Fe -_"arfouspans of the wating proces. owerer whether Yousrewtingashartesay, 2 _ ate, aeportoareseares perth overall rors s generally eae ‘who is my audience? Forexample: ‘Writing Phase += Ateacherorprofesoe IDthisphase youl Greftand res several 3 wor dene alice = ‘times until you have what you considerto be = Aneoployer foal drat, sr ‘Theanowers(oumay heyemoreanons isitasiecaearcens pupacortpeofauticaz)wilhepyouts —yuregaphe ~ « Inestiydrafs,concenrate onstuenire— eo + Have you answered the question oe achieved your orignapurpose? Taveyouintroduced yoursubjec, Gevelopeditlogicalyandeomets2 contusion? ‘appropmate? + Aretheelationships between deescear andleany signalled todhereades?inlater drafts, askyourself: ‘« Haveyouused paragraph breaks eli? « Isthe level of farmalityappropriate for yyourreaders? +s Have youchosen your words carefully, using correctcollocaticns? '» Have youavoided repeating thesame words ‘orphrasestoo often (excepttechnical terms)? 's Have youmet any word countrequirements? possible, asksomeone else to reat yourtext After cach review, return to the drafting step, revising and editing your writing as necessary. ‘Askyourself Have you quoted or mentioned sourcesto support your points? Have you used the dationstylerecommended byyourteachersor institution? Have you listed your referencesin the style recommended? (ookalso at page W711.) Ac Phase Proofread ‘When you havea final draft of your writing, ‘youwill need to read itoncemore to nd and correct surface errars. Tip: '* Tryto leave sometime between your final draftand proofreadingas you will find it easier tosee your mistakes. check for = Spelling = Punctuation » Grammatical mistakes. ‘You may find it helpful to ask someone else ta prooitead your inal draftasa laststep. Format ‘Check with your teacher or tutorhow you shonld present your workin terms of Fontsize » Margins « Linespacing « Papersize Tnan exam, you will not have time forall these stages, but our answers will bemore successful | ifyou: + brainstorm ideas + organize and plan + reread, checkand edit What makes writing formal? - ‘Whatever typeoftexryou are witing,youraim. ‘Tomake your writing more formal, consider: Word choice. ® Itisusually best to use standard English words and phrases, thats, those withno label inthe ‘dictionary. ‘s Onlyusewords andphrasesmarkedformalif ‘you are suretheyare appropriate. z « Avoid anyehing racked informal, tang, offensbe, ote. 2 © Usesuitable synonymsforcommon words such asdo, put, get, make. e.g. Several operations were carried out/performed (notdone).. © Wordsthatarefrequentiy usedinacademic = ‘waking are marked Em inthe dictionary. 2. Short forms @ Avoid contracted forms (e.g; haven't, Fm) and abbreviations (e.g. ad—advertisement) 3. Sentence structure + Informal writing youare likelytobe aa expressing complex ideas. todo thisyou -willneed townite sentences usingrelative pronouns (e.g. which, that) subordinating conjunctions (eg. although, beamuse, land coordinating conjunctions(e.g.and,butor). « Verylong sentences with manyclausescan be difficult to understand. Aim for larity. Thistendsto be impersonal in syle in oer to be objective. This makesit sound formal. When ‘you read in yoursubjec, notice how the writers express themselves. The following points may help you in your writing: «# Limitthe use ofthe first person pronouns (1 and we) Rather than inthis study 1a 10. awrite: This study aims to... or The aim of ‘ study isto... lookathow land we areusedin | yoursubject area. Avoid using you. + Passive formsare often used asthey focus attention on the verb, not the person eg. study was conducted tosee...; tean be argued that... +» Pattemswithitand an adjective are often used: Itis clear that...; tis necessaryto... + Nounsare often used as subjects of active verbs: The results show that... © Complex noun phrases with prepositions are ‘Yery common: The advantages of Xare. use of light treatment in 95 patients with.Answering the question ‘Acall times, you must ensure that you really understand an examination question orassignmenttitleand address ll the required parts. {Questions ean be considered in terms of three main components: = Topic = Scope and focus © Question type Topic ‘The topic(s) of the question will usually be clear from the question itself. For example: ‘Explain the process ofphotasynthesis. ‘When you write youranswer thinkabout why the examiner has chosen to ask about this topic. Scope and focus ‘often, the wording of the question willindude a word or phrase that either limits or expands the topicin avery specificway. These phrases show you the focus ofthe question. Try to avoid ‘common nistakes, such as- : » Covering too broad an area. For example, the question asks about textile miltsin he Ainerican South in the 1990s, think very carefully about including information abourthe 1920807 1940s, or about textile mills in other parts of the country. += Writing with too narrow a focus. For example, you are asked about the impact of climate changeon South America, you should not write aboutitsimpacr only on Brazil. including ireelevant information. For example, if vou are asked about using nuclear power as an energy souree, you should aot write about wind or solar power. + Only answering haf of the question. For example, ifthe question asks What other effects willa reduction in cir travel ave andwill the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? You need todiscssboth questions. Question types “The depth and type of information that you provide in your answer depends on the kind of question being asked. The table on the next page shows the key words that might appear in different types of questions. | © Task: Thisisusually 1. Knowledge Questions a combination of ‘These ask you to recallimporcant factsandarcthesimplestquestion, | camprchension 2. Comprehension Questions and analysis ‘Theseasl youto demonstraleyour understanding ofconcepts. You | guesions: Summarize Enis esi svt We evo nice Reeds cae tiecresthat the information. underlie the facts. ‘and make 3. Annlication Questions compatsons where ee eee ee ee | specificproblem. These questionsrequizeyoutemave eyondsimple | ° 7: Thisfsusually | Peale | aneraluation _ Analysis Questions peniprulal These examine relationships bexveen/among various faccs and re cee ‘Explain your position. 5. Synthesis Questions bee “These ask youto crearea new product or structure in written form. 6. Evaluation Questions ‘These askyouto make value udgmentsand present your own opinions. This kind of question's very common in academicwork It ‘simportant to support your opinions byciting the work and views of experts in the field, ifpossible.