtiment
been tested et de in al'Industrie
pilot project (ESTP)
at the inInternational Buil- power: calculated from the
- cooling
ding Exhibition (IBA) in Hamburg in 2013.
Theobtain biomass andestimates

heat generated based mass-flow
by the façade are meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to reliable of thermal
transported
performance indicatorsby a closed loop system
of transparent and to the building’s
opaqueenergy
building management
elements. A detailed centre, discussion
where the biomass is ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
harvested through floatation and the heat by a heat can
facility exchanger.
with high accuracy Because the system
for calorimetric is fully
tests integrated
but also with the building
flexible enough toservices,
be used the excess and
for indoor heatallows
fromthe thedirect measurement of: global and
photobioreactors
environmental quality (IEQ) (PBRs) can be used to
investigations. helpsolar
diffuse irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
supply
hot water or heat the building, or storedhumidity, for later wind
use. speed and direction and rainfall
Longitude 10°00’
anemometers, FAÇADES;capacitance relative humidity
meteringSMARTbox, while the HOUSE;
IEQ testsALGAE are carried BIOREACTOR
out BIOMASS PRODUCTION
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used as an office The monitoringOrientation
Residential and control of facade
of the the facility will South-west,
be South-east
a technical New Built
ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns the control
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
Biomimetic façade-2 -1
internal channels
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
conditions Energyon the internal surface
management of the
(harvesting, test supply)
The facility
bequality
Energy generation Technological solutions designed to increase
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception of accessibility,
the south façade where 4.0 m
(durability, use of natural Building automation systems for theInvolved
the test sample
etc.): Biomass production of plants and elements of the building skin Andrea Kindinis BF

FS_27
212
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify): Bioreactors used as dynamic shading
devices
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
SPLITTERWERK
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): bio-reactive

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
Other (specify): Energy
2
1. The biomass inside of the facade components,
Photo
The Clever Treefrog ©© Arup detail bioreactor facade, Photo © Paul Ott
SPLITTERWERK,
2. Detail bioreactor facade, Photo © Paul Ott

3. South elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo ©
Paul Ott
213
SPLITTERWERK
BIQ – The Algaehouse – The Clever Treefrog

DETAILED EXPLANATION OF
THE will be monitored during comfort
parameters
Intrinsic includes
(auto reactive)
a configuration by which the
in a larger SolarLeaf façadeworks was installed
as a guardfor the first time on the
Electromagnetic
room. The “room”
BIQ house at the IBA in Hamburg in gas phase
2013. In photoacoustic
total, 129 spectroscopy unit. More
bioreactors
both configurations for themeasuring
operation of 2.5m
the xtest0.7macoustic
have beencomfortinstal-
tests.
cell is presented
led on in the
[7] and can be seen
south-west andinsouth-east
Figure faces of the four- SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME
storey residential building to form a secondary façade.
Seconds
used as a Ittechnical
providesspace around for one third ofand
ventilation the total heat demand
Instruments system.of As concerns the control
Minutes
the 15 residential units in theThe
lighting systems. BIQ logics,
house.
Clever they are
Treefrog © presently being tested
SPLITTERWERK, by means
south elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo © Paul Ott
Hours
The flat photobioreactors are highly efficient for algal
The proposed coolingandsystem consists of a high- [7]. Days
Facts:growth need minimal maintenance. SolarLeaf’s
range of ±0.1 bioreactors
°C) which have four the
feeds both glass layers.The
terminal Theenvelopes
two innerofpa- the metering
location:
nes have a 24-litre
units of the guard zone and the metering box. Incapacity cavityAm for
guardInselpark
circulating
zone are 17,the 21109
constructed YearsHamburg,
with Germany
prefabricated
client
particular, growing
the and
metering medium.
investor: Either side
box is equipped withofa these
KOS sandwich
Wulff panels,
panels, formed by two
insula-
Immobilien GmbH 0.6 mm stainless
Other (specify)
solar absorber steel sheets and 15 cm thick injected-
tingand
co-investor: an auxiliarycavities
argon-filled cooling battery.
help to minimise
SSC heat loss. The
Strategic Science Consult GmbH
front
project glass
costs: panel consists of white antireflective isglass,
consists of two stainless steel ca. EUR 5 million equal to SYSTEM DEGREE
conductance 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
The solar absorber,
while
property
(AISI 304) the
sheets size: glass on the back can
welded and inflated at high 839 sqm integrate
particular decorative
care is taken in order
On/off
to minimize the
thermal bridges to
pressure inglass
built-up treatments.
orderarea: Compressed
to generate internal channelsairca. is introduced
1.600 sqmaround the the entrance door and the
for the passagebottom of eachwater.
of distilled bioreactor
Distilledat intervals.
water interface
Thewhere the test component
gas emer-
apartments:
15 flats Other (specify)
ges asoflarge air bubbles and generates floorsanof upstream
specificnumber
heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), 5 Number
floors: test beds – 1
neededuseful
water flow andofturbulence
for the computation
to stimulate the algae to take
the cooling power. ca. 50 to 120 sqm
areas: DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
The absorber in plate
CO2 willandbelight.
coated Atwith
the asame time, Exposure
selective a mixture– of water,
South
TiNOX® coating air and withsmall
solar plastic
absorption scrubbers
coefficientwashes the inner sur- Nanometers
idea,
α ~ 95 % faces
conceptemissivity
and thermal
& authorship: SPLITTERWERK,
Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; Label2°33′Efor- Fine
Cfb Arts and Engineering, Graz; Arup
of the panels. εSolarLeaf ~ 4 %.Theintegrates all servicing Micrometers
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to GmbH, Berlin; B+G Ingenieure Bollinger und Grohman GmbH, Frankfurt;
pipes for the inflow and outflow ofImmosolar the culture medium Millimeters
help keeping nearly-constant convection Heating – Heating GmbH, coil, Radiant
Hamburg panels
conditions and the air
on the internal into the frames of its elements.
surface of the test Mark Blaschitz, The maxi-
projectteam SPLITTERWERK: Edith Centimeters
Hemmrich, Max Juengling, Josef Roschitz, Ingrid
element. mum temperature that can be extracted Cooling
Somitsch from the biore-
Meters
actors is around 40 degrees Celsius, as higher levels
planning
The facility will partner Hamburg:
be positioned its south façade Arup GmbH,
Ventilation – NoBerlin;
Data sprenger von Notderapplicable
lippe; Timm & Goullon;
would affect thewithmicroalgae. Other (specify):
facing an open meadow, thus the hypothesis of Technisches Buero der Otto Wulff Bauunternehmung GmbH
unobstructed
The system can be operated all year
exposition is well met. A ground Otto
round. The
Dimensions effi-
and capabilities
site management: Wulff Bauunternehmung LEVEL OFGmbH AF VISIBILITY
reflectance ciency
of 0.25, of the conversion
typical of short grassof lawns,
light to biomass is currently
The internal dimensions of the metering box used
10% andAlight
will be considered. to heatstructure
dedicated is 38%.will for calorimetricphoto-
For comparison, measurements arevisible
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
protect start of construction:
the guard
voltaiczone envelope
systems froman
have snow loads 2012
efficiency ofm12-15%
x 1.2 m xand
3.0 solar
m, while the internal dimensions
and raincompletion:
and it will shade it from60-65%.
solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
2013
thermal systems The heat 4.0generated
m by the 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
with theenergy
only exception of the south façade where passiv-house
standard:  Involved person(s):
façade are
the test sample is installed.transported by a closed loop system tostandard
the 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps, dynamic
energy supply: solar thermal energy, geothermal energy, Andreaheating
district Kindinis
building’s energy management centre. facade elements)
214
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
Yes Yearly cost of maintenance - S
No
Other (specify)
SPLITTERWERK

Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
The Clever Treefrog © SPLITTERWERK, south elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo © Paul Ott
The Clever Treefrog © SPLITTERWERK, south elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo © Paul Ott
Reference
http://www.iba-hamburg.de/en/themes-projects/the-building-
exhibition-within-the-buildingexhibition/smart-material-houses/
biq/projekt/biq.html (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.arup.com/projects/solarleaf/details (Accessed Sep-

tember 18, 2017)
© SPLITTERWERK
© Colt/Arup/SCC

Rosa Romano

5
The Clever Treefrog © SPLITTERWERK, north elevation, Photo © Paul Ott
4. South elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo ©

Paul Ott
5. North elevation with bioreactor facade, Photo ©
Paul Ott
The Clever Treefrog © SPLITTERWERK, north elevation, Photo © Paul Ott
215
FACADE SYSTEM
KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM, BAD GLEICHENBERG (A), 2007
ESTP outdoor
Ernst Giselbrechttest cell
+ Partner
Absolute guarded test

is ancell
MATERIAL
N
The Kiefer Technic Showroom office building
withde
 Institut anRecherche
exhibition space for the clean room
en Constructibilité, specialist
company Kiefer Technik GmbH.
Aim of The showroom
facility is added to the South-West side
fansofand active sensors: measured by
COMPONENT
the test circulation
the existing
The outdoor test facilityproduction halls; its façade
under development in means is intended
Paris attothe Ecole Spéciale
demonstrate the des Travauxhandling
creative Publics, and±0.02 %);
innovative
du Bâtiment
precise et de l'Industrie
processing (ESTP)steel
of stainless in by employing a
Research dynamic
Group full-façade
of Politecnico shading system.
di Milano, will
The 112 white based mass-flow meter, accuracy %); and

reliable metal panels
of of the façade are elec- ±0.5
allow to obtain estimates thermal
trically indicators
performance moveable,ofindividuallytransparentand andcontinuously with
opaquethe building
help elements. A detailedmotors
of 56 integrated discussion
and a(RTDs),
smart control
system. Thus, the panels create a dynamic three-
facility dimensional
with high accuracy folding surface. With
for calorimetric tests various
station choreo-
but also graphed
flexible scenarios,
enough to be theused
goalforofindoor
either shade parts
and allows theofdirect measurement of: global and
the façade
environmental quality according to the weather conditions
(IEQ) investigations. irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
or pro-
diffuse solar
cess a media façade scenario are achieved. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
Longitude 15°89’
meteringKINETIC
box, while FACADE;
are carriedSKINout FACADE; SHADING DEVICE
Building floor area 298 sq.m acoustic comfort tests. Type
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
be
a technical New Construction
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
sheets weldeddemonstration
and inflated at high particular care is takenKinetic in order to minimize the
façade
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
surface ofstoring,
bequality
Energy generation
and rainPersonal
and it willusers’
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_28
216
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 3
Chemical
Other (specify):
1. View of the facade with panels closed

2. View of the facade with partially panels closed
3. View of the facade with panels open
217
is the decoupling
in a larger The
room.kinetic façade
The “room” of the
works as Kiefer
a guardshowroom has several Electromagnetic
zone duringfunctions:
the calorimetric tests. A scheme of Other (specify)
both configurations
- First, for the operation
it should of the
provide test in accordance with
shade acoustic comfort tests.
changing weather conditions. This causes the panels
space, it is to expand
possible or toa contract
to apply false ceiling vertically, thereby regulating
to be performed by means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a the irradiance
technical spaceoffor
sunlight.
ventilation and Instruments system. As concerns the control
- Secondly, it serves as a media façade,
in that it can being Minutes
tested by means
play choreographed scenarios of moving elements,
each of which can be individually controlled.
Days
The construction of the
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal façade looks
Thelike this:
units of the -guard
The transparent
zone and the façade box. In guard
meteringconstruction zone
itself arealumi-
is an constructed with prefabricated
particular, the metering box is equipped withwith
a thesandwich panels, formed by Years two 0.6 mm stainless
nium mullion-transom facade opaque parts of
(specify)
the building having an EISF-façadepolyurethane system. foam. The resulting thermal
- The air
The solar absorber, cavityofwith
consists two the maintenance
stainless walkwaysisbetwe-
steel conductance equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A-2
(AISI 304) en the welded
sheets two façade layers at
and inflated functions
high particular care is
as a climate buffer taken in order to minimize the
pressure inaccording
On/Off door and the
to the box window principle.
- The supporting elements of the kinetic façade layer Gradual
specific heat are stainless
capacity steel swords
at constant pressure attached
(cp), Numberto the of polygonal
test beds – 1 Other (specify)
glass
needed for the façade ofof the
computation building.
the cooling On these swords are ver-
power.
The absorber tical stainless
plate steelwith
will be coated guide Exposure
rails mounted,
a selective – South
who contain DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
the rolling apparatuses and the electric geared motors,
Nanometers
which move the 112 cassette panels.
help - The panel
keeping consist of perforated,
nearly-constant convection powder-coated
Heating – Heatinglight
Millimeters
conditions onmetalthe cassettes, whichofcan
internal surface the be
teststeplessly moved in all
Cooling
element. three dimensions by the 56 motors and by a BUS/SPS – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
intelligent control system. Each panel is also individual- Meters

ly controllable
facing an open meadow, thus bythe
a touch screen
hypothesis of through the users to
Other (specify)
unobstructed allow maximum
freedom.
is well
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
dimensions
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
218
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.archello.com/en/project/kiefer-technic-showroom
http://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/dynamic-
solar-shading-kiefer-technic-showroom (Accessed September
18, 2017)
https://www.architonic.com/en/project/ernst-giselbrecht-partner-
dynamic-facade-kiefer-technic-showroom/5100449 (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
https://www.archdaily.com/89270/kiefer-technic-showroom-
ernst-giselbrecht-partner (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.dbz.de/artikel/dbz_Die_Fassade_tanzt_Showro-
om_Kiefer_Technic_Office_Graz_A_27007.html (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
http://giselbrecht.at/projekte/gewerbe_industriebauten/kiefer/
index.html# (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://www.nextroom.at/building.php?id=30084 (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
https://www.wiconafinder.com/de/references/osterreich/kiefer-
technic-showroom/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://www.archdaily.com/89270/kiefer-technic-showroom-
ernst-giselbrecht-partner (Accessed September 18, 2017)
© Ernst Giselbrecht

Susanne Gosztonyi
Lucerne University, Institute of Civil Engineering IBI
Rosa Romano 4
4. Technological Section
219
FACADE SYSTEM
AALEN UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, AALEN (DE), 2006
ESTP
MGFoutdoor
Architekten test cell
Absolute
These three guarded test cell
MATERIAL
N
buildings are an extension to the Faculty
of Applied enand
Sciences Constructibilité,
Business at theUniversité Paris-Est
University of ESTP, FRANCE
Aalen. The buildings have a striking slatted wooden
Aim of façade combined with extensive use circulation of galvanized COMPONENT
The outdoor
steel in testthefacility underThese
structure. development in with
materials, means of natu-
their a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atral theappearance,
Ecole Spéciale des Travaux
dominate the Publics,
design of±0.02 %);
the buildings.
du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie (ESTP) in steel combined
The gentle shimmer of galvanized - cooling power: calculated from the
with the smoothness of the wooden measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group of Politecnico di Milano, will slats provides a
welcoming tone toestimates
the building. based mass-flow
The durability and re- meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable of thermal
performance
liabilityindicators of transparent
of the galvanized and
steel structure are said to be
opaqueconsistent
building elements.
with the A detailed
aims ofdiscussion
the university thataccuracy
it ser- ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs),
ves.
Longitude 10°12’
meteringWOODEN
box, while the FACADE;
IEQ tests DOUBLE
are carried SKIN
out FACADE; SHADING DEVICE
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used School an office The monitoringOrientation
asBuilding and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
Construction As concerns the control
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
façade
internal channels
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
bequality
and rainPersonal
and it willusers’
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_29
220
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Wood Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 3
Chemical
Other (specify):
1. View of the facade

3. View of the facade with panels open
221
is the decoupling
sensors,
in larch, globo-thermometers, luxmeters and a
in a larger The
room.facade
The “room”elements,
works asconstructed
a guard establish a Electromagnetic
zone duringlink the with
calorimetric tests. forest.
the nearby A scheme Theof appearance of the fa-
Other (specify)
both configurations
cade changesfor the operation
with the ofposition
the testof the sun. In a closed
state, the untreated louvred elements have a bright,
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is reddish,
possible toshimmering
apply a false surface.
ceiling to beWhen performed by means
the pivoting shut-of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a ters technical space for ventilation
are mechanically openedand Instruments
room by room, system.
the dar-As concerns the control
ker areas of the glass to the rearlogics,
are revealed, and being tested by means
Minutes
the projecting edges of the shutters establish a pro-
nounced sense of relief. The timber-clad narrower end
Days
faces of the buildings
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal are The
completely envelopes
closed. of
Here, the
a metering
units of the vertical
guard zone and the
recess meteringthe
indicates box. In guard
internal zone are constructed with prefabricated
structure. Years
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
The facades are textured with numerous verticalfoam.
polyurethane lines. The resulting thermal
Made in
The solar absorber, larch,of the
consists woodensteel
shutters create ais deep,
equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) changing
sheets welded and inflated
surface; a game at high particular care
between visual transpa-is taken in order to minimize the
pressure inrencyorder und
to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
closeness. It takes 90 seconds to open the
shutters and the transparent facade appears. Depen- Gradual
specific heat ding on the
capacity at position of the louvers
constant pressure Number
(cp), the building look
of test bedslike– 1 Other (specify)
a box
needed for the of woodoforthea cooling
computation glass object.
power. 2420 revolving shut-
The absorber plate
ters will be
cover coated
about with m
4500 a selective
2
of the mainExposure – South
facades. Due to DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
the modular grid of 60 cm the design enables a flexible
Nanometers
partitioning of rooms.
Millimeters
Basically the mainsurface of theistest
facade split into three levels of
element. function. The room-high glass facade Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
covers the long
sides of the buildings. The prefabricated wooden con- Meters
struction
facing an open meadow, includes
thus thedouble glazing
hypothesis of which provides the
Other (specify)
thermal is well met.
insulation. ground Dimensions
The Aventilated cavity betweenand capabilities
the
reflectance glass
of 0.25,facade
typical of andshort
thegrass
wooden The internal
lawns,sunscreen is dimensions
used as of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
service space. On the galvanised steel substructure
and rain andthe wooden
it will shade itshutters
from solarare fixated. Because
irradiance, of the guardofzone
its self-
are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
with the onlysupporting
exception ofsystem
the southonly thewhere
façade 4.0 mforces are lead
horizontal
03 Visible, surface change  Involved
(lamellas, person(s):
rollers, blinds)
to the concrete construction. The rotating shutters are Andrea Kindinis
individually mechanical operated.  Operating since:
Monitoring and control system dynamic facade elements)
change in progress
222
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.archdaily.com/948/aalen-university-extension-mgf-
architekten (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://www.intergalva.com/awards/2009/aalen-university/ (Ac-
cessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.mgf-architekten.de/index.php?option=com_content
&view=article&id=4&Itemid=7&lang=en (Accessed September
18, 2017)
https://divisare.com/projects/17911-mgf-architekten-christian-
richters-university-for-technical-studies-and-economics (Acces-
sed September 18, 2017)
https://www.archdaily.com/948/aalen-university-extension-mgf-
architekten (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://www.intergalva.com/awards/2009/aalen-university/ (Ac-

