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rE RegionalCooperationand IntegrationDivision 5
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 DECISION REI.ATING TO THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
YAMOUSSOU KRO DEC LARATION
CONCERNING THE LIBERALIZATION OF
ACCESS TO AIR TR/ANSPORT
MARKETS IN AFRICA

We. African Miniqters in charge gf civil aviation

I meetingin YarBouEsouhfo.
Côted'Ivoire on 13 and 14
t Noveruber 1999
lL

h Aoesldeilag the Treaty Establishingthe African Eco-

I nomic Community,(hereinafterreferredto as the Abuja
li Treaty),in particularArticle 61 relatingto the integration
|i of air transportandArticle 10 relatingto the authorityof
il the Assemblyof Headsof Stateand Governmentto adopt
il decisions;
rl"

ii Aonsldeilag aAso the generalpolicy statementon civil

I aviationmadeby the Conferenceof Headsof Stateand
I Governmentof the Organizationof African Unity under
ResolutionCMlRes.8O4CXXXV)of June1980;
I
li Reaognlzlxgt4,orcùayaâce_ofthe objectiveof the Ya-
I moussoukroDeclarationon a ne\ryAfrican civil aviation
it policy adoptedon 7 October 1988 whoseprimary pur-
I pose was to create a conduciveenvironmentfor the
it developmentof intra- African and internationalair ser-
It vices;
,'j'
l!-".'.-'i:--.*:---{::oo'-...--.'i..-'.i:-"j:.,--ii-..-'"':!i --:.i':-il::-:'.'::-.-';:;:-.,!::-..":=-:.i-...::-{=::}
 'rl
.,ï
).1
x,)
RacaAùtegthe decisionsof African MinistersResponsi- il ji

ble for Civil Aviation adoptedin Mauritiusin September ;;ll traffic rights, capacity,frequencyandpricing;
L994with a view to acceleratingthe implementationof il aoasldailag the importance of enhancing cooperation
the YamoussoukroDeclaration,especiallythoserelating il amongAfrican airlines in order to stimulatethe develop-
to the grantingof traffic rights, regionalcooperationin ll ment of inter-African air transportand the needto improve
Ir
air transportand the role of Governments; .', l l
;'; the quality of serviceto the consumers;and
Aoaeldailag the needto harmonizeair transportpolicies ;! aoevlacod lfiat' given the different levels of air transport
in order to eliminatenon-physicalbarrieis that hamper tl ,jo developmentin Africa it is necessaryto adopt for special
the sustainable development of air transportservicesin il J; andtransitionalprovisionsin orderto achievefull liberaliza-
il tion of air transportin Africa; and
Africa; :j il
Havlng rcgatd lo the recornmendation of the ltr'h Con- :; Raaogelzleg the efforts undertakenin the various sub-
il
ferenceof African Ministers responsiblefor Transport regions to merge, privatize and liberalize ar ransport
and Communicationsheld in Cairo from 25 to 27 ,l ll servlces;
November L997calling for the organizationof a regional lr li
j"'

meetingof African MinistersResponsible for Civil Avia- t1ll IMRBBY ADOPTTHIS DECISION:
tion to review and find ways and meansof implementing l i
;!
the Yamoussoukro Declaration; ii Article I
;r

Âiltadlaâ of the guiding principles set by the Interna- tl Definitions

.to

tional Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for the devel- il

opment of safe,regularand orderly air tran$port services For thepurposesof this Decision,the followingexpressions
,l shallmean:
on the basisof equality; il
FutlhatrûedJnL of the globatizationof the world econ- :;il
omy and the needto createa conduciveenvironmentfor ll "abuia TTeaty": the Treaty Establishingthe African Eco-
nomic community adoptedat Abuja, Nigeriaon the 3'dday
the developmentand provision of safe, reliable and ti
of June, t99L andwhichenteredinto forceon 12 Mav lgg4.
affordableair transportservicesnecessaryfor the free :J
il
movementof persons,goodsandservicesin Africa;
"Aeronautical Authorit!" : anygovernmentalauthority,
Raaogalzlngthe necessityto adopt measureswith the J body corporateor organduly authorisedto performany
aim of progressivelyestablishinga liberalized intra- functionto which this Decisionrelates.
il
African aviationmarketconcerning,amongother things,
ll
'(lur Sertices".and,,Airline[,,
ll
{
havethe meaningrespec-
 tively assignedto themin Article 96
ventionon InternationalCivil Aviation dated7ù Decem- "Decision" :text of this Decisionincludingthe Appendices
ber l9M. andamendments.
.rl

