Khi phanrh lirn viec evcltdcl6 rndy plrirt thi ccvnirrrg c[ra c10ng crrrldt lrorrg

llulrrh <li0lr lrillrg vi) cli0lr ttiittg bi0ir thrirrh nhi€t. bien
nrirrg rr6rr rr6ict rl0 r:rj;r rlrrrg
rlit:lr clicrr Pll;ilr Iiirrg. Dc lirrr rrril r.lurrg
clich. b0 rhi'Lcri lrtyln rrrrrlc 5 rli lir;r lr0rr
cltlttg <liclr vi) salr bitrg sLr klrhc rrlrru uo,il.,iet do crra cdc
cirrg ,,,r,,g',i,,,* ,''i,rr"
[)rrrtg tlich rtr5rrg sc trao rrhiet cho.nrt(ic rrgu0i tiorrg iio
rrtr(yc cua hd,l,,,,i rliclr.
t-tLgng tlttti'c ngLrQi cltra ho rlttrlc clucvc ctidrr chirrh irr
cr-ra du,g clich niim tro,g nr6t gi6i ha^
-'- gitr
;--cr dd
' clong .,'-' clro
- rrhi6t tli)
nh{tt cli,l-r.
[10 thdng cdn c6 cfc trftm 3,7, khdi cAu chi, ciLr clao 6 vi
cldn lin hiou g cid
kidrn tr';r ,",i'l diCrr klridn vi0c crung czip cli0n.
NgLry0rr l5; 11,r',"' viec: cria be rlrii',hrr sr, : ir chd r10 r10.,r1
crr r.:frn rriv rlifrr lo.
tttiLt lrt tlrittg r-:;jtt clao (r vi rdi flrt rrril klriri rlOrrg'7 tlr) i:(r tlirrrg
rliCrr ro;rr, <.lri0rr
tr;t 1.lhlr rli qrr;r ciir: ctrOn cliilr stalo vi tao r.a {iL tnLc)trg quay. .l.ir trrrirnf tki
",',^
Fc)' tt'ortg cltc cttOtl clfly r0 1o rn0l. sfrc cli0n clOng ciim (nrg. N6'ti rrh6rrg czlc birr
c-tlc-- vi)o clltrlrg dich cli6n plrxrr lhi rrrach cli6n
cila r0 to kli6p ki, rr0rr xulit Irigrr
ddng cli0rr cinr f1rg.-Til trud,g qray t6c ci6ng 16* cldrrg clie, cirrr ;,,;
lao rit nrO lnotl tt0n lirtr quay h0 r0 to - tl'uc khuyu. Oi thay clfji tdc'ti6 <;Lray
ty ;;;;
ciiit t"t) lo la Phl'ri thay tldi.clo rrgl;l cira ciic biirr crLc. (') r;lriplong rl0rrg r:,.y r.ilrr
rrtrir'<liert. I;t r-:f1i c6 thti diCu khiCrr rld tfic c10 (luay cin r(r to l11t
nifr r'i lLir*6rir
l(rc tlO qu;ry cira tir tr"rrdr,,- {ua), (xit vi rnat-ly thrrirfly.
tlj,l*
I(hi rniiy r1i0rr lirrrt vi6c tv chd<10 rniy plrrit thl sd ud,lgi1,,ny crir r.cr to,6iii l(irr
hcrrt sd virrtg (luily ciha ltL tr-ttdng quay. I(ri d6 nang tuo,rg li)rrr
clLrrry r.0 to clcr
tlorlg ccr<16t lt'<lllg ci'lp. C/rc crtOrt clliy cira r'6 to ciit c,,i",lrr.rrg stic, cri. {ir lr-rrirrrll
qtlil)/ c:itlt slrtlo tl0u xtt/it hi0n clilrrg cli0rr ciirn r1'ng-. Nirr t;r irIrirrg crit: 5iirr r:r1.
Vito rltttrg cliclr dierr plrlirt tlri rnach r'0 to klr6p kin vir xrrii-l Sierr rii.,pll r.liCrr
r:iirrr
lilrs. l)irn1l <lirirr ey t-,! liic cl0ng cija lit tr.rrirrrg qltit), rr0rr tao rr rrr0 lrrr:rr clirr lri
' llrt-r,r.tl tlr)tt', crja h0 r'0 to - lric klrrrftr. Stt tii,rrg iric cliep ti'r Irtrirrrc q.1,11 13. ,1r
lllo llloll lihlirr ltrc l)rrr xoay slrtlo rn0t gric. I(hi lrriy rliCrr lirrr viCc iirr rii.lr ry
clri d0 rniiy phiit lh'i nr6 nten plt,fut luc clln bang v(ri rno ilep cip vi\ gi:h trli cua
nci cltroc xdc dinh nhd co cllir ctn bRng. Mudrr tiirrg pl-ru tii thi phrii rihrlng
silu bjirr c-rrc cld tirrg crr<'rrrg c16 c1<)ng rIiOrr lr.orrg r.r.,oil-l r-6 to.
Loai Plrarrh rl:)y c(r bd phrl tii rr0rr c<i kich tlrudc chrrpg l(r1, giri'i 6a, r1o r:rra tdc
rlr'i cltt;t)'bi harr clri. V) vly chrirrg r'hLcrc clirrrg chir yeir cld ihay,li,
thrj'5irr
gilo tlirrrg c(I strtr dai ltr vi ft cliirrg 1r'orrg cric lrhong thi rrglri6,ii.-t,. ",1, lrrrirrrs rl;ri
hoc vi c;i'rc ctl (lLlan nghiOn cfLr.

III.2..l. Co ctlit ctut bting (CCCB)

CICCB clilnrg cld c0n bnng v6i rrr0 men cin lvlc cld tir c16 srry ra 116 me, xoii, c6
ic:lr IVIe vir cOng strtt c6 ich cua Ne. CCCB gdnt rrhidu loai rr6Lr co khi. ccr cli0,
vr) lhfiy luc.

|t..2.4.1. (;(:C'll kidr din

0 phanh ccv khi (lrirrh IIf.l) sir clung CCCB kidu cldn. M0 nren ciirr Mc clucyc

28
 I

xic clinh tlreo bidu tht'r:c.

Mc=GL=N4e
lrortg : Me cltroc xirc dirrh cdc clai luong drr bidt l) trong lrrcrng cdc qtri cfrr
c16

G vi chidu clii cira chnh tay cldn L.

Ilierr rray rihidu CCCB cbn clirng clon vi cfr. Dd ticn theo rl6i, ir clay tr.)rrh [r;\1,
viCc x;ic rlilrh Mc v:\ Nc tlrc<t ricrlr vi cti.
'l'hco tltitt vi ci-r lhi
Me ilrtoc: t.irrh biug l(Crn (lI(Crn = 9,Bl Nltr) vii Ne clrrclc
lirrlr brirrg rnl ltrc (l mi h,rc = 0,J35(t I(w).
Ci{ tri ciia Ne dtroc xdc dinh theo bidu thrlc
Mc n
N" : Cit.n
Tlaj= Z6,,1= KCi, [mfl ILrcl
1
1'r'orrg tlri K - - hirrg s6 crrlr plrirnlr
716,2
tinh brlng I(Grn
IVIe clrrcrc

Df! tiOn tirth todn, ngudi ta thulng chon J( li rrrlc sd cira L. N6u L 0,71(r2 thi
=
K = l/1000 vi r-r6u L = 0,3581 th) K = 112000.v.v...
1112.4.2. C(:(-B kiiir crn lric
(lii'rr 1;ro cltttrtg cira loai CCCB ni\y cluoc gi(ii thiou tr'0rr lriri6 III.(r.
Dd..iiii t6ir:h
Itgttl'cll lv lilrt viOc ctra loai CCCI} rri\y, ta diirrg so clO ri hlnlr lll.7. 'fr.en srr rlsj
tlt"" r:rilllt tily cldn I,4 vi kirrr 5 clrto-c udi cfnrg thirrrh rn6{ khdi r,) xoav clrrarlr
tlirrt 0. I\40t clliu cfra cli'n 2n6i vdi clbn l, dllu kia cua cl\r-r 2 ndi vdi stato cria
Pharih vi chitr tric cl6rrg cua ltrc P tir phia stato. Khi khdng c6 lrrc [) t/rc c10ng
lhi Cl(lCB rrirn & tt'itttg llrii ban <lriLr (ritrg vtli chrt)ng clit rrJi). I(6i r:ri lrrr: l, rric-
,-16rlg tlrl cic t;ry <l<\lr I vi 4 x()ay nrOl g6c trtrlrg ti'ng. NI6 nrcrr clo h.rr.: l, r,i
<J(ii
tr'ong (l sirrh rl cirr b.irrg nhair lheo bidtr {hri'c:
P.a.cosCr_=Clsinu
'I"rorrg li
116 : I vi\ a chi6u dr)i cdc tay ddn 4 vi I [rn]
rx - g6c xoay cira CCCB so vdi trang thdi ban cliiu.
I
Do tI(r l) = -a (itga
Gii lri c:[ia lrrc P ci\ng l6n thi rx cirrg trrng vi clrroc bidu cli6n qua giri lr.i cria
rl,ing hii rlo lr.tc.
lvl0 tttcn c6 ich i\4e cua dOrrg ccv drLoc xr'rc, clirrlr bRng bidrr lh(Lr; sau :

Me=l)L - 1Gt,,go
a
'[t'ortg cltl : L - khoing cdch tit tflrn xoay, cira stato clin p]uLonq
t/rc d6ng cira luc
I).
(.16119 str;l't r:ri iclr ciia clOng co cltrclc xric clinh tlreo bidu llrfrc :

