50 Cuapren 2. Anniv oF Sraricauy Derensnare Snaverunes mg 29 2.4 Equations of Equilibrium sulbrim when itmintant alae of free and moment In general {Gir requirs that the foree and moment equation of equi be ‘ats slog te independent aes, namely, 0 SR=0 3k ° lM=0 3M, ° ey ‘The principal load-urying potions of most structures, however iia single plane, and since the loads af alo copa the above requemests fer equilibrium reduce to aa 2 oe My =o ere F and 3F represent respectively the algebra sums ofthe x andy componente ofall the fore acting onthe sete or one of members ind BM represents the algebra sum of the moments ofthese force emponeats about an as perpendiuat othe x plane (he # sx) abd sig thu pat 0 ‘Whenever these equations are applied ii fet necessary to daw a [reeody diagram of re suctre ore members Ia member lee, Aus be iolated from se soppors and reroundings and te outed Shape drawn. Alte ores and couple moments must be shown that et ‘on te member. In this regard the ypes of reations atthe support ean be determined wing Tube 21. Alo secall hat forces common to two tember act with egal magntider But opposite iectlons on the respective free-body diagram a the members the itera loading ats specied pont Sn a member ate to be Astermined the method of sections mse be ed Tht Testes tat 8 "eu oF scion be made perpendicular tothe ais of the member tthe point where the iatemal loading isto be determined. A ieee body Gbagzam of ether segment of the “cut” member i elated and the internal loa are then determined from the equations of quirim pplied tothe egment In general, the internal lodingr acting at the fection wl consist of « normal foree N. seat free V, and ending ‘moment M, ar shown ia Fig 2-12 ‘We wl cover the principles of states that ate sed to determine the externa reactions oo scutes in See. 25. Internal loadings instruc ‘members wil be dicuned ia Chaps 2.5 Determinacy and Stability Before startin the force anal o structure its neessry tena the dterminacy and stabity ofthe retare Determinacy. The equibrium equition provide both the necesary and sufi! options for equim. Woen al the ores ipa stucture ‘inte deleminedatnely rom there qations (he sruetuefeleredto te vodcally dneminate Stars having more unknown forces than ‘ealable equliboum equations are called aca indeterminate. AS « {ener lea stuble structure can be identified ae beng ether sateally ‘eterminate cr taal sndetenmsnate by deaing feeb dagrans of tilts members or selective pats ots members abd the comparing the Total numberof unknown reactive Loree and momen! components wilh the total number of swulale equim equations* For + coplanar structure there are at most vr equlriim equations for cach pat, s0 that there isa fta of m pare and fore and moment Teaction componeas we have [r= ae sacl dewrainaie | >, steal indeterminate eo In particular sf «structure i aticalyaedeteminate, the ation ‘equations needed to rive for the unknown reactions re obained By “elaing the applied longs sb eastions fo the duplacenent ot slope at ‘iferent pots on the stricture These equations which afe refered to ss compenbiliy equations, st be equa a Bumber tothe degre of indeterminacy of the seucluze. Compatbity equations salve the {rometic and physi propertis of the truce snd wil be casted Iortherin Cnaper 10 ‘We wall aw consider some examples to show how to casify the eterminaey o «structure The st example considers beats the second ‘example pia-connectedstrutues andi the thd We Wil deus ame ‘MructuresClasiaton of truste wil be considered in Chapter 3 “Dred gia ly scr tl he sts2 [| =10n= CClasity each ofthe Beams shown in Figs 2-200 through 2-204 as staucaly ceteminate or stacally indetemiaate. If statically indeterminate, report the suber of desees of indeterminacy, The teams are subjected {o external ondngs that ao sesumed to be SOLUTION Compound Beams ie, those i Fgt 2-20¢ and 220d, which ate cecpoved of pa-tounedtnemier) mast be diced NX (hatin there ches, the unknown reactive forer acting between each rember must be shown in equal but opposite pairs The fe-body rams ofeach member are sown. Applying r= Snot r > 3, the restlag daaications ae indicated. —— a ee @ 1a=sn) Swicly deerme Ans | © 13> 30) ‘Suey neterinte tthe seta epee. Ane 4 top tee ate o> 3) Sic inerinte othe it epee Ans ig 2-20 25. Deveney no Stary st CCassify cach ofthe pin-comnected structures shown in Figs. 22a ‘through 221d as saically determinate or saialy indeterminate. WC tatialy indsterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy The structures are subjected to aticay external lows that ze assumed Lobe known and can act anywaere on the SOLUTION Claaieaton of pimconnectd srvtures i similar to that of bears “The feecboay diagrams ofthe member are shown Applying r= 3x ocr > Sythe resulng classifications ae indicated soa aterm tthe o Ftacere Ane r= 9.n=3,9=9, ic ‘Satay eerie Ani a ny (rae tame at dnd ey Fo F*4 Th" T*F+Th CCasify each ofthe frames shown in Figs 2-224 through 2-22 as statically deteminate or statically indetemiaate. If stately indeterminate, report the suber of desees of indeterminacy The frames ae sbjerted to external loadings that are asmed to be SOLUTION Unlike the beams and pin-connected structures of the previous sxample ‘same siuclree consist of members Ut ae connected together by np jonte Sometimes the members form internal oope srin Fig 2-224 Here ABCD torms a lord loop. Tn onde to caty there structures itis ncessary tote the muthod of sections and” the loop apart The ttee-body diagrams ofthe sectioned puts ate frown andthe frame can then be clastild. Notice that only one {econ through the lop required, since once the unknowns a he fection ae elermined the interal ore al ay point in the membere fan thea be found wing the method of sections andthe equations of| ‘qullbriam, A second example of hiss shown a Fg 2-22. Alhough the frame in Fig 2-22 bat no loved loops, we ea we this sine ‘method; ing verti sections, to easily Fortis ease we ea aro jut ea ils cocpletofveody gram Tho reuling casiationa se indcated ines gare, Sey inden to ethene. sank depsee “Ans fatkaegee ns o rg ‘Stability. Toenear the cgi ofa strotue ortemembers te not ‘only scery to sty the equations of erin, the meere at to be rope ed ox constined by the supports egudless of bow te "Rructre onde Two stuns may eur whee the condos for proper Partial Constraints. Intbity ean over ita seucture o one a its ‘members has fever seat forces thas equations of elias that must ‘berated The seuture then becomes only petal consid. For ‘example, consider the member shown i Fg 2-28 with st orresponding freed diagrams Her the equation F, = Owl ol be aiid forte Ioading condos and therefore the member willbe unstable Improper Constraints. tn some cates there may be at many “unknown forces as there ate equations of equlibrium:;howevestabiy ‘or movement of « structure or its members c4n develop because of Improper consuming bythe support. Tas ean occur i al the suppor fsmmation of moment about point 0 wilt be egal tovero (Pd 0 ths rotation about point O wil take place ‘Anothee way in which improper constraining leads to instability occurs when the reactive ores ate alparallel Aa example of this ease i show {in Fig 2-25 Here when an inclined force Pit apped the summation of oan "