Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Report
Submitted on partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
Batch ID:-08EEE-17
1
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
With increase in the demand for Electricity due to increase in population and
industrialization, the Generation of power was really a challenge now a day. If we want
to increase the power generated in the conventional way i.e., by means of non-
renewable energy sources like coal, diesel, natural gases and similar fossil fuels, the
pollution increases which degrades the Environment and human life style.
Compared to the non-renewable energy sources these have the advantages of the
following:
The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity
and free to use.
The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are
bound to expire one day.
2
Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as
green and environment friendly.
Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities.
The money that is used to build these plants can provide jobs to thousands to
lakhs of people.
You don't have to rely on any third country for the supply of renewable sources
as in case of non-renewable sources.
Renewable sources can cost less than consuming the local electrical supply. In
the long run, the prices of electricity are expected to soar since they are based
on the prices of crude oil, so renewable sources can cut your electricity bills.
Various tax incentives in the form of tax waivers, credit deductions are
available for individuals and businesses who want to go green.
But even though they have their advantages, they are not preferred due to
economical criteria of investing huge funds. Also the problems that we face when we
integrate these energy sources to the grid are quite many like power quality
maintenance.
In this paper we consider Wind power that can be utilised for generation of electrical
power using Wind farms with FACTS device P-STATCOM to compensate the
disturbances that occur due to the fluctuating nature of the wind. This nature of wind
also effects the current and voltage in the grid to which wind turbine is connected.
3
system (BESS) in the MATLAB, simulink using Simpower systems tool box and to
verify the results through various case studies applying Non-linear loads and study
them in detail.
4
exceptional features like it provides fast response, suitable for dynamic load response
or voltage regulation and automation needs, Both leading and lagging VARS can be
provided, to correct voltage surges or sags caused by reactive power demands pulse
STATCOM can be applied on wide range of distribution and transmission voltage,
overload capability of this provides reserve energy for transients from the BESS.
The pulse STATCOM is controlled using the PI controller. The complete
background of the compensating devices and power electronic application in
compensating devices is discussed and also the compensation using the STATCOM
modeling is also discussed.
Theoretical analyses of the Different types of control strategies use for the
control of STATCOM are discussed and the necessary block diagrams and the
transformations required are discussed.
Conclusions are drawn basing on the simulated results obtained and also the
future scope of the project is also included.
5
2.1.1 Types of Power Quality Problem
Some of the power quality disturbance wave forms are shown in fig 2.1.2
2.1.2 Transients These are sub cycle disturbances with a very fast voltage change.
They typically have frequencies often to hundreds of kilohertz and sometimes
megahertz. The voltage excursions range from hundreds to thousands of volts.
Transients are also called spikes, impulses and surges. Two categories of transients are
described, impulsive transient and oscillatory transient. Examples of transients include
lightning, electro-static discharge; load switching, line/ cable switching, capacitor bank
or transformer energizing and Ferro-resonance.
6
2.1.6 Voltage Fluctuation
The fast variation in voltage magnitude is called “voltage fluctuation”, or “light
flicker”. Sometimes the term “voltage flicker” is also used. This voltage magnitude
ranges from 0.9 to 1.1 pu of nominal. One example is an arc furnace.
Inter harmonics: These are voltages and currents having frequency components which
are not integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Examples include static
frequency converters, cyclo-converters, induction motors and arcing devices.
Noise: This is unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content lower than
200 kHz superimposed on system voltage or current in phase conductors, or found on
7
neutral conductors or signal lines. Examples include power electronics applications,
control circuits, solid-state rectifiers, switching power supplies, etc.
8
Table 2.1.2 Neighbouring Causes of Power Quality Variations
Types Causes and effects
Transients are generated from the switching of loads. In situations
where multiple, separate businesses share wiring or other parts of the
Transient power system, arcing-based transients are possible. Reactive loads,
regardless of light or heavy motors, generate spikes.
9
phase of a three-phase bank.
Power The frequency of the supply voltage is not constant. This frequency
frequency variation is due to unbalance between load and generation. Short
variation circuits also contribute to this variation.
The amount of harmonic distortion originating from the power
system is normally small. The increasing use of power electronics for
control of power flow and voltage (flexible ac transmission systems
or FACTS) carries the risk of increasing the amount of harmonic
Waveform distortion originating in the power system.
distortion Harmonic current distortion requires over-rating of series components
like transformers and cables
Inter harmonics can excite unexpected resonance between
transformer inductances and capacitor banks. More dangerous are
sub-harmonic currents, which can lead to saturation of transformers
and damage to synchronous generators and turbines.
