Survey and Leveling Lab Manual

Experiment # 1
Acquaint with the Minor Instruments
INSTRUMENTS:
 Ranging poles
 Tripod
 Umbrella
 Total Station
 Theodolite
 Auto Leveling
 Tripod

Almira
i. Magnetic Compass
ii. Hand GPS
iii. Theodolite
iv. Electronic Total Station
v. Alidades
vi. Fiber Tape/ Steel Tapes
vii. ABNEY’s Level
viii. Clamp
ix. Auto Leveling
x. Prism
1. Geological Instrument
i. Fold
ii. Brenton Compass
iii. Fault
2. Concrete Test Hammer
3. Point Load Test
4. Rock Load Drill

Ranging Rod:
The rod which is use to ranging the line in straight is known as ranging rod. This is made of
seasoned timber or seasoned bamboo. They are generally circular in section of diameter 25mm

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and length 2mm. The rod is dividing into 20cm equal parts which is mentioned by alternate
painted black and white or red and white. The lower end of rod is pointed or provided with an
iron. Now a day instead of timber, mild steel hallo pipes are used.

Tripod:
A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and
maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against downward
forces and horizontal forces and movements about horizontal axes. The positioning of the three
legs away from the vertical centre allows the tripod better leverage for resisting lateral forces.

Umbrella:
A light, small, portable, usually it is a canopy or circular designed to protect against rain or
sunlight, consisting of a fabric held on a collapsible frame of thin ribs radiating from the top of a
carrying stick or handle.
Total Station Survey:
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building
construction. It is the combination of transit and EDM. The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances
from the instrument to a particular point.

Theodolite:
A theodolite is a movable telescope to generally used for surveying purposes. It can also be used
for calculating angles in horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolite is an accuracy instrument that
is mainly used in surveying purposes or functions. Traditionally they are manual instruments that
come in two types - transit, which rotates in a full circle in the vertical plane, and non-transit,
rotating in a half-circle.

Atuo Leveling:
A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical
instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used
in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.

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Magnetic Compass:
A compass is a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is
stationary relative to the surface of the Earth. The frame of reference defines the four cardinal
directions (or points) as north, south, east, and west. Intermediate directions are also be defined.

Hand Global Positioning System (GPS):

A GPS navigation device is a device that receives Global Positioning System (GPS) signals to
determine the device's location on Earth. GPS devices provide latitude and longitude
information, and some may also calculate altitude. GPS devices are used by the military, by
aircraft pilots, by sailors, and for recreational purposes by the public.

Alidade:
An alidade is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform
a task. It is use to measure the angle to the object from some reference point. Angles measured
can be horizontal, vertical or in any chosen plane. The alidade's primary use is for creating maps
in the horizontal plane.

Fiber or Cloth Tapes:

Such tape is made by woven linen and varnished to resist moisture. It is 15mm wide and
available in lengths of 30m and 50m. This tape is generally used for measuring offsets and for
ordinary works.

Steel Tape:
The steel tape is made of ribbon of width varying from 6 to 16mm. The commonly available
length 10 to 50m.It is graduated in meters, decimeters and centimeters. It is not used in the field,
but use for standardizing chain and for measurement in construction works.

ABNEY’s Level:
Abney Level is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a
movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. The Topographic
Abney Level can determine height, volume, and grade. The Topographic Abney Level is used at
the eye height of the surveyor.

Clamp:
A clamp is a fastening device to hold or secure objects tightly together to prevent movement or
separation through the application of inward pressure. There are many types of clamps available

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for many different purposes. Some are temporary, as used to position components while fixing
them together, others are intended to be permanent.

Concrete Test Hammer:

The concrete test hammer is an instrument which is easy to use, for quick and approximate
measurement of the resistance to pressure of manufactured concrete products. The principles on
which it works are based on the rebound impact of a hammer on a piston which rests against the
surface of the concrete products. The greater the resistance of the concrete, greater is the
rebounded impact.
Point Load Test:
Point Load Test is the process of putting demand on a system or device and measuring its
response. Load testing is performed to determine a system’s behavior under both normal and
anticipated peak load conditions. It helps to identify the maximum operating capacity of an
application as well as any bottlenecks and determine which element is causing degradation.
Rock Core Drill:
It’s a rotating annular tool backed up by a cylindrical core sample storage device is
pressed against the subject materials to cut out a cylinder of the subject material. A mechanism is
normally needed to retain the cylindrical sample in the coring tool. It is necessary to control or
reduce the contact between the drilling fluid and the core sample,
to reduce changes from the coring process.