Rosa Romano

5. View of the facade with the shading devices closed
223
FACADE SYSTEM
CARABANCHEL SOCIAL HOUSING, MADRID (ES), 2007
ESTP
FOAoutdoor test
(Foreign Office cell
Architects)
Absolute guarded testframes

cellcover the
MATERIAL
N
Bamboo louvres mounted on folding
façades en Constructibilité,
of the building Université
in Madrid’s Carabanchel Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
public
housing development in the city’s southern suburbs.
Aim of The basic parallelogram block containscirculation units of diffe- COMPONENT
The outdoor test facility
rent shapes and under development
sizes which, thanks in to means of a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
their tube-like
Paris atinterior,
the Ecole allSpéciale
have ades Travaux
dual Publics,
east-west ±0.02 %);
orientation as well
du Bâtiment et to de a l'Industrie (ESTP)on inthe eastern side.
as access private garden - cooling power: calculated from the
TheGrouplouvres not only provide thewill measurement
necessary protec-of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research of Politecnico di Milano,
tionobtain
from reliable
the blazing summer based
sun, but also enhancemass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to estimates of thermal
performance
securityindicators
and, becauseof transparent and
they are completely under the
opaquecontrol
building of elements. A detailed
each unit’s discussion
occupants, they (RTDs),
also highlight
the latter’s spatial independence.
Longitude 03°45’
meteringBAMBOO
box, while the FACADE;
IEQ testsDOUBLE
are carriedSKINout FACADE; SHADING DEVICE
Climate Csb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Socialas an office The monitoringOrientation
Housing and control of facade
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
demonstration in orderfaçade
to minimize the
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
bequality
and rainPersonal
and it willusers’
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_30
224
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Bamboo Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 3
Chemical
1. View of the building

3. View of the balcony
225
is the decoupling
OF THE CONTROL/OPERATION SYSTEM Intrinsic
Pt100, T-type thermocouples, omnidirectional (auto reactive)
in a larger Each
room. side
of the building is providedgas with a 1,50 Electromagnetic
m wide spectroscopy unit. More
phase photoacoustic
terrace along the full façade that sensors
will make will be useda for dedicated
possible visual and
Other (specify)
semi-exterior typebeofseenuseinduring acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented in [7] and can Figure certain seasons. The-
se terraces areisenclosed
used as an withoffice
bamboo Thelouvers
monitoring and control SYSTEM
mounted of the facility will be
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is on
possible
foldingto apply
frames a false
thatceiling
provideto bewithperformed
the by means of an integrated National
necessary pro- Seconds
tection from the strong East-West sun exposure,
logics, provi- being
they are presently tested by means
Minutes
lighting systems.
de security to the units. of a thermal model describedHours with more details in
The proposed Eachcooling system
opening consists
part a high- [7].
of theofenvelope is made up of a va-
a ofConstruction and boundaries Days
riable number,storagebetween
(keeping water
4 and in 7, hinged panels (40
range of ±0.1 which feeds both the terminal The envelopes of the metering
cm°C) width).
These
particular, the panels
metering boxare composed
is equipped of aa micro-perforated
with zinc by Years
sandwich panels, formed two 0.6 mm stainless
solar absorber andframed
grid, an auxiliary
in acooling
steelbattery. steel sheets through
structure, connected, and 15 cm Otherthick
(specify)injected-
the sliding device, to the edge beams polyurethane
of the floors.foam. The resulting thermal
steel to conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
The solar absorber,
The bamboo consistsmatsof twoare
stainless
attached the wirecaremesh and SYSTEM DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high particular is taken in order to minimize the
arranged vertically, on
a double order.
thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water interface where the test component Gradual
is installed.
2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
03 Visible, surface change Involved
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
226
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.archdaily.com/1580/caranbachel-housing-foreign-
office-architects (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://www.arketipomagazine.it/carabanchel-housing/ (Acces-
sed September 18, 2017) 4
https://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Spain/Madrid/Carabanchel%20
Social%20Housing/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/project/carabanchel-social-housing/
http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/carabanchel-
social-housing/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/carabanchel/ (Ac-
https://aplust.net/blog/foreign_office_architects_social_housing_
in_carabanchel_madrid/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/featured-architecture/bamboo-
housing-in-carabanchel-by-foreign-office-architects-foa (Acces-
sed September 18, 2017)
https://www.archdaily.com/1580/caranbachel-housing-foreign-
office-architects (Accessed September 18, 2017)

Rosa Romano
5

5. View of the facade from the balcony with the
shading devices closed
227
FACADE SYSTEM
TELEFONICA HEADQUARTERS, MADRID (ES), 2008
ESTP outdoor
Rafael de La-Hoztest cell
Absolute guarded testcompany,

cell creates
MATERIAL
N
Telefonica, as the larger Spanish
 Institut
the de Recherche
strategic en Constructibilité,
challenge of regroup its Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
fourteen thou-
sand employees in one and unique headquarters in
COMPONENT
Aim of Madrid. With a unique special glass system-created
the test facility circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
only for testthis
facility underand
project- development
a extensive in protective
means of aand high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atsunthe accumulator
Ecole Spéciale overhangdes Travaux top,Publics,
prevents±0.02 %);
a scattered
perception of the complex. - cooling power: calculated from the
TheGroup buildings resembledia Milano, measurement
group ofwillice blocks, due toof the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research of Politecnico
theobtain
insidereliable
glass sections based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to estimatesbeing printed with white dots
of thermal
and theindicators
performance shiny reflective quality ofand
of transparent the outer skin. The
opaquetotal
building elements.
surface of the A detailed
façade discussion
is more than 60.000 m², ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
but the total surface area of the glass is almost twice
facility this
with size. The façade
high accuracy of the office
for calorimetric blocks
tests is aisdouble
but also flexible
skin, withenough to be used
the external glassfor hungindoor and allows
out from the direct measurement of: global and
staggered
glass fins.
Longitude 03°45’
meteringGLASS
box, while FACADE;
are carriedSKIN out FACADE; SHADING DEVICE
Climate Csb
2.. When the guard
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
Construction and Instruments system. Other As concerns the control -
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
conditionsEnergyon management
surface ofstoring,
The facility
bequality
dimensions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_31
228
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 3
1. View of the facade from the office inside the
Chemical building
Other (specify): Manual 2. View of the facade system
229
is the decoupling
zone duringDue the to
calorimetric
the largetests.scaleA ofscheme of
the project, Rafael de La-Hoz
Other (specify)
both configurations
architects for the
have operation
to useofone the test
singleacoustic
finishing material:
comfort tests.
cell is presented
glass. in [7] and can be seen in Figure
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is Furthermore
possible to apply thea false
designers use
ceiling to be theperformed
whole range:by meansfromof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a total technical space for ventilation
transparency and Instruments
as the intrinsic system.toAs concerns the control
quality of glass,
the artificial and absolute opacity oflogics,
lighting systems. they serigraph
coloured are presently being tested by means
Minutes
glass.
In particular in this project a large-scale (4 x 2 m) ex-
Days
tra clear glass was developed.
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal This The
new envelopes
type of of the
glass, metering
units of the thanks
guard zone and advanced
to the box. In guard
the meteringtechnology withzone
which areit constructed
was with prefabricated
particular, the metering makes
box is equipped sandwich panels, formed by Years two 0.6 mm stainless
designed, seeing with insidea compatible with the
(specify)injected-
opacity on the exterior surface. polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The façade
The solar absorber, consistsis ofthe
tworesult
stainless of steel conductance
the interaction is equal
of two sy- to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A-2
(AISI 304) stems,
sheets welded
mutantand glass inflated
and at high
serialised particular
shadow, in accor- in order to minimize the
care is taken
pressure indanceorder towithgenerate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
the modular requirements and the con-
struction logic of the façade. Gradual
specific heat Technically, the façade
capacity at constant is built
pressure using
(cp), Number
a modular beds – 1 Other (specify)
of testdouble
curtain
needed for the wall system.
computation The combination
of the cooling power. of filtering quali-
The absorber plate
ties andwilldistances
be coated with layersExposure
a selective
between reduces–the South
resul- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
ting solar factor (ratio of visible transmitted light and
Nanometers
rejected heat) to 19%.
help This favourable
keeping nearly-constantratio is essential Heating
convection Heating coil, Radiant panels
for the– installation
Millimeters
conditions on the chilled
of the internal beam
surfaceair-conditioning
of the test system, which is
element. cheaper to maintain. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
The inside skin is a unit system, totally prefabricated in- Meters

shopmeadow,
facing an open before construction. Theofglass fins must support
thus the hypothesis
Other (specify)
dead is welland
load, wind met.lateral
A ground Dimensions
load of the external and skin,
capabilities
reflectance and
of 0.25, typical all
transmit of these
short grass
loadslawns, The internal dimensions
to the structure. The inte- of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
rior glass skin is ceramic fritted in white dots, giving the
and rain andappearance
it will shade itoffrom
a group of ice blocks.
solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
change in progress
230
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference 4
Rafael de La-Hoz Castanys,
www.rafaeldelahoz.com
https://www.archdaily.com/20158/the-new-headquarters-of-
telefonica-in-madrid-rafael-de-la-hoz (Accessed September 18,
2017)
https://www.arup.com/projects/telefonica-hq (Accessed Septem-

ber 18, 2017)
http://www.archilovers.com/projects/173194/district-c-telefonica-
s-headquarters.html#info (Accessed September 18, 2017)
© Rafael de La-Hoz Castanys

Rosa Romano
3. Technological detail of the construction scheme

4. PV roof
231
Siemensstraße / - Google Maps 28/02/13 18:15
FACADE SYSTEM
Per vedere tutti i dettagli visibili sullo
ENERGYbase, VIENNA (AT), 2008 schermo, usa il link Stampa accanto alla
mappa.
ESTP
pos outdoor test
Architekten ZT KG cell
Absolute guarded testbuilt

cell
MATERIAL
The ENERGYbase office building, in 2008 as N
part of “Building of Tomorrow”. It can be considered
a demonstration building that intended to provide de-
sign stimuli for cutting-edge offices and industrial con- COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of structions. circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
Paris atPassive-house
the Ecole Spéciale standard, a stepped
des Travaux Publics, façade as solar
±0.02 %);
generator
du Bâtiment et andde sunshield,
l'Industrie solar
(ESTP) cooling
in and plants fil-
tering the
collaboration withair the
indoors quality are-measurement
for topEfficiency
end-use only acooling
few of power: calculated from the
of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
the elements that go to make up the integrated will buil- meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
based mass-flow
allow to dingobtain
design.reliable estimates ofuses
ENERGYbase thermal
the sun’s power four at the envelope of the metering
the temperatures
opaquetimes:
buildingtwice passively and twice actively.
elements. A detailed discussion
The passive (RTDs), accuracy
of design choices and thermal gain goes
early simulation to can
results the south-facing ro- ±0.07 °C);
be found oms directly
in [7]. anddesign
The major to theaim
north-facing
is to build a rooms
- indirectly,
facility via
with the
highventilation
accuracy for calorimetric
system. With tests stationform,
its special is placed
the on a roof of the ESTP campus,
stepped façade delivers these gains only in winter; in  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative
summer sunlight cannot enter the rooms directly,
humidity, wind asspeed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
eachofstep
Description the in the
test façade in overshadowed
facility by the step
water.
In order above. to optimize both calorimetric
Immagini ©2013 Google, Map data ©2013 Google -
tests. The set of available Latitude 48°26’, sensors includes

Longitude 16°42’
anemometers, capacitance relativeDEVICE; humiditySTEPPED FACADE
meteringPASSIVE
box, while theHOUSEIEQ testsSTANDARD; DOUBLE
are carried out SKIN FACADE; SHADING
Climate Dvb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Officeas an office The monitoringOrientation and control of theof facade
the facility will South be
a technical New and Instruments system.
Construction
https://maps.google.it/maps?client=safari&q=Siemensstraße+/+Giefinggasse,1210+Wien&oe=UTF-8&ie=UTF-8&hl=it Pagina 1 di 1

range ofTECHNOLOGY
feeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering OF FACADE zone and SYSTEMthe
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
demonstration in order façade to minimize the
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance façade door and the
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Climate – Cachan, 48°79′N; Transformable2°33′E - façade Cfb
Visual comfort
surface ofstoring,
the test
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the internalsolutions dimensions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
management person(s):
the test sample

FS_32
232
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Glass and PV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
1. View of the South facade
Chemical 2. Folded Facade
233
is the decoupling
zone duringBehind the stepped
the calorimetric tests.façade
A scheme perforated
of anti-dazzle slats Other (specify)
both configurations for thewith
are located, operation
the airof exhaust
the test for the entire storey
above them. This arrangement allows that warmed air
space, it is behind
possible to theapply
façade
a falseis ceiling
exhausted
to be directly,
performed notby into
means theof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a room. Onspace
technical sunnyforwinter days and
ventilation the air passes through
Instruments system. aAs concerns the control
heat exchanger, so its heat content
is transferred to being tested by means
Minutes
fresh air and thus reaches the north-facing rooms, too.
The active photovoltaic and solar heat components are
Days
arranged specially to
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminalachieve maximum
The energy
envelopes yields.
of the metering
units of the The
guardfaçade
zone and carries PV elements
the metering guard zone
box. In mounted arean
with constructed
air with prefabricated
panels, formed by Years
particular, the
spacemetering
behind box(12 cm gap).with a sandwich
is equipped
solar absorber and an auxiliary 2 cooling battery.
Otherthick
(specify)injected-
The 400,00 m of photovoltaic modules supply around
37.000 consists
The solar absorber, kWh ofofsolar power per
two stainless steelyear. Inclined atisanequal
conductance an- to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) gle of welded
sheets 31,5°, theand modules
inflated at arehighmuch more effective – in order to minimize the
particular care is taken
pressure inparticularly
order to generate thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
in theinternal
summer channels
months – than vertical mo-
dules integrated in the façade would be. Gradual
specific heat Thermal
capacity collectors
at constant are integrated
pressure in the top
(cp), Number segment
of test beds – 1 Other (specify)
of the
needed for the façade of
computation asthe
shell of the
cooling building; these are used
power.
The absorber forplate
solar
willcooling (evaporative
be coated Exposure
cooling
with a selective cycle) in – South
summer DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
and contribute to heating in winter. Climate As the windows are
2°33′E - Cfb
set high, daylight can penetrate right into the rooms in
help winter, nearly-constant
keeping so even the core of the building
convection Heatingis –very wellcoil,
Heating lit, Radiant panels
Millimeters
conditions onthanks to ample
the internal interior
surface of glazing.
the test
Cooling
element. Lighting intensity is regulated as a function of daylight, – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
measures typical of cold-storage facilities are taken to Meters

increase
facing an open meadow, lighting efficiency,
thus the hypothesisandof customized solar sha- Other (specify)
unobstructed ding also helps
exposition to make
is well met. Athe Dimensions
lighting
ground system more and capabilities
effi-
reflectance cient:
of 0.25,alltypical
in all of
theshort grasssavings
energy lawns, canTheadd
internal
up dimensions
to 65 %. of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
change in progress
234
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Goschenhofer T. (2011), Energy performance of the office buil-
ding ENERGYbase (heating, cooling, air conditioning, lighting),
(Bachelor Thesis) University of Applied Sciences Technikum
Wien Urban Renewable Energy Technologies, Vienna
https://viennabusinessagency.at/property/project-development/
energybase/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://series.local-renewables-conference.org/fileadmin/templa-
te/events/lr_freiburg_2009/files/Presentations/Schneider_B2_1.
pdf (Accessed September 18, 2017)
www.pos-architecture.com (Accessed September 18, 2017)
© pos Architekten ZT KG

Rosa Romano
4
3. South Facade Detail

4. Envelope operating scheme
235
FACADE SYSTEM
FIRE AND POLICE STATION, BERLIN (DE), 2004
ESTP outdoor
Sauerbruch test cell
Hutton
Absolute
The buildingguarded test cell
MATERIAL
is set back considerably from the main

N
 Institut deThe
road. Recherche
facade en
of Constructibilité,
the extension is Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
made of large
glass shingles that celebrate the formal and material
Aim of contrast between an existing Berlin building fragment COMPONENT
The outdoor
and its testnew facility under development
extension. The reds and in greens
means usedof a high-precision
in wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atthethe facade
Ecole Spéciale des Travaux
are inspired by thePublics, colors%);of Ger-
heraldic ±0.02
du Bâtiment
many’s et fire de l'Industrie
brigades (ESTP) as
and police, in well as the color
Research Group of Politecnico di Milano, willstructure and the
contrast between the existing brick
allow tosurrounding
obtain reliable groups of mature
estimates trees. The slight tilt of
of thermal
performance
the glass indicators
shingles of when
transparent
closed andlets the building vo-
opaque lume
building elements.
reflect the sky. A detailed
Shinglesdiscussion
located directly
(RTDs), in front ±0.07 °C);
accuracy
of windows can be opened as required for protection
fromhigh
facility with sun accuracy
and glare. for calorimetric tests station is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
Longitude 13°25’
anemometers, capacitance relative SHINGLES
humidity
meteringFIRE STATION;
box, while the IEQDOUBLE SKIN out
tests are carried FACADE; SHADING DEVICE; GLASS
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
of the the facility will West
be
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
façade
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
bequality
Energy generation
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_33
236
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):
1