*Eligible Airline" any African

air transport company '! " Depository": the Organizationof African Unity.
fulfilling the requiremenrsset forth in Article 6, subpara- jl
ll
graph6.9 below. " State PaW " : each African State signatoryto the Abuja
tl
'lf Treaty and suchother African countrywhich, thoughnot a
,|J
I JointV-ownedandiointly operatedairline i any airline .rl
party to the saidTreaty,hasdeclaredin writing its intention
ii createdby virtueof Article77 of thechicagoconvention J to be boundby this Decision.
ii" on International
Civil Aviation; il
:.'
I " Tartlfs" : the prices to be paid for the carriage of
Ellective
ècti control ; a relationshipconsrituted by righrs,
,i passengers, baggage or cargo(excludingmail) on scheduled
I '!l
tf contracts or any othermeanswhich,eitherseparately or air services and the conditions,under which theseprices
jointly conferthepossibiliryof a StateParryor Groupof ,i apply, including remunerationand conditions offered to
I
I StatePartiesor their nationalsto directly or indirectly J
,.: travel agenciesandotherauxiliaryservices.
LL exercise a decisive influence on the running of the ,|l
1L businessof the airline or the right to use all or a ll "Third freedom ffaffrc rigL"" : the right of an Eligible
lL substantive
part of the assetsof the air carriers.
,f Airline of one State Party to put down, in the territory of
ll another StateParty, passengers,freight and mail takenup in
J
I Designatedairline; Eligible Airline designared by a state ,l the StateParty in which it is licensed.
Party to exerciseits traffic rights underthis Decision. '(Foufth
if ,ll freedom ffaffrc right" z the right of an Eligible
II
i..
:

i J Airline of one State Party to take otr, in the territory of

lf "CapaciU": as definedby ICAO ll anotherStateParty, passengers, freight and mail for off-
',.. loadingin the StatePartyin whichit is licensed.
;!
ll " CapaciUshare" : rhe shareof an Eligible Airline of a J
il state Partyexpressedas a percentageof the total capacity " Fifth lreedom ffafTic rtghf'z the right of an Eligible
in a bilateralrelationshipwith anorherStateparry. Airline of one StateParty to carry passengers,
freight and
li ,ll
il mail betweentwo StatePartiesotherthan the StateParty in
lt. " Countryolortgin" : theterritoryof a Stateparfywhere whichit is licensed.
,l
I air transportstarts, ll
t'

J Scheduledand Unscheduledair semices.' as defined in

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Itl ;;;:;";",";;;;; ;;;;;;-;;;

j'
li
on sectorswhere, for economicreasons,there are no third
!:
Article2 ii andfourth freedomoperators;and
I Scopeof Application i
IL J (b) grant and receivea minimum of 20 percentof
rl"
2.1 This Decisionestablishes
the arangementamong tj the capacityofferedon the routeconcernedduringany given
Ll StatePartiesfor the gradual liberalizationof scheduled il period of time in respectto any sector where third and
t:
and non-scheduledintra-Africa air transportservices. x fourth freedomoperatorsexist.
lt
t
This Decision has precedenceover any multilateral or
It bilateralagreementson air servicesbetweenStateParties
i
ll i
lr.
which are incompatiblewith this Decision. The provi- i Article4
sionswhich are includedin theseagreernents and which Tariffs
lJ,are not incompatible
with this Decisionremainvalid and i'î
ll 'lJ 4.I In caseof tariff increase,thereshall be no approval
li are supplementaryto the Decision jJ
required by the aeronauticalauthoritiesof State Parties
tl Article3 concernedfor tariff to be chargedby the designated airlines
ti Grantingof Rights
i of StatePartiestbr the carriageof passenger, cargo and
li
J"
î mail. The airlinesshall in this casefile suchtariffs before
ll
ta:

