Paradise Lost

1. They were expelled from heaven because they had rebelled against God.
2. To console themselves, Satan and his followers built the Palace Pandemonium
where they were plotting whether to get revenge against God by war or trickery.
3. The character of being omniscient is seen in God when he predicted the fall of
man, once having seen Satan approaching earth.
4. No, since they had free will to decide what to do. Even thought they were informed
about Satan and told not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge, they were not strong
enough and they did so. They were kind of predestined to commit that sin. What
is next, they couldn’t have been saved from sin because Satan would not have stop
himself until he had succeeded in looking for a way to make them succumb.
5. Adam seems to be more of a down to earth person as he knew there would be fatal
consequences if he and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge and he tried to
persuade her not to do so.
6. The one to blame in the committing of the original sin was Eve because even
thought she was warned by Adam not to eat from the forbidden Tree of
Knowledge and she had the right to make decisions by herself and refuse the
serpent’s proposal, her desire and interest in being more perfect as a goddess were
more powerful and let her to disobey God’s order.
7. He tried to impersonate a toad, a mist and finally a serpent. Because the paradise
consisted of animals and nature; by using those characters he could best
camouflage himself and succeed in not being seen while entering and being in the
paradise.
8. Eve: she is manipulable, ambitious, insensible.
She is manipulable since she was easily convinced by the serpent to eat from the
Tree of Knowledge. Even though she knew it was not allowed. Moreover, she is
ambitious because despite the fact she had everything in the Paradise and she was
very happy with his partner Adam, she wanted to get more: being more perfect
and becoming a goddess; that is, to resemble God. In addition, she is insensible as
she did not think about the consequences of her actions before doing them, she
was not very conscious about what could happen and how that could affect her
fate and Adam’s. She let her feeling of having perfection to control what she does
and her life.
Adam: he is loyal, dependent
He is loyal because he did not abandon Eve when she committed the original sin
and he also ate from the Tree of knowledge in order for him to await his fate along
with her. Plus, he is dependent on Eve since he did what she did, he was not able
to make a decision on his own.

9. The story does not have a happy ending for Satan as he ended up to be turned into
serpent and tormented by a copy of the Tree of knowledge, which turns to ashes
instead of bearing real fruit.
10. The story does not have a happy ending for Adam and Eve because God’s son
gave them punishments such us painful childbirth and hard labor in the fields.
Finally, they were expelled from Paradise.

Emma

1. Emma first tried to separate herself from Harriet and Mr. Elton by taking
possession of a narrow footpath, a little raised on one side of the lane.
2. Her first attempt to distance herself failed because Harriet’s habits of
dependence and imitation lead her to get close to Emma again.
3. To get the couple to overtake her, she stopped and pretended she had some
alteration to make in the lacing of her half-boot. So she bent over and blocked
the footpath and afterwards asked them to keep walking, and she would follow
in half a minute.
4. She talked to the child who overtook her since it was another chance of
distancing herself from the couple and it could be a natural excuse to separate
from them, so they would not suspect it was part of a plan and they would
keep ahead and have no obligation of waiting for her
5. She felt obliged to join the couple as the child overtook her; so, there was no
pretext of being apart from them. In addition, they both looked around and
realized she was alone.
6. When Emma joined them, Harriet and Mr. Elton were talking about
yesterday’s party at Elton’s friend Cole’s. Moreover, they were having a
conversation about the Stilton cheese, the north Wiltshire, the butter, the
celery, the beet-root, and all the desserts.
7. Emma acted like something was wrong with her boot: she fell behind and
pretended she was arranging it once more, but actually she broke the lace off
short and afterwards threw it into a ditch. Consequently, she asked the couple
to stop and she had to admit she was not able to fix the lace by herself and she
needed to stop at Mr. Elton’s house in order to ask one of his housekeeper for
a bit of ribband or string, or any thing to keep her boot on. By doing this, she
succeeded in making Mr. Elton invite Harriet and her to his house.

Actions

-She soon afterwards took possession of a narrow Lines 3-4

footpath.
-She immediately stopped, under pretence of having some
Lines 10-12
alteration to make in the lacing of her half-boot, and
stopping down in complete occupation of the footpath,
begged them to have the goodness to walk on, and she
would follow in half a minute.
Lines 17-20
 - To walk by the side of this child, and talk to and question
her, was the natural thing in the world, or would have been
the most natural, had she been acting then without design.