29
 ,'
u()c V IIIN
,,:,j :.i:
*t$ #l5HIII fldlffirl*iilliiau-i;
ry"= V9l-= L,l,,rr,.r,l] [rni lrrr:J
10. a'-".r- 716,2.^ t,,r., I

Ndir chon c6c k(ch tlruiyc cira CCCB sao cho l a,r- = 0.7162 vi bidu dien gir{ rr.i
a
cira lLrc I) llrOng clua {g cr t.hi :

Pn
l\e:
l01 frni
ltLcl
T'l"ortp: clti : [:'r:hIoc tirrh lring
tt((i| v) n biirrg fv/yrhl

(,/
,/l) i,
)t
l.:: (s
,') f-
<(ll-
\1. -;
j(
I
"o';
l'rr-
;rti
-lrrlll
lrllli
I/n ti
\ ll| il
',/il\irl
-r+---ll\l
:i -=----.1- ll
,

II'II
trli

Ililrlt lll.6. Crt ciil cdn briltg kiAit r:on ldt:

l. Gii : 2. Cirr rt6'i ; -J.'l-rt!c l€clr ttim ;4.'l'ruc lxinlr rdng ; .5. Kint cfia rlirr,q
Iri fl11 lrk' ;6. (it,qtrit ;T.llirrlt rrirr,g;8. Qtrctt t'ritr,q ;9. Ciitr rri'i r:firr 16i tr-rtr,q
; l0.l)r)'i tt't"ttt,r.v ; ll.Gifi cl6'; 12. R0.qidm cltiir ; l-?.fl,rtit dirt,*1 rtilrrr- .

3t)
 o-; ==l
y'r'
'r\,n'\.

/t
,fr I

l', ,l-)lJ;t
-*-t
1_-J- I

\r\ ---r'--
\
L

Itirit lll.7.lSo d6: r:fiu CCC\] kiiiiu t'on lric

Cririt toy ddn ,. 2 . Cdn n\'i)I ; -j. D1i trorrg ; 5. Kitrr r:ria cl6n,q ltd
I ,4.
do Ittr' ; 6.
Mqit rlitt,g lti do lu.c ; 7" Vd pht.'onh.

(hinlr rrr.B)

W a-'/
v;--l*-1
,/ I /-r

10
-!_.-
14 7
\ Rr
.r
\-:_
6

l-linlr Ill.8. So di cita CCCtt kiAh c,o'- cliAn

l. fuli.y'phtit t6'c ;2. stato ctia phanh ;3. Cdn n6'i ;4. Ctirt b,{y ,-5.1/ii t:rirt 6iu
It"rr1,7i'71 l*' ; (:t" Con cltuy :7. Cu(hr. dt?v bi€ir tt'r'r;8. Ding lti clo c6rtgsud't
,.9.
Cri1t trart ; 10. Li.vo llft' ; l l. Dn'li .;o.
[)ric di0rn k6.t cllrr cira CCCB rrlrrl san : rndy yrlrdt rdc (rniiy phit di6rr nr6t
chie rr) tltltrc clfrn clOng tit truc phanh ; vir cfia cdu tl'uyirr lrrc 5 pCii crirrg v6i cli'rr

31
 ,,,,,,,:],:
lr (.)(l v r[i N h. l.es ] ,, ,,,: , ,.,,
,tr,:,.1]1:,,':]

il
; I I <i,, i A't t N, tld1
lri t,;,,*l;;:i;,rit**;*:rl;i;.iL,i :::r ,.
.:::",:.:.:::.... ..r: .:.-:-,,"...... :: .:. ...:
ie.k.x.i.;hft ri,.:.;{r.:i.. -i.i ;;,tii..;,..:,;.i..;*i.,;.J*
tr g lt i g rt r d ti r t g o r
i,.*..i...;*+..,**ri,, ,.,:i,i;;.,.,..,;,..j .,. .,.*";-. .,,.,.,. ),..
".
..;,.. ,

bi-y 4' ddu kia cua c{ln bdl' 4ndi vdi

v6 phanh thdrrg qua cd, ,di 3, corr r:liay 6
clria ctlott day bich lro 7 tlrinh hai phi,in It, vi
l(, vi klri ccy c:flu lhnr t6l
crrr chay ch'rLrg y6,, cd, cr6r-r crey 7 dicrr crr,yd,. 'iec
Ngrr1,g11 lf lirtr vi0c ctra cc/ cliu nlrrr satr :
(J rnol chd c10 phu fai filrg vdi nro
nren xori, c6 ich Mc vi sd vdng c1tr.y rr t6)
sl'itlo x()ily rn6t g6c. N46 men tdc clOng vio staro s6
gxy ra luc p n6rr cldu 1.r0,
trrii cfra cdn bdy 4 bi k6o lOn phia tr0n. DidLr c16 lirn cho v6
5 clich clruyd,
xtrdrlg dudi vi lim cho ld xo bi n6n. I(hi cdc nro rnen clo
ltrc I, vi\ phin ltrc cira
ItIc tr(tr lir xo (tiic clOrrg l0lr v6 5) gty ra tren clin bCy 4 cflp lp:irrg
rr6arr llrl st:rl.
2 vi c<r cAu lrgirltg chr,rydn clOtrg. Cu6n da5, 7 s6 chiern nt6t vi tri x;ic rlinh.
Ddrrg di6rl tirlndy Ph;ht ldc 1 cti cpra c6c nhiirrh cliop tliy t{, vi I{,
cira c,0,7 vi)
qLray vi ctt'c lim rn6y ph/rt. Nhdnh thfr hai tir m6y
phdt tdc c1i clua cldng 66 c1o
corrg strlit 8, con ch4y, cliOn tr'& R, rdi vd ctrc flnr rniit ph6t.
Kirn {r.61 d61g hd g
chi rnOt gii tli cong suffl c<i fch ty l0 lhuiin vdi tich clra Mc vi) sd vdrrg
qsa_y r).
NCir lrhrr liri ci'ra <10rtg c<r lhay clcii sao clro itte klr6ng cldi, cirrr
sd virrg clpil), 1
trirr;1 lhi cic rrlrirrh dien tr'6'R, ',,1\ llr_ klrong lhey cldi
1r.i sd. Di6rr ii, ciia rrriy
Phi{ t:rrrg ti i0 thtrin r'(li sd vdng (pray rrOn li)rn c,lro kirrr cfra cldrrg lr<\ Ij rliclr
chuycrr vd phi'a ting c0ng sulii.
Ngttrrc lai khi Me ting vi n kh6ng cldi thi stato 2 xoay tidp rr6t g6c theq
chi6tr
ll[ii ldn' V6 5 tliclr clrtrydlt xrrdng cltLcli lirn cho t{, girirn vi ltr_ li-rng 1r-orrg [,lri
drcn riP nrr'ry Plrht l<lrOng rldi. Dc, It, giinr rr0rr kint cl(ing hd B x6ay liip
r10t
gric vd phia tiing riLrg v6i so gia ciia nt6 nteu.
Ndtr rnO nrctt vir vdng quay cirrrg larrg thi kirrr cldng hd 8 chi cl6 ting ddpg
t6riri
cfra hai thinh phrin ay.
Hi6n tuorrg sC di6n ra rtgtloc hi n0u mOt trong hai thhnh phdrr giim hoilc girinr
cldng thcli.

111.2.5. Dtic tihh ciia plrunlt

lll.2.5.l . Kltdi qrtdt
Dic tfrrh cira Phanh Ii hirn sd lrodc cld thi bidu clien rndi qLran h6 gii-ra c6,g
sull'l Pltrttth Nc hoitc ttrO nrctt pltartlr Me vi sd virng quily clra r0 lo
1llra,6. f).c
tirrh yrhirrrh gdrn hai loai lf lliuyCt vi\ lhuc te .

Dac lirrh Plrtrnh ly tlrtry0t bidu cli6rr nrdi qlran h0 toin 6oc t6uii. (riy girr,a Nc
(ltoic VIc) vi tr tlrt\ cltua x6t cldrr l<hi"r rring su'clung c[rii phapl n5u ciic y6u ld
sftc bdn co vi trhiOt.

