1.

INTRODUCTION:
BS is claimed to be first mobile emission testing vehicle in the rail sector enabling Indian
Railway to frame emission standards for long diesel/organization Director General V.
Ramachandran said this is the first step of Indian railway towards controlling emission on
par with international standards.
The aim of using the BS is to test exhaust emission level analyze engine performance improve
fuel efficiency and reduce environment pollution. The BS will help measure Oxides of
nitrogen, particular matters total hydrocarbon methane, carbon mono oxide and carbon
dioxide in locomotives

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1.1 EMISSION STANDARDS:
Emission Standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutants that can
be released in to the environment. Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants
released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vehicles but they can also regulate
emissions from industry, power plant, small equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel
generators.
Vehicle emission performance standard: An emission performance standard is a limit
that sets thresholds above which a different type of emission control technology might be
needed

Fig.1.1 Emission Standards

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1.2 EMISSSION NORMS:
It was in 1991 that first time emission norms were introduced in India for petrol cars, diesel cars
followed in 1992. Emission norms means some rules (which has specified quantity) decided by
the govt for control of air pollution. Implementation of mandatory catalytic converters in
1995 for the 4 Metro cities, thus reducing pollution further.
From 2000, India introduced strict Emission standards modelled on the European ones. This
means the birth of Bharat Norms, with the first set of norms known as Bharat stage II,
followed by BS III, and BS IV (BS I was the earlier, Indian standard)

Fig.1.2 Upgrade from BS-IV to BS-VI

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2. EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUE:

 Electronic Fuel Injection Systems

 Multi point Fuel Injection system (MPFI)
 Air Assisted Fuel Injection System
 Gasoline Direct Injection System
 Common Rail Direct Injection System (CRDI)
 Catalytic Converters
 Nano Fuel Additives

2.1 ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM:

 Inherent parts an Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
 Fuel Injection- The fuel injector sprays the appropriate amount of
fuel as directed by the vehicles on-board computer (ECU)
 Fuel pump- The fuel pump sends the fuel from the gas tank through the
fuel lines and to the throttle body or fuel rail for delivery to the
combustion chamber via the fuel injectors.
 Engine Control Unit (ECU)- determines the amount of fuel needed
according to the driving conditions. The engine control unit, located
within the engine compartment, follows a program that gives the criteria
for how much fuel is delivered in various situations. Programming of
ECU is basically called engine tuning.
 Sensor- Sensor located within the vehicles fueling system help the
engine control unit to determine when certain functions need to
happen, Crank and Cam position sensor, Airflow Sensor and Exhaust Gas
Oxygen Sensor are important.

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Fig. 2.1 VW exhaust after treatment system

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS:
1. Euro 1/BS 1 came in effect from 2000
2. Euro 2/BS II from 2001
3. BS III from April 2005
4. BS IV from April 2010
5. BS V from 2016
6. BS VI norms adopt in 2020.

Fig. 3. Indian emission standards (4-wheel vehicles)

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 4. BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS (BS):

Bharat stage emission standards introduced in 2000 are emission standards that have been set up
by the central government. To regulate the output of the air pollutants from Internal combustion
engine. The Bharat Stage norms are based on European regulations. In 13 major cities Bharat
Stage IV emission Standards were put in the place in APRIL 2010.

Why is it important?

upgrading to stricter Fuel Standards helps tackle air pollution. Global auto marks are betting big
on India as vehicles penetration is still low here, when compared to developed countries.