StatePartiesgrantto eachotherthe free exerciseof i competentauthorities30 working days before they enter
tl 3.1
'i into effect.
the rights of the frst, second, third, fourth and fifth
I freedoms of the air on scheduledand non-scheduled
ii ij
passenger, cargo and/or mail flights performed by an 4.2 This provisionis not applicablein the caseof lower-
ll i
ll Eligible Airline to/from their respectiveterritories. ing tariff which takesimmediateeffectaccordingto the will
i:
i
ll i of the airline.
....
[,
3.2 Notwithstanding theprovisionsof paragraph3.1 of j"i
this Article, a StateParty may in accordancewith the Article 5
I Gapacityand Frequency
ll,.. provisionof paragraph10.1of Article 10 below,limit its i
': commitment in respect to fifth freedom rights for a Ï
ll
5. 1 Subjectto the provisionsof Article 3, there shall be no
II periodno longerthantwo (2) yearsto the following: i
'il limit on the number of frequenciesand capacity offered on
ll
(a) grant and receive unrestrictedfifth freedom i air services linking any city pair combination between State
t! j;
Parties concerned. Each DesignatedAirline will be allowed
ll
ll .. .:". I I

I
il to mountandoperatesuchcapacityandfrequencyas such
airlinedeemsappropriate.Consistent with this right, no 6.4 On receiptof the notificationof suchdesignation,
I
StateParty shall unilaterallylimit the volume of traffic, the other StateParty shall, in accordance with its national
ii
the type of aircraft to be operatedor the numberof flights laws, speedup the process of authorizationandlicensingof
ii
per week, exceptfor environmental,safety,technicalor the airline designatedby the otherStatePartyto operatethe
ii
ii otherspecialconsideration. services.While suchauthorization shouldbe grantedwithin
ût,
30 days,the proposedschedule of flightsshouldbe submit-
ii 5.2 Without prejudiceto the provisionsof paragraph ted to the appropriateauthoritiesfor approval.
ii 5.1 above,a StateParty concernedmay refuseto autho-
f rise an increasein capacityif suchadditionalcapacityis 6.5 Shoulda StateParty be convincedthat a designated
not in compliancewith the provisionsof Article 7 relat- airlinedoesnot meetthecriteriain subparagraph6.9 below,
f
f ing to the rulesof fair competition. it may refusethe authorization. The Statethat hasdesig-
..:
natedthe airline may requestconsultations in accordance
with Article 11 paragraph4 of this Decisionrelatingro
Article 6 Miscellaneous Provisions.
Designationand Authorization
6.6 EachStatePartyhasthe right to withdrawthedesigna-
6.1 Each StateParty shall have the right to designatein tion of an EligibleAirline and to designateanothereligible
writing at least one airline to operatethe intra-Africa air airline or airlines in writing through diplomaticchannels
transport servicesin accordancewith this Decision. Such within 30 days exceptwhen preventedfrom doing so for
designation shall be notified to the other State Party in securityreasons.
il. writing throughdiplomaticchannels.
rL
6.7 Authorizationsfor the performanceof non-scheduled
li 6.2 A StateParty may also designatean Eligible Air- air transportservicesby Eligible Airlines of rhe Statc
il' line from anotherStateParty to operateair serviceson its Partiesshallbe grantedby the respectivecompetent author-
ii behalf. ities, provided that an applicationhas beensubmittedfor
il approvalto the appropriateauthority,accompanied by the
:.!

tl" 6.3 A StateParty shall have the right to designatean operatingcertificatesof the airline's countryof nationality
multinationalairline in which it is ^ andthe corresponding insurancepolicies.
I eligible African
I stakeholder by the other
andthis airline shallbe accepted
ll StateParties. 6.8 In orderto ensurecontinuedscheduledair services
:j
on a particularroutesectorwherescheduled
airlineshave
|'1...n.l.---*':-"j':-.cJ':..:'...'".-,'.,j..'.:.j:':::...:::{,::..'J:_-_.lj--jj..-:...,i,--ro"-.-;nJ,:.-::
an obligationto operateduring low andhigh traffic at leastequalto thoseset
maintainstandards
seasons, the scheduledairlineswill be givenpreference
by ICAO and to respondto any queryfrom
over the non-scheduledairlineson the samesector"
any Stateto which it providesair services;
6.9Flisibilirycrtterta (e) be effectivelycontrolledby a StateParty.
To be eligible, an airline should:
6.10 Revocationof authortzafion