32
 mffi#**#**#*I*i '

Diic did,r phanrr thuc t0 ri rn.t prriin

cua crzic ri,h prra,h rf thuyot khi cti
de, khi ,irrg sir du,g cira prranh tr., kd
crv s& kinrr rc - ky rhuar.
Dirc tirrh ciia pharrh clirng cld cho.
Pha.h pht\ hcrp v6i crirc rirh cira dOltg ccy ciilr
thir.
Sarr ciiy girli thiOu crdc ti,rr cira r,0t s6 loai phanh
vi\ so sri[th khi rritng li\nt
viOc drr clirrh cua chirng. ,

1||,.2.5.2. Dic tinh cira phanh lhiry irrc

Dac tirlr ly th,ydt c[ra phanrr Ii ,hrrrrg crrr]ng corg parabor c6,dang sau :
N" = il llt
It.rrg rki a - h0 sdddi v6i kdt ca, cu thd
cira pharrh khi ,ap clirr trtr(rc phu t:ii vi
ciic co ctir rtidrr klridn kh6ng thay cftJi vi
tr.[.
n - sfi vr\rrg (luay cira r.6 to plranh [v/phl
x - sd rnii
f)ic ti,h thuc rd cira phanir li tfp lio-p cdc clulng corlg parab,l
I trolrg cliOn t(ch
o - A - b - c - cl - o (hirrh III.5)
- I)oa, bid, cli6r sLr li\m viOc toir, riri cua pharh
'a 'cii
sd r::trfr x = 2,7 - 3.
i)i0rn a lrrrrng irLtg v<1i gi6 tri Mc,nu,.
D6 li crvscvdirrrg dd tirrr-r tod, sr'rc bd, crro r-6 t'vi\
st.to ciia prriarrh.
' rjrx, ab bidu cli6n tri sd kh6,g cldi ctra Me, cb,
Ne tiirg brr.rg cdch tiirrg tOc
<10 qray cria r'() ro. Gid t'i c[r.
Me bi lran chd trrri nhi0t cl6 cira trudc tr'otrg
l,lurrrlr.
,

Nl I
(Kw)
lbc
I

, n_:Tl__-Ne
d/"t
./,/,2

0n
( vlph)
I-Iirtlt III.q. L)rit' tirrlt r'lirt phonh llu.iy lur:
- [)oatt bc tridu di6n tri sd klrorrg cldi cfra cong sutit phzurh
Ne. T6c c10 qray
t;rrrg lr;ilrg ciich giiln ltr0 nlcn cin Me. D6 li\
corrg sLriil phanlr r.htrc td l(y, ,5frl.
Didrn r: ti'trg vtii girir lri cho ;rli6p l6n nhtii cira sd vdng quay
6'corrg ssilf plrarrh
l{t,,,^,,' I)idtr c[6 clo lri sd r:ho
Ph6;r ldrr rrhdt ci]a luc Iy, tfrn trerr r.6 to clrryel dinh.

33
- l)oarr ctl bidu cli6n su gianr c0ng suilt lllranh Nc trong khi viu gilr rrguyOrt l0c
clO cluay u.

- t)oan clo ftng vdi m0 men cirr trh6 nhift khi lrortg phanh khOng cti ritr(rc (v6i
ph;rrrlr ltiirr clr6t) lroit uirrr rn0( irt,.irrg nul'tc tdi tlriirr c/irr tlriCt (viri plrrrrrli kiCrr
c,irrh).
I(hi clrolr lrharrh thit. <lirc tfnlr ciia phanh phAi bao trirll clic tirrlr cira <10rrg ccr.
lrglria li\ <lirc lilrlr cua r10lrg co phii n.fur-r {r'orrg diOlt tfch ct'ra tliic lftrlr tlrttc te
cira plranh (drrr)rrg clfrt n6t trert ltirrh IIl.9).
111.2.5.'.\. Dirc tinh cira phnrrlr clielr
I-);ic: tinlr plrrrrh ly thrryOi li cdc dttirng corlg theo hi\rn tric lili cir:r l(r c10 qtray.
Nc -=, il n'l
'f-r'rrrrpl tkl a - hlilrg sO phr-r tlru0cr viro kdt cilu ct-t thd crla lniry tliOrr. r,:tIt'tttg. c10

rlong tlien lrotrg maclt l<ich ttl vir cfrc ydtr td khirc.
ri - so virrrg qttay ctra t.l'ttc t'0 to lviphl
t)ac tinh cira phanh chldc gi6i han trtli diOn ticlr 0 1 2 3 0 (H'irrlr IIl.l0)

lt'l e
Nr
(Kvr)
2

II //,/- 4
I /.'.'
V:T;-
n ((pt,)
Ilinh IIL10. Ddc tinh ctia phanh dittt
f)rrirrrg 03 ('rrg vrli Nc lfir nhat rri pharrh lhru viOc lliu cliri khOug bi clrd 116rrg.
Dtriipg, gl fi'gg vtli phu tii nh6 nhat (c1i0n tr6 l6n nhAt vi cltdng ciO c1<\rrlg cliOn
Ir..rrg, rrraclr cira phdn firrg nlr6 nlrat). NOu thay ddi clien tri'r trorrg maclt Phii'rr
rilg vi crr('r1g c10 tr"ong nrach kich til, ta c6 thd xic dinli gid tri lrat ky ciia N,. r'it
rr rriro lt'ortg pharrr vi cua clic tirrh lhuc 10.

111.2.5.'1. l),"rc tirrh ciltt plr<ttth tli1tr tri'

Di-rc {fplr ly tlrryit cira pharrlr n}y cri clarrg rlrrd'ng lluturg llreo bidtr tliti'c srtrt
Nc r iu't

34
 ()c,,v it,N, k.,1u0.s,,,,,'.....,, i;t'$,'ittdti9,.,1fu 11,',',iii$hi(itt'tl<)r,'tgi,r'r
I
,l,t
+ri:i{.*.,'is<<(<<t1tss.sffii\sff e,.<ffi 41s ;*"ii**i*lti**;;+{l*id iin$*;;*rc6;i+,hitriii"'#i'"';'i+*i'

Trong <15 a - hing sO phu lhtrOc viro cttlng c10 clbng <1i6n k(crlr tt'l v)r kdt ciiu cria
phnnh.
l)1c: tinl ([{irrh III.ll) drtoc gi(ri lrirn biri <lierr tfc'h .;tbr:o.
ci'ra phanlr thr-rc; ti
IrSi rliytg kfi:lr tir trilrg, tl-ri Nc r;ing tring. tfi0tr kiOrr cli phalllr litn vi0c iirl <lirllr
lir clLrirrrg cor1g clac t.irrh Nc ciia clOng crr phiri nirm troug gi6i harl cira clieil tich
clirc tfrrh thuc t0 cfta pliarrh.

III.2.5.5. Di0tr kit;rt lr)rtr t,i(c plri'i lrr4t drr dinlr ;1iito dr)trg crt rri ltltrttrlr (tllrrlr
Iil.12).
I(hi liirrr vioc plr0i hop vtii rJong, ccr ir rn0t chC clo plru liri rrhlit clirrh llrl corrg
suli't c6 (clr l{e
Itlt
Na
Ne
(Kw) t,tst 7
-S*-.-::71
lA.
O

0,84

l,,rA

OA
c
CI
,1 (v/phl

llirtlt III.I L Ditt lItrlr ciru Tilrutrlt cli0rt tri'"

N.
I
t'l c
fl? a,l on
t rw) i/,cln

n f,v/ph)

tlirlt IIt.t2. Sr.t lr)rtr t,iAc ph0'i ltc4t giila dQrtg cd d\t fi'orrg t'ti phunh'

35
 ::
. ,,.", .,, .. :
,''; :a :: ,::.:: ,., ..::::.' ' : ,

II'd,,'. t li(i't 1 g.,,il t i?,,rfg h i (y r tlti r t g c o'

liiii;;.*;;ui .i*i;.;iiiiir**a.ri;.iii..*:,.-:rii+;r

r;ira clOng cd vr\ c0llg sudl pilallh Nc cfln blng qltay clrott lltrti'c.
i-r rr-rOt t.dc c10

Do nhidrr yerr td rirrlr hrtilng khric rrhau chi yrhoi tr0tr cdtrg stlilt c6 ich Nc horir:
c6rrg srrll.l c:in Nc lhay <ldi trong khi cic ccv c{iu tliirr klridrr cl0rrg c() \'ir plr;trrlr
khong lhay cldi vi tri. DidLr d6 lirn cho str ciin bang vd niirrg luorrg bi plrd hoai
vi\ t6c r10 cluiry cira h0 truc c16ng ccr - phanlr bidn 1hi0n. Ndtr & ctng gia sd cirr
c0ng suiil luir gia sO qllay ci\ng I6n 1.lrl c10 6n dinlr ctra pharrh chrrg kcirn.
'flr( cl6 klri Ne vi Nc clin bing nhau fhi tdc c10 t10ng c<r - phanh lirrrr viec dlr
rliult i'r r10 r;rray lr,. Ndu v) ly tlo triro c1(r lr'rln lirrg No (clttitng dfLl ttt':t tt'Ctt lrirllr)
tlil ri tpulg tl'uii ciin llilr,g rndi, tCic tlO clLray sC latrg r,(li ci'lc: tri sd Att,, z\ttr-. z\lt,
circ loai lrltzrnh khirc rthatr.
c16i vri'i

Nhu viy sd rufl n cira clirc tinh phanh ci\ng l6'n thi plranh lirn vi0c cirng drt
ilinlr. 1(ic c10 quay n ci)ng (t lhay ddi khi cdrrg suit ddrrg ccv bidn thien.
III.3.'I'IIIiJ'T' BI DO I,UUN(}'[TET] IINO NIIIiIN I,Ii]T]
I I l.:1. l. I(lrdi qrrdt,

Ithi tlrr'r nghiern rl0rrg cd, la phii clo hLclrg nl-ri0n lietr 1iOtr ltao bao nhiCrr c10
li\nr c<y sb xic clinh luong tiOu hao trong rrr0t gid Cinl, sudt ti6r-r hao nlliOn liOu
ge vr\ Irel sd cltr kh6ng khi cr. Tren co stv c16 ta c6 thd clfnh gi{ tirrh tidt ki6nr
rrhi0n lieu cila c16rrg cd..,i cliot-l tl:irrh phiin h6n hop c6ng tdc holl lV.
fti6,t lti r1o lrrong tleu lrao nhi6n liOu rdt phong plrri vi cla dang. Clttirrg cti thC
-l

clq 1rr rL)119,,,i liol ket v6'i [0 thdrrg clo cliOn fir. (i clily chi trlnlr [-r,\r'tttdl :iri
phrtttng pluip tlo nr;tltg lirrh cllft tru'c clttatt.

tII..l.2. l'hu'arrg phip tlo thd ttclr (llinh III.13)

Yr '--

t t inlr ltl. I 3. T'hi€t bi rkt ti0tt ltuo nhi€n li€u bring plrtrntg philt fid ti<'lt

L Thiltrg rtlri|tr li0u ;2.Vutr -i ngri ; 3. Binh do.

