EMMAN COSME G. VIRTUDAZO MAR.

21, 2019
CE 86 – WRE BSCE 5A
Exercise No.1 Water Resources Development

Water resources’ planning is as old as civilization itself. Along with urban

and transportation planning, water resources planning has become a highly
important field of study as increasing development and population pressures
have come to bear on finite water resources.

Activity 1

4,000 B.C. - By about 4,000 B.C. the people of southern Mesopotamia had
achieved such increases in productivity that their farms were beginning to
support an ancient civilization.

2300 B.C - the canal connecting the Nile and Lake Moeris was deepened and
widened to form what is now known as Bahr Yussef. The purposes of this open-
channel-reservoir system were to control the flooding of the Nile, regulate the
water level of the Nile during dry seasons, and irrigate surrounding area.

1800 BC - Egyptians also built a canal connecting the Nile River and red Sea.
-The best-known contribution of the Romans, from the viewpoint of open
channel hydraulics, was the aqueduct.

17th Century - Classical Rome constructed 359 miles of aqueducts to provide

50 gallons per day to each of its citizens
-The development of pumps finally paved the way to provide adequate
supplies to many large cities, especially in Europe and by the turn of the last
century, the basic technology for treatment of sewage had been developed.
Following the major contributions of Newton to mechanics in the 17th
century, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, and Jean le Rond d’ Alembert made
notable theoretical contributions in the field of hydrodynamics, which are well
known. During the same period, Antoine Chezy and Robert Manning, as
discussed in a subsequent section, made critical and lasting contributions to
open-cahnnel hydraulics.

1784 - the Dismal Swamp Canal Company was formed and work on the canal
began in 1793.

18th Century - The effect of recent irrigation development on the Indian Punjab
and Gangetic plain is to trap millions of people technologically and,
essentially, socially also; in the village-agriculture stage of human
development.
1802 - An 1802 statute created the Army Corps of Engineers; whose original
purposes were to improve navigation on existing waterways and to explore
western water routes for an expanding nation. Throughout the nineteenth
century, army engineers distinguished themselves in the exploration and
mapping of the continent. The most famous expedition was one by Lewis and
Clark, who set out from St. Louis, Missouri, in May 1804 to find a route to
the Pacific Ocean.

1817 - Construction of the Erie Canal began on July 4, 1817, and men who
planned and oversaw its construction were talented novices rather than
trained civil engineers.

1824 - An 1824 act of Congress established the Army Corps of Engineers as the
nation's preeminent water resources manager. It appropriated funds for
improving navigation on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and it authorized the
agency's engineers to use their expertise in determining the most practicable
way of doing so.

Mid-18th Century - The history of water controversy in the United States 15

predates the constitution. A mid-eighteenth-century topic of discussion
between Virginia and Maryland was the Potomac River. Navigation, until the
settlement of the West, however, constituted the principal interest of the
Federal Government in water resources. Beginning with this century, the
concern of the federal government has spread through a large list of interests
including, successively, navigation, reclamation, Hood control, soil
conservation, parks, forests and wilderness areas, pollution, and now natural
beauty.

1879- a Mississippi River Commission was established, with the Corps in charge
of planning for an entire river basin. The agency's interest in planning and
managing the nation's waterways continues to this day in the form of numerous
activites, including channelization projects, dredge and fill activities, harbor
improvements, floodplain management, and the construction and
maintenance of a vast system of locks and dams on the nation's largest rivers.

1898 - the project California water wars began when Frederick Eaton
appointed William Mulholland as a head of Los Angeles Department of Water
and Power.

19th Century
-In any case, important engineering advances have been made over
the past few years. This year a 200-million-dollar, 5-year program of research 26
and development involving pilot-scale test plants has been approved by the
Congress. Four different basic processes are under development: distillation,
electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and crystallization.

1902 - a second federal agency, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, was created
to deal with the physical and hydrological conditions peculiar to the
western United States. As the celebrated explorer John Wesley Powell (1834–
1902) pointed out, the western two-thirds of the continent was arid . What
worked in the East could not work in the West, and so the federal
government established a reclamation fund and a bureau for the express
purpose of "reclaiming" desert lands for agricultural and municipal uses.
Whereas the Army Corps of Engineers was given authority to undertake
projects throughout the entire United States, the Bureau of Reclamation was
limited by statute to working in the sixteen westernmost states.

1928 - Los Angeles owned the most of the waterin the Valley and only minimal
agriculture was left.

1930s - During the depths of the Great Depression in the 1930s, president
Franklin Roosevelt (1882–1945) used the federal water agencies to help jump-
start a nearly prostrate economy. Huge construction projects involving the
most sophisticated planning were undertaken, including Hoover Dam on the
Arizona-Nevada border; Bonneville and Grand Coulee Dams in Washington
and Oregon; Norris Dam and others in the Tennessee River Valley; and Shasta
Dam in California. In the important 1936 Flood Control Act, Congress
mandated the Army Corps of Engineers to employ a form of economic analysis
known as benefit-cost analysis in its project planning. Other federal agencies
quickly followed suit.

