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Basic Concepts in Ductile Detailing PDF
Basic Concepts in Ductile Detailing PDF
Michael D. Engelhardt
University of Texas at Austin
F ∆
What is Ductility ?
F
F
Ductility: The ability to sustain large inelastic ∆
deformations without significant loss in ∆
strength.
Ductility
Ductility = inelastic deformation capacity F
Fyield
M
More Ductile
∆
No Ductility Less Ductile
displacement
rotation
curvature
strain
etc.
θ
Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions Ductility: Quantitative Descriptions
M M
Mp Mp
θyield θmax
θ θyield θmax
θ
θmax
Ductility Factor: µ =
θyield
M θp M θp
Mp Mp
θyield θmax
θ θyield θmax
θ
θp
Plastic Rotation Angle: θp = θmax - θyield Rotation Capacity: R = =µ-1
θyield
Mp M
θyield θmax
θ
Ductility: ductility factor µ Based on: θ
plastic rotation angle θp θyield
rotation capacity R θmax
etc.
M M
θ θ
θyield θyield
M Mmax M
0.8 Mmax
θ θ
θmax θmax
θ
θmax θ
40000
30000
Bending Moment (kip-inches)
20000
10000
-10000
-20000
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and Permits redistribution of internal stresses and
forces forces
Increases strength of members, connections and Increases strength of members, connections and
structures structures
Permits design based on simple equilibrium models Permits design based on simple equilibrium models
Results in more robust structures Results in more robust structures
Provides warning of failure Provides warning of failure
Permits structure to survive severe earthquake Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading loading
Example: Plate with hole subjected to tension Example:
σmax
50 ksi
P 6" P P P
PL 1/2" x 6"
1" dia. hole
σ σmax = 2.57 σavg
σ σ 50 ksi X
P
50 ksi X 50 ksi 50 ksi = 2.57 x
Material "A" 2.5 in2
Material "A" Material "B"
ε Pmax = 49 k
ε ε
Example: Example:
50 ksi 50 ksi
P P P P
σ σ
50 ksi 50 ksi 50 ksi = P
2.5 in2
Material "B" Material "B"
Pmax = 125 k
ε ε
σ σ
50 ksi X 50 ksi
12" 12"
M
σ max = = 50 ksi
S
σ
σ S = 96 in3
50 ksi
50 ksi X
ε
ε
4" 4"
50 ksi
M M 12"
12"
σ σ
50 ksi 50 ksi X 50 ksi
M
σ max = = 50 ksi Material "A" Material "B"
Z
σ ε ε
Z = 144 in3
50 ksi
Material "B" Mmax = 144 in3 x 50 ksi = 7200 k-in Mmax = 4800 k-in Mmax = 7200 k-in
250 k-ft
M wL2
8
500 k-ft
M M M
wL2
500 k-ft. 500 k-ft. 500 k-ft. = 750 k − ft
8
Beam "A" Beam "B" Beam "A"
wmax = 6.67 k / ft.
θ θ θ
Example: Beam Capacity L = 30 ft.
w
w
500 k-ft
250 k-ft
wL2
M 8
M M
500 k-ft. 500 k-ft.
500 k-ft
Beam "A" Beam "B"
M 2
wL
500 k-ft. = 1000 k − ft θ θ
8
Beam "B"
wmax = 8.89 k / ft. wmax = 6.67 k / ft. wmax = 8.89 k / ft.
Permits redistribution of internal stresses and A limit load based on an internal stress or force
forces distribution that satisfies:
Increases strength of members, connections and
structures 1. Equilibrium
Permits design based on simple equilibrium models 2. Material Strength Limits for Ductile Response
(σ ≤ Fy , M ≤ Mp, P ≤ Py , etc)
Results in more robust structures
is less than or equal to the true limit load.
Provides warning of failure
Permits structure to survive severe earthquake
loading
Lower bound theorem only applicable for ductile structures
w w
L = 30 ft. L = 30 ft.
w w
500 k-ft
wL2
8
M M
wL2
8
500 k-ft
wL2
= 500 k − ft w = 4.44 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. )
8
wL2
= 500 k − ft w = 4.44 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. )
8
L = 30 ft. L = 30 ft.
w w
wL2 wL2
= 750 k − ft w = 6.67 k / ft. (≤ 8.89 k / ft. ) = 1000 k − ft w = 8.89 k / ft. (= true wmax )
8 8
Examples of lower bound theorem Examples of lower bound theorem
Flexural capacity of a composite section:
Flexural capacity of steel section:
0.85 fc'
Fy C
C d
d T
T
Fy Fy
σ ≤ Fy
σsteel ≤ Fy σconc ≤ 0.85 fc'
Equilibrium: C=T Equilibrium: C=T
Mn = C * d = Z Fy Mn = C * d
Why Ductility ?
Why Ductility ?
Building: F = ma
Mass = m
Earthquake Forces
on Buildings:
Inertia Force Due to
Accelerating Mass
Ground
Acceleration
H H
H
Helastic
3/4 *Helastic
Available Ductility
Ductility = Inelastic Deformation
H 1/2 *Helastic
Required Strength
1/4 *Helastic
MAX
Achieving Ductile Response....
P P
P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
Ductile Limit States Must Precede Brittle Limit States Connection response is generally non-ductile.....
Define the required strength for brittle limit states based
on the expected yield capacity for ductile element Connections should be stronger than connected
members
As Fy
Be cautious of high-strength steels
Elongation (material
ductility)
Fy / Fu
Be cautious of high-strength steels Use Sections with Low Width-Thickness Ratios and
Adequate Lateral Bracing
High strength steels are generally less ductile
(lower elongations) and generally have a higher
yield ratio.
θ Plastic Buckling
Moment Capacity
M
Mp Inelastic Buckling
M
Mr Elastic Buckling
Mp
Increasing b / t
Moment Capacity
Ductility
Plastic Buckling Plastic Buckling
Moment Capacity
Moment Capacity
Mp Inelastic Buckling Mp Inelastic Buckling
Ductility
Local buckling of a seismically compact moment frame beam.....
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-3000
Mp
-4000
RBS Connection
-5000
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Drift Angle (radian)
Effect of Local Buckling on Ductility
200
For ductile flexural response:
Use compact or seismically compact sections
Link Shear Force (kips)
150
100
50 bf
-50
Example: W-Shape
tf
-100
-150 h
-200
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 tw
h Es Lb Lb
Seismically Compact: ≤ 2.45
tw Fy
θ
M
Mp
Increasing Lb / ry
θ
Effect of Lateral Buckling on Ductility Achieving Ductile Response....
⎡ ⎛M ⎞⎤ ⎛ E ⎞
Plastic Design: Lb ≤ ⎢0.12 + 0.076 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ry
⎢⎣ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ M2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ Fy ⎠
⎛E ⎞
Seismic Design: Lb ≤ 0.086 ⎜ ⎟ ry
⎜F ⎟
⎝ y ⎠
δ P
Pcr
δ
P
How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ? How Do We Achieve Ductile Response in Steel Structures ?