36
I,:lOC

Il'irrh clo 3 biing thuj, tinh gdrn chc tlrd tich Vl. , V2, V.. vv... ndi thdng v6i rrhatr
hirr;,. ciic rirrlr hep. tr'0n cl6 c6 khirc',,auh dd plrin chia thd t(r:h gilra cic lrlrirl
cri:r br'rrh. M6i phirr llr(i ticir nlr;ii rltruc chotr srto r:ltt'r Lriio clrirn cl0 tl0rrg ctv lrtltl
viOc i'v chd d0 toiur tai lrottg thdi giau 20- 25 giey.
V1n ba rrgi c6 ba vi tri kh/rc nhau. 0 vi trf I nhiOn li6u ttr thilrrg c10rr th:ing
c10ng ccy rrri khong qua ttinl-r do; vi tr"( Il - nhi0n liOu vira nap vt\o b}'rh clo vt'ra
clOtr dQug ccr; vi tri III - nfuiOn liOLr lirbinfi clo clerr cl0rtg ccr.

Qtri trlnh <1o nhtl sau:

- I([i chrr,iri lri c;ho rl0lrg co lirnt vi0c it chiclO clo tli'i drLa valt ba rlg,i r'0 r'i tt'i I"
- Khi c-hr::tr bi clo thi cltra valt ba ngi vd vi tri II'
- Klii rlo thi clu:r van lra ngi vd vi tri III. Tir thdi didrrr c16 phiii tfrrlr lhdi giarr
nlrien li0u tiOu hao trong rlr6i ngiin c[ra b'inh. i

I(hi ci6 xop[t clrra van tra ng;'r vd vi tri II c1d dOng ccr Iiln vi6c blnlr lllrtirrrg vitt:t1r
rrlri0n liOtr r,;\o [r'irrh clo tld clrtrdrr t-ri cho l,{n clo sarr.
l.rrorrg {ieu hao nlri0n li0u 1r'ottg ln01 git'lcluoc xdc clirth lheo bidu flr(r'c:
Otrl^.1.6 Ar'/r'k pnl [kg/h]
"l'rorrg cl(r Av - tfid tich r-rhi0ri li0tr cluoc tiOu thu trottg rnOt l{in clo I c.rrt''1.
t- thd'i giart cira rn6l lii'n do [s].
pnr - khdi lucrng riOng clra nhiOrr liOu fgicnr3]
III.-1..?.1)o ltrong fiAu ltuo nliArr liAu bang plttoltg phdp lrr.ttt11 lrrr.t'rt5. (llitrlt
ItI.l.t)
'l'hi0l bi niry cfrng c(r van [4" lgi nltt trudng hop trOu. 0 Oay lrrong tiou hao
rrhiOn liOu cltroc xic dinh bang cich c.tl.
'I'hfi tu ti6ir hinh ultu satt:
- I(hi chr-rfin bi clOng co cld do thi vitr van ba irgti cld nhien liOu tir tlirrrg cli.n
cl6ng crl.

4*-

IIinh lll.l4.'f hi[t bi drt lrrqttg ti0rr hao nlri,itt liArt lttlng phtdtg ltluip lre.trtg lrturtg.
I .'l'lting nltiin lifir ; 2. Cirt :3. Dinh chfiu nhiin liiu ;4.Iiart ltu ngri.

37
'lq'c.Ii)...11;9Il:;-"':.::'1,*--.- .,.",, :,: ,iyr ':f*slI{i-::l:::.'::.':::".r.i:',',,
- l{hi chrriin l;i c1o thi van van bn nga dd nlri0rr lieLr vita tldrr d6rrg crl r.'ira ttalr
viro l>'irrlr c,hrra nhi0n liOu.
- l(ri br ngri cli rrhi0rr [i0u tir binh 3 ddn cl6ng co. "f(rth thdi giarr
clo thi v.'rn van
rni) rrhi0n lieu tiOu hao trorrg bjnh 3. Luong tiOtr hao rrhien 1i0u ay dtro-c cloc
trOrr rnil ct\n 2.
- Viur van ngi cld nhiOn li6u vira clen clOrrg cc, vtra vio binh 3 cld clrrt,'irr
Lra bi
clio l,4n do liqr theo.
L,irong tieu hao nhiOr-r liOu trorrg rl6t giii cluoc xzic dinlr theo biOtr thfrr,
Gnl = 3,6 LGft [kg/h]
Tlong d6 AG - Trong luo-ng nhi0n liOu tiOu hao trottg m6t ldn clo (garn)
r - Thli gian fing v6i lrtong nhiOn liOu tiOu tl'ru cluo-c do Is].

3B
r r(.)ti \r t[ii'.r,,,K,t;r,]$ , ,, ,
lll'tltfi'rt lhil ngltiirtt tltitt14 crr
,,::
.. : .... .,i.*.i r(r.r rr -

LIr ttrtx I \i
CAC BAI THI NGHIEM

rv.l. Nrrul'{(; vnru *)0 crrurut;.

Il/.1.1. Mryc dich yi v6u t:du.
IVluc ciich cilra vi0c thuc Itien c:ic l:ii lhi nghienr li gifip cho hoc vien crtng c(i
ki0'rr thric ly tjruy0't clii hoc vi) nfrrg cao khi nf,ng thuc hirrrh. 1

Khi thrrc hien c6c bii rhi nghiOnr, hoc viOn phii biet do cic th6ng sd cfra rn6i
br\i thi rrghiCrn, xir lf cdc kOt quir do lhu dLro-c, dttng circ d6 tlri clirr tliidt r,) r.frt
ra ciic kOi lulin ciin thidt cldi vdi rrr6i biri th( nghiOm.

Il/.1.2. (hrtri'n bi th{ nhiint

Vioc chtrirr [>i lhi nghie.nr drLu: ip clLrng cltturg clio tfll. ca chc bli thi rrglri0rn
nharrr clLtr hr) thdrig thf nghiCrn vi clOng cci clin {hi nghi0rn vlo trattg thdi s.'in
s;)ng lirn vi(:c. I(ri cltudn bi tlr( nghi6rrr nOrr [ieh hlnh tldng thiri doi v(vi cii h0
thdng ttrir np,hiOrrr vr\ clorr.q crv cl'irr tlriL nglri0rn dd tdn ft tlrili giatt rthiil.
Irlhiltrrr n0i cltrrrg cira viCc iri thi rrghi0rn tthtl sntt:
"inrirr
- Ddi r,(ii h0 tlidnil clo tliOn t{t .
I(hi'ri ..'I kidrrr tra su Iroat clOrrg b)nh thtrr)ng cira liii ci cic tli6rrg sfi rltrrlc:
clCrng
c,iii r1art. Ndu thi&r tin hiOu nlo lhi t)ni rrguvOn tthOn khic phuc.
- Ddi v(ri phrnh thuy Iuc D-4:
l. Kiirrr tra sir co clinh cira phanlt lr'0n b0.
2. Nap dir clriu, rnO r'io c;{c d Lri.
3. Kirn cir:r cldug hd tlo lr-rc vr\ tirr lri0rr cira n6 phiii i: vi tri sd khOrrg. Nitr
kh6ng bi'ro <liinr yOu cdrr cli rr0u trOn th'i phlli t)m ngtryOrr tthttt vi cliOLr chinh
cho plri ho1r.
4. D6ng van ltrrdc vi\o vir rnfl hoin loi\tr van nttclc ra .
5. Rtrrn nrrdc lorr thirng drr dp, kidln tra c10 kin clud'rtg drtg clfln trtt<1c. Ndrr c<i dr)

chiiy th) 1;luii klrirc phLrc.

- Ddi i,r'ti cJOng ctl Dietzcl
l. I(idrl tra vir cli6u chinh bom cao iip vit [r0 cliiu tdc (nhrr lrrortg cung cllp clerr
vir p61 cultg celr cldu giti'a chc phlirr Lrortt, ciit nhiOn liOu crvdlrg qrlity khOrrg 1.1i
11 plifl; ciit nhion liou khi chLa tay didu khidn vd vi lri clirng clOng co; gric
phr-rn sdm nhieu lieu).
2. Kidnr lra vi rlidrr clrinlt:irr strl'( pltt.ttt &tZii cii c.{c vDi lrlttttt.