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
1. Detail of glass lamellas
Chemical 2. West Facade
Other (specify):
237
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the calorimetric
façade comprisestests. A scheme of
large-scale horizontal glass Other (specify)
both configurations
shinglesforofthe operation
varying of thewhich
length, test carry two colour-fa-
milies of red and green, relating to the brick of the old
space, it is building
possible toand applyto athe tones
false of to
ceiling be performed
surrounding trees.by means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a The hues space
technical are combined to present
for ventilation a unified appearan-
and Instruments system. As concerns the control
ce when seen from a distance, withlogics,
an articulated flow being tested by means
Minutes
along the length of the building from north to south,
from green to red.
Days
Closer to the building
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal the chromaticThe envelopes
treatment of the
beco- metering
units of the mes
guarddifferentiated
zone and the metering guard
box. In hues
and individual zone are constructed with prefabricated
emerge.
particular, the sandwich panels, formed by Years two 0.6 mm stainless
Themetering box is equipped
glass shingles with a are
of the façade tilted a few degre-
(specify)
es to bring the sky down onto the polyurethane building in multiple
reflections,
The solar absorber, celebrating
consists the contrast
of two stainless between their
steel conductance own to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
is equal -2
(AISI 304) smooth
sheets welded
surface and and inflated at high of the existing brick in order to minimize the
the mattness particular care is taken
pressure inand order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
stone. They provide wind protection, holding a buf-
fer of air against the building for extra insulation. Gradual
specific heat The colour
capacity was screen—printed
at constant pressure (cp), onto Number test beds – 1 Other (specify)
theofweather—
protected
needed for the back
computation of the
of the glass,
cooling power.such that most of the
The absorber plate willare
shingles be coated
opaque.withOnly
a selective Exposure
those lying – South
in front of win- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
dows have a calibrated transparency and function as
Nanometers
sun-shades for the occupants, opening and shutting
help by means
keeping of a central convection
nearly-constant management Heating – Heating
system coil, Radiant panels
that can
Millimeters
conditions onbe the internal surface
overridden of theLight
individually. test entering the building
Cooling
element. is ‘informed’ but not ‘coloured’ as it passes through the– Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
glass, subtly bringing the hues of the façade into the Meters
white-painted rooms behind. of Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
dimensions
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
238
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://architectuul.com/architecture/fire-and-police-station (Ac-
3
http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/images/FPR_fire_and_police-
station_en.pdf (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.architravel.com/architravel/building/fire-and-police-
station/ (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://archello.com/project/fire-and-police-station-for-the-go-
vernment-district-berlin (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://inspiration.detail.de/fire-station-and-police-station-in-ber-
lin-103774.html?lang=en (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://divisare.com/projects/327154-sauerbruch-hutton-noshe-
a-selection-of-sauerbruch-hutton-s-projects-by-noshe (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
http://www.revistadisena.com/pdf/revistadisena_8_the-land-of-
colour.pdf (Accessed September 18, 2017)
https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/43605/Serra%20
Lluch_Three%20color%20strategies%20in%20architectural%20
composition.pdf?sequence=2 (Accessed September 18, 2017)
© Rosa Romano 4

Rosa Romano 3. Facade Detail
Florence University, Department of Architecture 4. West facade
239
FACADE SYSTEM
SOLAR XXI – BIPV/T SYSTEMS, LISBON (PT), 2006
ESTP outdoor
P. Cabrita, I. Diniz,test cell
L. Aelenei
Absolute guardedwas built intest

Lisbon incell
MATERIAL
Solar XXI building 2006 as a de-

N
monstration enThe
project. Constructibilité, Université
building is considered Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
a very
high efficient building, from the national regulation
Aim of point of facility
view, with a difference in energycirculation performance COMPONENT
the test fans and active sensors: measured by
1/10 regarding
The outdoor test facilitya under standard Portuguese
development in office
meansbuilding.
Paris atFromthe Ecolethe nZEB
Spéciale goal
des perspective,
Travaux Publics, the building,
±0.02 %);which
du Bâtiment
design is et based
de l'Industrie (ESTP) in
on a combination of passive design power: calculated from the
- cooling
techniques with renewable energy technologies
measurement (PV,of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
solar collectors). based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and

performance
One of indicators
the strategies of transparent
adopted in the anddesign of SOLAR
opaqueXXI building elements.
building in order A detailed
to reducediscussion
the thermal loads and ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
provide a good thermal comfort conditions consisted can
facility in
with optimization
high accuracy of building envelope.
for calorimetric testsThe mainisfaçade
but also has a PVenough
flexible systemtowith be heat
used recovery
for indoorwhich and assists
allows thethedirect measurement of: global and
environmental
heatingquality (IEQ) investigations.
in winter time. In summer a ground diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
cooling
humidity, wind facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
system (earth tubes) is used to cool the building, to-speed and direction and rainfall
gether with night cooling strategies.
Longitude 9°10’
anemometers, capacitance relative DOUBLE
humidity SKIN FACADE
meteringENERGY
box, while EFFICIENCY;
the IEQ tests arePHOTOVOLTAIC;
carried out HEATING AND COOLING;
Climate Csa
2.. When the guard
be
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
conditions Energyon the internal surface
management of the
The facility
Indoorwill be
air positioned
dimensions
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control x 6.2 m
inside
with the Other
only exception
the test sample

FS_34
240
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): PV, PCM Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

1
Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
1. South facade
Chemical 2. South facade
Other (specify):
241
case studies CONTROL OPERATION DETAILS
is the decoupling
humidity external control)
in a larger The
room.Solar The “room” works as a
XXI building south façedegas guard is phase
covered by win- spectroscopy unit. More
Electromagnetic
photoacoustic
zone duringdows the calorimetric tests. A scheme of
SOLAR XXI:
and PV modules by equivalent proportions.
sensors will be used This for dedicated visual and
Other (specify)
large glazing area (about 46% of theacoustic
south comfort
façade tests.
and
2.. When the 12% of building
guard zone is conditioned
used as an office floor area) interact directly
The monitoring and control SYSTEM
RESPONSE TIME
performed by means of an integrated National
A Portuguese Office Building

space, it is with
possible thetooffice
applyroomsa false permanently
ceiling to be occupied, collecting Seconds
used as a directtechnical space for ventilation Instruments system. As concerns the control
solar energy, providingand heat logics,
and natural light to
Minutes
lighting systems.
these spaces. Increasing the solar of heat gains model
a thermal in winter describedHours
The proposed time
towards Net Zero-Energy Building
consisted
cooling
building design,
location,
system one
storage (keeping
sizefeedsandboth
of the
consists
by adopting
high- [7]. strategies in the
of a dominant
the terminal
orientation
in a Construction
wateressential
The
features such
envelopes
(south) of the main gla-
and boundaries
of
as
the
Days
metering
zing area. Natural ventilation is provided due to cross Years
solar absorberwind andand stack effect
an auxiliary coolingvia openingssteel
battery. in thesheets
façadeand and15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
roof level. polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal
The solar absorber,
The façade consists of two stainless
openings together steel with conductance
adjustableis vents equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) on sheets weldedroom and inflated particular
at high the cross ventilation, care is taken in order to minimize the
all office doors provide thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
allowing the air to flow
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled
from
Helder inside interface
Gonçalves
water
to outside where and thevice
test component is installed. Laura Aelenei
PhD, Director of the Energy Laboratory, Gradual PhD, Researcher,
is chosen for versa.
the possibility to accurately know its
National Energy and Geology Laboratory, Portugal National Energy and Geology Laboratory, Portugal
specific heat In the building central
capacity at constant hall
pressure (cp), Number
there is a skylight, whichof test beds – 1 Other (specify)
email: helder.goncalves@lneg.pt email: laura.aelenei@lneg.pt
needed for theallows computation
for natural of theventilation
cooling power. by stack effect. The set
of ventilation strategies (day and night) provide a high
α ~ 95 % comfort
and thermal level in the summer,
emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The especially
Climate when applica-
– Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorberble isduring
also used night as period
baffle in minimizing
order to the thermal loads Micrometers
– Heating coil,Introduction
help keeping
accumulated nearly-constant
during daytime convection withinHeatingthe building and its Radiant panels
Millimeters
temperature. Carlos Rodrigues Cooling – Cooling coil,Solar Building
Radiant panels XXI, built in 2006 [1], at LNEG Campus
element. Centimeters
In addition to the useResearcher, of direct solar gains through thein Lisbon, Meters pretends to be an example of a low energy
windows,
The facility will the BIPV-T
be positioned system
National
with its south Energy
façade integrating
and Geology south
Ventilation
Laboratory, building
– No
Portugal Data building using passive systems both for heating and
facing an open meadow, thus email: carlos.rodrigues@lneg.pt
the hypothesis
Other (specify)
façade is also contributing for of the improvement of thecooling (ground cooling) towards a Net Zero-Energy
unobstructed exposition is well met.heating
A ground Dimensions and capabilities
indoor climate during season in the day time Buildingmetering
(NZEB) [2]. The usedmain façade has a PV system
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the LEVEL OF box AF VISIBILITY
hours, when the heat released in the process of con-with heat
will be considered. A dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements recovery
are which
(WxLxH): 3.0assists the heating in winter
verting
protect the guard solar
zone radiation
envelope loads ismsuccessfully
into power
from snow x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, reco-while the01internal dimensions
and rain andverer.it will As
shade a heating
it from solar strategy,
irradiance, in winterof thetimeguard zone are
during the(WxLxH): 4.1 m no
surface
with the onlydaysexception
with ofhigh the south
solar façade
radiation,wherethe 4.0 m
temperature of the Involvedrollers,
34
air heated REHVA by Journal
BIPV-T and – March 2012 into the offices
insufflated Andrea Kindinis
Monitoringcan and rich
control30°C.system dynamic facade elements)  Operating since:
change in progress
242
Building Use: Non-residential:
Office
Level of BISTS integration
Rush: Level 2
Reijenga: 5 ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
IS THEXSYSTEM
New Build
ECONOMICALLY VIABLE? Cost/m2 800 €/m2
Figure 1
Yes O Refurbishment Yearly cost of maintenance -
No O Other: ……………………
Type of BISTS:
Other (specify)
Hybrid
Function(s):
X Air heating
High (double
O skinWater facades, high tech, etc)
heating
Information
O not available
Combi-system
X
Cooling/ventilation/shadin
Daily g
WeeklyX PV/T
MonthlyO linked to another system
Yearly (e.g., heat pump)
O not available
Information Other:
………………………. 3
a) 4
b)
Building element:
Reference
X H., Cabrita,
Gonçalves, Facade C. (2010), Solar XXI - Towards zero
energy, LNEG,
O LNEG Roof - Laboratório Nacional de Enrgia e Geo-
logia, Lisbon
O Other:
……………………..
Gonçalves, H., Cabrito, P., (2006), A Passive Solar Office Buil-
ding in Portugal, Proceedings of PLEA 2006
Gonçalves, H. et al, (2010), Solar XXI-Em direcção à energia

zero / Towards zero energy, LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de
Enrgia e Geologia, Lisbon
Aelenei, L. et al, (2010), The Road Towards “Zero Energy” in

Buildings: Lessons Learned from SOLARXXI Building in Portu-
gal, Proceedings of EuroSun 2010, Gratz, Austria
http://www.southzeb.eu/portfolio/solarxxibuiding/ (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
Reference to picture: 5
c) 6
d)
© Rosa Romano
3. Figurein2the process of converting
The heat released
© Laura Alenei solar radiation into power is successfully
recovered (natural convection) and insufflated
into adjacent room, as a heating strategy for
Laura Alenei
1
the improvement of the indoor climate during
heating season in the day time hours.
LNEG, Lisbon
4. In the mid-season months, the system can
function as a fresh air pre-heating system in
Rosa Romano
which air is admitted from outside through the
lower vents, which heats thereafter in the air
gap of BIPV-T before insuflatted directly into
Betil Dilekci
the room by natural convection through the
Upv/Ehu
upper internal vents.
5. During cooling season is important to extract
the heat from the modules to the environment.
Therefore, the most used functional situation
is the extraction of the heat to outside through
the two external vents , in this situation the
internal vents are closed.
6. Another possible situation in terms of functional
use, is the evacuation of the hot air from the
room through the lower internal vents, and use
the “chimney effect” released to the outside
243
FACADE SYSTEM
RMIT DESIGN HUB, MELBOURNE (AUS), 2012
ESTP
Seanoutdoor testFranklin
Godsell, Hayley cell
Absolute
The Hub hasguarded
a large number test cell Su-
MATERIAL
of Environmentally
N
stainable en Constructibilité,
Design features Université
and incorporates Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
strategies
of water, waste and recycling management. In parti-
Aim of cular, the outer skin of the Hub incorporates automa- COMPONENT
The outdoor test facility under
ted sun-shading development
that includes in means
photovoltaic of a
cells, high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
eva-
Paris atporative
the Ecolecooling
Spéciale and desfresh
Travaux Publics, that
air intakes ±0.02 %); the
improve
du Bâtiment
internal et de l'Industrie
air quality and reduce (ESTP) in costs.
running - cooling power: calculated from the
The cells have been designed so that measurement
they can be ea- of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
silyobtain
replaced as research based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to reliable estimates into solar energy results in
of thermal
performance
improved indicators
technology of transparent
and part of and the northern façade
opaqueisbuilding
actually elements.
dedicated A detailed discussion
to ongoing research intoaccuracy
solar ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs),
of designcellschoices
to be andconducted
early simulation results
jointly by can
industry and Royal
facility Melbourne
with high accuracy Instituteforofcalorimetric
Technology (RMIT)
tests . The
station is entire
but also flexible enough to be used for indoor and allows theasdirect measurement of: global and
building façade has the capacity to be upgraded
environmental quality (IEQ) evolves
solar technology investigations.
and may one diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
day generate
enough electricity to run the whole building. humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
tests. The set of available Latitude - sensors includes144°96’
37°80’, Longitude
meteringOFFICE
box, whileBUILDING;
the IEQ testsSUNSCREEN;
are carried out BIPV; EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Climate Cfc
2.. When the guard
be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
façade
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance
façadedoor and the
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
the management
the test sample
etc.): of plants and elements of the building Andrea
skin Kindinis BF

FS_35
244
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): BIPV, glass disks Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
Chemical
1. View of operable glass discs
Other (specify): 2. Buffer zone between the external and inner skin
245
is the decoupling
Other (specify)
both configurations
The façade for thecomprises
operation ofathe test
specifically detailed double
glazed inner skin on each face of the building and an
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is automated
possible to apply operable
a falsesecond
ceiling toskin performed
be shading by means of an integrated National
device.
Seconds
second spaceskinforshading
ventilation Instruments the
and surrounds
device system.
entireAs concerns the control
building, from the ground floor to the
lighting systems. logics,
roofthey
plant arelevel.
presently
It being tested by means
Minutes
is made up of nominally 600 mm diameter sandblasted
glass disks, which are fixed to either a horizontal or
Days
vertical aluminium axel.
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal Each axel is
The fixed to the
envelopes outer
of the metering
units of the face
guardofzone and the metering
a galvanised steel box. In guard
cylinder zone are
of a slightly constructed with prefabricated
greater Years mm stainless
diameter andboxnominally
is equipped 130with
mm a in sandwich
depth. panels, formed by two 0.6
solar absorber and an auxiliary cooling battery. steel sheets and 15 cm Otherthick injected-
(specify)
21 glass discs and steel cylinderspolyurethane are fixed together
in panels
The solar absorber, of nominally
consists 1,8 msteel
of two stainless by 4,2conductance
m, which are is equal
sup- to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) ported
sheets welded and inflatedgalvanised
on a secondary at high particular
steel frame settaken
care is out in order to minimize the
pressure inaboutorder 700
to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
mm from the curtain wall face of the building.
These are accessed by an external service walkway on Gradual
specific heat each level.
capacity at Each
constant typical
pressurepanel Number
(cp),is made upofoftest ope-– 1 Other (specify)
12beds
rable
needed for the glass discs
computation of theand 9 discs
cooling power.which are fixed. At the
The absorber ground and
plate will be plant
coatedroom
with alevels Exposure
all glass
selective South
disks– will be fi- DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
xed. There are 86 panels on each Climate level and therefore
2°33′E - Cfb
774 panels for the nine levels of the building.
help The glass
keeping cells track the
nearly-constant sun via theHeating
convection – Heating
building coil, Radiant panels
computer
Millimeters
automation surface
system to ofhelp
theshade
test and power the buil-
Cooling
element. ding. In a sections of the façade will be incorporated – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), manufactu- Meters

red using
facing an open meadow, thethus
samethe high performing
hypothesis of interlayer and act Other (specify)
unobstructed asexposition
an applied is well met. and
learning A ground
teachingDimensions
showcase andand
capabilities
a
reflectance research
of 0.25, typical of short
test bed, grass lawns,
advancing The internal
practical dimensions of the
solar research. metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
Perimeter air intakes and fine mist sprinklers incorpo-
and rain andrated
it willinto
shadetheit double
from solarglazed of the
inner skin
irradiance, guard zone
provide are (WxLxH):
passive 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
with the onlycooling
exception toofthe Underfloor
the south air distribution
façade where 4.0 m (UFAD) sy-  Involved
rollers, blinds)
the test sample
stem.is installed.
The water used in this ‘Coolgardie safe’ system Andrea Kindinis
is harvested from the roof. Fresh naturally cooled air  Operating since:
provides a less expensive, lower energy consumption
change in progress
relevant heatandfluxmore desirable thermal
and environmental comfort alternative to a
quantities
contributions:
wholly conditioned work environment. Other (specify)  Contact person(s):
246
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
https://www.archdaily.com/335620/rmit-design-hub-sean-godsell
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/rmit-design-hub-
sports-an-operable-glass-and-steel-facade/ (Accessed Septem-
ber 18, 2017)
https://architectureau.com/articles/rmit-design-hub/ (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2016/february/iconic-
design-hub-facade-to-go-solar (Accessed September 18, 2017)
http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/news/replacement-
glass-disks-on-rmit-design-hub-to-beco (Accessed September
18, 2017)
https://www.csemag.com/single-article/case-study-rmit-design-
hub/b2cc5cca9718e0d73356f5e008b41776.html (Accessed
September 18, 2017)
3
https://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2016/02/29/can-rmit-
keep-spinning-the-design-hub-story/ (Accessed September 18, 3. Facade system detail
2017)
https://www.designboom.com/architecture/rmit-design-hub-
sports-an-operable-glass-and-steel-facade/ (Accessed Septem-
ber 18, 2017)
https://architectureau.com/articles/rmit-design-hub/ (Accessed
September 18, 2017)

Rosa Romano
247
FACADE SYSTEM
SELFIE FACADE, FLORENCE (IT), 2017
ESTP outdoor
ABITA testResearch
Interuniversity cell Centre (R. Romano, P. Gallo, M. Sala)
Absolute guarded test celldeveloped
MATERIAL
The innovative “SELFIE system” has been