Comment:
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Experiment # 2

To Study Different Types of Chain

Types of Chains
 Metric Chain
 Steel Band
 Engineer’s Chain
 Gunters Chain
 Revenue Chain

Metric Chain:
The chains are made in lengths of 20 and 30 meters. The 20 m chain is divided into 100 links and
30 m into 150 links. Tallies (tags) are fixed at every 2/5 meter length (10/25 links) in 20 m chain
but in 30m chain tallies are provide at every 5m (25 links) and small brass rings are provided at
every meter length. Brass handles are provided at the both end. To facilitate holding of the
arrows in position with the handle. The handle joints are flexible. Central tally is round in 20m
chain.30m chain has three teeth.

Objective:
 20m chain is suitable for measuring distance along fairly level ground.
 30m chain is comparatively heavy but is also suitable for measuring distance along fairly
level ground.

Steel Band:
It consists of a ribbon of steel with bras handle at each end. It is 20 or 30long and 16 mm wide. It
is wound on an open steel cross or on the metal reel in a closed case. The graduations are etched
as meters decimetres, centimetres on one side and 0.2 m links on the other. Brass tallies are fixed
at every 5 m length of the band. Accuracy in measurement with steel band is 1/2000.

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Objective:
 The steel band is used in project where more accuracy is required.

Engineer Chain:
Engineer chain is 100 ft long and it is divided into 100 links. Each link is 1 ft in a length. Tallies
are provided at every 1ft (10 links) and central tally is round in engineer chain.

Objective:
 Used in all Engineering surveys.

Gunters Chain:
Gunters chain is 66 fit long and is divided into 100 links. Each link is 0.66 ft long. Brass handles
are provided at the ends and central tally is round.

Objective:
 It is very convenient for measuring distance in miles and furlongs.
 Also for measuring area and when the units of area is an acre

Revenue Chain:
Revenue chain is 33 ft long and divided into 16 links. Each link is 2.0625 ft long. Objective:
 It is commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral survey.

Precautions:
 Chains should be open or close with standard way.
 Take measurement by using chain with of his own standard method.

Comments:
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Experiment # 3

Study and use Different Tapes and Levels

Types of Tapes:
Four types of Tape:

 Cloth or Linen Tape

 Metallic Tape
 Steel Tape
 Invar Tap

Cloth or Linen Tape:

Linen tape is made by woven linen and varnish to resisit moisture. It is very light and handy. It is
easily affected by damp. If wet it shrinks. It stretches easily and likely to twist. It is available in
10/15m length and 15mm wide.

Objective:
 Used for taking ordinary measurements, such as offset.

Metallic Tape:
They are available in 15, 20 and 30 meters. The tape is made by brass or copper wire. A metal
ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. Every 5
centimeters is marked with an arrow in black. Every decimeter and meter is marked with a back
line extending over the full width of the tape/ the graduation marks at every decimeter and meter
are numbered with black and red figures, respectively.

Objective:
 Commonly used for all survey works.

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Steel Tape:
Tape is available in 10,15,20, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is of steel or stainless steel. The outer
end is provided with a ring. The length of the tape includes the metal ring. The tape is marked
with a line at every five millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, and meter. When the button release
devised is pressed, the tape automatically rewind in to the case.

Objective:
 For standardising chain and for measurements in constructional works.

Invar Tape:
It is made of an alloy of steel (64%) and nickel (36%).It is 6 mm wide and may be obtained in
length of 30m, 50m and 100m. It is very low thermal coefficient and comparatively expensive.

Objective:

 For highest precision work the invar tape in used.

 Used in Triangulation survey.

Types of Levels
The following are the different types of level.

 Dumpy Level
 Wye Level
 Cooke’s Reversible Level
 Cushing’s level
 Tilting Level
 Automatic Level

Dumpy Level:
The telescope of the dumpy level is rigidly fixed to its supports. It cannot be removed from its
supports nor can it be rotated about its longitudinal axis. The instrument is stable and retains its
permanent adjustment for a long time. This instrument is commonly use.

