BE (PRESENT SIMPLE)

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS

INTERROGATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I am I’m I am not I’m not Am I…? Yes, I am No, I’m not
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you…? Yes, you are No, you aren’t
He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he…? Yes, he is No, he isn’t
She is She’s She is not She isn’t Is she…? Yes, She is No, she isn’t
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it…? Yes, it is No, it isn’t
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we…? Yes, we are No, we aren’t
You are You’re You are not You aren’t Are you…? Yes, you are No, you aren’t
They are They’re They are not They aren’t Are they…? Yes, they are No, they aren’t
HAVE (PRESENT SIMPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I have got I’ve got I have not got I haven’t got Have I got…? Yes, I have No, I haven’t
You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got Have you got…? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
He has got He’s got He has not got He hasn’t got Has he got…? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t
She has got She’s got She has not got She hasn’t got Has she got…? Yes, She has No, she hasn’t
It has got It’s got It has not got It hasn’t got Has it got…? Yes, it has No, it hasn’t
We have got We’ve got We have not got We haven’t got Have we got…? Yes, we have No, we haven’t
You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got Have you got…? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
They have got They’ve got They have not got They haven’t got Have they got…? Yes, they have No, they haven’t

GENITIVO SAJÓN: Expresa posesión. Se forma añadiendo apóstrofe+s (‘s) a la persona que posee/tiene algo, seguido del nombre que describe lo que posee:
Mary’s car (el coche de Mary), my sister’s book (el libro de mi hermana).

Los nombres propios terminados en “s” pueden añadir sólo el apóstrofe (James’ car) o las dos cosas (James’s car) = El coche de James.

Si el poseedor es plural y termina en “s”, sólo se añade el apóstrofe: My brothers’ bedroom = El dormitorio de mis hermanos.
 PARTÍCULAS INTERROGATIVAS
WHO? ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who is her sister? Her sister is Susan

WHAT? ¿Qué?¿Cuál/cuáles? What is your favourite song? It’s “Corazón Partío”

¿Cuál/Cuáles? (para elegir entre unos
WHICH? Which dress do you prefer, the red one or the black one?
cuantos
WHEN? ¿Cuándo? When is your birthday? It’s in May.

WHERE? ¿Dónde? Where is the Alhambra? It’s in Granada

WHY? ¿Por qué? Why are you late? Because I missed the bus

HOW? ¿Cómo? How do you drive? I drive carefully

WHOSE? ¿De quién? Whose is this book? It’s the teacher’s book/hers

HOW MUCH? ¿Cuánto/a? + nombre incontable How much milk do you drink? I drink a lot of milk

HOW MANY? ¿Cuántos/cuántas?+nombre contable How many doors are there in class? There are 30 chairs.

WHAT TIME? ¿Qué hora? ¿A qué hora? What time is your English class? It’s at 9.40

HOW OFTEN? ¿Con qué frecuencia? How often do you play tennis? I play tennis twice a week.