2.2.0. Power electronic applications in power transmission system
The rapid development of power electronics technology provides exciting
opportunities to develop new power system equipment for better utilization of existing
systems. Since 1990, a number of devices under the term FACTS (flexible AC
transmission systems) technology have been proposed and implemented. FACTS
devices can be effectively used for power flow control, load sharing among parallel
corridors, voltage regulation, and enhancement of transient stability and mitigation of
system oscillations. By giving additional flexibility, FACTS controllers can enable a
line to carry power close to its thermal rating. Mechanical switching has to be
supplemented by rapid response power electronics. It may be noted that FACTS is
enabling technology, and not a one-on-one substitute for mechanical switches.
FACTS employ high speed Thyristor for switching in or out transmission line
components such as capacitors, reactors or phase shifting transformers for desirable
performance of systems. The FACTS technology is not a single high power controller,
but rather a collection of controllers, which can be applied individually or in
10
coordination with others to control one or more of system parameters. it started with the
high voltage DC current (HVDC) transmission, static VAR compensator (SVC)
systems were employed later for the reactive power compensation of power
transmission lines . Subsequently, devices like thyristor controlled series compensator
(TCSC), static compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC), unified power flow controller (UPFC) were proposed and installed under the
generic name of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) controllers.
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I= V- V0 / X
The reactive power exchange is
Q = VI = V (V- V0 ) / X
The switching circuit is capable of adjusting V0 , the output voltage of the converter.
For V0 < V, I lags V and Q drawn from the bus is inductive, while for V0 >V, I leads V
and Q drawn from the bus is leading. Reactive power drawn can be easily and smoothly
varied by adjusting V0 by changing the on time of the solid state solid state switches. It
is to be noted that the transformer leakage reactance is quite small, which means that a
small difference in of voltage (V- V0) causes the required I and Q flow. Thus the
converter acts as the static synchronous condenser or VAR generator. As the converter
draws only reactive power, the real power drawn from the capacitor is zero. Also at DC
(zero frequency) the capacitor doesn’t change and the capacitor establishes only a
voltage level for the converter.
12
series capacitances are connected. All series controllers inject voltage in series with the
line. If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the line, series controller only supplies or
consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve real power
also.
Tasks of dynamic series compensation:
Reduction of load dependent voltage drops
Reduction of system transfer impedance
Reduction of transmission angle
Increase of system stability
Load flow control for specified power paths
Damping of active power oscillations
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Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
The two basic schemes of thyristor-controlled series capacitors, using thyristor-
switched capacitors and a fixed capacitor in parallel with a thyristor-controlled Reactor,
are shown schematically in Fig- 2.2.3 a and b. In the thyristor-switched capacitor
scheme of Figure 2.2.3 a, the degree of series compensation is controlled by Increasing
or decreasing the number of capacitor banks in series. To accomplish this, each
capacitor bank is inserted or bypassed by a thyristor valve (switch). To minimize
switching transients and utilize “natural” commutation, the operation of the thyristor
valves is coordinated with voltage and current zero crossings. In the fixed-capacitor,
thyristor-controlled reactor scheme of Figure 2.2.3 b, the degree of series compensation
in the capacitive operating region (the admittance of the TCR is kept below that of the
parallel connected capacitor) is increased (or decreased) by increasing (or decreasing)
the thyristor conduction period, and thereby the current in the TCR. Minimum series
compensation is reached when the TCR is off. The TCR may be designed to have the
capability to limit the voltage across the capacitor during faults and other system
contingencies of similar effect. The two schemes may be combined by connecting a
number of TCRs plus a fixed capacitor in series in order to achieve greater control
range and flexibility.
(a)
(b)
Fig.2.2.3. (a) TCSC with thyristor switched capacitance
(b) TCSC with fixed capacitor
14
2.3.2. Shunt compensation:
This may be variable impedance, variable source or combination of these. All shunt
controllers inject current into the system at the point of connection. Combined series-
series controllers can be combination of separate series controllers which are controlled
in a coordinated manner. Combined series and shunt controllers either controlled in
coordinated manner as in fig. or a unified power flow controller with series and shunt
elements as in fig. for a unified controller there can be real power exchange between
the series and shunt controllers via dc power link.