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Wye Level:
The telescope is held in two ‘Y’ Supports. It can be removed from the supports and reversed
from one end of the telescope to the other end. The ‘Y’ supports consist of two curved clips
which may be raised. Thus the telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis.

Cooke’s Reversible Level:

It is the combination of dumpy level an d y level. It is supported by two rigid sockets. The
telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis, withdrawn from the socket and replaced from
one end of the telescope to the other.

Tilting Level:
The telescope can be tilted slightly about its horizontal axis with the help of a tilting screw. In
this measurement the line of collimation is made horizontal for each observation by means of the
tilting screw.

Automatic Level:
This is also known as the self aligning level. This instrument is levelled automatically within a
certain tilt rage by means of a compensating device.

Precautions:
 These instruments use very carefully to avoid any harm.
 Levelling instrument adjacent first on the tripod stand.
 Staff reading are taken when bubble remain in the central position in any direction.

Comment:
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Experiment # 4

Study of Theodolite and Its Adjustments

The following are the essential parts of a theodolite:

Trivet:
It is s circular plate having a central, threaded hole for fixing the theodolite on the tripod stand
by a wing nut. It is also called base plate. Three foot screws are secured to this plate by means of
a ball and socked arrangement.

Foot Screws:
These are meant for levelling the instrument. The lower part of the foot screws are secured in the
trivet by means of a ball and socket arrangement and the upper threaded part pass through the
threaded hole in the tribrach plate.

Tribrach:

It is a triangular plate carrying three foot screws at its ends.

Levelling Head:
The trivet, foot screws and the tribrach constitute a body which is known as the levelling head.

Spindles:
The telescope consists of two spindles or axes one inner and the other outer. The inner axis is
solid and conical, and the outer is hollow. The two spindles are coaxial.

Lower Plate:

The lower plate is attached to the outer axis, and is also known as the scale plate. It is bevelled
and the scale is graduated from 0 to 360 in a clockwise direction. Each degree is gain subdivided
into two, three, four division.

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Lower plate is tightened with clamp screw which controls the movement. When clamp screw is
tightened, this plate is fixed with the outer axis.

Upper plate:
The upper plate contains the venires scale A and B. It is attached to the inner axis. Its motion is
controlled by the upper clamp screw and the upper tangent screw. When the clamp screw is
tightened the venires scale are fixed with the inner axis and for fine adjustment of the scales the
tangent screw is rotated.

Plate Bubble:

Two plate bubbles are mounted at right angles to each other on the upper surface of the venires
plate. One bubble is kept parallel to the horizontal axis of the theodolite. Sometimes one bubble
is provided on the venires plate.

Standard or A frame:
Two frames are provided on the upper plate to support the telescope, the vertical circle and
venires scale. These frames are known as standard or A frame.

Telescope:
The telescope is pivoted between the standard at right angles to the horizontal plan. It can be
rotated about its horizontal axis in a vertical plan. The telescope is provided with a focussing
screw, clamping screw and tangent screw.

Vertical Circle:
The vertical circle is rigidly fixed with telescope and move with it. It is divided into four
quadrants and every graduated from 0 to 90 in opposite direction, with zero mark at the end of
the horizontal diameter of the vertical circle. The vertical circle is clamped with the help of the
clamping screw and the tangent screw provided along with the telescope.

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Index Bar or T frame:

The index bar is provided with the standard in front of the vertical circle. It carries two venires at
the two ends of the horizontal arm. The vertical leg of the index bar is provided with the clip
screw at the lower end by means of which the altitude bubble can be brought to the centre.

Altitude Bubble:
Along sensitive bubble tube is provided on the top of index bar. The bubble it contains is known
as altitude bubble. This bubble is brought to the centre by clip screw at the time of measuring the
vertical angle. A mirror is provided on the top of the bubble to help the observer it when the
instrument is set up above normal height.

Compass:
Sometimes a circular box compass is mounted on the venires scale between the standards. In
modern theodolites, an adjustable trough compass or tubular compass can be fitted a screw to the
standard. The compass is provided for taking the magnetic bearing of a line.

Comment:
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Experiment 5
CONTOUR MAP PREPRATION
Purpose:
The purpose of contour map is to show the nature of the ground surface.