39
 3. Kiinr tla vh clidu clrinh ccr cfiu phtir.r phdi khi.
4' Kidrn lra itp suat khi rt6n kh&i clOng trorrg binh (khong clrroc flrfllr 6orr 60
I(c/e-rnr ). Ndrr irp suat ify quir thxp rhi lirrii .ap bd xL,rg.
-5' I(i0rn tt'li srr cd <lirrh cira t10ng co 1r'On bO vi\ tr-uc circ cliing rrdi gilra c10,g C(,
vir hQp (iing l-6c.
- I(lr&i clongvi hiru n6ng cl6ng co.
l. Ddng bor-n tay xi bot khi trong bcrm cao dp.
2. Kh&i d0rril il6ng co vi dtta sd vdrrg quay ddn giir tti khoing 1000 v/p6.
3. Cho (10ll$ co chay klr6ng tii nrO{ lfrc ctd pfiiOt c10 cira nu'r'rc- lir1 ,rirl vi tlirr
b0i lrrrrr rl6ir gi6 tri clinir nrri'c.
16rr
-l't'ctrtg
llriii giarr ltiirtr n6ng cl0rrg ccr, phii kiim tra tfitrr)rrg xrry6rr 116ier cl6 c:ii.
clliLr vi nt[6'c ciing nlrtr dp suat cldu. NOu phht hiOn chc cltri)ng ong <1irr nrr6c,
rlhiOrr lie,u bi clb ch,{y thi cliLng c16ng cci cld khric phuc, sau r1(r khbi rio,g lai v,\
h:inr rr6ng r1(rrrg ccr clfrrrg nhu cluy clirrh trurri'c klri nhiin t:ii.

rv .2. CAC BA I r-rri N(irrrDM

Il/.2.1. Xdy dutr.g diic ttnh. ngorii crio d6ng co,

IVIUi: tlich crla viOc xliy clung dac t(nh ngoii li xic ciinh tfrrh 6i0rr qrrl (t60ng
clrtr cric lhOrrg s6 Ne vi Me) vii t(rrh kirrh td (tlrOng qua c,iL thorrg s0 Gpl vir
gc)cria dOng ccr.
I(iri thrr cltrrlc cli-rc tirrh, hoc viOn phrii bidt clhrrh gih tinh kinlr tdvi 6ieu qtr.1 cira
clOrrll ctt <ltldc thir vi so silnh dac lirrh chu,iu tl'ong ti)i li01 ky thufll dd rrit r,
nhling kit ILuin cin thiit.
I-10 th0ng thir nghiOm cl6ng ccr cluoc trang bi ho thdng clo dien tir. Bon canh c16
he thdrrg cdn clrroc trattg bi nrOt sd bO phfn lchric rrhLr cdc clo ti€u hao nhierr
liOtr clilrtg de thf rrghiOm bang plrtlong phrip rlo tlrr'r c6ng khi h0 thorrg clo cli6rr
tii'c<i sr.r cd. Do c16 Lriri niy trinh br\y ca liai phuo-ng phdp xtty clirng ilzic tirrlr
cl0rrg co.

lY.2.l.l. X?.v clryng ddc ttuh rr.qodi bdng phu?rrrg pltrQt tlni c:6tr,g.
- I'}lrirr clttttrg : Dic tfnh cria clOng co 3DL2 cluoc xfly durrg tlong klroring t6c:
d0 lir 5(X) cleir 1500 v/ph. Ngoiri hai sd vr)rrg cluay & bi6n. ngrrd'i la c<)rr lrly
th0rtr rnOt sd giit tri trung gian c.tra n ( thudng ciich cldu nhau).Sd gih tri tnurg
giltt ct't;t n cr\ng l6tr thi c10 ch(nh x6c cira dic lfnh c;)trg cao.'T'uy rrlrion ndu
chtirrg tltrii trliiirr thi ri6 [dn lhdi giarr vir c0ng sri'c thi nghiOrrr. D0 cliiru [r,io rnot

40
 rr0("1 vIiiN,,Krr(Jfi

cl6 chirrh xdc ciin tiri6l, sd giri lli durvc chorr cira
n kh6ng cltroc clrrdi 5 (xern
bring IV- I )
- -l'h(r trr tidir hi\nh thf nghi0nr
I' ,'\oa,y r';ttt ba ngii ir r:6c cle nlriOn li0u tir thirng cldn th.lngl ,lo,,g cry klri kliiyi
r

clO,g vi\ hirrr n(rrg cl6irg crr i} sd vdrrg cluay khoa.g 1000 v/plr.
2' l(ri <f6rlg ccv di sil'r si\ng ttlt0tt tii thi rn6'roug vau utr(yc viro ph;rnh. c16pg
lir
tit valt lltl(vc l'r cho <Idn klri cleing co c(r hion tLrong rrhf n tii. ( kirn crlra
CCSB
t'it rjitr lcclr kh6i sd.0" ). Didu dci ch(rrrg t6 c6 rnr)l lrrr-ynd);11.,',, rii t,it cliirr lrrrr
lrli ll'orl1l Phallll. h4& {r'L Iir van ltrr6c ra rld clLrr kirn ciia (]CCB vc sd () llrj rlirrre
I.i. t-ihi ,lrir'i t'i c-irr ki,r chi llri cl6 rrir ci'ra v.rr r.lrrr.rc:.
'd
-1. Dring heP iit tr)'r'an ntr6c ra, c'ldng tlrili ilrra tir tir clirr clid6 khic,
c16rrg cr, r.,0
vi tri ctlllg cl'ilr nhi€rr li6u 16rr nlrlit vi cd riinh n6 llong sgdt qrrl tr.jrlr ,d sarr.
h'lri sd Vt)ttg (lllily crra clOrrg ccv ciat 1500 v/plr tlri nhanlr ch6rrg <irr^ r,a, rirrri'c
r.;r
VC: vi trf cli. (]hirtlr tirrlr c10 rl(r cira van rru'c1c
ra <IC d6rrg co lir. r,iCc ,'irr
clirrlr i,.
virrtg (ltrit-\/ li;00 r'1Ph vr) lthrL lii khdng ddi ( kirr trCrr (lclcil klrr)rrg <l;r.
clorg).
Clri gi;i lri lrtc P lr'0tt cldng hd lrrc vi)o cOt 7 cira bing IV.1 ( ri.rg,r.ri sd
(lLrily crla dOng co lt 'irrrg
= I500v/ph)
4. () trang lh;1i lhdi dn rlinh cira sd vdng vr\ ;ilru tai vira nOrr, tidn hinh <lo
QLra1,
tiCrr hlo rrhi0n li0u theo thfr ttr sau:
)i-r;rt1'r';ttl lra rrgi dd lrhi0rt liOu vr'Lr cldn clong co vr'r'a rr;rp vi)6 cdc <1.. Igri ,6i0rr
lictr rrl;r clil'r:(ic llri xoay van ban rrgri cld nhiOn liCu r:hji,r, lir ccir: clo rl6ir <10pg
r.'rr- I)i)rrg cldrrg hd birrr ginycli tinh lhd'i gian t fsl ri'rrg vrii irRlrrg liCLr 5;ro
rihiOil lierr z\v [clu:t] trong cdc clo vi ghi lai circ giir tLicria c5il6g yio c6t 7 crir
brirrg IV.l. Xr.rrty vrttt ba nga cld nhiOn liOu chi chi,v til'thirrrg ddn d6rrg co.
5- l-;i1r lai ph,lp c.lo i:iic lh0ng sd [', Av, r it. nhat fiai IIil 1lL1 60i vr'r'i s. r,r'rll]
r,lua)/ 1500 v/plt lhco lhil' trr sarr:
Dr'rrrg licp varr nrtdc rid tring t,li ntOl it
(I(irn cira ClClClB l0ch vd phia liug v) s0 vdng cira cloug ccr giapr nr6t ft). l\,fcr
r'Oug sr{ viin nrrdc ra cld so voiig quay l0rr ci0n giii tri t5Oov/plr llri nlranh c,}rrirr11
tltt'rt v;ttt lllt'('rc v0 vi trfcir rdi tJrLtc lrieu tidp c:irr: ndi clung i],nuc J vi.,l .

6. IJo r:ic lhcrrrg sd iv seivirrrg quay 1300v/ph tlrco thf tu sarr :

Drirlg ltc:p vrttt lttrdc ra cl0 li"rrrg lai c;lio d6'n khi sdvdng cluay cri;r rJollg c(, giiirrr
rl0ii giri tri 1300v/1;h tlri rrlranh ch(rrrg rlua van rrrrti'c 1a vd vi tri cr'i. C-hirrh tirr6
vi tri cirrr van nu6'c ra cld cl0ng co llnr vidc 0n rlintr & rr = 1300i/ph vi) kirn cira