1933 - Another federal agency with a regional focus is the Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA). The TVA was the brainchild of U.S. senator George Norris
of Nebraska. Like president Franklin Roosevelt, Norris was a staunch advocate
of comprehensive natural resources planning. That long-range, integrated
approach, which today many call ecosystems management, was embodied
in the legislation setting up the TVA. The work undertaken by the agency in the
1930s, during the worst years of the Great Depression, greatly assisted the
economic and social rehabilitation of an entire region. The TVA today
continues to be a significant component of the nation's water planning and
management infrastructure.

1948 - Federal legislation was limited until 1948 when the first Water Pollution
Control Act was passed. This experimental action was made permanent in
1956 and strengthened in 1961.
 -The new Water Resources Planning Act of 1965 which provides for joint
state and agency planning on a river basin or regional scale, and for federal
matching funds for state planning might prove to be an effective step toward
improving the planning process.

1950 - policymakers in Washington, D.C. undertook a comprehensive review

and analysis of water resources planning and management. Known as
the Green Book for the color of its cover, the report presented the classic
economic efficiency model as the standard for analysis.

1958 - the Green Book was revised and published with the title, Proposed
Practices for Economic Analysis of River Basin Projects. It covered the basic
concepts of benefit-cost analysis, principles and procedures for project and
program formulation, analysis of various project purposes, and cost allocation
methods. Most of the report's findings were incorporated into the President's
Bureau of the Budget guidelines for water planning and management known
as Circular A-47.

1953 -Circular A-47went into effect in 1953.

1960’s- environmentalists challenged many of the report's basic assumptions.

Although classical economic analysis was not abandoned by federal water
agencies, it was significantly modified in ensuing decades.

1960’s and 1970’s-A major change in societal values occurred, and these
values became increasingly reflected in the water resources policy arena.

20th Century - Nevertheless, the Bureau, like the Corps, developed into a
powerful planner and manager of water resources during the twentieth
century.

21st century - the Bureau of Reclamation no longer considered itself a

construction agency, but instead a management and planning organization
that employs watershed management and river basin planning to assist states
and the private sector in meeting all water needs of an arid but highly
populated West. For its part, the Corps continues to be a construction and
engineering agency, but is also pursuing a number of more environmentally
sensitive programs such as wetland protection, mitigation banking , floodplain
management, and watershed planning.
Activity 2

Agus VI HEP

Of the seven proposed hydro power plants along the rver, the majestic
Maria Cristina Falls was first to be developed and completed. Maria Cristina
Hydro Electric Power Plant (former name of the Agus VI Plant) was constructed
1950 through the authorization of then late President Elpidio Quirino. The falls
cascaded around 320 feet down a shear cliff and is 8.5 kilometers southwest
of Iligan City.

The Agus VI HEP is a 200 MW hydroelectric power plant. It is the oldest

among the six (6) cascading power plants. With five (5) generating units, Agus
VI has proven to be a steady source of electric power in Mindanao.

Construction of the project was authorized by the late President Elpidio

Quirino. Units 1 (25 MW) and 2 (25 MW) of the power plant were commissioned
in the early 1950s. After more than fifty years of operation, these two (2)
generating units are now due for complete rehabilitation and up-rating.

The hosting of various tourist attractions like Nature’s park and outdoor
activities like bird’s sanctuary, crocodile park, butterfly garden, mini zoo, zip
line can help protect and conserve nature. The Nature’s park is its main
attraction of the Maria Cristina Falls in order to showcase Mindanao
Generation’s efforts.

Activity 3

1. Formulate plans and objectives - Identify without-project future

conditions, define resulting resources problems and opportunities,
define a specific set of planning objectives, identify the constraints
and criteria in addressing the planning objectives, identify potential
resources management measures to address planning objectives,
and formulate, coordinate, and compare a set of initial plans.

2. Complete plan of study - allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations

of complex issues in their real-life settings. The value of the case study
approach is well recognized in the fields of business, law and policy,
but somewhat less so in health services research.

3. Collect and analyze data - is a process of inspecting, cleansing,

transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful
information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-
 making. Data analysis has multiple aspects and approaches,
encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names.

4. Formula alternatives - a choice limited to one of two or more

possibilities, as of things, propositions, or courses of action, the
selection of which precludes any other possibility.
5. Evaluate alternatives – the process of analyzing and evaluating
alternatives applies evaluation criteria to alternatives or options in a
way that facilitates decision making. This may be a one-step or multi-
step process, depending on the complexity of the alternatives and
the decision. The evaluation process may include refining alternatives
to develop the final alternative or option.

6. Select plan – the chosen in preference to another or others.

7. Implement Plan - implementation is the carrying out, execution, or

practice of a plan, a method, or any design, idea, model,
specification, standard or policy for doing something.
Implementation is the action that must follow any preliminary thinking
in order for something to actually happen.

8. Conduct Post-Analysis - To make the most of the benefits that the

project can deliver, however, you also need to check to see if further
improvements will deliver still greater benefit.

The most difficult step would be to formulate the plans and objectives. An
initial mistake in the beginning of plan, all the steps under it would be affected.
The formulation of the plans and its objectives also takes a lot of time and
consideration before pursuing it therefore making it through all of the 8 steps.
Activity 4

Interactions among natural, administrative, and socioeconomic water

resource subsectors and between them and their environment.

Activity 5

A gathering of citizens in a single place in order to explain them the

current situation and status of water supply in the city. This would benefit the
curious citizens and can also explain them the advantages of a least-cost
alternative plan. The alternative plan should be efficient and prevent the
problem from becoming worst.