DAVIS’? HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDRAULICS Vincent J. Zipparro, Editor in Chief Chief Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago Hans Hasen, Coeditor Consultant, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago FOURTH EDITION McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York St.Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogot4 Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Davis’ handbook of applied hydraulics / Vincent J. Zipparro, editor-in-chief, Hans Hasen, co-editor. Pp. cm, Rev. ed. of: Handbook of applied hydraulics / Calvin Victor Davis, editor-in-chief. Includes index and bibliographical references ISBN 0-07-073002-4 1, Hydraulic engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Zipparro, Vincent J. II. Hasen, Hans. III. Davis, Calvin Victor, date. Handbook of applied hydraulics. TC145.D3 1993 627—de20 92-28842 CIP Copyright © 1952, 1942 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright renewed 1970 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved, Copyright © 1993, 1969 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOCIDOC 98765432 ISBN O-0?-073002-4 The sponsoring editor for this book was Harold B. Crawford, the editing supervisor was Peggy Lamb, and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by McGraw-Hill’s Professional Book Group composition unit. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill, Inc., from sources believed to be reliable. How- ever, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accu- racy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this informa- tion. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional ser- vices. If such services are required, the assistance of an appro- priate professional should be sought.Dedicated to Leroy F. Harza, Founder of Harza Engineering Company, Calvin V. Davis, Chairman, and Kenneth E. Sorensen, Chairman Emeritus.CONTENTS About the Editors xi Contributors xiii Preface x2 Acknowledgments xii Section 1. Hydrology Precipitation, Evaporation and Evapotranspiration, Storm Rainfall, Runoff, Floods, Computer Programs Section 2. Basic Hydraulics Closed Conduits, Evaluation of Friction Coefficients, Form Losses, Orifices, Open Channels Section 3. Hydraulic Models Definition of a Model, Principles of Hydraulic Modeling, Models of River Channels Section 4. Reservoir Hydraulics Introduction, Sediment Storage Reqilirements, Analysis of Water Availability, Reservoir Flood Routing, Reservoir Selective Withdrawal Section 5. Natural Channels Hydraulics of Natural Streams, Determination of Discharge, Backwater Curves Section 6. Regime Canals Channels of Alluvium, Theory of Regime Channels, Effects of Sediment and Seepage, Design of Regime Canals Section 7. Canals and Conduits Hydraulic Factors, Conveyance Losses, Design of Canals, Hydraulic Computations, the Lining of Earth Canals vii 1a 241 31 51 6.1 Taviii CONTENTS Section 8. River Diversion 8.1 Site Limitations, Diversion in Narrow and Deep Channels, Diversion in Wide Stream Channels, Diversion Through Concrete Dams, Diversion Over and Around Embankment Dams, Diversion Discharge Capacities, Tunnels, Cofferdams Section 9. Concrete Dams 9.1 General Features, Design Considerations, Uplift Pressure, Scismic Loading Section 10. Arch Dams 10.1 Arch Dam Types, General Theory of Arch Dams, Loads and Arch Dams, Stress Distribution in Arch Dams, Design of Arch Dams, Analysis of Preliminary Plans, Finite Element Method, Instrumentation of Arch Dams, Model Investigation, Examples of Arch Dams Section 11. Prestressing/Post-Tensioning and Rehabilitation 11.1 Introduction, Cable and its Anchorage, Examples of Prestresses/Post-Tensioned Dams, Rehabilitation of Dams Section 12. Barrages and Dams on Permeable Foundations 12.1 Barrage and the River, Barrage Superstructure Design, Substructure Design, Barrage Appurtement Structures, Dams on Permeable Foundations Section 13. Embankment Dams 13.1 Introduction, Geology, Embankment Types, Foundation Treatment, Subsurface Investigations, Laboratory Tests, Seepage Analysis and Control, Stability Analysis, Earthquake Considerations, Settlement Analysis, Slope Protection and Freeboard, > Construction Quality Control, Monitoring and Performance Evaluation Section 14. Concrete Face Rockfill Dams 14.1 Concrete Face Rockfill Dam (CFRD), Features of the CFRD, Compacted Rockfill for the CFRD, Design, Construction, Performance, Typical Designs Section 15. Roller Compacted Concrete Dams 15.1 Types of RCC Dams, Physical Properties of RCC, Design of RCC Dams Section 