Chapter 3 Hydraulic Processes: Flow and Hydrostatic Forces 3.1 PRINCIPLES The purpose of this chapter is to present some of the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics ies. Much greater detail can be found in fluid mechanies texts such as the excellent books by Crowe et al. (2009), Finnemore and Fraizini (2002), Fox et al. (2009), and ‘Munson etal. (2002) including fluid pro 3.1.1 Properties Involving Mass or Weight of Water Mass density, often called density, is the mass per unit volume, with units of kilograms (ke) per cubic (an) ot N sm in SI units. The Greek symbol p (cho) is used to denote density: The mass density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m’ or 1.94 slugs/ft’. For mos hydrauli processes, the density is assumed fo be constant so that water i assumed incompressible Tacompressbility does not always mean constant density because salt in water changes the density of water without chan Specific weight isthe gravitational force (weight) per unit volume of water, denoted by the Greek symiboly (gamma) The specific weight of water at 4°C is 9810 Nim* or 624 Ibe. The relationship between density and specific wei plications in hydrologic and GB.) Specific gravity of uid refers tothe ratio of the specific weight ofa given liquid to the specific ‘eight of water Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 list the various physical properties of water in English units (°F-32) or ‘and ST units, respectively. The relationship between temperature scales is °C = In the flow of water shear force exists, producing fluid friction. Viseosity is the measure of its resistance to shear or angular deformation. For a velocity between any two thin sh gradient, dv/dy, the shear stress ¢ (tau) 3.1.2 758 Chapter 3 Hydraulic Processes: Flow and Hydrostatic Forces Table 3411 Physical Properties of Water in English Units Specific Bulk weight, Density, Viscosity, Kinemati Surface Vapor modulus Temp. 1 ° 10% Viscosity, tension pressure of elasticity, CF) city (tugs) (Ib-seerf)—104v(%/sec) 1006 Abt) head, pt) 10° Babin’) 32 o2a2 1.940 3.746 1931 0518 020 298 40 6283 1940 329 L664 ost4 028 294 0 eat 1940 2738 1410 0.309 oat % 6237 1.938 2359 1217 0504 059 70 6230 11936 2.050 1.059 0500 os 80 2 1934 1.799 0.930 0492 uw 90 eit reat 139 0.826 0.486 Lot 100 62.00 L927 Laz 0.738 0.480 219 0 61.86 1923 1284 0.667 0473 120 out 1918 L168 0.609 0.465 130 6135 1913 1.069 0.558 0.460 53 140 6138 1508 ost ost 0.454 667 150 61.20 1902 0.905 0476 0487 858 160 61.00 1.896 0.838 0442 oat 19s 170 0.30 1.890 0.780 oats 0433 1383 180 6058 1.883 0.726 0.385 0.426 1733 190 60.36 1876 0678 0362 0419 21.35 200 60.12 1.868 0.637 0341 oar 2639 212 59.83 1860 0593 0319 0.404 33.90 Table 3.12 Physical Properties of Water in SI Units Specie Bulk weight, Density, Viscosiy, Kinematic Surface apo modulus y P 10° viscosity, tension, pressure of elasticity ‘Temp. CC) Nim’) hase’) (Nesim*) 10° v(mé/s) 1006 (Nm) ead psf em) —_10°B Nm?) ° 9805 999.9, 1792 1792 192 0.06 208 5 9806 10000 15319 1519 754 0.09 206 10 9803 999.7 13308 1308 748 02 an 5 9798 989.1 L140 141 val 017 214 20 97899982 1.008 1.007 736 025 220 23 979 eTt 0894 726 033 2m 30 9767 9957 a1 78 os 23 3s 9752 91.723, 710 058 224 40 973798220656 Tot 076 2 45 9720 920599 692 098 229 50 9697 988.1 054g 682 1.26 230 38 9679 985.7 0.506 674 ret 231 « 9658 98320469 6.68 2.03 28 65 9635 98068036 658 2356 226 0 9600 OTS 006 630 320 8 9589 7490380 640 3.96 80 9557 9718 0387 630 436 85 9529 9686 0336 620 593 °0 9499 965.3, 612 718 95 9469 961.9, 602 862 100 9438 se 594 1033Elasticity 3.1 Principles 59 where jt (mu) is the dynamic viscosity and y is the velocity, The velocity gradient is the time rate of strain. Thus the definition of dynamic viscosity isthe ratio of shear stress to the velocity eradient, ar 13) Kinematic viscosity isthe ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density in which the gradient force dimension cancels out in 4/p. The Greek symbol » (nu) is used to identify the kinematic v=nip 3.1.4) Kinematic viscosity has been defined because many equations include y/p. Refer to Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 for values of viscosity as a function of temperature. ‘The shear tress in fluids is involved withthe cohesion forces bet fuids causes motion, whereas solids can resist sheat stress ina state condition, Considering flow of ‘water ina pipe, the water near the enter ofthe pipe has a greater velocity than the water nea the wll Shear force is increased or decreased in direct proportion to inereases or decreases in relative velocity ‘Shear stress has units of Nim, Dynamic viscosity has units of seen molecules, Stress applied to Nim?__Ns imis\in~ aa : a 5 Kinematic viscosity has units of Nesim? _ im? N The SI unit for dynamic viscosity is centipoise (cP), in which 1 eP = 1 N sf unit for kinematic viscosity is centistoke (cst), in which Lest = Lm#/s x 10° Ideal fluids are defined as the ones in which viscosity is 2er0, i.e. there is no friction, Such fluids do not exist in reality but the concept is useful in many types of fluid analysis. Real fvids do consider viscosity effects so that shear force exists whenever motion takes place, thus producing fluid friction x10, The SL Elasticity (or compressibility) is important when we talk about water hammer in the hydraulics of pipe flow. Elasticity of water is related to the amount of deformation (expansion or contraction) induced by a pressure change. Elasticity is characterized by the hulk modulus of elasticity E, which is defined asthe ratio of relative change in volume, dV/¥, due toa differential change in pressure, dp, so that dp ante i (3.15) Also —dp/p = d'v/¥, so that dp fi 7 (3.16) apip Refer to Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 for values of the bulk modulus of elasticity as a function of perature