Ultrasonic Flaw Detection for TechniciansFIRST IMPRESSION 1978, ‘SECOND IMPRESSION 1981 ‘THIRD IMPRESSION 1967 FOURTH IMPRESSION 1990 FIFTH IMPRESSION 1992 Copyright © O18 Powor & Nuclear Division Publshod by ‘O'S Power & Nuclear Division A rights reserved. No par of tis publication may be reproduced, stored ina rerioval systom, 2 ransmitod, in any form or by any means, ‘electronic, mechanical, photocopying, ‘or otherwise, without he prior parmission ofthe Publishers. Printed in Wales by Dinetw Pross Rawlings Road, Llandybie Dyfed, SAT8 SYD Cover Design: Geof Cament Contents Section Introduction 1. The History of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection 2. Simple vibration and periodic motion 3. The Acoustic Spectrum 4 Modes of Propagation 5 Properties of Sound Wave {The Generation and Detection of Uitrasonic Waves, 7. The Cathode Ray Tube and Pulse Echo System 8 Calibration Standards 9 The Ultrasonic Beam 40. The Decibel System 11. Table of Velocities 42. Twenty Rasic Exercises 1. Assessing the performance characteristics of Ultrsonic equipment 14 Compression Wave Techniques 15. Shear Wave Techniques 16 Surface Wave Techniques 37 Immersion Testing Techniques 48. The Examination of Castings 19. The Examination of Forgings 20. The Examination of Welds 21 Defect Sizing and Evaluation Techniques 22. Inspection Standards and Reporting Page " 9 6 19 a 35 a 52 73 7 101 ns 28 163 196ULTRASONIC FLAW DETECTION FOR TECHNICIANS By J.C. Drury Introduction ‘Ths book s based upon taining notes and materi which | have gotheted and used over the last few years for propating Nondestructive Testing Technicians for C.S.W.IP. and other ‘The bas is towards practical utrasonis, but tthe same tine ting to exolsin why things hep pes in simple terme. Inevitably there & some mathematica involved in ultrasonic flaw dotec: ‘fon, but there's na need for thi to be stumbling block for those of us who are not that way Inclined. Very often the mathematice can be reduced to a simple formula, of graph, or scale ‘Sowing. | Rave ted to bud the steonatives ino agen example sn that tha aden ean chee Solution which fs his ow capaeaives ‘The eaily par ofthe book deals with the fundamental principle of flaw detection at aleve wich | eels approprate to the technician, though not pemops the physicist, This is folowed bya serias of wenty basc precticel exercises which Ihave uead to familiarise trainees withthe ‘operation of @ aw detector. and with interpretation ofthe CRT diapay. Some of these exer les use standard calbration blocks, but a few of them use blocks which | have produced for ‘the purpose. In most eases it wil be possible to improvise the later from odds and ends about ‘thelaboretory, but a fay simple to have special blocks prepared Later chapters deal with specie inspection techniques, and i is from these sections thet | Would antcioate most citism of the book, fom experienced procitoners. Very often ‘esting procedures and training notes are written and stated a the practice were black ‘and white. When the beginner finds that his rests ara not 20 staightfoward, he begins lose confidence, fisy in himselt and ater in she method. | have ted to sketch in the grey frees, and to warn the student whan and why hei ikely to meet grey sea. For example, the section on weld inepection, we normally tle trainee that we position the probe index ‘ne half skip back from the wald conte line, 2 lack of penetration detect will show at a pre ‘ecerminos bear pathlength. During his fst attemat he wil probably see thatthe signal oc ais ait eatior than predicted, and ignore t, getting gradualy more frustated ashe ties 0 tind the detect "in the right place” | have sid that the probe shouldbe positioned at hal skip plus one hao the root 980. and explained tat ether the root gap, or the weld centre nes fat how, ha wl have ta confi his findings by additonal probe movements. This may ‘Seem pedantic 10 the experianced practioner who hae gained the experience 10 "nm Stinctively” sort out root defect from root Dead or undercut signals, but remember thatthe book is sumed at those who stil bainve they ead, or Near, about ultrasonic Maw detection,