Tasks of dynamic shunt compensation:
Steady state and dynamic voltage control
Reactive power control of dynamic loads
Damping of active power oscillations
Improvement of system stability
15
an external DC source to regulate the voltage in case of very low voltage in the
distribution system or in case of faults.
And if the VSC output voltage leads the system voltage then the real power from the
capacitor or the DC source will be supplied to the AC system to regulate the system
voltage to the =1p.u or to make the capacitor voltage constant.
Hence the exchange of real power and reactive power of the voltage source
converter with AC system is the major required phenomenon for the regulation in the
transmission as well as in the distribution system.
2
CHAPTER – 3
DISTRIBUTION GENERATION
16
have mainly been used as a standby power source for critical businesses. For
example, most hospitals and office buildings had stand-by diesel generators as an
emergency power source for use only during outages. However, the diesel
generators were not inherently cost-effective, and produce noise and exhaust that would
be objectionable on anything except for an emergency basis. On the other hand,
environmental-friendly distributed generation systems such as fuel cells, micro
turbines, biomass, wind turbines, hydro turbines or photovoltaic arrays can be a
solution to meet both the increasing demand of electric power and
environmental regulations due to green house gas emission.
As illustrated in these figures, the currently competitive DGS units will be
constructed on a conventional distribution network, instead of large central power
plants because the DGS can offer improved service reliability, better economics
and a reduced dependence on the local utility
Figure 3.1 A large central power plant and distributed generation systems
Recently, the use of distributed generation systems under the 500 kW level is
rapidly increasing due to technology improvements in small generators,
power electronics, and energy storage devices. Efficient clean fossil-fuels technologies
17
such as micro-turbines, fuel cells, and environmental-friendly renewable energy
technologies such as biomass, solar/photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines and
hydro turbines, are growingly used for new distributed generation systems. These
DGS are applied to a standalone , a grid-interconnected, a standby, peak shavings ,
a cogeneration etc. and have a lot of benefits such as environmental-friendly and
modular electric generation, increased reliability/stability, high power quality, load
management, fuel flexibility, uninterruptible service, cost savings, on-site generation,
expandability, etc.
3.2 Benefits
In the last decade, the concept of many small scale energy sources dispersed
over the grid gain a considerable interest. Most of all, technological innovations and a
changing economic and regulatory environment were that main triggers for this
interest. International Energy Agency IEA lists five major factors that contribute to
this evolution, such as developments in distributed generation technologies, constraints
on the construction of new transmission lines, increased customer demand for highly
reliable electricity, the electricity market liberalization and concerns about climate
change. Especially the last two points seem to offer the most significant benefits, as it is
unlikely that distributed generation would be capable of avoiding the development of
new transmission lines. At minimum, the grid has to be available as backup supply. In
the liberalized market environment, the distributed generation offers a number of
benefits to the market participants. As a rule, customers look for the electricity services
best suited for them. Different customers attach different weights to features of
electrical energy supply, and distributed generation technologies can help electricity
suppliers to supply the type of electricity service they prefer. One of the most
interesting features is the flexibility of DG that could allow market participants to
respond to changing market conditions, i.e. due to their small sizes and the short
construction lead times compared to most types of larger central power plants.
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these price fluctuations. Apparently, using distributed generation for continuous use or
for peak shaving is the major driver for the US demand for distributed generation. In
Europe, market demand for distributed generation is driven by heat applications, the
introduction of renewable and by potential efficiency improvements.
1) Large generation units connected on the customer’s side are however difficult to
classify in view of this definition.
2) The value of their flexibility is probably understated when economic assessments of
distributed generation are made. Recent work based on option value theory suggests
that flexible power plants.
19
quality refers to the degree to which power characteristics align with the ideal
sinusoidal voltage and current waveform, with current and voltage in balance. Thus,
strictly speaking, power quality encompasses reliability. Insufficient power quality can
be caused by failures and switching operations in the network (voltage dips and
transients) and by network disturbances from loads (flickers, harmonics and phase
imbalance).
20
Moreover, the impact on the local voltage level of distributed generation connected
to the distribution grid can be significant. Especially raising voltage levels in radial for
Some times the power injections need to be corrected for the transmission losses,
meaning that an ARP should inject some 3¸4% more than it withdraws.