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4.1 FOR PASSENGER VEHICLES:

Norms CO (g/km) HC (Hydro RSPM Sulphur

Content in
carbon Carbon) +NOx (respirable
Diesel
monoxide Nitrogen Oxide suspended
(g/km) particulate
matter)

BS I 2.72 0.97 0.14 NA

BS II 2.2 0.5 0.08 500 PPM

BS III 2.3 0.35 (combined) 0.050 100 PPM

BS IV 1.0 0.18 (combined) 0.025 50 PPM

Fig. 4.1 Passenger vehicle emission limits

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4.2 DIESEL EMISSION NORMS (All Figures in g/km):

Emission Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

BS-III 0.64 -------- 0.50 0.56 0.05

BS-IV 0.50 -------- 0.25 0.30 0.025

Euro 6 0.50 -------- 0.06 0.17 0.005

Fig. 4.2 Diesel emission limits

4.3 PETROL EMISSION NORMS (All Figures in g/km):

Emission Norms CO HC NOx HC+NOx PM

BS-III 2.30 0.20 0.15 ---------- ---------

BS-IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 ----------- ------------

Euro 6 1.00 0.10 0.06 --------- 0.005

Fig. 4.3 Petrol emission limits

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 5. EUROPEAN STANDARDS:

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhausts emission of new vehicle
sold in EU and EEA member states. The emission standards are defined in a series of European
union directives staging progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

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 5.1 EUROPEAN EMISSION STANDARDS FOR PASSENGER CAR:

a. Diesel

TIER DATE CO THC NHMC NOX HC+NOX PM

Euro I July 1992 2.72 - - - 0.97 0.14

(3.16) (1.13) (0.18)

Euro II January 1996 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08

Fig. 5.1 (a) Diesel emission limits

b. Petrol

TIER DATE CO THC NHMC NOX HC+NOX PM

Euro I July 1992 2.72 - - - 0.97 -

(3.16) (1.13)

Euro II January 1996 2.2 - - - 0.5 -

Fig. 5.1(b) Petrol emission limits

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 6. BS & EURO:
 BS stage are of same standards as euro stages in terms of causing pollution
 i.e. a EURO IV car makes same pollution as that BS IV
 Differences are in terms of testing conditions
1. Atmospheric temperature
2. Sub zero temp in Europe and avg24-28 degree Celsius in India
3. Car speed during testing Max 120 km/h in Europe and max 90 km/h in India
4. Road Conditions

6.1 BS III & IV:

1. BS III is compulsory all India, while BS IV is compulsory for all metro Cities.
2. Most petrol-powered passenger cars in India have already converted to BS IV years ago.
3. BS is basically the emission standards given by Government of India to regulate the air
pollutants coming from internal combustion engine.
4. BS IV vehicles is costly than BS III.
5. BS means Bharat stage. BS III and BS IV are environmental
6. standards for vehicles emissions.
7. Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the country since October 2010. From
April 2010 Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place 13 major cities in India.
8. BS IV has turbocharger with intercooler. Also it has common rail injection systems
controlled by electronic control unit.
9. BS III has rotary type injection system. Intercooler is optional.
10. BS IV engine is very good and less polluting compare to BS III.

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 Fig. 6 Implementation of emission standards in India, Europe, China

6.2 EURO I & II:

WHAT ARE EURO I AND EURO II NORMS?
The Euro norms require manufactures to reduce the existing polluting emission levels in a more
efficient manner by making certain technical changes in their vehicles.

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6.3 APPLICATION:
 Heavy penalties for vehicles not obeying the Emission Norms.
 Fuel Categorization to control Degradation of the Air Quality.
 Advance modules to the Giants in the Automobile Sector.
 Skipping BS V a good move.
 Introduction of Electric Concept Cars.

7. CONCLUSION:
The aim of using the RDSO (Research Design and Standards Organization) is to test exhaust
emission levels analyze engine performance improve fuel efficiency and reduce environment
pollution. The machine will also be used to set emission standards on a par with European and B
S Standards and with the U S norms. It will help to measure oxides of nitrogen, particular matters
total hydrocarbon methane, carbon mono oxide and carbon oxides in locomotives. It will also
measure the performance of the engine improve the fuel efficiency and reduce environmental
problems.

8. REFERENCE:
 BS Norms, by Ganeshan, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers.
 Engine fundamentals by John B. Haywood, McGraw Hill Publishers.
 Fundamentals of Engine Emission by H.N. Gupta, Prentice Hall of India.
 Norms of Combustion Engines, By Mathur & Sharma, Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
 www.irfca.com

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