Uses of Contour Map:

 The nature of the ground surface of a country can be understood by studying a contour map
 A suitable site or an economical alignment can be selected for any engineering project
 The capacity of reservoir or the area of a catchment can be approximately computed
 The inter visibility of different points can be established
 A suitable route for a given gradient can be marked on the map

CONTOUR LINE:
The line of intersection of level surface with the ground surface is known as contour line or
simply the contour. For example, a contour of 100 m indicates that all points on this line have an
RL of 100 m.

CONTOUR INTERVAL:
The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is known as a contour interval. This
interval depends upon
 The nature of the ground
 The scale of the map
 The purpose of the survey

Contour interval for small scale map, the interval may be of 1 m, 2 m, 3 m etc.

HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT:
The horizontal distance between any two consecutive contours is known as horizontal
equivalent. It is not constant. It is varies according to the steepness of the ground. For steep
slope, the contour line run close together, and for flatter slopes they are widely spaced.
Gradient:
Gradient represents the ascending or descending slope of the terrain between two consecutive
contour lines. The slope or gradient is usually stated in the format 1 in S, where 1 represents the
vertical component of the slope and S its corresponding horizontal component measured in the
same unit.

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APPARATUS:

Total Station Tripod Stand

Prism
Prism Pole

PROCEDURE:
1) Set the total station at the station point from that point whole the area should be
visible
2) Do leveling and centering of the instrument.
3) Level the total station horizontally and vertically
4) Orientate the total station with the help of compass
5) Find the co-ordinates of reference point
6) Sight the prism
7) Read the reading
8) Take reading at different points on the ground
9) Note the northing and easting

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10) Also note the reduce level of the points

11) Repeating above procedure cover the whole area
12) Prepare the contour map

Precautions:
1) There can be irregularities in the ground where difficult to reach so in that case, use the
interpolation method to find out there reduce levels.
2) It is very important that two contour line cannot be meet but in very special case like
cave, where above the cave and below the cave, the R.L is different but the contour
projections could be same so in that case, use different colors for contouring.
3) Use appropriate scale for the traverse because the same scale will use to plote the
contours.
4) Erase all the contours and neglect their co-ordinates if it is outside from the closed
traverse.

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Experiment # 6

TRAVERSING BY USING THEODOLITE

RELATED THEORY:

Traverse:
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the
framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an
angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.

Types of Traverse:

a) Closed Traverse:
When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as closed traverse.
b) Open Traverse:
When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere accept starting point, it is said to be an open
traverse.

Suitability:
The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc and for survey of
large areas. The open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required for
a road of canal or the coast line.

Methods of Traversing:
There are several methods of traversing, depending on the instruments used in determining the
relative directions of the traverse lines. The following are the principal methods:
 Chain traversing
 Chain and compass traversing
 Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the
lines
 Plane table traversing

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Theodolite:
The theodolite is an intricate instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and
vertical angles up to 10” to 20” depending upon the least count of the instrument.

Following are the purposes for which theodolite can be used

 Measuring horizontal angle
 Measuring vertical angle
 Measuring deflection angles
 Measuring magnetic bearings
 Ranging a line
 Finding the vertical height of an instrument

Balancing of Traverse:
In case of traverse the algebraic sum of latitude must be equal to zero and that of departures must
also be equal to zero in the ideal condition. In other words, the sum of the northings must equal
that of the southings and the sum of the easting must be the same as that of the westings.
But in actual practice some closing error is always found to exit while computing the latitude and
departures of the traverse stations. Different rules are applied to compensate the errors.
Bowditch rule is one of them.

Bowditch Rule:
By this rule the total error (in latitude or departure) is distributed in proportion to the lengths of
the traverse legs. This is most common method of traverse adjustment.

a) Correction to the latitude of any side

= Length of that side/perimeter off traverse x total error in latitude
b) Correction to departure of any side
= length of that side/perimeter of traverse x total error in departure

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APPARATUS:

Theodolite Ranging Rod

Tripod Stand Leveling Staff

Prismatic Compass Fiber Glass Tape

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PROCEDURE:
1) Find north at point A by using compass
2) Find fore bearing (F.B) of line AB & back bearing (B.B) of line AF.
3) Find internal angle of line AB & AF using theodolite.
4) Assume direction of traverse is from A to B.
5) Setup theodolite at station B and sight station C and by using staff found out the upper
and lower staff readings.
6) Also find internal and vertical angles
7) Repeat this process at every station by moving in the direction of traverse.