41
 II0CI VIii:pr; I('I'eS
IIe iltoitg thi? nghiiilt tI|ng co'

cldlrg Ilti rlo lrLc lilit)rrg tlrto tl(rns. ('ilri giil

tri cira lrrc pyi. c6l (r ctirr lrirrg IV.l.
'l'lrrLc lricrr
rtlrtc rl cld tl. AV'r) t, r'eii rlrra kit rlirii vio
cot (r, Lil, I.i ,lrci, rl,
(t
I.Clr lrlrat,Z lCrr,[i'ir'i\ ghi l<Ot r1L*i viro
c:Ot 6
7"1'lrLr'c lri0rl
Ph6P ci. rltii vrfi cric gia tri .si1 virrrg rl.ily cirrr Irii rlrc. crir:ir rlrri,r:
rrlrrt r'r,ruc 6, r'di ghi k.i r1,ii .ii. ciir: c.r
tir 5 tii, 2
li' N4<'v lr.itt l.;)tt viilt ltttrl'c r"ir. ck'rrg vu, lrtt(lc vl), tld kirrr
r:ri;r clcirrg lrci rl, lrrr.
tliclr r:l'ttVCtt Vi sci Iclrtllrg' l)r)rrg rlrili rlrl;r t'crr rliiLr
l<idrr rl0rrg c.rr
Itrt.rtrq crrllS
''ril) lrhierr licrr r:lro rlclr I<lri r;ci virns cluily r:r'ra <l0rrg ctr 'i ,lri.ir 1:irirrr
rlr.rl qrrr lri
l<lroilrrg .5(X) r'/plr. (llro ck)rru crr 1i1111 viec: Iilr0rrg
tiii rrr(it Irjc tl(i gi;irrr rrlriCt r1)
rl;itr vir Ilt(i('d0rr gii'r tri clro
Ph(:P {lrif rrlr{t tlr) dinrg rl0,g crr.'l'iit 6cr.r ,rrii,r:
ciia Plrirtrlt tlrt)i gia, (ltu, n0fr lrhiet <10 cLra rrrL(lc li\nr rrriit ry
"l't'ot'tg rliirr r.ir r-:trir
Phltltll tl'0lr 70t'(l tlr) Phlli rnit r'0ng van vil. (thirrr rr-i phrii rrrii.r-0re lr.irr
t.r)rrr).
{)drlg lhiii Plrlii nri'v'r)lrg Itttirt lrirrr virrr rrrl<i'c rl
,s,rr <ltirrrl lrcp tlirr r.;r r.l).
tl0rr l';lri ItLtr llrit'll8 citlt ttttii'c rluu ciic: r,rrn lriing
nlurr-r.Noi clrrrg
'r,
l<itirlr lr';r lrlrrrlr ciiclt ttltrrsurr : Khi rkirg 'iI;r rr0rr <lrtl.
lrcp cl,,i, vr,r rrrr,i,i,,,.l,,ei,1 i,,,,,,,,,tn,*
lrd tlo Irrc'l0c'lr I<lri!i s<i l<h0ng th) rliLng Iai vir
ilictr clrinlr lirrh rl0 rrt', r,ir;r
tttLti'c l'it tld kirrl v0 sd "0". Glri rrlr(l vi 'irrr
{r'i clra kinr ve clo,rr'l c,tj. r,arr lrrrrir: l.rr.
I(iri tlrlry tliii lrtLr ILL<-rLrg ci*t rruri'c <;rur plrmh, l<lr0rrg rrcrr
<ld so rlrrrv criir
riritts ('(t r-lllil t:lto. (lritts crit:lr tlra,1'rliii vi (r'i cirir 'irrrp:
cirr rlidLr klri,irr rkurs .ri ).
'\;ltr lilrr tlicrr Clrirrlt lrtrr lLri.rr)g criir rrrrt'r'c ryrra plrarrlr rli girirrr rrlrict rl0 r.11,
tttrr'rc ri rliirr t'il ltlttl vt'Iit ltcu 1h) lli;r Iai
ciic plrip rlo nlrLr cli tr-)rrlr [r)r,r! rrur. .]
cle.ir rrrLrc 8 .
'l't'0ns tlrr)i gi;rn
tlrLr'nglri0rr, phrii rlriLdng x,-ry01 l<ii, tr.ir ii, srrii rlirr,
rrlriCt rl,i
ci'r;r tliiu Vi rrrri'ic. Ndrr giri r;'i i.:i;;, ,r,,t'irrg
rriirrr rrgol'ri giri rrir:lr, l.rlrdp tlri plrili
r-'lto tlr'rtlll c(r,-'tt tlii. tlir'rrg rlorrrl cri
Vir t)rn trgrryCrr nlrirt rl0 I,,lric plr tri,'. srrrr r l,i
liri tlri nglriCrrr.
rrrr'ri lrr;r

Xti"lii l<fi ryLrii rlo :

l'hrrc IliCrr lltt:o l;Lrl'lc sair :

l''l'frrlr giri tli{t'tttrg lt)rrlr stiIroc llr.rr,Av.,.,, vir r,,, cira ti't cri
c1c lli, rl, t.lcii rrr6i
eili tri sti Vdrtg (lrlil.)/ ci'rrr tlOng c<tr.,ir cluir viro blipg IV.2 1lrr,.o c;ic 6iiLr llrri.cr s.rr:
1r'',g rlri I),, A'rr, r'l'r r, li giI t'i cr,r. chrirrg ii r'r6i rirr rr.; rr - s. Iirr rr.

I1,,,=t P,ln; z\V,,, : Ini4 /n;T,,,[r, /n;

l I
I

42
 ilo(j VriiN li,IQS
IIA tholry thii'nlghi\rn tlong co

llif:g lY-._l-.Kei qrui t.to:

'r
iix (.r(c ilioNC ,sai ].RI C'NL- lt tONc; sr^i
2 3
6
,Vt-;,t,;i- q,ru; a,tilto,,s - 5(X)
7
7oo l3(X) I5(X)
n(V/plr )

(V1plr)(r;rry rliCrr tir,ty sCi tr.rry6rr)

l-5(x) ,iw 3 r00 39(X)

(_ -: . .' :-
ii;1 tri t.rirr 1,,..
1ili,,,,lr ll tK(l) rrcrr
ddrrg lrd do lLrc ciia CCC.R
;-. . .
l,trir'lrl lrCrr h;ro nlrir.n lierr f l.rng
rrrii: rlo AV(crrr r )
Ilri'i ,'lrrr rir,1, r,,ii i,i,;[-ii.\ h,,,;
rrhi0rr Iierr A\i: t (s)

'2"1'irrlr .iit'(ltirrrg sd tirLg vti'i rrrdi s6 r,r)rrg (pray

cir. clorg ctl rlrc, cric c.rrg tlrri,c:
SiI II:
I)oi v(ri cr)rrg srrifl cri ic:lr crra rl0rrg crr:
I'Jc =
I)"' l), (lrrl)
I0(x)
IXii vr'ri lnO rncn xoin cri iclr ciia c16ng crr :

N{c = 0,7 162 p.,.,, (K(rinr)

Ir',rrg tki I,,, z|V, , r, lr) giri lr.i c:r], clrrirrg
ilrr6i ld. rlo.
{)ri vr'r'i lrrtrrrg riOrr lrir. rrrric. riOLr tr.rg r,ot gir): r

(i,,r =1,6,4v!l) rr,,,

Trr r

ltorrg rki A\2.,,, rlrriJc lfrrlr birrg (c,lrr,)

r,l.r rr,, _ (s), p,,, du'oc lirrlr
lriirrg g/c:rrrr. I)di
vrii nlri0n li0rr DIIIZEL Ta cri rhd Iny gii
rr.i giirr rhirrg Iir 0,9257g/crrr, (rlr,rrg
viri
giil t.i rrlriet rr0 t'urrg b'irh cir, rrL(ic rir tr.o.g
rrrOt rri"uu li 2-5oC ).
I)Oi vrii srrlli tiCrr hrto rrhiCrr liCLr cr,i icl.r:

gc.= looo(;;"t (g/rrrl. h)

I)rrrr r:ric kei rlrui lirrh toiirt viro lxing lV.2

4_)
 rr(xl vrriN r('r.(JS
HA lho'ng tlrii'nghiArn tlLttg t:tr

Iiirrg IV..Z. l(it rlui rirrh Ioiin criir ciic lh6rrg so

:

Irrr.r CAC iioNd s(.) r{r CA C] 'I'IIO N (i s(

'7
(r
,)() r,ttllg r:ira dOng c(, 100
(u lph)
rl 9(X) l(x) ioii t5()()

l5(X) ililo 2700 33(X) .19(X)

lt,,i !I[L
LtLcrlrg tieu Irao lrlriOlt
h)rrlr z\V,,,
(crnr)

li(:rr Irao tl.r-rrrg

rrlriCrr lie u t,.,, (s)
(ir)lrg srriii crj fclr culr tlOng co
Nc (lnl)
i\,1rirncrr xoiin c<i
c'<r N,lc ( I(( irn)
Lrrr.lrrg li0rr lrao IiCrr lrorrg
I lriir ( irrl(kg/llr) I

Srrilt liCu lrlro rrl

gc (g/rrrl Ir)

-1. I)Lrng rl,i tlri rlir: tilrlt trgoiri :

('lrorr rrrr)t trl I0 xi'r.lr llriclr
lrtrl.r tr.Crr gi1j.1, l<c! I1, rli rlirrrg <lCi tlri rliic tirrlr rrqo:ri
llrco lrlilrg I\/.2.
4. I)r.rng rld thi rliic t(nlr clrtrdrr cilr. cl.rrg
c(, Ie, <ld tlri rlLurg (, 11r.rc .l v(ri
cirng rnOt ly I0 xich . So sii.h kct clLrh 'ira
rlrti'.grriern trrrr rruoc, ddrrr giri tinrr k irrlr
te'vir lriCLr cluh cira rl6ng co chLctc thri' rrglri0rrr. I

l\/.2. Ll. ,\ri i, tl4rrt,ti dt7r. lirtlt rt,qtfii r.iltr rl0rt,q crt l,lti ,t-i'tlt.rtt,q lti tlrr)rt,q tl,, ,lilrt
tri'.

Ntir rlrrrrs crr l.,iirr i,i

Irllrr(rng llhiip ti0ir lrirrlr c[irrg ltrirrrg tLr ltlrrr klri rlirrrlr
plruirrrg plriilr thir c:r)rrg. '[.uy rrhien klii
su, rlurrg lr0 tltorrg clo clielt tLr,tlri
viCc trrry
r,'i1r cilt'llrr)rrg s6 r:iilr rlo, xrir
ly l<it cltrii do vir rlrrrrg cl<j tlti tlitr tlrirt: l1iIy1 11g11
llrii.l 1ri 1i,,;,.