Line Emotion Origin

Line 3 Anxiety She wants Harriet and Mr. Elton to be alone.

Line 6- Frustration Emma found that Harriet’s habits of dependence

8 and imitation were bringing her up too and that they
would both be soon after her.

Concern She gained on them, however, involuntarily; the

Lines child’s pace was quick, and theirs was slow; and
22-24 she was the more concerned at it.

Disappointment She found that Mr. Elton was only giving fair
Lines companion an account of yesterday’s party at his
32-34 friend Cole’s.

Consolation “This would soon have led to something better of

Lines course” “any thing interests between those who
37-40 love; and any thing will serve as introduction to that
is near the heart. If I could but have kept longer
away.”

3. The fact of attending a party where food is offered (party at Mr. Elton’s friend Cole’s),
the fact of having a housekeeper at house and the fact of being called “Mister” (Mr. Elton)
let us deduce that the social setting of the novel is the upper or middle class.
4. She was very smart because she created the circumstances to distance herself and let
the couple be alone. Furthermore, she was persistent since she never gave up getting
Harriet and Mr. Elton stay together as much time as possible and she tried many strategies
in order to do so (pretending that she had some problems with the lacing of her half-boot,
the talk with the child, etc.). Finally, she was pretty optimistic as, although matters with
the couple were not working well at all, she believed that everything would get better
(“This would soon have led to something better of course”).
 ROBINSON CRUSOE

1. He decided to keep a written record of his experience for those that may come
after him. In addition, he did so because he wanted to stop thinking and
worrying about the ones who would probably be his heirs in the island.
2. His reason is now a stronger force in Robinson as it started now mastering his
depression and he began to comfort himself as well as he could.
3.
A B

He is on a desert island with little hope He has been saved from death and may also
of being found But be saved from this terrible situation

He is far from the rest of the world The weather is warm so he will not from
cold
He does not have the company of
other men There are no wild beasts that will harm him
However
He has no clothes God has helped him to have everything he
needs for survival
He has no means of defense
He is alive
He has nobody to talk to
He will no die of starvation because the
island is fertile

4. Though we are in the most troubled situation, there will always be a least a
positive thing to be pleased about in it. It is mandatory to look for something that
encourages us when being in a tragic condition. If we focus on how miserable a
situation is, it will get worse. However, if learn from those unpleasant experiences
and if we learn to adapt ourselves to our problems; so, our lives will be more
manageable and there will be no reason to be stressful and worried. It is important
to find light where everything seem to be obscure.

Analysis
1. Focus on the character of Robinson.
a. Find evidence in the text that:
- He is literate: line 2
- He has strong religious beliefs: lines 7, 15,16,27
- He is familiar with the world of trade and commerce: lines 8,12,39
 - He has a practical approach to solving problems: 36-38, 42-43
b. Robinson most likely belonged to a middle-class merchant/professional as in
his writing he used some words from the field of trade and commerce such us
“debtor”, “creditor”, “credit side of the account”; moreover, he seemed to have
been in charge of a “ship’s company” when the shipwreck occurred. Finally,
he had travelled to the Coast of Africa.
2. In this “Evil” column, Robinson cites both psychological and material needs.
a. Tick the table below according to which kind of need is expressed.

Evil Psychological Material

I am divided from Mankind, a Solitaire, one banish’d from 

humane society.

I have no clothes to cover me. 

I am without any Defence or Means to resist any violence of Man 

or Beast

I have no soul to speak to or relieve me. 

b. Do the same for the “Good” column of Robinson’s list.

Good Psychological Material

But I am not starv’d and perishing on a barren Place, affording no 

sustenance

But I am in a hot climate, where if I had Clothes I would hardly 

wear them

But I am cast on an island, where I see no wild Beast to hurt me,

as I saw on the Coast of Africa: And what if I had been 
shipwreck’d there?

But God wonderfully sent the Ship in near enough to the shore,
that I have gotten out so many necessary thing as will either supply 
my Wants, or enable me to supply my self as long as I live.

c. No, he does not because for the fact of being separated from Humankind, he
proposed the fact of not starving and having food; for the fact of having
nobody to talk to, he proposed the fact of having supplies for his needs. So,
for a psychological need, he usually presented a material solution. The side
of Robinson’s is more practical because he based his reflections on what he
 had on his hands (food, climate, supplies, etc.). He does not concentrate on
what he is feeling i.e. solitude, but he tries to learn how to live with what he
has in his surroundings in order for him no to be worried and make his life
easier.
3.
a. Find the mssing elements in the following couples

Reason/mind
Comforts / miseries
Debtor/creditor
Something Negative/Positive

b. Which adjective would you choose to describe the language Robinson uses to
express himself?