N
 Institut
withde Recherche
smart enand
materials Constructibilité, Université
novel technologies Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
to produ-
ce clean energy and decrease total consumptions in
Aim of the newfacility
and/or existing buildings. COMPONENT
The outdoor test facility under
The components of the development
“SELFIEinsystem”, means in of afact,
Paris athas the Ecole
been Spéciale
designed desas Travaux Publics, ±0.02
preassembled elements%); that
du Bâtiment
is possible et to de compose
l'Industrie in (ESTP)
a modular in façade for new
buildings envelope or replace the measurement
existing ones. The of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
three prototype based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable of facadesofcomponents
estimates thermal SELFIE has
performance indicatorshow
been realized of modular
transparent and with a size of
elements
opaque90,0 buildingcmelements.
x 140,0 Acm, detailed
that discussion
can be assembled, with ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs), accuracy
different geometric configurations in the SELFIE can
facility facade
with highsystem accuracy (280.0 cm x 280.0
for calorimetric testscm). Theyis provi-
but also deflexible
the following
enough to performances:
be used for indoor Reduction of energy
and allows the direct measurement of: global and
consumptions andinvestigations.
CO2 gas emission; diffuse Wellness irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
solarand
health; Energy production; Reduction urban humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
pollution;
Management of buildings consumptions.
Longitude 11°24’
meteringENERGY
box, while SAVING;
the IEQ tests RENEWABLE
are carried outENERGY; BIPV; PCM; NANOMATERIALS
Building floor area - acoustic comfort tests. Type
Climate Csa
2.. When the guard
be
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
conditions on the
Energy internal surface
management of the
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_36
248
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): BIPV Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
1
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify):

2
Other (specify)
TYPE OF ACTUATOR (OUTPUT) 3

Mechanical
Pneumatical 1. Selfie_1: a. Glass layer with PVB and IR reflecting
Electromagnetic coatings; b.Honeycomb with TiO2. C. Foam glass
with PCM; d. closure panel
Thermal 2. Selfie_2: a. Pv panels with air grids; b. Insulating
Chemical panel; c. Heat exchanger; d. Closure panel
3. Selfie_3: a. Glass layer with PVB and IR reflecting
Other (specify):
coatings; b. Air gap and shading device; c. Double
glazing
249
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the calorimetric
adaptive SELFIE tests. A facade
scheme of has gasbeenphase photoacoustic spectroscopy unit. More
realized as a
Other (specify)
both configurations
unitizedfor the operation
curtainwall of thethat
system testallows an easy installa-
tion on building site. The SELFIE modular components
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is can be placed
possible to apply in ceiling to be performed
this technological
a false frame withbydifferent
Seconds
used as a geometric
technical space configurations,
for ventilation different types of materials
and Instruments system. As concerns the control
lighting systems.
and different colors in order to guarantee logics, theytheare custo-
Minutes
mization of all façade system. The facade consists of
fixed and mobile parts (opaque and transparent), that
Days
can be operated through
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal automatic The
or envelopes
manual of the
controls metering
units of the toguard zone and
regulate thethe airmetering
temperaturebox. In and guard
air zone
qualityareinside
particular, the a sandwichthe panels, formed by Years
themetering
buildingbox is equipped
during all year.with Furthermore, dynamic
(specify)
façade has been designed to achieve good performan-
two stainless steel conductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
ce in the termsofof: -2
The solar absorber, consists DEGREE OF ADAPTIVITY:
(AISI 304) 1) sheets welded safety,
Structural and inflated at high
ensuring: particular care
Mechanical Resistance is taken in order to minimize the
pressure intoorder to generate internal thermal bridges around the entrance door and the
static, suspended andchannels
dynamic loads; Shock, Fire On/Off
and deformation resistance; Contact safety. Gradual
specific heat 2)capacity
Indoor atcomfort,
constantthought
pressurethe Number
(cp),control of the beds – 1 Other (specify)
following
of test
parameters:
needed for the computation Airof permeability;
the cooling power.Water tightness; Thermal
The absorber plate will be coated
transmittance withtransparent
(In the Exposurewill
a selective modules – South
have a DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
U value at list of 1,2 W/m K and the2
opaque modules
2°33′E - Cfb
will have at list a U value of 0,20 W/m2K); Hygrothermal
help insulation;
keeping Thermal inertia;
nearly-constant convection Heating
Daylighting and – Heating coil, Radiant panels
solar pro-
Millimeters
tection; Acoustic surface of the(attest
insulation list 50dB)
Cooling
element. 3) Maintainability: the choose to use modular elements – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
will be enable to repair (with isolated action of maintai- Meters

nability)
facing an open the facade
meadow, thus thesystem
hypothesiswithout
of changing the global Other (specify)
unobstructed exposition isofwell
performance themet.
façadeA ground Dimensions and capabilities
reflectance 4)
of 0.25, typical of guarantying
Functioning, short grass lawns, The internal
to the users dimensions of the
to manage metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
the façade also in absence of an automated system of
it will shade it from solar irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
and rain andcontrol. 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
change in progress
250
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Romano, R., Gallo, P. (2017), Adaptive facades, developed with 4
innovative nanomaterials, for a sustainable architecture in the
Mediterranean area, Procedia Engineering, pp.1-10
Romano, R., Gallo, P. (2016), The SELFIE Project Smart and

efficient envelope’ system for nearly zero energy buildings in the
Mediterranean Area, Advances In Architecture and Civil Engine-
ering Conference, Singapore, pp. 562-569
© Rosa Romano

Rosa Romano
5
4. The SELFIE prototype in the test-cell of the University

of Florence
5. PCM panel prototype
6. Honeycomb with TiO2 in SELFIE 1
251
FACADE SYSTEM
GREENPIX – ZERO ENERGY MEDIA WALL, BEIJING (CN), 2008
ESTP outdoor
Simone Giostra &test cell
Partners

MATERIAL
Simone Giostra & Partners Architects designed the

N
GreenPix en Constructibilité,
- Zero Energy Media Wall -Université Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
a ground-bre-
aking project applying sustainable and digital media
Aim of technology to the curtain wall of Xicui Entertainment COMPONENT
The outdoor
Complex test in facility undernear
Beijing, development
the site of in the
means
2008ofOlym-
Paris atpics.
the Ecole Spéciale
Featuring one desofTravaux Publics,
the largest LED%);
color±0.02 display
du Bâtiment
worldwide et andde the l'Industrie (ESTP) in
first photovoltaic system integrated
into a glass curtain measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
wall in China, GreenPix based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable estimatestransformed
of thermal the building en-
velop into
performance a self-sufficient
indicators of transparentorganicand system, harvesting
opaquesolarbuildingenergyelements.
by day A detailed
and using discussion
it to illuminate theaccuracy
scre- ±0.07 °C);
(RTDs),
of designenchoices
after dark,and early simulation
mirroring results
a day’s can
climatic cycle.
facility The
with highMedia Wall provided
accuracy the city
for calorimetric testsof Beijing
station iswith its on a roof of the ESTP campus,
placed
first venue dedicated to digital media art, while offe-
ring the
environmental most(IEQ)
quality radical example of photovoltaic
investigations. solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
diffuse techno-
logy applied to an entire building’s envelope humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
to date.
Longitude 116°28’
meteringOFFICE
box, whileBUILDING;
the IEQ testsMEDIA WALL;
are carried out PV; GLASS CURTAIN WALL
Climate Dwc
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used as an office The monitoringOrientation
Office/Commercial and control of facade
be
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
bequality
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample

FS_37
252
Wood Photo-chromic

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
1. View of PV cells
Chemical 2. View if the PV facade
Other (specify):
253
is the decoupling
zone duringGreenPix
the calorimetric tests. A scheme
is a large-scale of comprising of 2292
display Other (specify)
both configurations
color (RGB) for theLED’s
operation lightof points
the testcomparable to a 2200
cell is presented 2 in [7] and can be seen in Figure
m monitor screen for dynamic content display. The
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is very
possiblelarge scaleaand
to apply falsethe characteristic
ceiling low resolution
to be performed by meansofof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a the screenspace
technical enhances the abstract
for ventilation and visual qualities
Instruments of theAs concerns the control
system.
medium, providing an art-specific communication
form being tested by means
Minutes
in contrast to commercial applications of high resolu-
tion screens in conventional media façades.
Days
With the support of
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal leading The
German envelopes
manufacturersof the metering
units of the Schueco
guard zoneand and SunWays,
the metering Giostra
box. In andguard zonedeveloped
Arup are constructed with prefabricated
particular, the metering box is equipped sandwich panels, formed by Years
with a photovoltaic two 0.6 mm stainless
a new technology for laminating cells in
(specify)injected-
a glass curtain wall and oversaw the productionfoam.
polyurethane of the The resulting thermal
first glass
The solar absorber, solarofpanels
consists by Chinese
two stainless manufacturer
steel conductance is Sun-
equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A-2
(AISI 304) Tech.
sheetsThe polycrystalline
welded and inflated photovoltaic
at high particular care is
cells are lamina-taken in order to minimize the
pressure inted order to generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
within the glass of the curtain wall and placed with
changing density on the entire building’s skin. The den- Gradual
specific heat sity pattern
capacity at increases
constant pressurebuilding’s Number of test
(cp), performance, beds – 1 Other (specify)
allowing
natural
needed for the light when
computation of therequired by interior program, while
cooling power.
The absorber reducing
plate will heat gainwith
be coated anda selective Exposure
transforming – South
excessive solar DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
radiation into energy for the media Climate wall. – Cachan, 48°79′N; Nanometers
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The 2°33′E - Cfb
With customised software, the skin interacts with the
help buildingnearly-constant
keeping interiors and outside Heating
convectionpublic – Heating
space, coil, Radiant panels
transfor-
Millimeters
conditions onming thethe façade
internal into aofresponsive
surface the test environment for en-
element. tertainment and public engagement. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
dimensions
change in progress
254
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Text description provided by the architects Simone Giostra &
Partners, http://sgp-a.com
https://www.archdaily.com/245/greenpix-zero-energy-media-wall 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2008/05/07/greenpix-media-wall-by-
simone-giostra-partners/ (Accessed April 14, 1018)
http://www.archiportale.com/news/2008/05/architettura/greenpix-
zero-energy-media-wall_11791_3.html (Accessed April 14,
1018)
https://www.arup.com/projects/greenpix-zero-energy-media-wall
http://www.bipv.ch/index.php/it/altro-s-it/item/1210-greenpix-ita
http://www.archilovers.com/projects/7673/greenpix-zero-energy-
media-wall.html (Accessed April 14, 1018)
http://sgp-a.com/#/single/xicui-entertainment-center-and-media-
wall/ (Accessed April 14, 1018)
© Simone Giostra & Partners

Rosa Romano

Politecnco di Milano
4
3. View of the Media Building
4. Facade system detail
255
Artistes cellules Grätzel:
Catherine Bolle et
Daniel Schlaepfer, Lausanne
Géomètre
Renaud et Burnand SA
Chemin du Devin 51
1012 Lausanne
FACADE SYSTEM Coordonnées
Route Louis-Favre 2
SWISSTECH CONVENTION1024CENTER
Ecublens WESTERN FACADE, Lausanne (CH), 2014
Michael Grätzel Conception 2006
Réalisation 2011 - 2014

MATERIAL
On the western façade of Swisstech Cener, a tran-

N
sparent englazing
and colored Constructibilité, Université
performs the double Paris-Est
fun- ESTP, FRANCE
Un modèle de financement innovant a été expéri-
ction of solar protection of the façade and d’équilibrer
menté, permettant electricityles charges de loca-
Aim of producer. It is the first large-scale tionimplementation ofdeand

et de fonctionnement pour un centre congrès COMPONENT
the test facility circulation
qui se veut ouvert à d’autres types fans de manifesta- active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
the dyedtest cells
facility under development
invented in
by Michael tions,Grätzel, means
pas seulement of aou high-precision
professor
scientifiques académiques. wattmeter (accuracy
Paris atatthe Ecolepolytechnique
École Spéciale des Travaux
fédérale Publics,
deDansLausanne ±0.02 %); (EPFL)
le cadre d’un partenariat public-privé, la
du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie
and manufactured (ESTP) an
by Solaronix, in EPFL
- HRS Realspin
Confédération, Estate, quioff.
cooling a assurépower:
la pla- calculated from the
collaboration with the end-use Efficiency nification et la réalisation de l’ensemble du quartier,
The Dye-sensitized solar cells are able measurement
reproduce the of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group of Politecnico di Milano, will et deux fonds immobiliers du Credit Suisse ont pris en
principles of photosynthesis based
charge l’entier du contratmass-flow
d’entreprise totale, à meter,
hau- accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable estimates ofinthermal
plants.
teur de 225the
millionstemperatures
de francs. Ce montant comprendat the envelope of the metering
performance indicators application
In the Swisstech of transparent and
the 1400 solar dumodules,
aussi la construction Quartier Nord resistance
un complexe
box (Pt100 temperature detectors
opaqueeach building
oneelements.
35,00 byA50,00
detailedcmdiscussion
in size,rassemblant
combine des commerces,
for ades to-
services, des
(RTDs), accuracy
logements d’étudiants ainsi qu’un hôtel, qui s’ajoute ±0.07 °C);
of design choices and early simulation
2 results can
tal surface area of 300 m . The translucent panels ared’héberge-
au Starling Hôtel pour compléter l’offre
be found in [7]. The major design aim is to buildment a à proximité
- immédiate weather
du campus.
conditions: a dedicated weather
facility integrated as vertical
with high accuracy shading devices,
for calorimetric tests and create anIl constituea roof of the ESTP campus,
la concrétisation d’un véritable “campus vivant”,on
station is placed dans
but also interesting pattern
flexible enough to through
be used five different
for indoor colors,
and
lequel les étudiants allows giving
the vivre
peuvent désormais direct
jour et measurement of: global and
the ensemble investigations.
a warm, dynamic aspect. nuit, ressemblant aux campus des grandes universi-
tés de renom mondial. L’EPFL est locataire unique de facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
humidity,
ces bâtiments, construits sur unwind speed
terrain appartenant à and direction and rainfall
la Confédération Suisse, grâce à l’octroi d’un droit de
In order to optimize both superficie d’une durée de 99 ans.
calorimetric
Longitude 6°37’
anemometers, capacitance relativeCONVENTION
humidity
meteringDYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR
box, while the IEQ tests CELLS;
are carried out VERTICAL SHADING DEVICES; CENTER
Building floor area 41.822,0 sqm acoustic comfort tests. Type
Climate Dfb
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used as anCenter
Convention office The monitoringOrientation
of the the facility will West
be
used asBuilding
a technical
status space for
Newventilation
Build and Instruments system.
range ofTECHNOLOGY
feeds both theLEVELterminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering zone and
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
and an auxiliary steel sheets and Advanced
cooling battery. Proposal 15 cm façade thick injected-
façade
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance
façadedoor and the
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coatingcomfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
bequality
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
management
the test sample
etc.): of plants and elements of the building skinAndrea Kindinis BF

FS_38
256
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Photovoltaic Other (specify):
(Dye-sensitized solar cells)

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): 1

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify): 1. View of westrn facade from outside
2. View of westrn facade from Main foyer
257
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the 300,0
calorimetric tests. A scheme
m2 installation of
encompasses a length of 36
Other (specify)
both configurations
meters for andthea operation
maximum of height
the test of 15 meters. No less
than 355 panels were installed for 200,0 m of active 2
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is photovoltaic
possible to apply area. In order
a false ceiling to fit with
to be the inclination
performed by meansofof an integrated National
Seconds
used as a the technical space forfrom
roof, panels ventilation
1,0 m and to 2,5Instruments system. As concerns the control
m were produced
by grouping together two to five 50logics,
cm modules. The being tested by means
Minutes
panels are arranged in 65 colored columns that per-
fectly complement the architecture of the edifice, ful-
Days
filling both the aesthetic
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal ambition and
The energy
envelopes aware-
of the metering
units of the ness
guardof zonetheand the metering
designers. Thebox. In guard zone
transparency of red,aregreen,
particular, the sandwich panels, formed by Yearstwo 0.6 mm stainless
andmetering
orangebox is equipped
panels were tuned with ato meet the overall light
(specify)injected-
transmission target of the architects. The solar façade
steel conductance is inco-
equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
completes both functions: -2
The solar absorber, consists of two stainlesspassively preventing
(AISI 304) mingsheetssunlight
welded andfrominflated particular care
at high the majestic entrance
overheating is taken in order to minimize the
pressure inhall order to generate thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
while activelyinternal
producing channels
renewable electricity from
sunlight. Mixed and matched, the arrangement of co- Gradual
specific heat lors ingeniously
capacity at constantdesigned
pressureby(cp),artist Number
Catherine Bolle
of test bedsgi-– 1 Other (specify)
vescomputation
needed for the a unique dynamic to the
of the cooling façade while providing a
power.
The absorber plate will
smooth be coated
color tone to with a selective
the Exposure
light transmitted into– South
the hall. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
Furthermore, the photovoltaic gridClimate can accommodate
2°33′E - Cfb
the demanding possibility of mixing panel sizes, tints,
help and exposure
keeping angles. The
nearly-constant Heating
electricity
convection – Heating
produced by coil,
the Radiant panels
Millimeters
panels surfacewith
is harvested of the test low-voltage electrical
a safe,
element. backbone running through the installation. This systemCooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
allows for maintenance or upgrades of any part of the Meters

installation
facing an open meadow,withoutthus theinterruption.
hypothesis of
Other (specify)
Each panel isfeatures
well met. Dimensions and capabilities
A ground micro-converter
a dedicated that
reflectance continually
of 0.25, typical of short
adapts grass
to the The internal
lawns, light
changing dimensions
conditions, ma- of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
ximizing the power output of the whole installation.
and rain andThis
it willinnovative
shade it from type solar panelsofhave
of irradiance,
solar the guard zone are (WxLxH):
the unmista- 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
with the onlykable
exceptionadvantage
of the southof façade
maintaining
where equal
4.0 m or better effi-
Involvedrollers,
ciency when light intensity decreases. As a result, they Andrea Kindinis
work perfectly well with the diffuse hazy and cloudy  Operating since:
days often seen at our latitude.
change in progress
258
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
Coccolo, S., Kaempf, J., Scartezzini, L. (2015), The EPFL
campus in Lausanne: new energy strategies for 2050, 6th Inter-
national Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015, Lausanne,
Switzerland
Nembrini, A. (2014),EPFL SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2012-