21
CHAPTER – 4
WIND POWER GENERATION
4.1. INTRODUCTION:
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into useful form, such as electricity,
using wind turbines. In windmills, wind energy is directly used to crush grain or to
pump water. Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and
reduces greenhouse gas emissions when it displaces fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The
intermittency of wind seldom creates insurmountable problems when using wind power
to supply a low proportion of total demand, but it presents extra costs when wind is to
be used for a large fraction of demand.
22
into a single wind power plant, also known as a wind farm, and generate bulk electrical
power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility grid and distributed to
customers, just as with conventional power plants.
23
The rotational speed of a wind turbine is fairly low and must therefore be
adjusted to the electrical frequency. This can be done in two ways: with a gearbox or
with the number of pole pairs of the generator. The number of pole pairs sets the
mechanical speed of the generator with respect to the electrical frequency and the
gearbox
adjusts the
rotor speed
of the
turbine to
the
mechanical
speed of the
generator.
FIGURE.4.2
FIGURE 4.3
24
principle
determined by a gearbox and the pole-pair number of the generator. The fixed-speed
wind turbine system has often two fixed speeds. This is accomplished by using two
generators with different ratings and pole pairs, or it can be a generator with two
windings having different ratings and pole pairs. This leads to increased aerodynamic
capture as well as reduced magnetizing losses at low wind speeds. This system (one or
two-speed) was the “conventional” concept used by many Danish manufacturers in the
1980s and 1990s.
FIGURE 4.4
The system presented in Fig. 4.4. consists of a wind turbine equipped with a converter
connected to the stator of the generator. The generator could either be a cage-bar
induction generator or a synchronous generator. The gearbox is designed so that
maximum rotor speed corresponds to rated speed of the generator. Synchronous
generators or permanent-magnet synchronous generators can be designed with multiple
25
poles which imply that there is no need for a gearbox, see Fig. 4.4. Since this “full-
power” converter/generator system is commonly used for other applications, one
advantage with this system is its well-developed and robust control.
FIGURE 4.5
(compare to slip power recovery). Some of the drawbacks of this method are that
energy is unnecessary dissipated in the external rotor resistances and that it is not
possible to control the reactive power.
Of all the above mentioned types we are going to use the first type because of its
simplicity that is fixed speed wind turbine method with induction generator. Due to the
advantages that we considered in real time application and also in simulink designing
we adopted the induction generators.
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4.3. INDUCTON MACHINE:
Induction machines are often described as the ‘workhorse of industry’. This reflects
the reality of the qualities of these machines. They are cheap to manufacture, rugged
and reliable and find their way in most possible applications. Variable speed drives
require inexpensive power electronics and computer hardware, and allowed induction
machines to become more versatile. In particular, vector or field oriented control allows
induction motors to replace DC motors in many applications
4.3.0. DESCRIPTION
The stator of an induction machine is a typical three phase one. The rotor can be one of
two major types. Either of the following :-
a) It is wound in a fashion similar to that of the stator with the terminals led to slip rings
on the shaft, as shown in figure , or
FIGURE 4.6
b) It is made with shorted Fig Wound rotor
slip rings and connections bars..The picture
of the rotor bars is not easy to obtain, since
the bars are formed by casting aluminium in
the openings of the rotor laminations. In this
case the iron laminations were chemically
removed.
27
Generally when the synchronous speed is ωs = 2πfs, and the rotor speed ω0, the
frequency of the induced voltages will be fr, where 2πfr = ωs - ω0. Maxwell’s equation
becomes here:
έ = v x Bg---------------------------------------- (1)
where v is the relative velocity of the rotor with respect to the field:
v = ωs - ω0----------------------------------------------------------- (2)
Since a voltage is induced in the bars, and these are short circuited, currents will flow
in them. The current density J (θ) will be:
J (θ) = (1/ρ) έ
J (θ) = (1/ρ). ωs - ω0 Bg(θ)
J (θ)= (1/ρ). (ωs - ω0) Bg sin (θ)
We define as slip s the ratio: s= (ωs - ω0)/ ωs
FIGURE 4.8
At starting the speed is zero, hence s = 1, and at synchronous speed, ωs = ω0, hence s =
0. Above
Synchronous speed s < 0, and when the rotor rotates in a direction opposite of the
magnetic field 1< s
Three-phase motors: Operation principles
28
• The interaction between the rotor current and the stator field produces a force that
drives the motor: Force = B I L sin Φ. The induced voltage magnitude is dependent
upon the speed difference between the rotating stator field and the rotor.