16. Spillways and Streambed Protection Works 16.1 Discharge Capacity, Spillway Crests, Overfall Spillways, Gates and Orifice Spillways, Chute or Trough Spillways, Design Considering Cavitation and Acration, Incipient Cavitation and Damage Experiences, Side Channel Spillways, Morning-Glory Shaft and Tunnel Spillways, Siphon Spillways, Scour Protection Below Overfall Dams Section 17. Gates and Valves 17.1 General, Spillway Gates, High Head Gates, Valves, Hydraulic Design Factors, Equipment Design ConsiderationsCONTENTS ix Section 18. Environmental Aspects and Fish Facilities 18.1 Introduction, General Effects of Impoundment, Biological Criteria, Fish Passage, Fish Ladders, Fish Exclusion Devices, Aeration of Downstream Releases Section 19. Hydroelectric Plants 19.1 Power from Flowing Water, Water Conductors, Powerhouse Structures Section 20. Pumped Storage 20.1 Basic Concepts of Pumped Storage, Elements of Pumped Storage, Rating, Performance and Operation, Costs and Economics, Developing Pumped Storage Section 21. Hydraulic Machinery 2141 Turbines, Reversible Pump-Turbines, Turbine Speed Governors Section 22. Hydraulic Transients 22.1 General, Definitions, Basic Waterhammer Equation, Wavespced in Tunnels and Conduits, Basic Differential Equations for Transient Flow, Characteristic Method of Analysis, Finite Difference Characteristics Equations, Development of Boundary Conditions for Method of Characteristics Section 23. Navigation Locks 23.1 General, Lock Layouts, Lock Hydraulics, Equipment Section 24. Irrigation 7 241 Land Classification, Crop Evapotranspiration, Farm-Irrigation Requirements, Conveyance Losses and Waste, Reuse of Drainage Water, Results from Irrigation Section 25. Drainage 25.1 Drainage Surveys and Investigations, Sources of Water, Soils, Salinity, Water Tables, Surface Drains, Hydraulic Design Drainage Structures, Subsurface Drains, Design Criteria, Drain Size, Materials and Installation, Pumping for Drainage Section 26. Irrigation Structures 26.1 Diversion Weirs, River Intakes, Distribution System, Canals, Regulating Structures, Protective Structures, Delivery Structures, Misccllancous Structures, Pumping Installations Section 27. Water Distribution and Treatment 27.1 Potable Water Requirements, Hydraulics of Water Treatment Systems, Hydraulics of Water Distribution Systems, Water Distribution Pumping Systems, Water Distribution Storage Facilities ~x CONTENTS Section 28. Wastewater Conveyance and Treatment 28.1 Wastewater Collection/Conveyance, Sewage Quantities, Hydraulics of Sewers, Sewer System Design, Sewage Pumping Stations, Sewage/Wastewater Treatment Index (follows Sec. 28) 1.1ABOUT THE EDITORS Vincent J. Zipparro, editor in chief, is vice president and chief engineer of Harza Engineering Company in Chicago, Illinois. He has overall responsibility, under direction of the president, for all technical and administrative activities related to the engineering functions of the company. Mr. Zipparro has served as project manager on more than 10 major Harza projects, and is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Hans Hasen, coeditor, was a vice president and manager at Harza Engineering Company, where he has worked for more than forty years. Since 1979, he has been manager of the Guri Final Stage Project in Venezuela, and previously served as head of the civil design department. Mr. Hasen is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. xiCONTRIBUTORS George C. Antonopoulos Associate, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 19) Rimas J. Banys Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 18) James E. Borg Senior Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (secs. 3, 22) Henry H. Chen Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 20) J. Barry Cooke Consulting Engineer, San Rafael, California (sec. 14) Hans Hasen Consulting Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 19) Nicholas M. Hernandez Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 26) Gregory A. Hillebrener Senior Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 15) Khalid Jawed Associate, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 1) Thomas J. Johnson Senior Engineer, Harza Environmental Services, Chicago (sec. 27) David E. Kleiner Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (ste. 13) Casey M. Koniarski Senior Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 11) Istvan T. Laczo Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (stc. 23) James E. Lindell Senior Associate, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 