2013, EPFL
https://www.stcc.ch/2017/11/sustainability/ (Accessed April 14,

1018)
www.rdr.ch (Accessed April 14, 1018)
© Fernando Guerra
© Michael Grätzel

Rosa Romano

SMART ENERGY COLLECTION SYSTEM
Solaronix has developed an energy collection system spe-
cifically adapted to these extraordinary photovoltaic pan-
SMART ENERGY
els. While typical COLLECTION
solar installations SYSTEM
electrically chain iden-
tical panels together in one system, our photovoltaic grid
Solaronix has developed
can accommodate the an energy collection
demanding system
possibility spe-
of mixing
Conventional photovoltaic chain installation. cifically adapted
panel sizes, tints,toand
these extraordinary
exposure angles inphotovoltaic pan-
the same instal-
3 els. While typical solar installations electrically chain iden-
lation.
tical panels together in one system, our photovoltaic grid
The electricity produced by the panels is harvested with a
can accommodate the demanding possibility of mixing
Conventional photovoltaic chain installation. safe, low-voltage electrical backbone running through the
panel sizes, tints, and exposure angles in the same instal-
installation. This system allows for maintenance or5 up-
lation.
grades of any part of the installation without interruption.
The electricity produced
3. Conventional
by the panels is harvested with a
Each panel featuresphotovoltaic chain installation
a dedicated micro-converter that con-
safe,
4. low-voltage electrical
Solaronix’ smart backboneinstallation
photovoltaic running through the
tinually adapts to the changing light conditions, maximiz-
4 5. FacadeThis
installation. detailsystem allows for maintenance or up-
ing the power output of the whole installation.
grades of any part of the installation without interruption.
Solaronix' smart photovoltaic installation.
Each panel features a dedicated micro-converter that con-
tinually adapts to the changing light conditions, maximiz-
ing the power output of the whole installation.
Solaronix'
4 smart
| Solaronix Solar photovoltaic
Cells installation. www.solaronix.com
4 | Solaronix Solar Cells www.solaronix.com

259
FAÇADE SYSTEM
8/5/2018
AGBAR TOWER BARCELONA, BARCELONA (ES), 2004 Torre Agbar - Google Maps
ESTP
Jeanoutdoor
Nouvel and test
Fermíncell
Vázquez Torre Agbar
Absolute guarded test cell by the

MATERIAL
The Agbar Tower in Barcelona was designed

N
French en Constructibilité,
architect Jean Université
Nouvel, in association withParis-Est
the ESTP, FRANCE
Spanish firm Fermín Arquitectos, for the Agbar Group,
Aim of athe holding company. The unusual form of the towerfansisand active sensors: measured by
COMPONENT
test facility circulation
inspired
The outdoor testby the shape
facility of a geyserinthatmeans
under development is rising
of ainto
Paris atthetheair andSpéciale
Ecole by the towers
des Travauxof the Sagrada±0.02
Publics, Familia.
%); The
du Bâtiment
height ofetthedetower l'Industrie
is 144,0(ESTP)
m. in
The tower itself is based
on two concentric concrete
oval cylinders of which the of

outer based mass-flow
cylinder encases the meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); and
allow to obtain reliable estimates thermal
inner cylinder.
opaqueThe building elements.
structure A detailed
is built discussionconcrete and the
with reinforced (RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);
cladding of the façade is done with aluminium and can
facility mobile
with high glass louvres.
accuracy for calorimetric tests station is placed on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also A flexible
specialenoughaesthetical to be effect is created
used for indoor at and night bythe
allows thedirect measurement of: global and
4500 LED
environmental qualitydevices, that can create millions
(IEQ) investigations. solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
of colours.
diffuse
tests. The set of available Latitude 41°24’, sensors includes
Longitude 2°11’
Pt100, T-type Immagini
thermocouples, omnidirectional
©2018 Google,Dati cartogrE¡GMk+SSKPI-RWX+ISKV2EGMSREP-RWXMXYX'EVtogrE¡GHI'EXEPYR]a 50 m
meteringDOUBLE-SKIN
box, while the IEQFAÇADE; GLASS
tests are carried out LOUVRES; TOWER
Building floor area 30.000,0 sqm acoustic comfort tests. Type
Climate Cfc
2.. When the guard
Building use zone is used Officeas
andan office The
conference centremonitoringOrientation
of the the facility will All be orientation
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
±0.1 °C) which READINESS feeds both theLEVEL terminal The envelopes of theTYPE metering OF FACADE zone and SYSTEMthe
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
demonstration in order façade to minimize the
internal channels
product/Existing the entrance façade door and the
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
surface ofstoring,
bequality
Structure The internal dimensions of the metering box used
typical of short grasshttps://www.google.it/maps/place/Torre+Agbar/@41.4034546,2.1895433,352m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x12a4a323dbd5241d:0x95abc33040714e90!8m2!3d
performance lawns, MFM
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
control (WxLxH): control 4.1comfort
m x 6.2inside m x the building
with the Other
only exception
use of natural Building automation systems  forInvolved
the management person(s):
the test sample
skin Kindinis BF

FS_39
260
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify):Glass Other (specify):

Insulating shutters
Other (specify):
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
Phase Change
Other (specify): 1

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical 2
Other (specify):
1. Detail of pivoting blinds from indor space
2. Detail of pivoting blinds from outside
261
is the decoupling
zone duringAll thesides of the Agbar
calorimetric tests. ATower
scheme haveof a double-skin façade. Other (specify)
both configurations
It is made for up
theofoperation of the testand 56.619 transparent
4.400 windows acoustic comfort tests.
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen
glass plates and translucent ones. in Figure
space, it is The
possiblecladding
to applyconsists of aluminium
a false ceiling panels inbytwentyfi-
to be performed means of an integrated National
Seconds
used as a ve coloursspace
technical behind for glass louvres.
ventilation and The louvres are
Instruments titledAs concerns the control
system.
at fourteen different angles calculated
lighting systems. logics,
to they are presently
deflect direct being tested by means
Minutes
sun light.
In addition, temperature sensors regulate the opening
Days
and closes of the glass
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal blinds of the facade,
The optimizing
units of the the
guard consumption
zone and theof necessary
metering guard
energy
box. In to zone
the airarecondi-
Years
tioning.
(specify)injected-
The louvers are moving accordingpolyurethane to a horizontal foam.pi- The resulting thermal
voting motion
The solar absorber, consists with
of twoastainless
fixed pivoting
steel axis.The
conductance inner
is layer
equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A -2
(AISI 304) of the double-skin
sheets façade at
welded and inflated is composed
high particular care is
out of concrete taken in order to minimize the
pressure in(30,0order -to50,0generate internal channels thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
cm thick) and is thermally insulated on the
inside. The space between the facade layers forms a Gradual
specific heat thermal
capacitybuffer and allows
at constant pressurea natural
(cp), circulation
Number of test of air
bedsand– 1 Other (specify)
ventilation.
2°33′E - Cfb
Millimeters
Centimeters
Meters
Other (specify)
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
protect the guard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while the01internal
dimensions
03 Visible, surface change Involved
rollers, blinds)
change in progress
262
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference
http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/tour-agbar/ (Accessed 3
April 14, 1018)
http://www.archdata.org/buildings/11/torre-agbar#image-13
https://www.dezeen.com/2017/01/18/impracticality-drives-te-
nants-jean-nouvel-barcelona-skyscraper-torre-agbar-spain/
https://www.glassonweb.com/article/agbar-tower (Accessed
April 14, 1018)
http://www.jeannouvel.fr/ (Accessed April 14, 1018)
Marysse, C. (2016), Structural Adaptive Façades, (Master’s

dissertation) Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Architecture, Gent University
© Rosa Romano
© Fiorella Rabellino
© Ylesaram

Rosa Romano

4
3. Detail of the double-skin façade

4. Detail of the double-skin façade
263
FACADE SYSTEM
AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI (AE), 2012
ESTP outdoor
Aedas Architects,test
Ltd. cell
Absolute
The Al Baharguarded test cell
MATERIAL
N
Towers took inspiration from a traditio-
nal Islamic motif toen Constructibilité,
design an innovativeUniversité Paris-Est ESTP, FRANCE
and visually
interesting external automated shading system for the
COMPONENT
the test facility
Aim of building. circulation fans and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor test facility
The dynamic under has
façade development in means
been conceived as ofa acon-
Paris attemporary
the Ecole Spéciale des Travaux
interpretation of Publics, ±0.02 %);
the traditional Islamic
“mashrabiya”; a popular form of wooden - latticecooling
scre- power: calculated from the
en found measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research Group in of vernacular
Politecnico di Islamic
Milano, architecture
will and used
allow to as obtain
a device reliable estimatesprivacy
for achieving of thermal
while reducing glare
performance
and solar indicators
gain. of transparent and box (Pt100 resistance temperature detectors
opaqueThe building elements. A detailed discussion
“mashrabiya” at Al Bahar Towers(RTDs), comprises a ±0.07 °C);
accuracy
series of transparent umbrella-like components
that
facility open
with highandaccuracy
close inforresponse to the
calorimetric testssun’s path.
station Each on a roof of the ESTP campus,
is placed
but also of flexible
the two enough
towers to be used for indoor
comprises over 1.000and allows the direct measurement of: global and
individual
environmental
shading quality
devices(IEQ) that
investigations.
are controlled viadiffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
the Building
Management System, creating an intelligent humidity, wind speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
façade.
Longitude 54°39’
meteringMASHRABIYA;
box, while the IEQDOUBLE SKIN out
tests are carried FACADE; SHADING DEVICE; PTFE
Climate Bhv
2.. When the guard
be East; West
used asBuilding
a technical
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
02. Technology
internal channels
façade
Smart façade
TiNOX®Thermal
coating comfort

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
help keeping
surface ofstoring,
the test
bequality
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
m x the building
with the Other
only exception
the management
the test sample
skin Kindinis BF

FS_40
264
Wood Photo-chromic
Salthydrates Fluidglass Page 5 of 12
Attia. QScience Connect 2017:6
Other (specify): PTFE Other (specify):

Blinds with slat angle control Page 6 of 12
Attia. QScience Connect 2017:6
Insulating shutters
responsible for opening and closing once per day based on a pre-programmed sequence to prevent
Shading with dual-axis tracking direct solar radiation. Under overcast conditions or high wind conditions, a series of sensors integrated
on the building envelope will send its logged signals to the control unit to open all units. Figure 3 shows
Other (specify): triangulate units
a detailed 3D model of an individual shading device with the actuator, sleeves, arms, and fabric mesh.
The 1049 mashrabiyas are controlled through a central Building Management System (BMS) that can
control each unit individually or in groups. The system is run with Siemens technology in a preset
automated control following the sun’s path through the year. The system is updated every 15 minutes
using a light meter and an anemometer on the roof. In case of weather events, the automated program
gets overridden. Power and data transmission is enabled through the strut sleeves, as shown in
MATERIAL EFFECT Figure 4a. The mashrabiya has a service life of 20 years including the PTFE-coated fiberglass fabric
HOW DOES THE MATERIAL ADAPT? and the actuators have a service life of 15 years.
1
Figure 1. (a) Northern facade and (b) south facade of Al Bahr Towers, with some opened and closed shading
2
Shape Memory Material devices – coordinates: 248 27’ 23” N, 548 24’ 4” E; alt: 3m (photo courtesy: Terry Boake).
Bi-material effect levels, thereby allowing them to respond independently from the substructure. The dynamic
shading system is a screen comprised of triangulate units such as origami umbrellas. The triangular
units act as individual shading devices that unfold to various angles in response to the sun’s
Superabsorbent material movement in order to obstruct the direct solar radiation. Each mashrabiya was conceived as a unitized
system, cantilevering 2.8 m from the primary structure. The shading device system contains stainless
Phase Change steel supporting frames, aluminum dynamic frames, and fiberglass mesh infill. The folding system
transforms the shading screen from a seamless veil into a lattice-like pattern to provide shade or light.
Other (specify): Each shading device comprises a series of stretched polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) panels. When
the shading device is closed, occupants can still see through from inside to the outside (Figure 2).
In total, each tower has 1049 mashrabiya shading devices, each weighing about 1.5 tonnes. The shape
of the building in plan and elevation led to 22 different variations in the mashrabiya geometries,
which in itself created a challenge for managing their manufacture and assembly.

Figure 3. Detailed 3D model of an individual shading device (photo courtesy: Wood15).
Left: Detail façade view
Optical (e.g. daylight level, glare) Opposite: Solar analysis diagrams

Figure 2. (a) Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open view during non-solar periods and (b) a group
Building heating/cooling load of fully opened shading devices (photo courtesy: Terry Boake).
3.3. Automation and adaptations
Other (specify) The shading screen is computer-controlled to respond to optimal solar and light conditions. The
mashrabiya shading devices are grouped into sectors and are operated through sun tracking software
that controls
Figure 4.the
(a) opening and
A close view closing
of the sequence
mashrabiya according
and curtain to the
wall where thesun’s angle. penetrate
strut sleeves Each shading device
the curtain wall
and connect
comprises a series to of
thestretched
main structure
PTFEandpanels
(b) a view outiswhen
and the mashrabiya
driven by a linearisactuator.
open (photo courtesy:
The TerryisBoake).
actuator
TYPE OF ACTUATOR (OUTPUT) 4. RESULTS

Several interviews have been conducted to identify exactly the roles of the project’s main stakeholders
Mechanical in different stages. This included the architect, energy consultant, building’s users, adaptive glass
facade sub-contractor, shading system manufactures, commissioning agent, and the facility manager.
Pneumatical The key steps of the adaptive facades’ delivery process are identified as follows: decisions, checklists,
and teams engaged in each stage respectively.
Electromagnetic
Thermal 2
Chemical
Other (specify): 4
“Many believe that the façade is the real
1. Northern facade (photo courtesy: Terry Boake)
2. battleground
South facade (photoincourtesy:
the fight for better
Terry building
Boake)
3. sustainability. Al Bahar could thus
Detailed 3D model of an individual shading be considered
device the
(photo advanced
courtesy:guard
Wood) in that fight.”
4. Detail façade view Antony Wood, Juror, CTBUH
dynamic shading devices was created, providing a The overall form of the towers was optimized to
full view of the project at any given time. During the complement the shading system. The design began
design stages of the project this model facilitated a with two simple cylinders, the
265circular plan giving
variety of performance optimizations, while during the the most efficient shape in terms of wall-to-floor area
construction stages the model was used to ensure the while also creating the greatest volume with the least
proper coordination of the various building elements surface area. The circular plan form was then articu-
including the concrete core, the structural steel frame, lated based on a combination of circular geometries
the façade and the “mashrabiya”. It is a testament to the reduce solar exposure, and began to generate a natur
is the decoupling
zone duringThe the tower
calorimetric tests.
curtain wallA scheme of
is comprised of unitized panels
Other (specify)
(with a floor-to-floor of the
height test
of 4200,0 mm and a variable
width of 900,0 –120,0 mm) separated from the kinetic
RESPONSE TIME
space, it is shading
possible tosystem through
apply a false ceilinga to be performed
substructure by by meansofof an integrated National
means
Seconds
used as a movement
technical spacejoints.forThe fixationand
ventilation of the substructure
Instruments mo-As concerns the control
system.
vement joints (cantilever struts) is atlogics,
lighting systems. theybasement,
the first are presently being tested by means
Minutes
ground floor, and podium levels, thereby allowing them
to respond independently from the substructure.
Days
The dynamic shading
range of ±0.1 °C) which feeds both the terminal system is a The
screen envelopes
comprised of the
of metering
units of the triangulate
guard zone and unitsthesuch
metering guard zoneThe
box. In umbrellas.
as origami are trian-
a sandwich formed by Years
particular, the
gularmetering
units actboxas is individual
equipped with shading devicespanels,
that unfold
(specify)injected-
to various angles in response to thepolyurethane sun’s movement foam.in The resulting thermal
order toconsists
The solar absorber, obstruct thestainless
of two direct solar conductance is equal to 0.153 W.m .K-1. A
steel radiation.
-2
(AISI 304) Eachsheetsmashrabiya
welded and was inflated at high as
conceived particular caresystem,
a unitized is taken in order to minimize the
pressure incantilevering
order to generate internal thermal bridges around the entrance
On/Off door and the
2,8 m from channels
the primary structure.
The shading device system contains stainless steel Gradual
specific heat supporting
capacity at frames,
constant aluminum
pressure (cp), dynamic
Number frames,
of testand
bedsfi-– 1 Other (specify)
berglass
needed for the meshofinfill.
computation The folding
the cooling power. system transforms the
The absorber plate willscreen
shading be coatedfromwitha aseamless Exposure
selective veil South
into a –lattice-like DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
pattern to provide shade or light. Each shading device
Nanometers
comprises a series of stretched polytetrafluoroethylene
help (PTFE)nearly-constant
keeping panels. convection Heating – Heating coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
conditions onWhen the the
internal
shadingsurface
deviceof the test
is closed, occupants can still
element. see through from inside to the outside. Cooling – Cooling coil, Radiant panels
Centimeters
In total, each tower has 1049 mashrabiya shading de- Meters

vices,
facing an open each weighing
meadow, about 1,5
thus the hypothesis of tonnes. The shape of
Other (specify)
unobstructed theexposition
buildingisinwell planmet. ground Dimensions
andA elevation led to 22 and capabilities
different
reflectance variations
of 0.25, typical
in theof short grass lawns,
mashrabiya The internal
geometries, dimensions
which in itself of the metering
LEVEL OF box used
AF VISIBILITY
created a challenge for managing their manufacture
and rain andand assembly.
it will shade it fromThe shading
solar screen
irradiance, of the guard zone are (WxLxH):
is computer-con- 4.1 m x 6.2 m x change (smart glazing)
with the onlytrolled to respond
exception to optimal
of the south façade where 4.0 m
solar and light conditions.
blinds)
change in progress
266
movement in order to obstruct the direct solar radiation. Each ma
system, cantilevering 2.8 m from the primary structure. The shad
steel supporting frames, aluminum dynamic frames, and fibergla
transforms the shading screen from a seamless veil into a lattice-
Each shading device comprises a series of stretched polytetraflu
Figure 1. (a) Northern facade and (b) south facade of Al Bahr Towers, with some opened and closed shading
ECONOMICAL the shading
ASPECTS device is closed, occupants can still see through fro
devices – coordinates: 248 27’ 23” N, 548 24’ 4” E; alt: 3m (photo courtesy: Terry Boake).
In total, each tower has 1049 mashrabiya shading devices, each w
IS THE SYSTEM ECONOMICALLY VIABLE? of the Cost/m2
building in plan and elevation
- led to 22 different variation
levels, thereby allowing them to respond independently from the ofsubstructure.- The dynamic
Yes which Yearly
in itself
cost created a challenge
maintenance for managing their manufactu
shading system is a screen comprised of triangulate units such as origami umbrellas. The triangular
No
units act as individual shading devices that unfold to various angles in response to the sun’s
Other (specify)
movement in order to obstruct the direct solar radiation. Each mashrabiya was conceived as a unitized
system, cantilevering 2.8 m from the primary structure. The shading device system contains stainless
steel supporting frames, aluminum dynamic frames, and fiberglass mesh infill. The folding system
transforms the shading screen from a seamless veil into a lattice-like pattern to provide shade or light.
Each shading device comprises a series of stretched polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) panels. When
the shading device is closed, occupants can still see through from inside to the outside (Figure 2).
In total, each tower has 1049 mashrabiya shading devices, each weighing about 1.5 tonnes. The shape
of the building in plan and elevation led to 22 different variations in the mashrabiya geometries,
which in itself created a challenge for managing their manufacture and assembly.
Daily
5
Weekly Figure 2. (a) Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open view
Monthly of fully opened shading devices (photo courtesy: Terry Boake).
Yearly
Information not available 3.3. Automation and adaptations
The shading screen is computer-controlled to respond to optima
mashrabiya shading devices are grouped into sectors and are op
that controls the opening and closing sequence according to the
comprises a series of stretched PTFE panels and is driven by a l
6
Figure 2. (a) Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open view during non-solar periods and (b) a group
of fully opened shading devices (photo courtesy: Terry Boake).
3.3. Automation
Reference and adaptations
Attia, S. (2017), Evaluation of adaptive facades: The case study
The shading screen is computer-controlled to respond to optimal solar and light conditions. The
of Al Bahr Towers in the UAE, QScience Connect
mashrabiya shading devices are grouped into sectors and are operated through sun tracking software
Oborn, P. the
that controls (2013), Al Bahr Towers:
opening andThe Abu Dhabi
closing Investment according to the sun’s angle. Each shading device
sequence
Council Headquarters., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
comprises a series of stretched PTFE panels and is driven by a linear actuator. The actuator is
Al Bustani, H. (2014), UAE sustainable skyscrapers: Understan-
ding Abu Dhabi’s Al Bahar Towers, The National AE, available
from: http://www.thenational.ae/business/industryinsights/ pro-
perty/uae-sustainable-skyscrapers-unders tanding-abu-dhabis-
al-bahar-towers (Accessed March 21, 2016)
Armstrong, A., Buffoni, G., Eames, D., James, R., Lang, L., Lyle
J, et al. (2013), The Al Bahar Towers: Multidisciplinary design for
Middle East high-rise, Arup Journal, pp. 90–95
© Shady Attia