• The speed difference is maximum during starting when the motor draws large current.
The frequency of the rotor current is 50 Hz when the rotor is stationary.
• As the motor starts to rotate the speed difference are reduced, which results in
– reduction on the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor.
– reduced magnitude of rotor current and induced voltage.
FIGURE 4.9
Force generation:
• Rotating field induces current in the bar .
• The current and field interaction generates the driving force.
• Force = BIL
The force drives the motor
• L is the length of the rotor
• If the rotor speed is equal to the angular speed of the stator field, the induced voltage,
current and torque become zero. Therefore the motor speed must be less than the
synchronous speed.
• Motor operation requires speed difference between the stator generated rotating field
and the actual rotor speed. The speed difference is called slip (s) and defined as:
s = (ns - nr) / ns where ns =120 f / p
• The frequency of the rotor current is: fr = s f
• The slip in normal operation is between 1 and 5 %
29
• The stator voltage equation is:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1)
• The E1 induced voltage generates a voltage E2 in the rotor through the magnetic
coupling.
– If the rotor is at stand still, the induced voltage E2 is proportional to E1 times the turn
ratio. T = Nstat / Nrot = N1 /N2. The value is:
E2 = E1 (N2 /N1 ) = E1 / T
If the rotor is rotating, the voltage induced in the rotor is multiplied by the slip s,
because the induced voltage is proportional to the speed difference between the stator
field and rotor.
E2 = s E1 / T
• The rotor induced voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drop across the rotor
resistance (I2 R2), and the leakage inductance (I2 X2).
• The voltage drop across the secondary leakage inductance L2 is:
I2 j wr L2 = I2 j (2 π fr) L2 = I2 j (2 π f ) s L2 = I2 j s (w L2) = I2 j s X2
• The rotor voltage equation is:
E2 = I2 (R2 + j s X2 )
• The equations derived for the induction motors are:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1) E2 = s E1 / T
E2 = I2 (R2 + j s X2 ) I2 = I1 (N1/ N2) = I1 T
• Combining the equations we have:
E1 = E2 T / s = T I2 (R2 + j s X2 ) /s = I1 T2 (R2 /s + j X2 )
= I1 [(R2 T2 /s) + j (T2 X2 )] = I1 (R*2 /s) + j X*2 )
where: R*2 = R2 T2 and X*2 = T2 X2 are rotor resistance & reactance referred to stator.
• The derivation results in the following equations:
V1 = E1+ I1 ( R1+ j X1) E1 = I1 (R2* / s + j X2* )
• We substitute the second equation into the first one to obtain the following equation
for the induction motor:
V1 = I1 (R2* / s + j X2* ) + I1 ( R1+ j X1) = I1 [( R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]
• The final equation is:
V1 = I1 [( R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]
• The induction motor equation is:
V1 = I1 [(R1 + R2* / s) + j ( X1+ X2*)]
30
• This equations suggests that the induction motor equivalent circuit contains two
resistances and reactance’s connected in series.
• The magnetizing current can be represented by a resistance Rc and a reactance Xm
connected in parallel.
– The resistance represents the hysteresis and eddy current losses.
– The reactance represents the magnetizing current that generates the air-gap
magnetizing flux.
The induction motor/generator equivalent circuit is:
FIGURE 4.10
31
Figure 4.11: Induction Motor Torque v/s Speed
32
In the generator mode, if the slip is controlled in accordance with the load
requirements, the induction generator will deliver the necessary power. It must be
remembered that the synchronous speed is a function of the electrical frequency applied
to the generator terminals. On the other hand, the operating shaft speed is determined
by the prime mover. Therefore to generate power, the electrical frequency must be
adjusted as the changes in the load and the prime mover speed occur. In addition to the
requirement stated above, the excitation current must be provided to the generator
stator windings for induction into the rotor. The magnitude of the excitation current
will determine the voltage at the bus. Thus the excitation current must be regulated at
specific levels to obtain a constant bus voltage. The controller for the induction
generator has the dual function as follows:
i) Adjust the electrical frequency to produce the slip corresponding to the load
requirement.
ii) Adjust the magnitude of the excitation current to provide the desirable bus voltage.