(a) be legally establishedin accordancewith

A State Party may revoke, suspend or limit the
the regulations applicable in a StateParty
operatingauthorizationof a designatedairline of the other
to this Decision;
State Party when the airline fails to meet the criteria of
eligibility.
(b) have its headquarters,central administra-
In case of revocation the State Party shall inform
tion and principal place of business
the airline at least thirty (30) days before the measure
physically locatedin the Stateconcerned;
entersinto force.
(c) be duly licensed by a State Party as
6.11 Documents
defined in Annex 6 of the Chicago Con-
vention;
Each StateParty shall recognizeas valid the Air
OperatingCertificate,Certificateof Airworthiness,Certifi '
(d) fully own or have a long-termleaseex-
cateof Competencyandthe licensesissuedor validatedby
ceeding six months on an aircraft and
the other StateParty and still in force provided that the
haveits technicalsupervision;
requirementsfor such certificateof license are at least
equalto the minimumstandards setby ICAO.
(e) be aclequatelyinsuredwith regardto pas-
sengers,cargo,mail, baggageand third
6.12 Safet and securit
partiesin an amountat leastequalto the
provisionsof the InternationalConven-
(a) The State Parties re-affirm their obligations :
tionsin force;
to each other to protect the security of civil
"l
aviation against acts of unlawful interfer- .l
(0 be capable of demonstratingits ability to
ence. The StatePartieswill conform to the ;

t0
lt
-j':;i:=ii:--4 1--::;..::-;:= :=:--;c -:;.:4::=;iL-.1-i. :-ï-.-4..:-;.:.I:-.o{::--:.n :-:=-ô'.:'=;'.--i--q
i.

StatesParties concernedshall in the first place endeavorto

provisionsof the variousconventionson
settlethe disputeby negotiation.
air safetyin accordancewith ICAO pro-
visions and especiallywith Annex 17 of
8.2 If the StatePartiesconcernedfail to reach a settlement
the ChicagoConventionon International
of the disputeby negotiationwithin 21 days, either parry
Civil Aviation.
may submit the disputefor arbitraticlnin accordancewith
the arbitrationprocedures
setforth in Appendix2 hereof.
(b) Each StateParty shall give consideration
to any requestfrom the other StateParty
for specialsecurity measuresto meet a
particularthreat. Article9
MonitoringBody
(c) The StatePartiesreaffirmtheir obligation
9.1 Pursuantto paragraph4 of Article 25 of the Abuja
to comply with the civil aviation safety
Treaty, a Sub-Committee
on Air Transportof the Commiç
standardsand practicesrecommended by
tee on Transport,Communicationsand Tourism is hereby
ICAO.
establishedwhich shall be responsible,inter alia, for the
overall supervision, follow-up and implementationof this
Decision.
Article 7
Competition Rules
9.2 A Monitoring Body composedof representativesof
're
the ECA, OAU, AFCAC and AFRAA which shall
7.t StatePartiesshall ensurefair oppornrnityon non-
assisted, as the case may be, by representativesof sub-
discriminatory basisfor the designated Africanairline,to
regional organizations,is hereby establishedto assist the
effectivelycompetein providing air transportservices
Sub-Committee on Air Transport composed of Africari
within their respective
territories.
MinistersResponsiblefor Civil Aviationin the follow-upof
the implementation
of this Decision
Article 8
9.3 The dutiesandresponsibilities
of the MonitoringBody
Settlement of Disputes
are set forth in Annex 3 hereof. Secretariatservices
8.1 lf any disputearisesbetweenStatesPartiesrelating requiredby the Monitoring Body shall be providedby the
to the interpretation
or applicationof this Decision,the ECA.