HOW LONG? ¿Cuánto tiempo? How long have you learnt English? For 6 years.
 PRONOMBRES
PERSONALES ADJETIVOS PRONOMBRES
POSESIVOS POSESIVOS
SUJETO OBJETO
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs
Adjetivos posesivos: Van delante de un nombre. Se
traducen: mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus (de él, de ella, de ello),
nuestro/a/os/as, vuestro/a/os/as, su/s (de ellos)
Pronombres posesivos: sustituyen a un nombre que lleva
un posesivo: mio/a/os/as, tuyo/a/os/as, suyo/a/os/as,
nuestro/a/os/as, vuestro/a/os/as, suyo/a/os/as.
 A / AN, THE, SOME, ANY
- Se usa delante de nombres contables en singular para hablar de algo desconocido o que no
A/AN especificamos:
(Un/una) A + palabras que empiezan por consonante: a book, a chair
AN + palabras empezadas por vocal: an orange, an Apple
THE - Indica algo único o conocido para el hablante: The sun, the statue, the restaurant near my
(el/la/los/las) house…
- Se usa con nombres incontables:
SOME There is some rice in the cupboard (Hay arroz en el armario)
(unos/unas, algunos / algunas, algo, un poco - También con nombres contables en plural:
de. A veces no se traduce) There are some students in the class (Hay algunos estudiantes en clase)
- Se usa en oraciones en afirmativa.
ANY - Se usa en los mismos casos que some (nombres incontables y nombres contables en
Negativa: ningún/ninguna, nada de o no se plural), pero en oraciones interrogativas y negativas
traduce. Is there any rice in the cupboard?= ¿Hay arroz en al armario?
Interrogativa: algunos, alguna, algo de o no Are there any students in the class? = ¿Hay estudiantes en la clase?
se traduce There isn’t any rice in the cupboard = No hay arroz…
There aren’t any students in the class = No hay estudiantes…
 AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
There is a door in my class. There isn’t a door in my class. Is there a door in your class?
N. contables en singular
Yes, there is
THERE IS
There is some money in my bag. There isn’t any money in my bag. Is there any money in your
N. incontables
HAY pocket? No, there isn’t
(Presente) There are four windows in my class. There aren’t four windows in my class. Are there four windows in your
There are some books on the table. There aren’t any books on the table. class? Yes, there are
THERE ARE N. contables en plural
Are there any books on the
table? No, there aren’t
There was a party on Saturday. There wasn’t a party on Saturday. Was there a party on Saturday?
N. contables en singular
Yes, there was
THERE WAS
There was some good music at the party. There wasn’t any good music at the party. Was there any good music at
N. incontables
HABÍA the party? No, there wasn’t
(Pasado) There were two guitarists in the band. There weren’t two guitarists in the band. Were there two guitarists in the
There were some children in the park. There weren’t any children in the park. band? Yes, there were
THERE WERE N. contables en plural
Were there any children in the
park? No, there weren’t
 PRESENT SIMPLE Everyday
Every week
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS Every…
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE All the time
On Mondays…
I play I do not play I don’t play Do I play…? Yes, I do No, I don’t
Always
You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play…? Yes, you do No, you don’t Usually
He plays He does not play He doesn’t play Does he play…? Yes, he does No, he doesn’t Never
She plays She does not play She doesn’t play Does she play…? Yes, she does No, she doesn’t Sometimes
It plays It does not play It doesn’t play Does it play…? Yes, it does No, it doesn’t Often
Once a year
We play We do not play We don’t play Do we play…? Yes, we do No, we don’t
Twice a week
You play You do not play You don’t play Do you play…? Yes, you do No, you don’t Three times a day
They play They do not play They don’t play Do they play…? Yes, they do No, they don’t …
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE SHORT EXPRESIONES
INTERROGATIVE
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS LONG FORM SHORT FORMS ANSWERS TEMPORALES
I am playing I’m playing I am not playing I’m not playing Am I playing …? Yes, I am
You are playing You’re playing You are not playing You aren’t playing Are you playing …? No, you aren’t
He is playing He’s playing He is not playing He isn’t playing Is he playing …? Yes, he is At the moment
Now
She is playing She’s playing She is not playing She isn’t playing Is she playing …? No, she isn’t Today
It is playing It’s playing It is not playing It isn’t playing Is it playing …? Yes, it is This week
We are playing We’re playing We are not playing We aren’t playing Are we playing …? No, we aren’t This morning
You are playing You’re playing You are not playing You aren’t playing Are you playing …? Yes, you are …
They are playing They’re playing They are not playing They aren’t playing Are they playing …? No, they aren’t
VERBOS QUE VAN NORMALMENTE EN PRESENTE SIMPLE (STATIVE VERBS):
Want: I don’t want to dance now.
Like: He likes pop music.
Understand: He doesn’t understand the question.
Know: We know the answer.
Love, hate, think, remember, believe, feel, hope, own, see, hear…
 TO BE (PAST SIMPLE)
Yesterday
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE Last week
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Last Monday
I was I was not I wasn’t Was I…? Yes, I was No, I wasn’t Last year
You were You were not You weren’t Were you…? Yes, you were No, you weren’t Last night…
He was He was not He wasn’t Was he…? Yes, he was No, he wasn’t On Monday…
In June…
She was She was not She wasn’t Was she…? Yes, she was No, she wasn’t Two weeks ago
It was It was not It wasn’t Was it…? Yes, it was No, it wasn’t Three years ago…
We were We were not We weren’t Were we…? Yes, we were No, we weren’t In 1998…
You were You were not You weren’t Were you…? Yes, you were No, you weren’t
They were They were not They weren’t Were they…? Yes, they were No, they weren’t

PAST SIMPLE ( Regular Verbs)