Shady Attia
Liege Universitè, Techniques de construction des bâtiments
Urban and Environmental Engineering
Rosa Romano
7
5. Three fully opened shading devices allowing an open
view during non-solar periods (photo courtesy: Terry
Boake).
Alcourtesy:
Bahar Terry
Towers
6. A group of fully opened shading devices (photo
Boake).
7. View of the Al Bahr Towers from south
267
FACADE SYSTEM
THYSSENKRUPP QUARTER, Essen (DE), 2010
ESTP outdoor
JSWD Architektentest cell
+ Chaix & Morel et Associés
Absolute
The campusguarded test cell
MATERIAL
N
buildings were designed using the “core
 Institut deprinciple
shell” Recherche en Constructibilité,
to highlight Université
the contrast between Paris-Est
the ESTP, FRANCE
exterior and the interior.
COMPONENT
Aim ofTwo the testtypes facility
of façades were used: one facing circulation
the fans
cen-and active sensors: measured by
The outdoor
tral space test facility
and one under development
facing the exterior in tomeans
createof a high-precision wattmeter (accuracy
maximum visitor impact.
The outside
collaboration with of thethe end-use are clad in- steelcooling
buildingsEfficiency sheets power: calculated from the
withGroupan unfinished texture. measurement of the water mass flow (Coriolis- FACADE
Research of Politecnico di Milano, will
The façades have a vertical cadence; this of thermal is present
performance
in different indicators of transparent
form depending on the andbuildings and the
chosen sunshade systems. (RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);
be found Unlike the major
in [7]. The sculpted,designmetallic
aim is to external
build a - shells, those conditions: a dedicated weather
weather
facility used
with high within accuracy for calorimetric
the buildings are smoothtests andstation is placed
golden re- on a roof of the ESTP campus,
but also flexible enough
sembling the colours to beofusedfruit for indoor
pulp. Theseand allows she-
smooth the direct measurement of: global and
environmental
ets used quality (IEQ) investigations.
internally or externally depending diffuse
on solar
the bu-irradiance, air temperature, relative  Fig. 1: 3D perspective of the new test cell
ilding are made of lacquer coated steel water.
sheets.
Longitude 7°04’
meteringDOUBLE
box, while theSKIN IEQ tests FACADE,
are carried SMART
out ENVELOPE, STEEL SHEETS, ENERGY SAVING
Climate Cfb
2.. When the guard
be East, West
range ofTECHNOLOGY
OF FACADE the
SYSTEM
units of 01.
the Basic
guardprinciples
Active façade
façade
internal channels
CW
Interactive façade
FUNCTION
/ PURPOSE

Transformable Cfb
Visual comfort
Switchable façade
surface ofstoring,
the test
element.
Energy
Cooling – Cooling coil,TECHNOLOGICAL
supply)
SG
The facility
bequality
Mobile screens 3.0
protect theEnergyguard zone envelope from snow loads m x 1.2 m x 3.0 m, while
and rainPersonal
and it will shade
inside
with the only exception of the south façade where 4.0 m Building automation systems forInvolved
 person(s):
the management
the test sample is installed. of plants and elements of the buildingAndrea skin Kindinis

FS_41
268
Wood Photo-chromic
Other (specify): Steel Other (specify): Not present

Insulating shutters
Other (specify)
MATERIAL EFFECT
Bi-material effect
1
Phase Change
Other (specify):

Other (specify)

Mechanical
Pneumatical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Chemical
2
1. Photo of the south facade - central atrium window
and shading system surrounding it, ©CA
2. Façade, external view, ©CMA
269
OF THE
parameters will be monitored CONTROL/OPERATION
during comfort TYPE
(auto reactive)
metering box, The while the IEQ testsfaçades
Headquarter are carried out metallic sun shades
have sensors, globo-thermometers, luxmeters
in a larger which
room. The are “room” works astoavertical
comparable guard moveable feathers.
These feathers consist of an axis sensors
with twowillseries
be used of for dedicated visual and
horizontal slats on either side; the acoustic comfort
«barbs» enable tests.
the
2.. When the guard of
amount zone is usedentering
sunlight as an office The monitoring
the building and control of the facility will be
to be regula-
space, it is ted. integrated National
Seconds
hollow space
axesforofventilation and Instruments
these feathers are installed
every Minutes
67,5 cm to fit in with the design of the of aoffices. The illu-
thermal model described with more details in
Hours
The proposed sion of a system
cooling wheat consists
field waving in the [7].
of a high- wind is created by Days
the three storage
shapes(keeping
of the water
slats in
that Construction
a cover and boundaries
the building: a
The envelopes of the metering Seasonszone and the
triangle, feeds both and
a trapezium the terminal
a rectangle. It is the way in
Years
which they are assembled that gives the impression of
(specify)
solar absorbermovement.
When the barbs of the two neighbouring polyurethane
feathers foam.are The resulting thermal
otherconductance is equal to SYSTEM 0.153 W.m -2.K-1. AOF ADAPTIVITY:
DEGREE
The solar absorber,
open they consists
can of two stainless
crisscross eachsteel and superimpose
(AISI 304) themselves
sheets welded particular care is taken in order to minimize the
to and
allowinflated at high amount of sunlight to
a maximum On/off
enter the building. The triangular and trapezoidal pa-
is chosen for nels
the measure from
possibility to 0 to 67,5
accurately knowcm its in width and the rec- Other (specify)
specific heat capacitypanels
tangular at constant
measurepressure (cp),cm.Number
33,75 of test
The panels arebedsthe– 1
needed for theheightcomputation
of a floor of to
thebe
cooling
adapted power.
to the users. DEGREE OF SPATIAL ADAPTATION
Toplate will be coated
maximize with a selective
sun protection an automatic adjustment of
α ~ 95 % the and system
thermal tracks
emissivity ~ 4 %.The of Climate
theε movement the sun–throughout
Cachan, 48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb
Micrometers
solar absorberthe isdayalsowithout
used asblocking
baffle in the view.
order to The tracking, shape
help keeping
and angle nearly-constant
of the horizontal convection Heating – Heating
slats enable light to be re- coil, Radiant panels
Millimeters
flected indirectly surface of theconstant
providing test natural lighting to Centimeters
the offices (and avoiding the need for additional electric Meters
lighting). Other (specify)
facing an open
Around meadow,
400.000thus centrally
the hypothesis of
controlled slats provide pro-
tection fromisthe wellsun;
met.this
A ground Dimensions
is comparable and capabilities
to traditional LEVEL OF AF VISIBILITY
reflectance external
of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, The internal dimensions of the metering box used
sun protection systems. However, these slats
01 Not (WxLxH):
(heat 3.0
have the advantage of not blocking the view and are
and rain and entirely functional
it will shade it from even in the eventofofthe
solar irradiance, guard
very highzone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 m x
winds.
with the onlyThanks
exception to of thesystem,
this south façade 4.0the
wherefrom
the view m Headquarters 03 Visible, surface change (lamellas, rollers, blinds)
is always pleasing: total transparency when the slats 04 Visible, size or shape change (shutters, flaps, dynamic
Andrea Kindinis
facade elements)
are open – partial transparency when the slats are un-  Operating since:
Monitoring and control system 05 Visible, location or orientation change
folded.
270
ECONOMICAL ASPECTS
No
Other (specify)


Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
References
http://www.chaixetmorel.com (Accessed April 10, 2018)
https://www.archdaily.com/326747/q1-thyssenkrupp-quarter-
essen-jswd-architekten-chaix-morel-et-associes (Accessed April
10, 2018
Balascakova, P., Comes, J., Veloso, M., Heřmánková, P., Luca,

A., Ruiz-Morote Tramblin, L., Sirotnjak, M., Torreira Begoña, Á.
(2016), Energy Design Vol. IV/I - “Adaptive Facade Systems”,
Institute of Buildings and Energy (IGE) Graz University of
Technology, Graz
Knissel, J. (1999), Energieeffiziente Büro- und Verwal- 3

tungsgebäude, IWU-Bestellnummer, Darmstadt POSITION DU SOLEIL AU COURS DE LA JOURNEE
Kragh, S. (2017), A missing correlation between insulation and 12 h

14 h 10 h
energy performance, The Journal of the Society of Façade
Engineering, pp. 2-3
16h 8h
Sauerborn, N., Fastabend, M., Constantin, R., Schücker, B.

(2010), ThyssenKrupp Headquarter in Verbundbauweise, Stahl-
bau, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 306-316 20h 6h
Reference to picture 90°/90°

max
+60° +30° 0° -30° -60°

max
90°/90°
© Chaix & Morel et Associés, Paris - JSWD, Köln (for photos OUVERT FERME OUVERT
with « CMA » on the name)
© C.Richters / Chaix & Morel et Associés, Paris - JSWD, Köln

(for photos with « CR » on the name)

Rosa Romano 16 h 14 h 12 h 10 h 8h

N
POSITIONNEMENT DES LAMES AU COURS DE LA JOURNEE

4
3. Vertical section in detail, by Chaix & Morel et

associés
4. Scheme of the automated movement of the facade
during the day, on different sides of the building by
Chaix & Morel et associés
271
Messe Basel – New Hall / Herzog & De Meuron (image: M. Brzezicki)
272
Future Developments
273
Pola Ginza / Nikken Sekkei, Yasuda Atelier (image: M. Brzezicki)
274
Future Developments
Innovations for the next generation of adaptive

building envelopes
Susanne Gosztonyi, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Rosa Romano, Nikolaus Nestle, Marcin Brzezicki, Christophe Menezo
Introduction
The adaptability of façades is actually nothing new. The façade has always had a variety of static
and dynamic tasks. For example, manually controllable openings or sun protection devices are
traditional “adaptive” components - and yet these components in particular have experienced a
considerable leap in innovation in recent years. Under the collective term “Future Developments”,
this chapter would like to provide a glance into ongoing research and development topics for new
technical solutions of adaptive façades. The focus is on innovations that are not yet established
on the market and are being touched by the COST TU1403 Adaptive Façades Network at the
time of writing. It can certainly be assumed that there are many more innovations in the field of
adaptive façades. The COST TU1403 publications refer in this sense to further topics, which are
not illustrated here.
Goals for adaptive facades: Future technical developments for façades will focus on the material
design criteria for outdoor applications, concerning increased durability and mechanical resistance,
as well as on the responsiveness of the components. Among all features that are expected,
reliability is one of the key issues that asks for caution due to the intensive use of e.g. mechanical
or embedded controls. With active devices, as it was the case in earlier years, there is often a loss
of adaptability in the event of a breakdown, or when these have to be ‘restarted’ several times
before being abandoned. According to Bridgens, Holstov and Farmer (2017), the main typologies of
future applications within architectural design focus on: functional devices/ components (actuators,
micro-generators, sensors, locomotion engines etc.), performance-oriented adaptive systems
(enhanced occupant comfort, energy efficiency, etc.), formal/ aesthetic/ spatial experience values
(e.g. enhanced visual appearance of a dynamic façades) and contextual/location-specific values
(buildings as a physical representation of local environment and climate). Inspirations from other
domains, such as from nature, are a huge potential to support the development of such typologies
in an innovative way.
From adaptive façades to intelligent buildings in the framework of smart cities: Following the
outlines of the Smart Cities and Communities Initiative of the European SET Plan, the concept of
Smart City is clearly focused on the promotion and dissemination of a new generation of innovative,
intelligent and energy-efficient building envelopes. In particular, the Smart City represents a new
generation of built environments, where energy efficiency is not exclusively achieved by a single
building but rather involves the entire energy infrastructure network of the city, and where building
envelopes represent essential and strategic nodes for reducing the energy consumption and
increasing the production of renewable energy (Arbizzani et al., 2015). For decades, architects and
building scientists have envisioned the possibility of the envelopes of future buildings replicating
275
human skin’s adaptive response to changing environmental conditions (Davis, 1981; Wigginton
ESTP outdoor test cell and Harris, 2002). Advances in material technology and building automation are drawing these
parallels between adaptive envelopes and the intelligent response of human behaviour and skin to
Absolute guarded test cell environmental stimuli. It is seen as an increasingly feasible way of regulating energy flows through
a building’s thermal barrier in a controlled way that promotes energy reduction and users comfort.
Over time, this concept has been defined as an envelope able of changing shape in relation to
The outdoor test facility external thermo-physical
under development stresses,
in means shifting fromwattmeter
of a high-precision transparent to opaque, altering its colour, and
(accuracy
Paris at the Ecole Spécialevaryingdes Travaux
its opticalPublics, ±0.02 %);
properties. These characteristics can be determined by choosing materials
that offer advanced -
solutions cooling
in relationpower: calculated
to their chemicalfrom the
composition or the ongoing application
on the envelope of dynamic will
basedelements.
mass-flow Michael Wigginton
meter, accuracy ±0.5 %);andandJude Harris (2002) in their text on
Intelligent Skin define the temperatures at the envelope of the metering
performance indicators of transparent and this concept as an adaptive and dynamic control system able of regulating
opaque building elements. the Ainterchange
detailed discussion
of energy between an internal
(RTDs), accuracy ±0.07 °C);and external environment, ensuring an excellent
be found in [7]. The major level of comfort
design through
aim is to build a -the possibility of automatically
weather conditions: a dedicated varying the building’s structure. A large
weather
facility with high accuracynumberfor calorimetric
of sensors tests station
should is placed
regulate theonsystem
a roof of
withthe precision,
ESTP campus, turning the building into a smart
environmental quality (IEQ)building. The variability of
investigations. the façade
diffuse systemair
solar irradiance, makes it possible
temperature, to regulate
relative  Fig. 1:heat and light ofenergy
3D perspective the new test cell
flows through its conformational humidity, wind speed