1) R. A. Abdel-Malek Vice President, Harza Engineering Company International L. P., Caracas, Venezuela (sec. 9) Bernard A. McKiernan Senior Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (secs. 2, 4-7, 12) David B. Palmer Senior Irrigation Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (secs. 24, 25) Richard Persaud Senior Engineer, Harza Environmental Services, Chicago (sec. 28) John A. Scoville Chairman, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 12) Chander K. Seghal Associate, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 17) James H. T. Sun Senior Associate, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 21) Archivok V. Sundaram Senior Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 14) Edwin Paul Swatek, Jr. Consulting Engineer, Lake Bluff, Illinois (sec. 8) James H. Thrall Vice President, Harza Northwest Inc., Bellevue, Washington (sec. 18) John P. Velon Vice President, Harza Environmental Services, Chicago (secs. 27, 28) C.¥. Wel Senior Hydraulic Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 16) Roman P. Wengler Senior Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 10) Chang-Hua Yeh Vice President, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (secs. 9, 10) Vincent J. Zipparro Vice President and Chief Engineer, Harza Engineering Company, Chicago (sec. 11) 7 xiiiPREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION The objectives of Davis’ Handbook of Applied Hydraulics are to present clearly and concisely the fundamental principles which are basic to each subdivision of hydraulic engineering, and to demonstrate the practical applications of these prin- ciples by examples which have been drawn largely from the actual practice of hydraulic engineering. The objective of this fourth edition is to present the most recent developments and current practice consistent with the handbook’s objec- tives. Since the publication of the third edition in 1969, a considerable amount of new data has been developed and has become available in all aspects of applied hydraulics. The Editors were confronted with the task of incorporating this new information and at the same time condensing the handbook to make it a more convenient reference source. Sections were combined and rewritten and more ta- blcs and graphs have been incorporated. Reference has been made to computer programs which are now commonly used to solve hydraulic engineering prob- lems. Also some new sections have been added to the handbook. All contributors are practicing engineers and have included material based on experience gained in designing and constructing hydraulic projects. The section on river diversion has been rewritten to incorporate the extensive experience of Edwin Paul Swatek, Jr., who has played a major role in many river diversions and is a world-renowned expert in the field. Dramatic advances have been made in the design and construction of concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD) and J. Barry Cooke, renowned authority on this sub- ject, completely rewrote this section, incorporating the latest data and practices. J. A. Scoville, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Harza Engineering Com- pany, has made substantial contributions to Section 12, Barrages and Dams on Permeable Foundations, incorporating his expertise in this field. New subject material has been added. Rehabilitation of older hydraulic struc- tures is becoming of increasing interest to hydraulic engincers and has been added to Section 11, Prestressing/Post-tensioning, and Rehabilitation. Environ- mental protection is a major concern for all hydraulic projects, and a new section on this subject has been written that includes fish facilities at dams. Since the third edition was published a new technique in the design and con- struction of hydraulic structures, and dams in particular, has gained prominence, namcly, roller compacted concrete (RCC), and a new section has been devoted to it. Aeration of spillway flows to combat cavitation damage has been another sig- nificant advance in hydraulic engineering since the third edition. The subject is covered in detail in the section on spillways and streambed protection works. The section on waterhammer, surge tanks, speed regulation and governing sta- bility has been combined in a new section on hydraulic transients, emphasizing the new computer methods used in current design practice. Sections on water supplies, water distribution, and water treatment have beenxvi PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION rewritten and combined