Figure 7 depicts the region of generator mode operation for a typical induction
generator. A number of torque speed characteristic curves in the stable region of
operation are shown to explain the operation. As an example, consider the situation
when the prime mover is at the nominal or 100% speed. The electrical frequency must
be adjusted to cater for load changes from 0 to 100% of the load. If a vertical line is
drawn along the speed of 100%, it can be observed that the electrical frequency must be
changed from 100% at no load to about 95% at full load if the prime mover speed is
held at 100%.
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4.5. BENEFITS OF INDUCTION GENERATOR TECHNOLOGY
Induction generator has several benefits to offer for the micro, mini power systems
under consideration. These benefits relate to the generator design as follows:
i) Cost of Materials: Use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets means
lower cost of materials for the induction generator. Rare earth permanent magnets are
substantially more expensive than the electrical steel used in electromagnets. They also
must be contained using additional supporting rings.
ii) Cost of Labour: PM’s require special machining operations and must be retained on
the rotor structure by installation of the containment structure. Handling of permanent
magnets that are pre-charged is generally difficult in production shops. These
requirements increase the cost of labour for the PM generator.
iii) Generator Power Quality: The PM generator produces raw ac power with
unregulated voltage. Depending upon the changes in load and speed, the voltage
variation can be wide. This is all the more true for generators exceeding about 75 kW
power rating. The induction generator produces ac voltage that is reasonably sinusoidal
as shown in the example from an actual test in Figure 9. This voltage can be rectified
easily to produce a constant dc voltage. Additionally, the ac voltage can be stepped up
or down using a transformer to provide multiple levels of voltages if required.
iv) Fault Conditions: When an internal failure occurs in a PM generator, the failed
winding will continue to draw energy until the generator is stopped. For high-speed
generators, this may mean a long enough duration during which further damage to
electrical and mechanical components would occur. It could also mean a safety hazard
for the individuals working in the vicinity. The induction generator on the other hand is
34
safely shut down by de-excitation within a few milliseconds, preventing the hazardous
situations.
Unfortunately, measuring the wind speed in the rotor of turbine is very difficult; thus,
to avoid using wind speed, (1) needs to be revised. By substituting the wind speed
equivalent from (3) into (1), the output power of the turbine is given as:
3
1 Rωopt
Pm = ρACp ( )
2 opt
Finally, the target torque can be written as:
1 R 3
Ttarget = k opt ω2opt Where, k opt =2 ρACpmax (opt)
CHAPTER – 5
LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR LOAD
5.5.0 NON LINEAR LOADS:
Applies to those ac loads where the current is not proportional to the voltage.
Foremost among loads meeting their definition is gas discharge lighting having
saturated ballast coils and thyritor (SCR) controlled loads. The nature of non-linear
loads is to generate harmonics in the current waveform. This distortion of the current
waveform leads to distortion of the voltage waveform. Under these conditions, the
voltage waveform is no longer proportional to the current.
Non Linear Loads are: COMPUTER, LASER PRINTERS, SMPS,
RECTIFIER, PLC, ELECTRONIC BALLAST, REFRIGERATOR, TV ETC.
36
AC electrical loads where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. The
current at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear Loads are: POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT CAPACITORS, INDESCENT LAMPS, HEATERS ETC.
37
Fig : 5.3 Current waveforms of linear and non linear loads
CHAPTER – 6
38
IMPLEMENTATION IN MATLAB (SIMULINK)
39
4. MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.
5. MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).
6.2 INTRODUCTION TO SIMPOWER SYSTEMS:
SimPowerSystems and other products of the Physical Modeling product family
work together with Simulink to model electrical, mechanical, and control systems.
SimPowerSystems operates in the Simulink environment. Power systems are
combinations of electrical circuits and electromechanical devices like motors and
generators. Engineers working in this discipline are constantly improving the
performance of the systems. Requirements for drastically increased efficiency have
forced power system designers to use power electronic devices and sophisticated
control system concepts that tax traditional analysis tools and techniques. Further
complicating the analyst's role is the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the
only way to understand it is through simulation. Land-based power generation from
hydroelectric, steam, or other devices is not the only use of power systems. A common
attribute of these systems is their use of power electronics and control systems to
achieve their performance objectives.
SimPowerSystems is a modern design tool that allows scientists and engineers to
rapidly and easily build models that simulate power systems. SimPowerSystems uses
the Simulink environment, allowing you to build a model using simple click and drag
procedures. Not only can you draw the circuit topology rapidly, but your analysis of the
40
interactions with mechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possible
because all the electrical parts of the simulation interact with the extensive Simulink
modeling library. SimPowerSystems and SimMechanics share a special Physical
Modeling block and connection line interface.