He uses a balanced language since he contrasts different ideas that could be the
same or opposite (good/evil, mind/reason, comforts/miseries). Furthermore, he
used a variety of synonyms and antonyms so that the text could be harmonious
and flowing.

c. Robinson’s language reveals that he is very rational and a down to earth person as
he is conscious about the situation he is living and he tries to look for a solution for
his problems. Plus, the language demonstrates he is also optimistic as he is always
seeing the positive side of the circumstances even though the conditions seem to
be miserable. Moreover, the language he employs reflects that he is persistent and
strong as well as thankful because he does not give in front of his tragic reality.

MARY SHELLY

1. Before just giving life to the monster, Victor felt horrified and disgusted at
what he had created. He was not able to put up with its horrible appearance.
He was so shocked that he rushed out of the room.
2. The monster opened his dull yellow eye, it breathed hard, and a convulsive
motion agitated its limbs.
3. He felt that his creation was totally different to what he had desired it was. It
was a creature with repulsive characteristics that were impossible to be seen
and that contrasted with some exuberant traits. This mixture make him more
horrible.
4. He rushed out of the room, and continued a long time traversing his
bedchamber, unable to compose his mind to sleep.
5. Victor dreamt he saw Elizabeth walking in the streets of Ingolstadt. Then he
embraced and kissed her; however, after having kissed her, her lips became
livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and he thought
he held the corpse of his dead mother in his arms; a shroud enveloped her
form, and he saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of flannels.
 6. When he awoke from his nightmare he saw the wretch- the miserable monster
whom he had created. His eyes were fixed on him. He articulated some sounds
but Victor could not hear. One hand was stretched out, apparently as if to hold
him back.
7. He spent the rest of the night taking refuge in the courtyard, walking up and
down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each
sound as if it were to announce the approach of t the demoniacal corpse.

Analysis

1. Find the following in the opening paragraph of the text.

- The time of the year: November
- Time of day: night- one day in the morning
- The weather conditions: incessant and gloomy rain.
- The quality of light: very weak and half-extinguished light
a. What kind of atmosphere does the description of the setting create?
Expectation
b. Would you consider this a typical setting for a horror story?
Yes, because it tells the reader that probably something unexpected and
mysterious would happen. Moreover, it lets to catch people’s attention, which is
one of the characteristics of a horror story.

2. Beautiful aspects: proportional limbs, lustrous black hair, pearly whitened teeth.
Repellent features: watery eyes, brownish-grey eye holes, shriveled complexion and
straight black lips.
3. In the first paragraph Victor’s mood is anxiety about seeing the result of his long work.
Meanwhile, in the second paragraph this anxiety turned into astonishment: “how can I
describe my emotions at this catastrophe” “Beautiful!-Great God”.
Then, his surprise developed into repulsion and fear when he said that “the beauty of
his dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled his heart” as well as when
he rushed out of the room and when he took refuge in the courtyard.
4. Her lips became livid with the hue of death, I thought I held the corpse of my dead
mother, a shroud enveloped her form, I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of
flannel.
5.
a. Surprise: “how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe” “Beautiful!-Great
God”.
Fear: “I rushed out of the room”, “I took refuge in the courtyard”
Desperation: “… and continued a long time traversing my bedchamber, unable to
compose my mind to sleep” “…walking up and down in the greatest agitation,
listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the
approach of t the demoniacal corpse.”
Repulsion: “the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust
filled my heart”

6. It was not logical that Victor was preoccupied with the physical aspects of his creation
because during the process of making this creature, he was conscious about the parts
 he used in order to form it. Consequently, he knew the appearance of this monster
before giving it life. There was no reason to be frightened when it woke up.
Furthermore, from our angle, he was not worried about the monster’s physiognomy,
but about the fact that he had challenged nature and God with this discovery.