l3
t2
lr'.
['
rl,
10"3 The exemptionof a StatePartyfrom the application of
9.4 To ensuresuccessfulimplementationof the Deci-
I
il
sion, an African Air TransportExecutingAgencywill be
this Decision terminateson the date provided for in the
Declarationmadeunderparagraph10.1 above. During the
ll
established as soon as possible. The principalresponsi- transitionalperiod,no StatePartyshall be obligedto grant
bility will includeinter alia the supervisionandmanage- any rights hereunderto any StateParty not boundtherebyto
ll
i:
mentof Africa's liberalizedair transportindustry. the sameextent.
il.
t1
9.5 The ExecutingAgencyshallhavesufficientpowers 10.4 With regardto any measurescoveredby the Deci-
I
ll to formulate and enforce appropriaterules and regula- sion, the StatePartiesshallnot discriminatebetweendesig-
tions that give fair and equalopporrunitiesto all players
I andpromotehealthycompetition.
nated airlines of StatePartiesthat have assumedsimilar
commitments.
!i
ll
....
l;:1
9.6 The ExecutingAgency will also ensurethat con- 10.5 StatePartiesundertakenot to enter into any obliga-
l sumerrights are protected.
l.... tions that would be more restrictive than this Decision.
ll However, StatePartiesshall not be precludedfrom main-
lt
'':, tainingor developingon a bilateralbasisor amongstthem-
ll Article 10 selves,arrangements more flexible than those contained
il Transitionalmeasures herein.
il
'.:
ti 10.1 By a formal declarationmade in writing to the 10.6 This Decisionshallnot be deemedto imposeobligati
i:
il Depositoryor the secretariatof the Monitoring Body, âs -ionson a StatePartyto grantcabotageprivileges.
I I the casemay be, through diplomatic channelat the time
il of adoptionof the Decisionby the Assemblyof Headsof
l'.

i" State and Governmentor any time thereafter, a State Article11

ll Party shall have the option not to grant and receivethe Miscellaneous Provisiqns
li
r!
rights andobligationsprovidedfor in Articles3 and4 for
I
ll
a transitionalperiod not exceedingtwo (2) years. 1 1 . 1 Commer cial Opportunities
ri

Ill,.:
t0.2 Each State Party may, or six (6) months prior
notice given to the Depositoryor the Secretariatof the
11.1.1 The designated airlineof eachStatePartyshallhave
the right to establishofficesin the territory of the otherState
tl DecisionMonitoringBody, assumeor resumesuchrights Partyfor the promotionandsaleof air transportservices.
and,obligations.
'J .o.=-:',i
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l5
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II

ii fi.Lz Upon requestand in accordance with applicable ;;;;,:,;;,;;,;;;;?

ii foreignexchangeregulations,eachdesignated airline will

In operating scheduledand unscheduledservices,
li be grantedthe right to convertandremit to the country of
eachdesignatedairline may, on any or all flights and at its
ii its choice,all local revenuesfrom the saleof air transport
option:
li servicesand associatedactivitiestdirectly linked to air
ii transportin excessof sumslocally disbursed,with con- (a) operateflights in either or both directions;
ii version and remifiancepermittedpromptly without re-
f striction, discriminationtaxationll in respectthereof in (b) be permitted by the State Parties concernedto com-
il' accordancewith the applicableforeign exchangeregula- bine air servicesand use the sameflight number.
il tions.
i..
(c) serve intermediate, and beyond points and points in
iii,: 11. 1.3 The designatedairline may be permitted to the territories of the State Parties in Africa on the
ii pay for its local expensessuchas handlingand purchases routes in any combination and in any order, and
ii of fuel in local currency,as providedfor in the exchange
I controlregulations. (d) omit stopsat any point or points,providedthat the
i'
;: servicecofirmencesat a point in the territory of the
ii 11.1.4 The designatedairline of each State Party StatePartydesignatingthe airline.
shallbe entitled,in accordance with the laws andregula-
I
I tions of the other StateParty relating to entry, residence 11.3 Cooperative
Arcangements
ii and employt'nent, to bring into the territoriesemployees
I who perform managerial,commercial,technical,opera- In operating the authorizedserviceson the
t tional and other specialistdutieswhich are requiredfor agreedroutes,a designatedairline of one Stateparty may
lL the provisionof air transportservices. enter into cooperativemarketing arrangementssuch as
blocked-space, codesharing,franchisingor leasingarrange-
[ 11.1.5 The aforementionedmeasures aredesignedto
ment, with an airline or airlinesof the otherstatepartv.
I and operationof airlinesand
facilitatethe establishment
I the transferof their excessearningsshall be taken by IL4 Consultation.
lL StatePartieson the basisof reciprociry.
il
li
tl A StateParty may, at any time, requestconsultation
i:.
1,1
rl
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ili
12.L2 In respectof AfricanStatesthatarenot partiesto 'l
T^ *o.^oot nÇ Âf-i^^- Q+^+o- fLni. ^ea nnf nnrfiôô +^ :.