41
switches connected in a bridge configuration. The type of power switch and converter
configuration is selectable from the dialog box.
Wind Turbine: Implements model of variable pitch wind turbine. The model is based
on the steady-state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness
of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the
turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the
turbine.
6.4 MODELLING THE SUB SYSTEMS:
6.4.1 DISTRIBUTION GENERATOR
42
B, C are given to the grid through a step down transformer, as the grid voltage is at
415V.
6.4.2 WIND POWER GENERATION
43
6.4.3 STATCOM (VSI) WITH BESS AND CONTROLLER
44
The DC link voltage Vdc is sensed and is given to the controller. And also the grid
voltage is sensed Vabc and is given using ‘goto’ and ‘from’ blocks from signal routing.
From fig 6.11 the error from the Vabc and the 1.0 pu value is given to the PI controller
the transfer function generates the control voltage. Similarly from the Vdc voltage the
phase angle is adjusted accordingly. Here the control method adopted is phase shift
control and Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage.
6.5 PARAMETERS
Grid voltage - 415 V.
Operating frequency - 60 HZ.
Induction generator - 3.35KVA, 415V, 60 Hz, P=4,
Speed=1440rpm, Rr=0.01Ω,Rs=0.015Ω, Ls=Lr=0.06H.
Inverter - DC Link Voltage=800V, DC Link Capacitance=100μF,
Switching Frequency=2 kHz.
Non linear load – 25 KW.
45
FIGURE 6.6 over all circuit diagram in simulink with sub systems
46
FIGURE 6.7.2 Voltage and current from DG
47
FIGURE 6.7.4 compensated wind output
48
CHAPTER – 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 CONCLUSION
In this paper we present the FACTS device (STATCOM) -based control scheme
for power quality improvement in grid connected wind generating system and with
nonlinear load. The power quality issues and its consequences on the consumer and
electric utility are presented. The operation of the control system developed for the
STATCOM in MATLAB/SIMULINK for maintaining the power quality is to be
simulated. It has a capability to cancel out the harmonic parts of the load current. It
maintains the source voltage and current in-phase and support the reactive power
demand for the wind generator and load at PCC in the grid system, thus it gives an
opportunity to enhance the utilization factor of transmission line.
Thus the integrated wind generation and FACTS device with BESS have shown
the outstanding performance in maintaining the voltage profile as per requirement.
Thus the proposed scheme in the grid connected system fulfils the power quality
requirements and maintains the grid voltage free from distortion and harmonics.
49
REFERENCES:
[1] Yuvaraj and Pratheep Raj, Anna University of Technology “Power Quality
Improvement for Grid Connected Wind Energy System using FACTS device”, ,” IEEE
Trans. on E. Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 163–169, 2008.
[2] R. Billinton and Y. Gao, “Multistate wind Energy conversion system models for
adequacy assessment of generating systems incorporating wind energy,” IEEE Trans.
on E. Conv., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 163–169, 2008.
[3] J. Manel Carrasco, “Power electronic system for grid integration of renewable
energy source: A survey,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1002–1014,
2006.
[6] Indian Wind Grid Code Draft report on, Jul. 2009, pp. 15–18, C-NET.
[8] F. Zhou, G. Joos, and C. Abhey, “Voltage stability in weak connection wind farm,”
in IEEE PES Gen. Meeting, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 1483–1488.
50
APPENDIX
For each arm of the VSC shown in fig pulses are generated by PWM
generator. It compares a triangular carrier waveform to a reference modulating signal as
shown in fig .The modulating signals can be generated by the PWM generator itself.
Three reference signals are needed to generate the pulses for a three-phase, single or
double bridge. The reference signals used here are three-phase sinusoidal signals. These
are generated by controller circuit. The output of PWM generator is given by:
Fig
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique
The DC link voltage Vdc is sensed and is given to the controller. And also the grid
voltage is sensed Vabc and is given using ‘goto’ and ‘from’ blocks from signal routing.
From fig the error from the Vabc and the 1.0 pu value is given to the PI controller the
transfer function generates the control voltage. Similarly from the Vdc voltage the
phase angle is adjusted accordingly. Here the control method adopted is phase shift
control and Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage.
51