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Experiment # 7

TRAVERSING BY USING TOTAL STATION

RELATED THEORY:
Traverse:
Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the
framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an
angle measuring instrument and a tape or chain respectively.

Types of Traverse:
a) Closed Traverse:
When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as closed traverse.
b) Open Traverse:
When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere accept starting point, it is said to be an open
traverse.

Suitability:
The closed traverse is suitable for locating the boundaries of lakes, woods, etc and for survey of
large areas. The open traverse is suitable for surveying a long narrow strip of land as required for
a road of canal or the coast line.

Methods of Traversing:
There are several methods of traversing, depending on the instruments used in determining the
relative directions of the traverse lines. The following are the principal methods:
 Chain traversing
 Chain and compass traversing
 Transit type traversing a)By fast needle method b)By measurement of angles between the
lines
 Plane table traversing

Advantages of Traversing with Total Station:

The main advantage of using a total station for traversing is that angles and
distances are measured simultaneously at each station. The obvious advantage of
this is that it reduces the time taken to complete the survey

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APPARATUS:

Total Station Tripod Stand

Prism Prism Pole

Steel Tape Compass

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PROCEDURE:
1) Center and Level total station on point A.
2) Enter coordinates of point A (1000, 1000, 218) in total station.
3) Place prism at station B and set its instrument height as 2m.
4) Put this instrument height in total station.
5) Sight station B with the help of prism and total station.
6) Note the value of Northing and easting & find R.L
7) Repeat this process at every station.

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Experiment # 8

To Find Reduce Level of Traverse by Rise Fall

Method
Objective:
Find the reduce level of different point on or below the surface of earth.
Apparatus:
 Telescopic Metric Staff
 Auto Leveling
 Tripod Stand
 Plumb Bob

Procedure:
 Select the station point at appropriate position and measure the distance between to
station by fiber tape.
 Fix the auto level with tripod stand at center point of line and do the primary adjustment
of level.
 After adjustment the level measures the B.S and F.S reading of line.
 Finally, calculate the rise and fall after each reading and fixed the reduce level by rise and
fall method.

Scheme of Closed Traverse:

C
A
B

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Observation & Calculation:

Station B.S F.S I.S 1 I.S 2 Rise Fall R.L
Point
A
B
C
D
E

Precaution:
 Primary fixing of level done properly and carefully.
 Bubbles remain in canter position for any direction of telescope, the staff reading is
taken.
 Levelling instrument should not be placed at a position on the profile line.

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Experiment # 9

TO PERFORM TRIANGUATION ON THE SCHEME

USING THEODOLITE

SCOPE & SIGNIFICANCE:

The horizontal positions of points is a network developed to provide accurate control for
topographic mapping, charting lakes, rivers and ocean coast lines, and for the surveys required
for the design and construction of public and private works of large extent.

RELATED THEORY:
Triangulation:
The method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if
one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed.
Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the directions of the remaining sides
can be determined.
A triangulation system consists of a series of joined or overlapping triangles in which an
occasional side is measured and remaining sides are calculated from angles measured at the
vertices of the
triangles.

Triangulation Stations:
The vertices of the triangles are known as triangulation stations.

Baseline:
The side of the triangle whose length is predetermined, is called the base line.

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APPARATUS:

Ranging Rod
Fiber Glass Tape Theodolite

Leveling Staff Plumb Bob Tripod Stand

PROCEDURE:
1) Find North at point D using compass & find the fore bearing of line DC.
2) Find the internal angles of all the visible station from D by using theodolite.
3) Along with the internal angles also place staff at all the visible stations and note the upper
and lower staff reading.
4) Repeat this process at all the stations of traverse which include A, B, C, E, F.

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

Base-line:
Base length:
Known Angles:

Calculations for Lengths of the Triangles:

Triangle ADC
Line AC =
Line DC =

Triangle BDC
Line DC =
Line BD =

Line BC =

Line DE =

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Triangle AEF
Line AE =
Line FE =

Line AF =

Precautions:
Instrument should be well adjusted.
There should be no chance of Local Attraction

Comments:

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