Yesterday
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE Last week
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Last Monday
I played I did not play I didn’t play Did I play…? Yes, I did No, I didn’t Last year
You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play…? Yes, you did No, you didn’t Last night…
He played He did not play He didn’t play Did he play…? Yes, he did No, he didn’t On Monday…
In June…
She played She did not play She didn’t play Did she play…? Yes, she did No, she didn’t Two weeks ago
It played It did not play It didn’t play Did it play…? Yes, it did No, it didn’t Three years ago…
We played We did not play We didn’t play Did we play…? Yes, we did No, we didn’t In 1998…
You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play…? Yes, you did No, you didn’t
They played They did not play They didn’t play Did they play…? Yes, they did No, they didn’t
 PAST SIMPLE ( Irregular Verbs)
Yesterday
NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE Last week
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE Last Monday
I wrote I did not write I didn’t write Did I write …? Yes, I did No, I didn’t Last year
You wrote You did not write You didn’t write Did you write? Yes, you did No, you didn’t Last night…
He wrote He did not write He didn’t write Did he write …? Yes, he did No, he didn’t On Monday…
In June…
She wrote She did not write She didn’t write Did she write …? Yes, she did No, she didn’t Two weeks ago
It wrote It did not write It didn’t write Did it write …? Yes, it did No, it didn’t Three years ago…
We wrote We did not write We didn’t write Did we write …? Yes, we did No, we didn’t In 1998…
You wrote You did not write You didn’t write Did you write …? Yes, you did No, you didn’t
They wrote They did not write They didn’t write Did they write …? Yes, they did No, they didn’t

PAST CONTINUOUS
WAS / WERE + - ING All night, the
whole
SHORT ANSWERS day/afternoon
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I was writing I was not writing Was I writing …? Yes, I was No, I wasn’t At 2 o’clock
yesterday;
You were writing You were not writing Were you writing? Yes, you were No, you weren’t
He was writing He wasn’t writing Was he writing …? Yes, he was No, he wasn’t WHILE / AS /
She was writing She wasn’t writing Was she writing …? Yes, she was No, she wasn’t DURING
It was writing It wasn’t writing Was it writing …? Yes, it was No, it wasn’t
We were writing We weren’t writing Were we writing …? Yes, we were No, we weren’t
You were writing You weren’t writing Were you writing …? Yes, you were No, you weren’t
They were writing They weren’t writing Were they writing …? Yes, they were No, they weren’t

El Pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que estaban en proceso en un momento determinado del pasado. También se usa para
describir la escena en la que ocurrió una historia.
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE TIME EXPRESSIONS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I have seen I’ve seen I haven’t seen Have I seen …? Yes, I have No, I haven’t HOW LONG
You have seen You’ve seen You haven’t seen Have you seen…? Yes, you have No, you haven’t For / since
He has seen He’s seen He hasn’t seen Has he seen…? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t EVER/NEVER
She has seen She’s seen She hasn’t seen Has she seen …? Yes, She has No, she hasn’t ALREADY/YET
It has seen It’s seen It hasn’t seen Has it seen …? Yes, it has No, it hasn’t JUST
We have seen We’ve seen We haven’t seen Have we seen …? Yes, we have No, we haven’t LATELY/RECENTLY/
You have seen You’ve seen You haven’t seen Have you seen …? Yes, you have No, you haven’t ALWAYS/SO FAR
They have seen They’ve seen They haven’t seen Have they seen …? Yes, they have No, they haven’t

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (HAVE/HAS + BEEN + -ing)

SHORT ANSWERS
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE TIME EXPRESSIONS
NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I’ve been waiting I haven’t been waiting Have I been waiting …? Yes, I have No, I haven’t
You’ve been waiting You haven’t been waiting Have you been waiting …? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
HOW LONG
He’s been waiting He hasn’t been waiting Has he been waiting …? Yes, he has No, he hasn’t
FOR / SINCE
She’s been waiting She hasn’t been waiting Has she been waiting …? Yes, She has No, she hasn’t
ALL DAY
It’s been waiting It hasn’t been waiting Has it been waiting …? Yes, it has No, it hasn’t
THE WHOLE WEEK
We’ve been waiting We haven’t been waiting Have we been waiting …? Yes, we have No, we haven’t
You’ve been waiting You haven’t been waiting Have you been …? Yes, you have No, you haven’t
They’ve been waiting They haven’t been waiting Have they been waiting …? Yes, they have No, they haven’t