layers, andandhasdirection
led to an rainfall facility
andevolution under construction at ESTP (Paris)
in research related to phase
In order to optimize change materials,
both advanced glass surfaces (such as electrochromic and/or photochromic glass)
calorimetric
measurements and IEQand campaigns,
mobilethe first step and vertical) external screening systems. Therefore, in the next years, the
(horizontal parameters will be monitored during comfort
concept by of smart tests. Theclosely
set of linked
available sensors includes envelope, as the façade itself is
has led to a configuration which building
the will be to that of adaptive
the main
calorimetric tests are carried element
out in a dedicatedable ofanemometers,
changing its capacitance
structure to relative
ensure humidity
the required performance, emphasizing
in a larger room. The its resemblance
works as a to human skin. Finally, the future envelope will become a real organism connected
“room” guard
to thetests.
zone during the calorimetric building’s
A scheme central
of control system, where the air conditioning system can be compared with
the can
cell is presented in [7] and humanbe seencirculatory
in Figure system. In this context, the novel concepts of adaptive envelopes developed
2.. When the guard zone in the last years
is used as an by DorisThe
office Sungmonitoring and control
and Ingalill of the facility will
Wahlroos-Ritter be installation), Achim Menges
(Bloom
used as a technical space (HygroSkin), Hoberman
for ventilation Associatessystem.
and Instruments (Tessellate™),
As concerns NedtheKahn and Koning Eizenberg Architecture
control
lighting systems. (Articulated Cloud), Simone logics,Giostra
they are(Sol
presently
Pix),being
etc. aretested by means These are innovative approaches
interesting.
able to not only to increase the building energy performance and to produce renewable energy at
the same
stability distilled-water storage time,
(keeping butinalso
water a Construction
to improve the andenvironment
boundaries of our cities.
particular, the meteringThis
box chapter touches
is equipped with a somesandwich panels, formed
developments forbythese
objectives, such as innovations for e.g.
components that are independently adaptable due to
polyurethane foam. The resulting thermal smart material or construction properties.
-2 -1
The digitalization potential: Another topic is the digitalization of design, planning, production and
operation,
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled seems interface
which water where the test
to be particularly component is installed.
advantageous for the performance-oriented combination
of complex systems withNumber flexibleofdesigns. The
test beds – 1 virtual planning environment enables also a holistic
specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp),
consideration of
needed for the computation of the cooling power. the life cycle of a façade and its components. Even passive systems can become
The absorber plate will then
somewhat adaptive. Using parametric, multi-criteria planning methods, a façade construction
α ~ 95 % and thermalcan be designed
emissivity ε ~ 4 %.Thein suchClimate
way that it is adapting
– Cachan, to changing
48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb local climatic conditions by its specific
design. as baffle in order to
The performance potential of this approach might be higher than currently used. The
economic effort
conditions on the internal surface of the test for such is then shifting from high costs in the production and implementation of
a multifunctional system towards more complex design and planning efforts. Ultimately, it seems
beneficial
The facility will be positioned with itsto bring
south activeVentilation
façade and passive– Nocomponents
Data together in a complementary way: The more
intelligently of and active properties of a façade interact, the more robust the desired
the passive
output
reflectance of 0.25, typical is ingrass
of short termslawns,
of maintenance
The internal and performance.
dimensions of the metering box used
and rain and it will shade Smart
it fromdevices: The development
solar irradiance, of smart
of the guard zone control 4.1
are (WxLxH): systems
m x 6.2for
m adaptive
x façades will be another
with the only exception technological
of the south façade where 4.0
challenge. In mthis regard, the transition from centralized to decentral
 Involved distributed
person(s):
models, often more coherent with properties and behaviour of smart materials, shows huge
Monitoring and controlpotential.  Operating since:
system One of the advantages of active systems is their intelligent interaction ability with the
building energy management.
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities Combined with renewable systems, the required operating energy
276
may not only be generated by the façade, but also support the total building operation. Intelligent
façade management, coupled with building energy management, may then enable economic
optimisation and contribute to the smart living features.
Only few of these challenges can be addressed in the following pages. The chapter draws a
picture from the role of adaptive façades in the future smart city, to development approaches of its
intelligent components by applying new materials and methods, up to the need for new production
processes and new integration requirements for the adaptive functionality in the building context.
Many more topics are elaborated and addressed throughout the COST TU1403 activities, which are
provided in the booklets and proceedings.
Material systems – embedded functionality and efficiency
The integration of building services functions and renewable energy systems into façades shall
increase the total performance efficiency of a building while providing individual comfort in
zones (adjacent to the respective façade). This idea undergoes currently a fundamental change,
starting from the first multifunctional façades to new adaptive systems. The vision is to merge the
various functions of an element, such as e.g. structural or building services requirements, into an
intelligently designed façade system without applying the additive approach. So-called ‘material-
systems’ (Hensel, Kamvari and Menges, 2008) and corresponding structures contribute to this
vision: Material-systems are materials that are designed on the basis of performance-orientated,
formal and structural criteria in combination, with the aim of reacting dynamically and autonomously
to varying conditions and at the same time being able to take on other functions, such as serving
as structural elements. The difference is that only one or a few raw materials are used for this. The
various functionalities are embedded in the geometry of the designed material-system. Instead
of the additive assembly of mono-functional subsystems to a complete system, as we build
multifunctional façades today, material-systems reduce the application of various materials and
components and the associated problems coming with composites. Using parametric computational
design methods, the morphogenetic potential of materials can thus be utilized in such way that
they provide e.g. shape-varying, thermo-adaptive, light-emitting, energy-generating or -storing
properties.
An interesting approach herein is the utilization of physical properties embedded in material

properties by nanotechnologies or micro-structuring: For example, colour change mechanisms
in squid skins (achieved through active and fast shape changes of colour-containing vesicles
in the skin) could provide technical inspiration to control glare and solar gain. Structural colours
and photonic crystals are used in nature to change colour appearance without any change of
the material structure or properties at all (cp. Gosztonyi, 2015). Ferrofluids or electro-wetting
mechanisms might be another, low energy-consuming approach in this context. For example,
ferrofluids could be arranged by using transparent micro-coils to shade areas, which would then
have electrostatic, constant power consumption in contrast to electromagnets.
However, these developments ask for a further obligatory criterion, which should be applied in
the future investigations to allow a real innovation step: The sustainable use of raw materials and
the reduction of (non-recyclable) composite materials. Material-systems ideally use only one or
a few raw materials to fulfil several functions, but the type of raw material is not refined towards
sustainability. In order to follow sustainable goals, this would also have to be considered, since not
all current material-structure solutions are recyclable and therefore sustainable.
277
Biomimetic inspirations
A possible source of inspiration for the development of sustainable, performance-oriented material-
Absolute guarded test
structures is the cellanalysis of biological principles in nature. By analysing functional
systematic
phenomena in nature, as nature is using the logic of material-systems, the functions, dependencies
and properties can be probed and processed for applications in technology. The transfer potential
The outdoor test facilityof biological solutions
under development in is means
huge, of asamany recent research
high-precision wattmeter projects
(accuracy demonstrate (Shimomura, 2010)
(Gosztonyi, Publics,
2013). Whether %);plants or animals, the interfaces between the outside and the inside
±0.02for
collaboration with the of living organisms,
end-use Efficiencysuch- as the cooling power:or cuticle,
epidermis calculatedplayfrom the role in overcoming physical and
a major
physiological problems related to an ambient environment (byand
radiation, temperature, humidity,
based mass-flow meter, accuracy ±0.5 %);
wind, etc.). Even if these the temperatures
interface at the envelope
properties are of the metering
complex and based on physicochemical principles
opaque building elements.thatAare
detailed discussion
currently largely(RTDs),
non-duplicable, certain structures, materials and processes can still serve
as design
be found in [7]. The major inspiration forbuild
aim is to technical
a - innovations. In orderatodedicated
weather conditions: highlightweather
the main functional evolutions related to
the climate, tests station
it is therefore is placed
essential on a roof
to study of the
living ESTP campus,
organisms in their climatic environments.
measurements and IEQBio-inspired solutions – air conditioning
will be monitoredand wood-related construction components
campaigns, the first step
parameters during comfort
A possible
calorimetric tests are carried out in bio-inspired
a dedicated topic concerns the implementation of organic gaseous exchange systems
in a larger room. The in buildings, such as decentralized air-conditioningluxmeterssystemsand already applied in selected buildings.
sensors, globo-thermometers, a
Decentralized
zone during the calorimetric air-conditioning
tests. A scheme of systems can be compared
sensors will be used for dedicated visual and with gaseous exchange systems in
insects, where the
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure air is sucked
acoustic directly
comfort into
tests. the tissue through a system of tracheal tubes and
2.. When the guard zone spiracles.
is used Theas an airoffice
exchange The monitoring
system ofand control of house
Capricorn the facility will be
in Düsseldorf (designed by the architects
used as a technical space Gatermann and Schossig
for ventilation in 2008) system.
and Instruments was modelled on this
As concerns theprinciple.
control The façade modules are
lighting systems. independent ventilation/cooling logics, they
andareheating
presentlyelements
being testedthatby suck
meansthe air directly from the surrounding
into the rooms. A central air-conditioning system does not exist in the building. The advantage of
this system
stability distilled-water storage (keepingiswater in a Construction
the unique possibility to andmaintain
boundaries very different climatic conditions in adjacent rooms
and to switch off the system when rooms are not occupied. The disadvantage is a high level of
particular, the meteringcomplexity with a sandwich
and maintenance
box is equipped panels,façade
of each formed by two 0.6that
module mm stainless
practically are single air-conditioning units.
Some
The solar absorber, consists bio-inspired
of two conductance is targeting
material-structures
stainless steel equal to 0.153wood W.m have -2.K-1. A
already been tested for practical
applications, as e.g. the elastic bending behaviour of wood fibre materials in relation to the relative
moisture
for the passage of distilled water. content interface where in
of the environment
Distilled water thethe
testresearch
componentproject
is installed.
HygroSkin of the ICD, University of
Stuttgart (Krieg et al., 2014). In doing so, the morphogenetic functional potential of the wood was
exploit, by means
needed for the computation of the cooling power. of which the proven material is once again elevated to a new dimension of
The absorber plate will intelligent
adaptive materials. And incidentally, wood itself would fulfil the criteria of sustainability
α ~ 95 % and thermaland resource
emissivity ε ~ efficiency.
4 %.The ClimateThe development of such
– Cachan, 48°79′N; therefore
2°33′E - Cfb offers the opportunity to innovatively
solar absorber is also used as baffle
combine in order functions
high-tech to and sustainability. Similar applications on wood-based, responsive
building skins
conditions on the internal surface of the test have been recently deepened by Bridgens, Holstov and Farmer (2017) and
Mazzucchelli and Doniacovo (2017). Because these components can be used as cladding panels,
sunscreen,
The facility will be positioned passive
with its south layerVentilation
façade for photovoltaic
– No Datasystems and others, the maintenance and durability
facing an open meadow, thus the
aspects hypothesis
that usuallyofdepend on wood species must be taken into account. In this regard, it is
important to note
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, that the
Thevapour phase
internal transport
dimensions is not disturbed
of the metering box used by non-sealing, hydrophobic
will be considered. Atreatments
dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
(oil- and wax-based).
with the only exception Cellulose
of the south isfaçade 4.0 m
wherematerial
another within this category: It is used, for example, by insects,
 Involved person(s):like e.g.
hornets, for the manufacture of the combs and the entire nest shell, which is designed to dissipate
Monitoring and controlheat  Operating since:
in hot periods or to limit heat loss in cold periods. These flexible
system and lightweight envelopes
also provide the UV and
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities water protection function by cellulose fibres taken from tree barks or
278
dead wood. These fibres are processed into a cellulose mass, which the hornets use as cement to
build larger scales, each layer of which is interspersed with beige and brown. This composition is
comparable to 3D printing (Merlin and Ménézo, 2018).
Digital design and production potential
Digital design and production process chains, such as the coupling of parametric design and
additive manufacturing (AM), enable a flexible, material and time-saving design process of complex
shapes and functional components. In addition, it allows nearly any type of embedded functionality
that enables the product to become smart and responsive.
The starting point is to create a computer-based, three-dimensional model: this model is created by
the combination of static and dynamic parameters, and input/output conditions and target variables,
in a parametric design environment. Thus, the design development is no longer created 100%
manually, but developed based on dynamic data and generic algorithms. As the environment is
dynamic and allows variation studies and optimization loops, the results can be manifold (Wang,
Zmeureanu and Rivard, 2005). With digital production methods, it is then possible to realize some
of the chosen results while maintaining the quality and - in the near future - producing any quantity
in cost- and material-efficient manner.
AM products can be designed of single raw materials, such as polymers, fibres, metal or minerals,
which also promise simplification in terms of re-use and recycling. Their quality in function and
production is already at a very high and mature level on the prototyping scale (Lim et al., 2012).
It is expected to reach economic feasibility for prefabricated modular components of a façade in
sooner future. Today, AM techniques or rapid prototyping are particularly suitable for the production
of complex connections or for the rapid realisation of prototypes on small scales (testing and design
phase).
Smart controlled
A major challenge in making optimal use of adaptive façade elements is their appropriate
consideration in the building control system. This is not only true for elements responding to
extrinsic stimuli (and thus can be actively controlled) but also for elements responding to intrinsic
stimuli (which cannot be controlled but nevertheless need to be considered by anticipating their
adaptation effect for an optimal control of other building components by the building control
system). This requires sufficiently simple, fast and robust models for energy and material flows
through the adaptive façade components. The models can be run as a routine in an optimization
kernel, which continuously calculates the energetically optimal operation of all building components
based on sensor data and anticipative information, such as the weather forecast and energy
quantities available in smart grids for electricity and heat. If run together with a simulation of a non-
adaptive benchmark model building, such a building control system can also be used to validate
and quantify economic and energetic gains from the use of the adaptive façade.
The lack of plug-in solutions for both aspects of the building control system is probably a major
factor in the slow market penetration of adaptive façades up to now. The development of
appropriate building control systems capable of dealing with adaptive building skins will therefore
279
be a key challenge in developing adaptive façade solutions to their full potential. This pivotal role
ESTP outdoor test cell of building control systems for the operation of adaptive façade component is likely to have a
substantial impact on the future development of value chains and business models in the field
of adaptive façades. Open and extendable standards and a good integration with BIM solutions
are desirable to facilitate further development of new adaptive façade components. Due to its
interdisciplinary and complex nature, this topic is probably best approached in the context of
The outdoor test facilitylarge research
under cooperation
development in means andofthus should be considered
a high-precision as a high priority for future EU-funded
wattmeter (accuracy
research in thePublics, ±0.02 %); façades.
field of adaptive
opaque building elements. Conclusions
A detailed discussion
facility with high accuracyThefor calorimetric
future technical testsdevelopments
station is placed on aarea
in the roof ofof the ESTP campus,
adaptive façades will be strongly related to digital
production
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. and design processes, smart controls, intelligent
diffuse solar irradiance, air temperature, relative components
 Fig. and
1: 3Ddynamically
perspective of reacting
the new test cell
materials that open newhumidity, potentialwind speed and

research direction
fields. and rainfall facility
The development
under construction at ESTP (Paris)
of appropriate materials and
In order to optimize systems, both capable of dealing with adaptive façades, appear therefore as the technical key challenge
calorimetric
measurements and IEQincampaigns, the first step
future research and industrial
parametersdevelopment
will be monitored activities.
duringParticularly
comfort smart materials may replace
current building services tests. The set of
technologies or available sensors
structural elements includes
by intelligently designed material-
systems
calorimetric tests are carried out and
in a bio-materials.
dedicated Moreover, their development
anemometers, capacitance relative humidity may offer the opportunity to innovatively
in a larger room. The combine high-tech functions and sustainability. This objective follows the outlines to reach the
Smarttests.
zone during the calorimetric CityAtargets,
scheme where
of energy
sensors willefficiency
be used for is not exclusively
dedicated achieved by a single building but
visual and
rather involves
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure the entire infrastructure
acoustic comfort tests.of a city network.
used as a technical space Otherfor challenges
ventilation inandthe field of adaptive
Instruments system.façades are notthetouched
As concerns control in this chapter, but are likewise
lighting systems. important. One is the evaluation logics, theyofare presentlycomponents
adaptive being tested byinmeansa façade, which poses another major
challenge in the
future. Adaptive façades, allowing to damp external effects or even to match
external
stability distilled-water storage flux (energy,
(keeping Construction
water in a water, gas) with and boundaries
internal needs, require a complex assessment framework to
be reliably used in new buildings or in building refurbishment, depending on the type of construction
particular, the meteringand boxbuilding
is equipped type. The
with sandwich panels,
a performance formed by of
evaluation twoadaptive
0.6 mm stainless
components is herein a criterion that
must be considered andpolyurethane established foam.
in practice The resulting thermal the full performance capacity of
in order to predict
adaptive
The solar absorber, consists of twofaçades. conductance
The question
stainless steel is toiswhatequalextentto 0.153
can theW.mdynamic
-2.K-1. A
behaviour of adaptive façades be
made predictable and quantifiable? Do adaptive components require an extended characterization
of itswater.
for the passage of distilled properties waternewinterface
Distilledand wherereference
“dynamic” the test component
values?is In installed.
any case, there is a need for enhanced
standards and test procedures of dynamic components and behaviour in the building sector. To
date, standards
needed for the computation of the cooling power. from other areas are used to evaluate adaptivity, such as material characterizations
The absorber plate will without
be coatedintegration
into the façade system, electrical measurement and control standards,
α ~ 95 % and thermalmonitoring
emissivity ε technologies
~ 4 %.The Climate for safety logging
– Cachan, of intelligent
48°79′N; 2°33′E - Cfb control measures, and many more. It
solar absorber is also used as baffle
requires in order to of these evaluation methods with new approaches to investigate adaptive
a combination
conditions on the internal façades in the
surface context
of the test of actual operation.
Modularity
The facility will be positioned and standardization
with its south façade Ventilation of –components
No Data are another aspect in the development of adaptive
facing an open meadow, thus theBoth
façades. hypothesis of higher planning, operational reliability, and economic efficiency. “Keep it
promise
simple”
reflectance of 0.25, typical is often
of short grass expressed
lawns, Theas a concern
internal in this
dimensions context.
of the meteringEspecially
box used with adaptive façades, the desire
will be considered. Afor dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
simplicity and robustness of the components raises many questions: How can fully integrated,
and rain and it will shade adaptive components
it from solar irradiance, beofreplaced
the guard in theare
zone event of a 4.1
(WxLxH): change inmuse
m x 6.2 x of the building? What about
with the only exception theof the south façade
interaction where 4.0
between m
several active components? Can interfacesand connections
Involved person(s):of active
components be standardized? To what extent can existing constructions be supplemented with
Monitoring and controlhigh-tech
system products? And, to what extent can active façades take over  Operating since:
building services tasks?
Another critical factor
relevant heat flux and environmental quantities herein is surely the cost-effectiveness of adaptive façades. In contrast to
280
passive systems, i.e. static systems and manually operable components, active systems - systems
with automatic reactivity - are nowadays usually cost-intensive high-tech products.
Finally yet importantly, the challenges of adaptive façade systems ultimately go far beyond the
technical-constructive requirements; they demand new economic models, production methods
and a high degree of interdisciplinarity in planning and development. Those who interact with
the “intelligent” system on a daily basis - the inhabitants - must also be taken into account. They
finally decide whether adaptive façades are successful in practice or not. A close-up towards user
acceptance and monitoring while operation is thus another essential development field.
References
Arbizzani, E., Civiero, P., Ortega Madrigal, L., Serrano Lanzarote, B. (2015). Smart solutions for low-income buildings
rehabilitation: international researches and experiences. Techné, (10), 222-231.
Bridgens, B., Holstov, A., Farmer, G. (2017). Architectural application of wood-based responsive building skins. In
Advanced Building Skins (Ed.) Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Advanced Buildings, (pp. 190-200). Bern:
Advanced Building Skins GmbH.
Davis, M. (1981). A Wall for all Season. RIBA Journal, 88(2), 55-57.
Gosztonyi, S. (2015): 6.29 Fundamentals of Resource-Efficient Facade Technologies, 6.30 Daylight Usage; 6.31 Shading,
6.36 Colour without Pigments 2. In Pohl, G., Nachtigall, W. (Eds.) Biomimetics for Architecture & Design. Nature -
Analogies – Technology (238-243; 252-253). Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Gosztonyi, S., Gruber, P., Brychta, M., Judex, F., Richter, S. (2013): BioSkin - Research potentials for biologically inspired
energy efficient façade components and system. (Final research report, No 46/2013). Retrieved from BMVIT
website: https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/de/hdz/projekte/bioskin-forschungspotenziale-fuer-bionisch-inspirierte-
energieeffiziente-fassadentechnologien.php.
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Meteorosensitive pavilion. In F. Gramazio, M. Kohler, S. Langenberg (Eds.) Fabricate 2014 International Conference,
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Building Skins (Ed.) Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Advanced Building Skins (pp 1331-1340). Bern: Advanced
Building Skins GmbH.
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281
‘de Baljurk’ / Eric Vreedenburgh – Archipelontwerpers (image: M. Brzezicki)
282
Biographies
283
Laura Aelenei
ESTP outdoor test cell Dr. Laura Aelenei is a head of Energy in Built Environment Research Area,
senior researcher at Renewable Energy and Energy Systems Integration
Absolute guarded test Unit
cell of National Energy and Geology Laboratory and Invited Professor
of Energy Efficiency studies at the Master of Energy and Environment
Engineering at FCUL –Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. She
The outdoor test facility under development in is means a CivilofEngineer, Masterwattmeter
a high-precision Degree(accuracy
on Buildings Rehabilitation and PhD Civil
Engineering Publics,
(heat and mass %);
±0.02 transfer, fluid dynamics through building ventilated envelope systems).
She end-use
is involved in several - national
coolingandpower: calculated
international from projects
research the as participant or coordinator
collaboration with the Efficiency
and participated in buildings basednational
mass-flowregulation commissions.
meter, accuracy ±0.5 %); andShe was participating as national
expert in the International theEnergy
temperatures
Agencyat the envelope
(IEA) SHCofTask
the metering
40 / ECBCS Annex 52 “Towards Net
opaque building elements.ZeroA Energy
detailed discussion
Solar Buildings”. She is reviewer for international Journals: Solar Energy Journal,
Renewable
be found in [7]. The major Energy
design aim is to buildJournal,
a - Energies and ASME
weather conditions: Journal of
a dedicated Solar Energy Engineering: Including
weather
facility with high accuracy
Wind forEnergy
calorimetric
and tests
Buildingstation is placed
Energy on a roof of the
Conservation, ESTP campus,
evaluator of European Research projects. She
is co-author
environmental quality (IEQ) of eight scientific
investigations. diffuse books and author
solar irradiance, of more than
air temperature, 50 research
relative  Fig. 1:papers published
3D perspective in new test
of the cell
scientific journals, conferenceshumidity, and speed and direction and rainfall facility under construction at ESTP (Paris)
windcommunications.
has led to a configuration by which the Daniel Aelenei
calorimetric tests are carried out in a dedicated Daniel Aelenei is a professor of building physics and building technical
in a larger room. The “room” works as a guard services at Department of Civil Engineering and researcher at Center
zone during the calorimetric tests. A scheme of of Technology and Systems at Nova University of Lisbon, Portugal. He
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure is responsible for taught graduate and postgraduate courses in energy
2.. When the guard zone is used as an office efficiency The monitoring and control
of buildings andoffor
thecoordinating
facility will be the Postgraduate Course on
used as a technical space for ventilation and Façade Engineering.
Instruments system. As Heconcerns
is co-author of more than 50 peer reviewed
the control
lighting systems. publications (journal, book logics, they are presently
or conference being tested
proceeding) andby he
means
has supervised 4 PhD theses. The
research of Daniel Aelenei
is focused on the low-energy buildings. He is Member of Committee
of COST
stability distilled-water storage Actions
(keeping in a Construction
waterTU1403 “Adaptive and boundaries
Facades Network”, co-subtask leader of Annex 67 – “Energy
Flexible Buildings” of the International Energy Agency Energy in Buildings and Communities
particular, the meteringProgramme (EBC),
box is equipped a sandwich
with member of EUpanels, formedProject
Interreg by two 0.6 mm stainless– Mapping, consolidating and
“SUDOKET
disseminating Key Enabling Technologies
polyurethane foam. (KET)
The for the building
resulting thermalsector in the SUDOE area”. He
is also
The solar absorber, consists thestainless
of two principal conductance
investigator
steel is MIT
of the equalPortugal
to 0.153Project
W.m-2.K–-1.“FIRST
A - Mapping flexibility of urban
energy systems” (MITEXPL/SUS/0015/2017).
needed for the computation of the cooling power. Mark Edward Alston
Dr Mark E Alston is an assistant professor in composite material design
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The atClimate the University
– Cachan,of Nottingham,
48°79′N; Faculty of Engineering, UK. Marks PhD
2°33′E - Cfb
solar absorber is also used as baffle in order to (2017) and current research is investigating the challenges in optically clear
conditions on the internal surface of the test material science to evaluate heat flow and monitor temperature with time.
By advancing the design of synthetic polymers that are hindered by our
The facility will be positioned with its south façade inability to control
Ventilation transition temperatures for thermally functional material.
– No Data
facing an open meadow, To thus the hypothesis
progress heat flow of management through application in photovoltaics, semi-conducting, optic
materials
reflectance of 0.25, typical of shortor integration
grass lawns, into Multilayer
The internal Insulation
dimensions of the(IMLI) is box
metering theused
current research path. Mark is an
will be considered. Aactive dedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
member of the UK Government material and manufacturing funding agency innovate. In the
and rain and it will shade progression
it from solar of composite
irradiance, of material
the guard science to a manufacturing
zone are (WxLxH): 4.1 m x 6.2 mplatform
x through composite design.
with the only exception Hisof theteaching
south façade where 4.0 m
covers master and undergraduate levels within the faculty and a person(s):
 Involved distance outreach
master’s programme at the RIBA, London. Mark is working with a colleague at Sandia National
Monitoring and controlLaboratories,  Operating since:
system New Mexico, USA in the field of energy material science to advance capture and
energy storage.
284
Marcin Brzezicki
Dr. Marcin Brzezicki, (1972) is an architect and tutor at the Faculty of
Architecture, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. After
receiving his doctorate in 2001, he became an assistant professor in the
Faculty of Architecture at his alma mater. His scientific interest was focused
on the perception of transparency in architecture, including his monograph
entitled Perception of transparency in contemporary architecture: visual
and cognitive aspects. After successful application for tenure in early 2015, his interests were
broadened to general issues of façade/architectural envelope morphology and aesthetics. In 2015
he joined COST TU 1403 Adaptive Façade Network. Marcin Brzezicki participates in international
conferences on the subject of transparency and façade morphology, publishes in journals. He is a
motivated and ambitious researcher with a strong interest in the optical properties of architectural
envelopes. A passionate and enthusiastic academic teacher with a genuine love of his subject and
a drive to help students succeed.

