ECE 451 Planar Transmission Lines

ECE 451
Planar Transmission Lines
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
jose@emlab.uiuc.edu
ECE 451 Copyright © by Jose E. Schutt‐Aine , All Rights Reserved 1
Parallel‐plate Transmission Line
a μ, ε
μa
L= w
εw
C= a
Surface Waves – TM Modes
Assume the form:
E z ( x , y , z ) = ez ( x , y ) e − j β z
⎛ ∂2 2⎞
⎜ 2 + ε k 2
− β ⎟ ez ( x , y ) = 0 Inside dielectric
⎝ ∂x
r o
⎠
⎛ ∂2 2⎞ Outside dielectric
⎜ 2 + ko − β ⎟ ez ( x, y ) = 0
2
⎝ ∂x ⎠
x
dielectric Dispersion relations
εo
εrεo
kc2 = ε r ko2 − β 2
d
z h 2 = β 2 − ko2
Ground plane
Surface Waves – TM Modes: Solutions
Solutions are:
ez ( x, y ) = A sin kc x + B cos kc x Inside dielectric
ez ( x, y ) = Ce hx + De − hx Outside dielectric
x
Ez ( x, y, z ) = 0 at x=0 dielectric
εo
Ez ( x, y, z ) < ∞, for x → ∞
d εrεo
Ez ( x, y, z ) continuous at boundary z
H y ( x, y, z ) continuous at boundary Ground plane
A sin kc d = De − hd kc tan kc d = ε r h
εr A D − hd
cos kc d = e kc2 + h 2 = ( ε r − 1) ko2
kc h
Surface Waves – TM Modes: Solutions
( kc d ) + ( hd ) = ( ε r − 1) ( ko d )
2 2 2
hd
kc d tan kc d = ε r hd
-π -π/2 π/2 π kcd
Solution is found at intersection of curves
First TM mode is TMo mode
Cutoff frequencies for TM modes are given by:
nc
fc = , n = 0,1, 2,...
2d ε r − 1
Surface Waves – TE Modes
Assume the form:
H z ( x, y, z ) = hz ( x, y )e − j β z
⎛ ∂2 2⎞
⎜ 2 + ε k 2
− β ⎟ hz ( x, y ) = 0 Inside dielectric
⎝ ∂x
r o
⎠
⎛ ∂2 2⎞ Outside dielectric
⎜ 2 + ko − β ⎟ hz ( x, y ) = 0
2
⎝ ∂x ⎠
x
dielectric Dispersion relations
εo
εrεo
kc2 = ε r ko2 − β 2
d
z h 2 = β 2 − ko2
Ground plane
Surface Waves – TE Modes: Solutions
Solutions are:
hz ( x, y ) = A sin kc x + B cos kc x Inside dielectric
hz ( x, y ) = Ce hx + De − hx Outside dielectric
x
dielectric
εo
After matching the d εrεo
boundary conditions z
Ground plane
−B D
sin kc d = e − hd − kc cot kc d = h
kc h
B cos kc d = De − hd kc2 + h 2 = ( ε r − 1) ko2
Surface Waves – TE Modes: Solutions
( kc d ) + ( hd ) = ( ε r − 1) ( ko d )
hd
2 2 2
− kc d cot kc d = hd
-π -π/2 π/2 π kcd
Solution is found at intersection of curves
Negative values of h must be excluded
Cutoff frequencies for TE modes are given by:
(2n − 1)c
fc = , n = 1, 2,3,...
4d ε r − 1
Modes will occur in the following order:
TM0, TE1, TM1, TE2, TM2
Microstrip
Need to determine characteristic
impedance Zo and effective permittivity εe
Microstrip – Analysis Equations
w/h < 3.3
ε 119.9 ⎡ h ⎛ ⎞
h
2 ⎤
Zo = ln ⎢ 4 + 16 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 ⎥
2(ε r + 1) ⎢ w ⎝ w⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
w/h > 3.3