El Present Perfect Continuous se emplea para acciones ininterrumpidas. Las expresiones temporales que lo suelen acompañar nos indican
cuánto tiempo lleva ocurriendo la acción. El Present Perfect Simple se utiliza para acciones separadas, se podría contar cuántas veces ha
ocurrido algo, por lo tanto no es una acción ininterrumpida. Con el Present Perfect Continuous, la acción a la que nos referimos está
incompleta, mientras que el Present Perfect Simple suele indicar que la acción está acabada, aunque sea muy reciente.
 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)
AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWERS
INTERROGATIVE TIME EXPRESSIONS
LONG FORM SHORT FORMS NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
I had seen I’d seen I hadn’t seen Had I seen …? Yes, I had No, I hadn’t
You had seen You’d seen You hadn’t seen Had you seen…? Yes, you had No, you hadn’t
He had seen He’d seen He hadn’t seen Had he seen…? Yes, he had No, he hadn’t WHEN
She had seen She’d seen She hadn’t seen Had she seen …? Yes, She had No, she hadn’t BY THE TIME
It had seen It’d seen It hadn’t seen Had it seen …? Yes, it had No, it hadn’t BEFORE
We had seen We’d seen We hadn’t seen Had we seen …? Yes, we had No, we hadn’t AFTER
You had seen You’d seen You hadn’t seen Had you seen …? Yes, you had No, you hadn’t
They had seen They’d seen They hadn’t seen Had they seen …? Yes, they had No, they hadn’t

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( HAD + BEEN + - ING)

El PAST PERFECT se emplea para referirnos a una acción ocurrida antes de otra acción en el pasado. La primera acción en el tiempo iría en
PAST PERFECT y la otra acción, la más cercana al presente, en PAST SIMPLE.
When I had made dinner, I called everyone to the table. (First, I made dinner; then, I called everyone)

El PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS se refiere a acciones que estaban ocurriendo antes de un punto determinado en el pasado y que terminó
en ese punto.
Our toys were in the boxes because my mother had been putting them away.
 WAYS OF EXPRESING THE FUTURE

AFFIRMATIVE
I’m going to buy
You are going to buy
He/she/it is going to buy
We are going to buy
You are going to buy
They are going to buy
BE GOING TO
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE TIME EXPRESSIONS
I’m not going to buy Am I going to buy? This evening, later, in an hour,
You aren’t going to buy You are going to buy? at 4 o’clock, tomorrow, soon
He/she/it isn’t going to buy Is he/she/it going to buy?
We aren’t going to buy Are we going to buy?
You aren’t going to buy Are you going to buy?
They aren’t going to buy Are they going to buy?

THE FUTURE
La formación del futuro expresado con WILL coincide en todas las personas.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
AFFIRMATIVE S + WILL + BASE FORM I will do This evening, in an hour, at 3
o’clock, later, next
FUTURE NEGATIVE S + WILL NOT/WON’T + BASE FORM I won’t do
month/year, soon, in a few
SIMPLE INTERROGATIVE WILL + SUBJ + BASE FORM? Will I do? weeks, in the future, on 1st
May
AFFIRMATIVE S + WILL BE + -ING I will be doing This evening, at 3 o’clock,
FUTURE S+ WILL NOT/WON’T BE + -ING I won’t be doing later, next month/year, soon,
NEGATIVE in a few weeks, in the future,
CONTINUOUS WILL + SUBJ + BE + -ING? Will I be doing?
INTERROGATIVE on 1st May, tomorrow
AFFIRMATIVE S + WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE I will have done By this time next week, by 10
FUTURE S + WILL NOT/WON’T HAVE+ PAST P. I won’t have done o’clock, by the end of…, by
NEGATIVE then, by August, in three
PERFECT INTERROGATIVE WILL + SUBJ + HAVE + PAST Will I have done? months…
PARTICIPLE?
 DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE FUTURE: USES
*Sirve para referirnos a horarios, calendarios y programas.
PRESENT SIMPLE The new school year starts on September 13th
*Para referirnos a citas y compromisos ya fijados formalmente.
Jim is playing football on Friday at 6 pm.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS (No expresa una intención, como “be going to”, sino algo que ha sido
programado con antelación y que va a pasar con seguridad)
*Sirve para hablar de decisiones meditadas con anterioridad, de
nuestros planes, proyectos e intenciones para el futuro.
I am going to buy a new car.
BE GOING TO *Con él hacemos predicciones sobre acontecimientos futuros cuando
tenemos evidencia de que eso va a ocurrir:
The workers came this morning. They are going to restore that
building.
*Con él hacemos predicciones sobre el futuro:
In the year 2300, everybody will drive flying cars.
*Expresión de decisiones repentinas, hechas en el momento de
hablar:
FUTURE SIMPLE: WILL+BASE FORM Isn’t that Ann? I’ll go and talk to her
*Para hacer promesas:
I’ll come tomorrow. Don’t worry.

*Para referirnos a acciones que estarán en curso en el futuro.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS: WILL+BE+ING This time this year I’ll be studying at university.
*Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que estarán terminadas en el
FUTURE PERFECT: WILL+HAVE+PAST
futuro:
PARTICIPLE She will have had her baby in two months’ time.

Tomorrow they, will show my favourite film from 10 to 12 pm. At 11.15 I’ll be watching it. At 12.30 I will have watched it.