in a new section on water distribution and treatment. This new section incorporates significant information and focuses on the current practice utilized by engineers. Similarly, sections on sewage quantities, sewers, and pumping stations have been combined in a new section on wastewater distribution and treatment, ex- panding the scope and giving information that is valuable for the design engineer. Vincent J. Zipparro Hans HasenACKNOWLEDGMENTS The fourth edition builds on the third edition published under the leadership of the late Calvin V. Davis and the late Kenneth E. Sorensen. Mr. Davis had the initial inspiration to undertake the writing of the first and second edition and in- corporated his experiences of a lifetime of successful enginecring. Mr. Sorensen was an outstanding planning engineer, who pioneered the stage construction concept, in which initial developments serve immediate needs, but have the potential to be enlarged in the future. He planned large, successful projects in the United States, Venezuela, and Argentina using this concept. The Editors’ long association with Mr. Sorensen, Chief Planning Engineer and Chairman Emeritus of the Harza Engineering Company, had a definite impact on this book. The Editors express their deep gratitude to all who have made contributions to the fourth edition and have incorporated their lifelong expertise in this handbook, especially to J. Barry Cooke, who has made outstanding contributions to the de- sign and construction of concrete faced rockfill dams and Edwin Paul Swatek, Jr., who contributed his experience on the diversion of rivers. Finally, the Editors wish to specially thank Walter J. Bogdovitz, President of the Harza Engineering Companies, without whose support and encouragement the fourth edition would not have been accomplished.SECTION 1 HYDROLOGY By Khalid Jawed and James E. Lindell’ PRECIPITATION 1. Definition and Measurement. Precipitation consists of rain or snow. Rain is defined as liquid water drops mostly larger than 0.02 in (0.5 mm) in diameter. Rainfall refers to amount of liquid precipitation. Snow is composed of ice crys- tals, often agglomerated into snowflakes. The density of freshly fallen snow var- ies greatly. About 5 to 20 in (125 to 500 mm) of snow is equal to 1 in (25 mm) of liquid water. An average density is often assumed to be 0.1.'* The amount of precipitation is measured in inches (to the nearest 0.01 in) or in millimeters (to the nearest 0.2 mm). Nonrecording daily rain gages (precipitation measured at 0800 h daily) and automatic recording rain gages are used. The receiving area of the gage varies from 31 in? (200 cm?) to 78 in? (500 cm”). The standard U.S. Weather Bureau gage” has a receiver area of 50.3 in? (8 in diame- ter). For nonrecording gages, the measuring tube provides a magnification of 10 (measurement area 5.03 in’, 2.53 in diameter). A nonrecording gage is also gen- erally installed at a recording gage site to provide a check on the automatic gage mechanism. A recording gage may be equipped with a 7-day recorder or a strip- chart recorder that serves up to 6 months. The amount of measured precipitation depends on the exposure of the gage to the wind and also on the nature and height of the surrounding objects. A poor exposure should be avoided and wind barriers such as bushes or fences may be needed at some locations. The density of precipitation stations (network) is either determined by the project or established for a general assessment of a country’s areal and seasonal variations of precipitation. The basic networks in the United States are (1) syn- optic network (weather forecasting), (2) special reporting network, (3) recording network, and (4) nonrecording network. At present there are about 11,000 non- recording gages and about 3500 recording gages. A comprehensive discussion of exposure, network, sources of error, and types of rain gages is provided by the World Meteorological Organization,** Chow,* and Rodda.©” Techniques for measuring rainfall using radar? and satel- lite imagery’ have been developed in recent years, especially for flood forecast- ing. 2. Sources of Data. In most countries, meteorological departments and other agencies responsible for water resources developments maintain precipitation records. In the United States, the principal source of precipitation data is the Na- ‘Acknowledgment is made to Phillip Z. Kirpich and Gordon Williams for material in this section which appeared in the third edition (1969). “Superscripts indicate items in the References at the end of this section. 1.1