Learning

It is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that takes

place through practice of experience. Changes that take place
due to maturation or growth are not learning. Change shoyld
be relatively permanent.

Classical conditioning
Experiments done by Ivan Pavlov 1890s
First trial present food UCS to dog
Dog salivate UCR
Pairing of bell CS and Food UCS
Dog salivate to bell i.e CR to CS

Food Salivate
UCS UCR

Learning curve: Steep growth in starting

Stabilizes slows down w time

First trial
CS+UCS
No conditioning occurred yet
Test trial after CS and US have been paired a number of times
The learning curve is negatively accelerated.
Increase later is less than before because there is a limit to
the magnitude of the response shown by the respondent.

Theories of Classical Conditioning:

Substitution Theory
Information and Expectation
CS becomes signal for US
CS presented US expected lerner responds in accordance w
expectation
UCS is a surprising event and induces learner to look back
through recent memoru,, CS is found in memory each trual
before UCS, assosciation formed.
Condn response made in anticipation to UCS.

Extinction
Not Forgetting
CR becomes less freq when CS presented by itself
The procedure of extinction is not forgetting because in
pricess of extinction there is an explicit method which is
presentation of CS alone
Little Albert Theory
Stimulus Generalization
Salivate at similar.

Generalisation occurs to stimuli that were somewhat similar

to CS.

Spontaneous Recovery
Decrease in CR may be result of extinction need not be
permanent. Sometimes there is increase in CRE map after
aperiod of time w no explicit training
What has been learnt can also be unlearnt using the same
process.

Classical Conditioning:
Pavlovian Stimulus Substitution
Association ?????what in the heck is this
Little Albert Stimulus Generalisation

Instrumental Conditioning
Reinforcer: Environmental event or stimulus which
increases probability of behaviour occurring again
 Negative reinforcer: An event which can be avvoiced by a
certain behaviour so that behaviour is repeated ti avoid that
event.

Types of learning
Motor: Walking etc
Verbal: Talking etc
Concept: Higher order mental processes like thinking
reasoning etc. We know what is what
Problem Solving: HOI processes req cog aboities to solve
problems
DiscriminationBeing able to discriminate and differentate
between stimulu and showing appropriate response
Principle: Using principles learnt in daily life to manage
work effectively
Attitude: Attitude is a predisposition which determines and
directs our behaviour

Theories of Classical Conditioning

Stimulus substitution theory
Information expectation theory

Trial and Error Learning by Thorndike

Cat experiment
Learning=Errors countered
Repeated trials: Errors reduced

Conditions for Trial and Error Learning: Barrier in satisfaction

Random active
Accidental Success
Selection of right response
Fixation of right response

Laws of Trial and Error:

Law of exercise
Organism learns with roactisce
Law of Effect
Satisfying state of affairs is the key to learning
Law of Readiness
One learns better when one is ready psychologically and
physically to learn

Operant
Omission of reinforcement
Shaping
Schedule of reinforcement
Omission
Shaping
Schedule of reinsfore
Escape learning
Avoicdance learning ;;;; rat

Seligman: Main proponent of positive psychology

Learned optisim and learned helplessness……dog

Insight learning
Solution comes suddenly after period after using verios
response
Perceptual reorganisation of elements
Solution generalisation experience

Transfer of Learning
Acc to Crow and Crow
Transfer of learning
Learning in one context and applying it to another
Positive
Negative
Neutral
 Emotion
Meaning & nature
Derived from word emovere which means to stir
Eemotion is a stirred up state of organism when we feel
agitated
Definition
Short lived response which helps us to adopt to the
opportunities and challenges we face

Characteristics of emotion
Specific condn of mind
Stirred up state
Aroused by certain stimuli
Motivation plays imp role
Emotion moreintense than feeling
Some stimulu may arouse different emotion

Brain emotion
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Limbic sys
Theories of emotion
James Lange
William James Carl Lange
We feel emotion after physiological response
Felt emotion is a perception of bidily changes
10 eprcieve sit
2) react ti sit
3) notice reac

Connor Bard
Rxn and Emot are independent
1) Perceive emotion
2) Hypothalamus is active and sends output in 2 dirn
a. Internal body organs and externam muscles to
produce bodily changes
b. Cerebral cortex where pattern of discharge from
hypothalamus is perceived as felt emotion
Perception of Situation
Hypothalamus sends in 2 dirn

Singer Schachter Theory