119.9π ⎧ w ln(4) ln(eπ 2 /16) ⎛ ε r − 1 ⎞
Zo = ⎨ + + ⎜ 2 ⎟
2 εr ⎩ 2 h π 2π ⎝ εr ⎠
εr +1 ⎡ π e ⎛ w ⎞⎤ ⎫
+ ⎢ ln + ln ⎜ + 0.94 ⎟ ⎥ ⎬
2πε r ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2h ⎠⎦ ⎭
Microstrip Analysis & Synthesis Equations
εr +1 εr −1 1
εe = +
2 2 1 + 12d / W
⎧ 60 ⎛ 8d W ⎞
⎪ ln ⎜ + ⎟ for W / d ≤ 1
⎪ ε e ⎝ W 4d ⎠
Zo = ⎨
⎪ 120π
for W / d ≥ 1
⎪ ε e [W / d + 1.393 + 0.667 ln(W / d + 1.444)]
⎩
⎧ 8e A
⎪ for W / d < 2
W ⎪ e −2
2A
=⎨
d ⎪2 ⎡ εr −1 ⎧ 0.61 ⎫⎤
⎢ B -1 − ln(2 B − 1) + ⎨ln( B − 1) + 0.39 − ⎬⎥ for W / d > 2
⎪⎩ π ⎣ 2ε r ⎩ ε r ⎭⎦
Zo ε r + 1 ε r − 1 ⎛ 0.11 ⎞ 377π
A= + + B=
ε r + 1 ⎜⎝ ε r ⎟⎠
0.23
60 2 2Zo ε r
Microstrip
Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

100
90
80 h = 21 mils
h = 14 mils
Zo (ohms)
h = 7 mils
70
60
50
40
30
0 1 2 3
W/h
dielectric constant : 4.3.
Electric Field Configuration
Microstrip
Stripline
Consequence: Wave propagation in stripline is

closer to the TEM mode of propagation and the
propagation of velocity is approximately c/ εr .
Coplanar Waveguide
S' W S W S'
h εr
K (k ) : Complete Elliptic Integral of the first kind

S 30π K '(k )
k= Z ocp =
S + 2W (ohm)
ε r + 1 K (k )
K '(k ) = K (k ') 2
1/ 2
⎛ 2 ⎞
k ' = (1 − k )
2 1/ 2
vcp = ⎜ ⎟ c
ε
⎝ r + 1 ⎠
Coplanar Strips
W S W
h εr
120π K '(k )
Z ocs = (ohm)
ε r + 1 K (k )
2
Qualitative Comparison
Characteristic Microstrip Coplanar Wguide Coplanar strips
εeff* ~6.5 ~5 ~5
Power handling High Medium Medium
Radiation loss Low Medium Medium
Unloaded Q High Medium Low or High
Dispersion Small Medium Medium
Mounting (shunt) Hard Easy Easy
Mounting (series) Easy Easy Easy
* Assuming εr=10 and h=0.025 inch
Dispersion & Velocities
β = 2π f LC
Ideal channel
1
velocity =
LC
β = 2π fh( f )
Dispersive channel
velocity = g ( f )
−1
Phase velocity = ω / β ⎛ dβ ⎞
Group velocity = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dω ⎠

ECE 451 Planar Transmission Lines

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ECE 451 Planar Transmission Lines

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ECE 451

B cos kc d = De − hd kc2 + h 2 = ( ε r − 1) ko2

w/h < 3.3

w/h > 3.3

Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

dielectric constant : 4.3.

Consequence: Wave propagation in stripline is

K (k ) : Complete Elliptic Integral of the first kind

Characteristic Microstrip Coplanar Wguide Coplanar strips

Power handling High Medium Medium

Radiation loss Low Medium Medium

Unloaded Q High Medium Low or High

Dispersion Small Medium Medium

Mounting (shunt) Hard Easy Easy

Mounting (series) Easy Easy Easy

* Assuming εr=10 and h=0.025 inch

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