44
 II{ llril'ri1g thil'nghi(ttr dittg t:tr

I-trtr lttcrrtg ciia rrlriOrl liOrr cltrcrc clo bang

lLr, ltrcr,g k6 vi 6i6rr thi rr-6rr rri\rr 6irrlr.
clirc lh'itrg s(i diic; tt'tnlg cho lrang lhdi
lim vi6c cfra clong ccr rrlrtr ip sLriil clrlu .
rrlrict tl0 rjdrr' lttlric vi klrf lhiri cfrng clrroc
kienr lra tr.6rr n-r)n hlrrhrniy vi tirrlr .
-l'lrri
lr.r ti6r hr)rrh rrhrr sau:
I . Xerrr phtirr chung cira IV.2.l.l
2' Xcnt c;ic nluc 2,3,5,(t,7,8 cira plrlin "thfr trr tidrr h)nh
thf ng6iern,, ty IV.2.l .l
Xcrrr cic ,-,rr,l I ,2,3 cfia prrir, "Xir ry k.t clLri clo,,
6 .u.2.r .r
|V.2.2. Xdy dyng tldr: tinh phu tdi c:ria rl6ng co..
l\'lr,rc tliclt vicc xllv clLnrg dic tirrlr phu
tii li xic dirrh t(rrh ki116 ld<.ii;r cl6rrg ctr
(lhi)rr| c1ttil c;ic lhong sd Crrl ',,i\ gc) klri yrhu tiii (tlr0rrg
clua th6pg s(i Nc) t6a1,
,lfji v;\ sd vr)rrg cpay cfra clOng ccr khorrg cldi .
I(hi lhrt tltlcrr:' clic tfrrh Phu thi, hoc vion phii triir drirrlr giri
ti.5 kir16 tf'(tidt
lrierrl rrhierr li0tr) cila clOng crvcun nhlLng
chiclO phu tiii k6iic rr6arr.
I)iic lfrrlr phLr trii c:6 thi dLtcvc xiiy clung birrg phrrong phrip
tlru c6,g h.irc <lirre
hc thdrrg do <1i6rr lilr. \/d trgrryerr liic, hai phLrorrg plrdp
cl6 khorrg k6;ic: r16rrrr.
Chrirrll t'hi klri'rr: ttltntt iv ciiclr ghi ciic tlrorrg
sd cin clo, sij. li k6t rlrri <1. r,i.r rlr.rrrg,
<ld flri.
l);rr: tirrlr PhLr tiic<'r thC <lttcrc <ltlns vrli nhidrr giri triciia
Nc tir 0 ridrr lgo,)(,. -l'rr-1,
rrlti'itt lii:tr s(i ;gii tri iil'c;trri rrhiOu tlr'i sd tdrr lhli giarr
vir c6rrg sirr: c6, rr0rr
,lr;ii
Ilicii 1"t,, (l<hdrril it lrcvn 5 giri lri) vi\ chon chc tri sd cfra Nc rld quii trjrr6 (lrrrc
lrierr clrror; llttr;llt liOlr (xcnr bhng IV.3)
Iirirrg IV.3.Ket clui clo:

]EN ( tA( I I'r r0NG (irA cAo II Cr N (; Sr(-) I

4 =) 6
,7

Ii6 plrirr rrirn Cfn luCF .;

60 o I t0- ir
Lrrrrrrg ti0rr hao rrlrierr li€u AV(clni)
'['hir'i
siarr ii'rrg vtii lrrcrrrg li0u h:ro nhi6rr t(s)
lv.2.2.1 xi.v' dlryltg dd. tinh h,irtg phttrrttg phtilt tltri r,6ttg
- 'l hri'lLr tieit lrinh rrhrr sau:
,-

l Xoal'r'att tra ng,:i ir cdc clo tit lhirrrg nhieu liou cldn lhiirrg cl6rrg r:rr klri khr'ii
r[0rrg, vi) hii, rr(rrrg cl0rrg c:rr ( d sd r,,\rrg qr,y
khori,g 1000 ; 1,lit.-
'l' I(lri tlr)rlri.i c:tr cli sirr siilrg ltlrlirt rii riri nrii rorrp. r,lur rrtr(lc v;\. ,6arr6. 6irrre lir
lir t'att ttttti<: trt <'h<'r r-lirt I<hi <.l0rrg ccl c(t hicrrl/orrgnhip t:ii( ki, cii;r gC'C,t]
trit

4s
 , ::,::,. j,, , ]..i

diirr lech klt6i s6 0 ). i,{i; iii iii va, ,trdc ra cle cilra kirn cilra ctccB v0
sci 0' {,1
rJt)ng lai' Ghi rrhd'vi tricira kirn chi tlri vd d6
nriycii. van,tr<ic r.a.
3' D(ing hcP lir ti)'r'alt rttr(rc la, cldng thcli
clrra tir tfr,clirr clidu klid, cl.rrg ccr vi
vi t'i crrrrg ciip lrlriert lieu lrlr rrhilt. I(lri sd
v<)rrg quay cfra cl6rrg ccy cl.l 1500
v/plr lhi ltltrttth ch6ng cltra varr rru(lc
vd vi t.i cii. Clrinh finh r10,riy cira varr
,rrric r. cld d0rrg co rr)rn viOc drr crirrh
& sd vbng quay 1500 vlph vh phu rii
kh6rrg ctdi (kirt"t lr'ert clcc-lB khorrg clao
c16ng ). Ghi giri tr.i cL'ra' lrrc I, vio
';.- c0( 2
cirir br'rrrg I\,'.3.
4' () trirrrg tllili drt clinh cila sd'dng clrray v) phu l:ii vira neu, tidrr hi\,h clo ri6u
hao rrlriOrr lieu lheo lhfr tu sau:
Xoay valt brt ngri cld nhi6n li0u vi'a ctCIr i

clong co vil'a nap vio cdc clo. Khi cldy

c<ic clo llri rioay van ba trgi cld rrhiCn
lierr chi crriy tfr cdc clo clcrr cl0,g1 ccr.
Diirrg cldrrg hd bflin giny cld tinh tlrdi gian
r[s] tirrg vdri Itrrrrrg rierr lrao rrhicrr
liorr Ar'[c.r3l lrottg cdc v:\ ghi lai c{c gid
tri cfra chrirrg viio c6t 2 c(tabirg
IV'3' Xr;rty t'art Lra ilgi cld nhiOn liOu chi chiry
tir thinrg cld,n clO,g c<r.
5' l-.P lai PIl61l tl. cdc thorrg sd P. Av, r it nlrlit
rrai lf'n nlra & s<i (llr.),
1500 v/ph thco lhil. lu sau: 'irrrg
f)tirrg \rar) lltil6'L- ra cld larrg l.{i rnot it ( kinr
cira cccB lech vd phfa l;irrg r,,i sii
\'(')rl8 (ltlay ctia c1orlg c<; giiiit riiol it).
Mfi r'ong van rnr(yc ra cld sd vdrg qua),
c:i'ra clOtrg co 10, c10ir gid tr.i 1500
v/ Irh th) rrharrh ch6ng clrra varr nrr6c la vi
t.i c[l r"di rhLr'c: hi0. tiCp circ nOi crurg iy muc 3 vir
4.
'd
Tirrlr giri tl'i t'trrrg b)nh cira luc P rdi clrra
viro c6t z cfia bing |v.4. ciri tri cl<i
tiLrg v6i L00q,b phu tii.
6' Cli;inr 1t'07t' ptlw thi biirrg ciic,h mir r'6ng van ,rrdc
ra cho c10., klri luc p clar
Sovo giir lri pliir tri trurrg b)nh cfra lgc P*
vira tfnh thi nhanh ch6lg clrra van
trtr6'c ra v'i vi t.ri cri. Ddng thdi cltra cdn
clidu khidn vd phia giim lrrcnrg curg
cliir.hiclr lioLr' T'inh chinh clO rniv cira varl ,u6c r-a cfr.g.hrr.cd,
c1i6u k6idn
dOng rle dOng co lirm viOc dn clinh 6 sd
vdng quay 1500 v/ph vi gi6 tr.i cira luc
P drr tlirrh' Ghi kdt qua clo ltrc P vho bring
IV.3. Ddng thdi clo 1r<rng ri6. hao
rrlri0rr li0u AV v;\ thli gian t rrhu rnuc 4.
L.ip l:ri plrrip il. cric l.lr0,g sd Ir,AV, r it ,htt hai l{ilr
nlra nlru ii nruc 5. DLra circ
gi;i tri clo clrrryc vio cCrt 3 cira bing IV.3.
-l'ielr
7. ruc: gi:ir, riri liln lrror clo r:dc gid tri cira h.rc p, Av vi\ r it
'i) 60'/o,409b,
Za'/o.o(% plut tai ,rrrrcJnlrc 6 r6i cilLa cr{c kdtqui
do vio ci{c ('l
cOt Itrcrng ri'ng.