Jonathan Swift

1. The fact of observing the street and roads crowded with female poor people with their
children asking for money saddens the ones who walk through Dublin or travel in
Ireland.
2. The children of poor people become thieves because the do not have opportunities to
work; they also enlist for the war with Spain and they emigrate to the West Indies.
3. The person who solves the problem with poor children should be honored by
constructing one statue of this individual in order to have public recognition.
4. The main causes of voluntary abortion or the murder of illegitimate children are, first
of fall, the high expense of livelihood and the shame having a baby could provoke.
5.
- Inhabitants in the kingdom of Ireland: one million and a half
- Couples in which the wife is of child-bearing age: two hundred thousand
- Couples who can maintain their children financially: thirty thousand
- Miscarriages/infant deaths per annum: fifty thousand
- Children born to poor parents: one hundred and twenty thousand
6. A very knowing American that he knew was the one who informed him about the
nutritional and potential of young children.
7. Twenty thousand children should be reserved for breeding. Among the breeders, the
male/female ratio will be one-fourth, that is, one male for four females. The remaining
four thousand children of the poor; once they are one year old, will be sold to the rich
through the kingdom.
8. Because if they are well-fed in the last month of their first year, they will get fat. As a
consequence, they will be more appealing and appropriate for a god table.
9. Since this food will be dear and proper for them.
10. Because by this time most of the children that had been conceived during Lent, due to
a prolific diet based on fish, will have already been born.
11. The radio between catholic and non-Catholic children in Ireland is three to one.
12. The fact that he has no children to be offered since his youngest son is nine years old
and his wife is past child-bearing.

Analysis

1. Yes, the writer’s attitude is preparing the reader for the suggestion he is about to
make since he wants to seem benevolent and concerned about the difficult
situation the poor are living; he also tries to look like a very close person to the
problem that is affecting his country. Furthermore, he shows himself as a
comprehensible individual, so that people cannot imagine the controversial
proposal he will do. He wants the reader to be unprepared for this proposal in
order to impress and shock the reader with what he is proposing; plus, he intend
 to make the reader’s feeling and emotions (such as surprise, astonishment etc.)
flourish.
2. Identification of a principal and secondary problem to be addressed: 1, 2
paragraphs
Close analysis of the problem including relevant statistical data: 3 paragraphs
Proposal of a solution and its ramifications: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 paragraphs
Conclusion: 9 paragraphs.

3. Use of statistics: “The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one
million and a half” “I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couples
whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couples
who are able to maintain their own children”, “there will remain a hundred and
seventy thousand breeders”, “I again subtract fifty thousand for those women who
miscarry…”, “there only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of
poor parents annually born”, “…that of the hundred and twenty thousand children
already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one-
fourth par to be males…”
References to authoritative sources: for we are told by a grave author, an eminent
French physician, that fish being a prolific diet…”, “I have been assured by a very
knowing American of my acquaintance in London…”

4. A child can be cook in different ways: stewed, roasted, baked, boiled, in fricassee
or a ragout, seasoned with little pepper or salt.
There is another example in which the writer shows great attention to detail and it
is when he presents and does numbers about the specific quantity of children that
could be born for sale, how many boys could be left for reproduction and so on.
The writer is very precise with the figures which he based on to make his proposal
and he is very rigorous when announcing the statistics.

5. The pseudo-scientific style of the text and the attention to detail create in the
reader the feeling that this writing contains kind of factual and credible matters
that can support it. As a result, those aspects give the text a serious nature in
order for it to be really considered as a possible and viable solution for the
problem of children from poor families. Since it specifies in detail how the
proposal would be carried out, the text becomes a real but cruel response to the
question: how to deal with those individuals that are born frequently and that
cannot be maintained by their parents? On the other hand, the detached scientific
style of the passage and the attention to detail makes the proposal even more
horrific because it highlights barbaric ways (the fact of eating children) of solving
the problem; manners that could never have been thought by a human being,
even under the most difficult conditions. This proposal is a result of a reproachable
thought of a heartless person as innocent and indefensible individuals and their
sacrifices are inconceivable.
6. References where the writer describes his proposal as modest or humble:
“I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be
liable to the least objection”
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration…”
I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in
endeavoring to promote this necessary work, having no other motive than the
public good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving
the poor, and giving some pleasure for the rich.

The writer’s insistence on the modest nature of his proposal make it seem even
more outrageous since the author tries to make it something normal that came to
his mind and that can be a possible solution. He presents it like a good alternative,
that has to be analyzed, discussed and why not implemented. He shows it like
something which could be morally acceptable for his society.