li with other StateParty (ies) in respectto the interpretation li

'il the Abuja Treaty, this Decision shall enter into force 30 i
I or applicationof this Decision. Suchconsultationshall
daysafter thedateon which suchStatehascommunicated its i
f begin at the earliestpossibledate but not later than 30 Ï declarationof intentionto be boundby this Decisionin the 1
daysfrom the datethe other Party receivesthe request" "i
ii form of Appendix 1(a), 10) and 1(c) to the Monitoring ':
i'.:i : Body which shall in turn transmit the declarationto the i
;.'
it 11.5Review- ,! Depository.
:
ti
ti -.!
The Air Transport Sub-committeeshall review T2,1,3 The Depository shall inform all StateParties of: J
I ,f
It this Decisionevery two yearsor earlierif requested by J
two-thirds of the State Parties. In such reviews, the J (a) eachDeclarationmade in accordancewith the
ll 'lonitoring Body shall propose measuresto eliminate
ii J Decision;
It existingrestrictionsgradually. J (b) dateof the depositandthe dateof effectiveness i
I

f: ;1
[ 11.6 Registration ,l of this Decisionin respectto that State; I

ii i (c) the withdrawalof any Declaration;

l
I
tl

!i This Decisionshall be registeredby the Deposi- "l I

(d) the withdrawalfrom this Decisionandthe date ,i

I tory and/orMonitoring Body with the InternationalCivil ,f
it Aviation Organization(ICAO) ,ll on which it takeseffect,and
f:{ (e) the accession
by andadmission
of newStates. j
r.i J
i
t'
.:
I

p Article12 .l
I2.2 Role oï subregi_onal
and regionalorganizations
h F!nq!Provisions iil
ll

ri
'i
ri

Subregionalandregionalorganizations areencouraged
h LT.t Entryinto Force J
'.: I' to pursueandto intensiff their effortsin the implementation
of this Decision.
li l2.l.l In accordancewith Article 10 of the Abuja ""|
il Treaty, this Decisionshall automaticallyenter into force ,1
12.3 Withdrswal
ii thirty (30) days after the date of its signatureby the i
li Chairmanof the Assemblyof Headsof StateandGovern- 1
J
T2.3,T A StatePartymay withdrawfrom this Decisionby a
i! ment at which this Decisionwas adopted.
lli
ii :"
li
"{ i.,
'l!'f-";-
:-. ,.i: . - l,i:,::'i-=."J ==1j=:=""-. -!.1.,,,,,{--.--"j --=Lo::",':-{:, jo':'::-lJ ---:. j'J'': --ii:-",1:'." -=-"" - . - î" .ll

l9
l8
 formalnotificationin writing addressed to the Depository
of its intentionto do so or in the circumstances contem-
plated under Article t04 of the Abuja Treaty" The
Depositoryshall within 30 daysof receiptof thenotifica-
tion of withdrawalnotiff the other stateparties.

12.3.2Notwithstandingthe noticeof withdrawal,this

Decisionshallapply to the stateconcernedfor oneyear
after the dateof receiptof the notificationby the Deposi-
tory.

t 2.4 Annexes

Relevantannexesadoptedby the competent or-

gansof the African EconomicCommunityshall form an
integralpart of this Decision.

Donein Yamoussoukro
this 14ôdav of
November1999

lhe teru "witbout taxatl,on" r€fêrs t,o t,axat,ion on the

conversion aud renittance, noÈ Èo national incone tax
whLch lg bett,er dealE with on the baglg of a doubre
taxa-
tlon Èreaty, or some oÈber arrangen€nt ia which the incorne
fron È'he sale of air tranaporEatioo by foreign airrines rs
exenpbed fron uationar income Èax on a reciprocar baglg.
Howevar, tbe absence of a doubre taxat,lon t,reaty or other
arrangement'. sEaÈee could uee thig clauee to exenpt recip-
rocally air carrlere fron foreign Lncome taxe', bub shourd
make theLr lntention clear in thie regard.

20