Maria da Glória Gomes graduated in Civil Engineering (5years) in
1999 at Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa. She
worked as a Structural Project Engineer (1999-2001) and received
an MSc in 2003 and a PhD in Civil Engineering in 2010, both from
IST. She is an Assistant Professor at DECivil-IST/UL, where she has
been lecturing for over seventeen years. Her research interests are
in the field of Building Physics, in natural ventilation and thermal and energy performance of
buildings. Most of studies have both experimental and numerical approaches and focus on the
implementation of energy efficient solutions such as, innovative glazing facades and shading
devices, green roofs and walls, thermal renders, lightweight concrete and GFRP sandwich
panels. She is a member of CERIS, IST-EI and IBPSA-Portugal and has published 24 ISI
international journal and over 50 conference papers. She has participated on 10 successful
research projects and has supervised 37 MSc and is currently supervising 6 PhD students.
Susanne Gosztonyi
Susanne Gosztonyi works in the field of performative building envelopes with
focus on renewable energy, climate-sensitive design and biomimetics. She
combines practical knowledge and research methods to investigate energy
efficiency principles and their transferability to architectural engineering.
Her interest is in combining these findings with human-centred design and
digital design techniques to enable novel solutions. Susanne works as
lecturer and researcher at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Switzerland.
She is furthermore a Ph.D researcher at the TU Delft, Architectural Engineering and Technology.
Previously, she worked at the Lund University, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology and for
international architectural offices. Susanne holds a master in architecture and urban planning
from the Vienna University of Technology and completed post-graduate studies in the Master
‘Climate Engineering’ from the Danube University Krems, Austria. She is member of advisory
boards in EU projects, conferences, networks, and conducts peer-reviews for scientific journals.
285
Miren Juaristi
ESTP outdoor test cell Architect and PhD candidate in the University of Navarra, Spain. Between
2014 and 2016 she combined her studies with both architecture and research
Absolute guarded test training.
cell She did architectural internships in Peru (Vértice Arquitecto), Japan
(Kengo Kuma and Associates) and in an international office in Spain (AH
Asociados) developing projects mainly in the Middle East. She collaborates
The outdoor test facility under development in atmeans SAVIARQUITECTURA research(accuracy
of a high-precision wattmeter group since 2014. In 2016 she got a
scholarship Publics,
to start her PhD %);
±0.02research in “Adaptive Opaque Facades: a design and assessment
method”. SheEfficiency
participated- in thecooling
COST power:
ACTION calculated from the Facade Network, which gave
TU1403-Adaptive
collaboration with the end-use
her the chance to do a STSM in the Facade
based mass-flow meter, Research
accuracy ±0.5Group of the department of Architectural
%); and
Engineering + Technology, the Technical
temperaturesUniversity
at the envelope
of of theShe
Delft. metering
is also teaching assistant at the
University of discussion
Navarra in (RTDs),
subjects related to building construction, climate design and prototyping.
environmental quality (IEQ) investigations. Theoni Karlessi
Theoni Karlessispeed
humidity, wind and direction
is a building and rainfall
physicist, holding an MSc. in Environmental
In order to optimize both calorimetric Physics of the University of Athens, Greece and is now a research associate
measurements and IEQ campaigns, the first step at the Group of Building Environmental Studies of NKUA, Athens and a
has led to a configuration by which the PhD candidate in the field of innovative materials for urban structures. Her
calorimetric tests are carried out in a dedicated expertise, activities and key qualifications are in Energy Efficiency, Energy
in a larger room. The “room” works as a guard Management, Environmental Impact Assessments, Dynamic Modelling,
Integrated
zone during the calorimetric tests. ADesign,
scheme Indoor
of Environmental
sensors will be used Quality and Thermal
for dedicated visual andComfort, Monitoring, Microclimate
and Urban Heat Island
cell is presented in [7] and can be seen in Figure Mitigation Techniques,
acoustic comfort tests. Energy and environmental evaluation of outdoor
2.. When the guard zone spaces,
is usedDevelopment
as an office andThetesting
monitoring and controlfor
of materials of urban
the facility will be
applications. She worked on several
used as a technical space projects, has a large
for ventilation andnumber of scientific
Instruments system.journals publications
As concerns the controland is a reviewer. She was honored
lighting systems. with an international researchlogics, they
awardare inpresently
PALENC being tested
2007 andby means
with a Commendation at the Green
Building Integrated Design Award 2014 at IEECB and is a member of the Center of Renewable
Sources
stability distilled-water storage and Energy
(keeping Construction
water in aEfficiency (CRES),and boundaries
a Certified Expert in Environmental Impact Assessments
and a professional trainer at the Center of Lifelong Learning of the University of Athens.
The solar absorber, consists of two stainless steel Aleksandra
conductance isKrstić-Furundžić
Dr. Aleksandra Krstić-Furundžić, Professor at the University of Belgrade,
interfaceofwhere
for the passage of distilled water. Distilled water Faculty the test component
Architecture is installed.
and several times head of the Department of
Architectural Technology and a visiting professor at the Faculty of
needed for the computation of the cooling power. Architecture, University of Banja Luka, BiH. Professional experience as
an educator, architectural design practitioner, researcher, and editor.
α ~ 95 % and thermal emissivity ε ~ 4 %.The Expert Climate domains:
– Cachan,Architectural
48°79′N; 2°33′Econstructions,
- Cfb Innovative façade and
solar absorber is also used as baffle in orderEnergy
roof technologies, to efficient buildings, Passive and active solar systems, Industrialized
construction, Building
conditions on the internal surface of the test refurbishment technologies. She participates in the National Energy
Efficiency and Technological Development Programs, and was a member, lecturer and trainer in
Training
The facility will be positioned Schools
with its within several
south façade VentilationCOST Actions, such as TU1205, TU1104 and TU1403, and for
– No Data
facing an open meadow, somethus she
the hypothesis of
was the organizer. She is Co-Founder and Technical Director of International Academic
Conference on
reflectance of 0.25, typical of short grass lawns, Places and
The Technologies,
internal recognized
dimensions of the at the
metering boxregional
used level and beyond. Member
will be considered. Aofdedicated structure will for calorimetric measurements are (WxLxH): 3.0
the Editorial Board of two international journals, and several professional associations. Author
and rain and it will shade of itseveral
from solar books, and a of
irradiance, significant number
the guard zone of chapters
are (WxLxH): 4.1 minxinternational
6.2 m x and national monographs
with the only exception andof thescientific
south façade 4.0 m
wherepublished
papers in Energy and Buildings Journal, Renewable  Involved&person(s):
Sustainable Energy
Reviews and other international journals.
286
Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli studied building engineering at Politecnico
di Milano, degree in 2001. From then on he started collaborating and
researching at the Department of Architecture, Built Environment and
Construction Engineering (DABC) – Politecnico di Milano. His research
is focused on Zero Energy Buildings, façades innovative systems design,
energy efficiency, building services integration, timber constructions,
refurbishment of existing buildings. In 2012 he spent a research period on low-energy buildings
at the University of Gävle (Sweden). Since 2008 he is professor of ‘Building Services Design and
Integration’, School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering – Politecnico di
Milano. He’s author and co-author of more than 50 publications (journal, book, book chapter or
conference proceedings). Since 2015 he participates in the activities of the EFN European Façade
Network. He’s member of the ‘Journal of Façade Design and Engineering’ editorial board and of the
commission ‘CIBW098 – Intelligent and Responsive Buildings’.
Christophe Menezo
Dr. Ménézo is a Professor Head of the CNRS Research Federation on
Solar Energy. He is a professor at Polytech’Annecy-Chambéry since
2008 where he teaches in the “Environment-Building-Energy” sector. He
is doing his research at the laboratory LOCIE UMR5271, component of
the INES, on the integration of solar components (BIPV/ Hybrid PV/Th)
to the frame and the redefinition of the envelope of buildings to include
adaptive and active energy functions. Other fields of interest are bio-inspired engineering
for energy efficiency and solar power generation in built environment (solar cadaster).
Nikolaus Nestle
Dr. Nikolaus Nestle is a Principal Scientist at BASF SE Advanced Materials
and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen (Germany) since 2006. From 2002-
2006 he hold a non-tenured faculty position in condensed matter physics at
TU Darmstadt (Germany) and from 2002-2003 he was a contract professor
at the Faculty of Design and Arts at the Free University of Bolzano (Italy).
He received his habilitation in physics from the University of Leipzig
(Germany) in 2002 and his PhD in Physics from the University of Ulm (Germany) in 1995.

Dr. Architect Jose Miguel Rico-Martinez studied in the University of the
Basque Country where he presented in 2015 his PhD about daylight
performance of expanded metal and, nowadays, teaches in the Building
Construction department. He has contributed in several conferences, books,
journals and postgraduate programs as Light Facade Master, Sustainable
Construction Master, Timber Structures, Construction and Design Master in
the University of the Basque Country. Member of the Scientific committees of the Light Facades
Master, the International Congress on Architectural Envelopes by Tecnalia, the Journal of Façade
Design and Engineering (JFDE) and the EFN European Facade Network (www.facades.ning.com).
287
Rosa Romano
ESTP outdoor test cell Dr. Rosa Romano is Architect (2003), PhD (2010), Assistant Professor
(2006), with licence for Associate Professor (2014). Currently, she is teaching
Absolute guarded test Architectural
cell Technology at the Schools of Architecture in Florence and in
Tirana and working as senior research in ABITA Interuniversity Research
Centre, participating in many national and international researches on
The outdoor test facility under development in Environmental Sustainability
means of a high-precision and Energy
wattmeter (accuracyEfficiency in Building. Her research
is focused Publics, on
in particular the%);
±0.02 topic of performances and technological features of the smart
envelopes - coolingshepower: calculated from the
collaboration with the end-useforEfficiency
nZEB. Furthermore, is working as architect and energy advice (in the field of
bioclimatic architecture and basedinnovative
mass-flow technologies
meter, accuracyfor the%);
±0.5 environment)
and for public administration
and private companies. the
She temperatures
is author at theco-author
and envelope ofofthe metering
more than 70 publications on sustainability
opaque building elements.andAenergy
detailedperformance
discussion of buildings and in 2011, as winner of the “Florence University PhD Press
Prize”,
be found in [7]. The major designshe
aim published
is to build a the- book: Smartconditions:
weather Skin Envelope: Architectural
a dedicated weather integration of dynamic and
innovative tests station
technologies is placed
for energy on a roof of the ESTP campus,
saving.

288
289

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Case Studies –

Adaptive Facade Network

Adaptive Facade Network

Layout and Co-Editing

2018 TU Delft Open

Adaptive Facade Network

Case Studies - Adaptive Façade Materials 27

Case studies – Adaptive Façade Components 55

Case studies – Adaptive Façade Systems 101

Future Developments 275

Adaptive facades; Definitions and Technological Evolutions

Figure 2 - Conceptual diagram of the case study classification

Case studies database

(AISI 304) sheets welded Figure

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

(AISI 304) sheets welded Figure

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

ESTP outdoor test cell

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

The challenges in materials humidity,

Adaptive Materials Case studies database

Material function through Additive Material Manufacturing

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

4 Seeboth, Ruhmann and Mühling (2010).

5 Rossi, Augustynowicz et al. ShapeShift (2018); Madden (2008).

7 Dynalloy, Inc. Makers of Dynamic Alloys.

8 Adriaenssens, Rhode-Barbarigos, et al. (2014); Kanthal.

9 Reichert, Menges and Correa (2015).

10 Raviv, Zhao, et al. (2015); Markopoulou (2015).

11 Watanabe, Fukumizu and Ishida (2008).

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

TYPE OF SHADING DEVICE

ESTIMATE THE COST OF THE CASE-STUDY

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY

(AISI 304) sheets welded and inflated at high

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

TYPE OF SHADING DEVICE

TYPE OF TRIGGER (INPUT)

TYPE OF ACTUATOR (OUTPUT)

ESTIMATE THE COST OF THE CASE-STUDY

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY

Addington, M., Schodek, D. (2012), Smart Materials and

https://nitinol.com (Accessed May 23, 2018) 5

http://www.rtm-medizintechnik.de/ (Accessed May 23, 2018)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_titanium (Accessed May 23,

Author of the sheet info

Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli

5. The effect of nitinol composition on the Ms

The novel cement based batteries designed to po-

04. Prototype demonstration

Monitoring and control system  Operating since:

TYPE OF SHADING DEVICE

TYPE OF TRIGGER (INPUT)

TYPE OF ACTUATOR (OUTPUT)

Monitoring and control system  Operating

ESTIMATE THE COST OF THE CASE-STUDY

SYSTEM MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY

Byrne, A., Barry, S., Holmes N. and Norton, B. (2017), Optimi-

Author of the sheet info