46
 'iiia,,,i|i i ai r,,, ii,1,,,s
:
;o

bei k!' chd dO phu rii ni)o c[ing phhi bio d;irn cho
sd vdn64 quay cfta clOltg crl
khong ddi ( t5(10 vlptr).
- Xi'r l, kOt ,1uir rlo .

l. Tinh gi6 tr.i tr.ung binlt sd hoc p.1p, AVro vir t.,.,, theo cfrc bidu (hfc
h'tn

Irl
llr,,--r_-- ,
ltr.i |ri
Al/ro --I---.- : r,,--,
ll/l"'il -
rdi cilra kdt cpri vz)o bang Ly.4.
2' Tfiil"t cdc thong sd Ne, Gnl vr\ ge & m6i chd clo phu tii theo c.{c bidu thfrc:
Ne =P,, . n,,11000 tmll.
Trorrg d(i :
n, - 3n = 3.1500 = 4500 vlph.
Cinl = 3,6 AV.,, hr,r* pnl [kg/rl.
T\rrrrg <16 AV.,,, fcnrt] i try [s] i prrl = 0,9257 g/crtr3
ge = 1000'e Gnl/Ne [S/nrl.h1.
I)rIa circ k€t qui vho bing IV.4
,

!]ins IV.4 krit qui tinh to6n cdc th6ng s6

i,fui TTTONG sd -- --l (iIA
I 5 7
sa y',lrirr rriurliliir r,ii- -- 60 40 0
cii rri tlrrrrSi bjrrii cLii tu" p- fi<cj
;,i{i;a r"ili," .lds *--
Co,-,g

cldlli,lllls Av,, [crn3]

1l{:1
Gii tri lrrrrrg b'inlr crja r,,, [s]
I.rrorr;q tiCrr lrao irlrie,i-liOti tloug nr6t
giir Cinl Ikg/h]
SufttiCutrnoi,tffi
3. DLrng dd thi tinh phu rii.
cho, ty Ie xi,:h rhich hop tr'6, git'y k6 l.v c1d clrr,g cldc tfrrh phu tii thco sd li0rr
ciirr bing IV.,tr.
f)rirrh giii tfrrlr kirrh ld( liei ki0rn nhi6n liOrr) cira cl01g cclclua 6nc tirrh.

lV.2.'2.2. ddc tinlt khi ,sti,thrng lt6 tlt6h,q clo rli6n tft.
,Yriy r1,,r,f

Khi sLr clung ho thdng do di0n tir thi viOc truy cflp c6c th6ng sd cdn do, xrr ly
kdt qrr.l <1o vi dtrrrg dd tlri tr'6n mdy vi tinh. Lrru lrrcrng cfia rr6i6p lieu cltto-c
cl<r

47
bzing ltlcnrg k6, quy cldi vl hidn thi tr'6n nrin hinh. C{c rh6ng sd clac rrr-rng cho
trattg lhtli li)'m viOc cira cl6ng co nhu
6p sut't df'u, nlriet cl6 crja cl{irr. ntr6c, khi
thiri ctirlg cltrcvc kidm tt'a tl'0tt nrin hinh
m6y vi ti,h. Thfi ttr thuc lrio, clo, xii ly
kit cluri <Jo Vi cfi-rng cld thi clirrg ttrong tunlrurnuc IV.2.2.1
dLrrrg (i liorr quall clolr viOc do lucrng
$h0rrg slrclir,g,0i
tier-r hao nlricn li6rr vil,trni"gir,., clcl
barrg
phuong phdp thfr c6ng.

48
i,!'l$#,,;,V,i
4,",(i iiriii(itdii{

puAru ll
uQ rH6Nc rHri NGHrqru DQNo co rrvNnrvlorvrcTcn
C_huorrqJ

cric oac rfruH xy rnuAr co eAhr cOa uE ruoruc

rH[r ruCHIfrIVI OOrtC CO DYNAMOMETER

v. r. GrrJrrsBu pHANrr rrr0'o+ vA rr0r, sd t.r.ANlc ,.dcl.

Phanh thdr fr4 li
loai phanh thfiy luc kidu chot. c6 hai qu;i cin, c6 thd
q.ay
drtoc hai chiiiu thu0n vi nghicrr kim dd,g hd (pha,h
clio chidu).
Khi clirrrg; hai qui cxn lh) phanlr c6 khi nrng thfr duoc
dQ,g co c6 c6ng sLrflr
cttc ci;li lii 350 mf, ltrc, cdn klri sir clung rrrot qui
ciin thi p6a.lr c6i thri clrrcyc:
r10lrg cr, c:(r c6rrg srrfit ctLc ciai lr\ 175 mf, luc.
T'dc c10 quay cuc dai cira phanh li
4500 vdng/phfit.
I-I01i sd dtroc, lip trong rr0 thdng rn h6p s6 kidu m6t c{p, c6 ty sd truydrr r.\
l:3.
Y.2. uB rudNc Do DriiN .rU
FIO lh6,g clo ,ciOn ttr clLroc tr),h bny d phd, chtrong vrII.

49
 ;ffiB$i$.t*r*fi r
ChrUuLvI I

cror ruteu uri rHOruC rHrE'r er rHU rucHrErvr oor,rc co.

vr. l. cAu TAr; ctra prrlNfr rnU o+
so cfirr lao clra trrharrh lhir D4 cltroc gidi
c16
thierr tr.6n lrirrh I vi 6in6 2.
l)lrarth ct5 lrai ph{irl clr(rth li ro to I vi
stato 2. Rotc; I cltroc lap chirt vi. truc 4.
N{iit rrp,.oiii cira r'6 ro c6 bdrr lrirg chdt 9,
r.6i hi.g r2 crridc lrit ch.1r rheo
Irrrdrrg k,i,h. J'r'uc 4 gdi trO, rrai
<J bi cdu 5, vdrrg ,goii ctra
d bi 5 lai t!, r,ho
st*to 2. rr'iv clri r0 to d0 cri.g qray l*v,
tr-., rrai d bi rriiy.
sta{o 2lir rn'51 vir lrtr kin tlirrrg cld clrfra
ntr6c khi thi'rclorrg ccy. Tr^0, stato c6 hai
hirrg c'hfil l0 v{ch rrgz-rn il chfnh giii'a. cic hirrg ch6t 9 vi
vir' llli--rt
l0 rlrcyc clijt
xerll l(e nharr kidu gni rirrg lrroc
stato clrtcic- goi lon hai d bi cdu 7, cdn
d bi bi r),ron bo cld B c[ra p6arh, rr6r'y cl<i
slato c6 lhd quay tu clo trOn hai d bi
nhy.
Ngoiii hai plrlin chinh kd tr.Cn, phanh thtry
luc D4 cdrr c6 : co cflu carr (l I 12,
13, I5 vi 16f; xilanh gihnr rung 1l c6c ,
chfra rJdu 6 dd cf1: dfiu cho d bi 5, phorr
hri'ng trrr6c 3.
Ccvcii'tl t':i'tt gdln c6: Ilranlr lnrydn Il, frurc l6ch t/irn I2, virr6 r.i-rrrg 13.
c*_)rr l^y
l5 r'i cltrii t;lirr 16. Mirt t.rdn cira lhanh truryd,n lr
ndi v6i lai cirn stat. c*ra fi ,i
l.a. l.o .tr kh6p bin ld, rndt clliu cbn lai qua d bi
trao lip vio cl{iu tr.uc l6ch tilm
t2.
-l-r-trc
loch tfrrr quay tr'6n hai d tri ait trong trtr cld
mirt cldng hd cxn. cltiu ngo.ii
citrt l'Lrc lilcll tlinr l5p tu0t v;inh riirrg I3 v:)
tay crdn 15. Ddu clrr6i cua {;ry cld,
liP lrai c}ti c:iilr 16.'l'ay cldn l5 vi quh cfln l6 l;ro t1:\1h
m0{ crr clir cl'r kiorr
con li'rc' I\zl6i vi lri cira tay clbn vr\ quii clln cldu
lao ra rnot. m6r,e, lirrn c].ay
t[Lrc l6c;lt fam I 2, nd rnen ttiy clin bing vdi
nronren tir phia stato tr.Lryd, qua
llranh lnrl,$11 ll cl6i v6'i truc lOch ftim 12.
Virrh I'rinp l3 cdn kh6p vdi b.1nli ring lru lip chit tr'6n 11uc
kinr c6i lg ciia r,if
ddng hd ctrl' Tt"uc kirn clti qrta"y tr'On hai d bi cdu lfip
trorrg d ctey. I(irn c6i lg
bil chril ll'3rt <llirr tl'uc clirng c1d clri sd cflrr ghi lr'en nral cldrrg
hd clo crr r..{u .nrr
kidrn tra cr:rt lic tao ra khi pharrh hoat c10ng. Tr'€n tru
dd nrit ddlg hd cilr <,bn
liiyr mOt tlranh th6p g6c r4 crirng cld han ch€ g6c
quay cfra qu;i c{tn.
Xilanh giim rurrg [7 dilng c1d clap tat dao cl6ng c16t ngot cira
stato. I(hi t6ay
adl 0or rrgr)t trii cira clOng c<r- Diulr pfl6ng cira xilanh girinr
rurrg c6 khoa, circ
16 nh6 cld noi tlrorrg hai khOrrg gian phfa tlon
vi phia clrrdi pit6rrg v6i rr6arr.

50

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Cdn pit0rrg cltrrrc lip viri tai cira stato. Khi stato dao d6ng
s6 lirrr pft t61g giirnr
rung chuydn dich l0rr xu0ng, rJliu troug xilauh t 6p s6 chiy qua chc I6 t60rrg
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sang khoarng c16i diOn.'Ir0 luc c[ra clbug cldu qua cdc 16 thong s6 gfly ciirr cl6i
vtli chuy(lrr dich cira pit t6ng clua cl6 dap tat clao cl6ng.

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l{inh VI.l : Cri:u tgo cila phanh thfiy lu.c D4
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l.lt1to ;2.,Stot.o ;3.\'hdu lrfitrq;iu6'r: ;4.Truc plrurtlt ,.s. d lti ctirr ,.6. ()6'r'
tlirr;7.6 b,; critt ;8. ba plranh.;9. cdc: hdng c'h6't trerr r6b ; 10. Cric hritrg
t'h\i trirr ,stoto ; 19. toy xoay t,ctn tlrrio ntrit..

51