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ae-bmfkmlnXyw þ 1
Common course in Malayalam
for
BA/B.Sc

I SEMESTER

CUCBCSS - 2014 Admission

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT, THENHIPALAM, MALAPPURAM-673635

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T i P

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r .ty e gp
VO Yo bJ t. at. Vsa d .c o
K o oh n
IH
NC
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Um di. sp vK n : .e
i liv e.i sr z i
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ska-ÌÀþI
MAL1AO1
tIma¬ tImgvkvþ7
ae-bmfkmlnXyw þ 1
]T-\-k-a-bwþ72 aWn-¡qÀ
s{IUn-ävþ4
Dt±iye£y-§Ä
ae-bmf kmlnXy hfÀ¨-bpsS hnhn[ Ime-L-«-§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-I. Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS cN-\m-k-
hn-tijXIÄ s]mXp-hmbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-I. Hmtcm Ihn-bp-sSbpw FÃm cN-\-I-sfbpw hnZymÀ°n
kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-tS-­-Xm-Wv.
samUyqÄ 1
ae-bmf IhnXmkmlnXy¯nse BZy-Ime IrXn-IÄ. Ihn-X-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä. Ihn-I-
sf-¸ä- n-bpÅ kmam-\y-hn-hc - W
- § - Ä F¶n-h. Hcp Imhy`mKw am{Xta ]mTy-hnjbam-hp-¶pÅp F¦nepw
Imhy-s¯-¸-än kmam-\y-[m-cW hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v e`n-¨n-cn-¡-Ww.
hni-Z] - T
- \
- ¯
- n\v
1 sNdp-tÈ-cn- þ- IptN-e-KXn (Ir-jvW-KmY)
Aev]-am-bp-sÅmcp Imgv¨-Rm-s\§s\..................
........-aµncw ]qIn-\m³ `mcy-bp-am-bv

2. Fgp-¯-ѳ þ alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m-«v- þ- kv{Xo-]ÀÆw- þ- Km-Ômcohnem]w

(420 apXÂ 520 hsc-bpÅ hcn-IÄ)

3. Ip©³ \¼ymÀ þ kya-´Iw XpÅÂ

Ime-¯nsâ ]IÀ¨ \n\-¨mÂ
amtem-IÀ¡p s]mdp-¸m³ taem...
apXÂ
C¯-c-tamtcm ZpÀhm-¡p-Isf
Nnecp ]dªp Zpjn¨p XpS-§n... hsc.

4. ]q´m\w þ Úm\-¸m\
Øm\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn Ieln¨p
apXÂ
aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-sX-´n\p \mw hrYm? þ hsc

samUyqÄ 2
hS-¡³]m-«v, sX¡³]m«v, \mS³]m-«v, am¸n-f¸
- m«v F¶n-§s\ kmln-Xy-¯nse hyXy-kvXa
- m˦Xpw
X\n-a-bp-Å-Xp-amb Hcp imJ-bn-te-¡pÅ {]th-i-\w.

hni-Z]- T
- \
- ¯
- n\v:
1. \mS³]m«v : ""t\cw t]mbv t\cw t]mbv ]qss¡X-ad-]-än..........''
2. hS-¡³]m«v : Btcm-a tNI-h-cpsS A¦-¸p-d-¸mSv
3. am¸n-f-¸m«v : _Z-dpÂap\oÀ lpkv\p PamÂþtam-bn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
^qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p P-amÂ
apXÂ
I­m aXn-a-d¶v C³km³ sb¯pw hsc.
samUyqÄ 3
ae-
ae-bb mf sNdp-þI1 YmkmlnXy¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS hnhn[ L«-§Ä {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶3 IY-I-
mfkmlnXyw
fmWv Cu samUyq-fn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶X
- v. Hmtcm IYm-Ir-¯ntâbpw Hmtcm cN-\I
- sf am{Xsa

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DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pÅq F¦nepw apgp-h³ cN-\-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZymÀ°n¡v e`n-
¨n-cn-¡-Ww.

1. XIgn þ shÅ-s¸m-¡-¯nÂ
2. tIi-h-tZhv þ _Êp Im¯v
3. ImcqÀ þ ac-¸m-h-IÄ
4. Ddq_v þ shfp-¯-Ip«n
5. _joÀ þ `qan-bpsS AhIm-in-IÄ
6. efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ-\wþ amWn-¡³

(aq¶p IY-IÄ ]Tn-¨m aXn. Cu ska-Ì-dn XI-gn, ImcqÀ, _joÀ)

samUyqÄ 4
1. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ þ I-ev]m´w
2. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³ þ I-¯p¶ cY-N{Iw
3. am[-hn-¡p«n þ Zb F¶ hnImcw
4. H.-hn. hnP-b³ þ Imäp ]dª IY
5. sI.-BÀ aoc þ HmÀ½-bps-S Rc¼v
6. hn.-BÀ. kp[ojv þ A-hÄ Hcp Ip«n Bbn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ
7. inlm-_p-±o³ s]mbv¯pw-I-Shv þ c­v Ftf-¸-amÀ
(Cu ska-Ì-dn Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ, H.-hn. hnP-b³, inlm-_p-±o³ s]mbv¯pw-I-Shv, hn.-
BÀ. kp[ojv F¶n-h-cpsS IY-IÄ ]Tn-¨m aXn)

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]T-\-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ
samUyqÄ 1
1 sNdp-tÈ-cn- þ- IptN-e-KXn (Ir-jvW-KmY)

Aev]-am-bp-sÅmcp Imgv¨- Rm-s\§s\..................

........-aµncw ]qIn-\m³ `mcy-bp-am-bv.
IptNe kZv K Xn F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Cu `mKw Irjv W KmYbnse `ànckw Xpfp¼p¶
A[ymb§fnsem¶mWv. `mKhX¯nse {]kvXpX IYsb NnÃd ]cnjvIcW§fneqsSbmWv
sNdptÈcn AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

1. sNdptÈcn \¼qXncnsb¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdns¸gpXpI?

tIme¯p\mSp `cn¨ncp¶ DZbhÀa³ F¶ \mSphmgnbpsS Ime¯mWv sNdptÈcn Pohn¨ncp¶v
F¶v s]mXpsh IcpXs¸Sp¶p. {InkvXphÀjw ]Xn\©mw \qäm­mbncn¡Ww CXv. C¶s¯
hSIc¡Sp¯ {]tZi¯mbncp¶p sNdptÈcn CÃw. CÃt¸cnt\mSv tNÀ¯v sNdptÈcn\¼qXncn
F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Cu IhnbpsS bYmÀY \maw BÀ¡padnbnÃ. ]p\¯n i¦c³ \¼nSn F¶mWv
t]sc¶v Hcp [mcWbp­v. ]p\w\¼qXncn F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ Ihnbpw sNdptÈcnbpw HcmfmWv F¶
A`n{]mbhpw D­v. sNdptÈcn `mcXw F¶ Hcp IrXnIqSn IhnbptSXmbn IcpXs¸«n«ps­¦nepw
sXfnhpIfnÃ.
]memgnamXpXm³ ]men¨p t]mcp¶
Imem[n\mY\pZbhÀa³
BÚsb sNbvIbm AÚ\mbpÅ Rm³
{]mÚsb¶n§s\ `mhn¨t¸mÄ BWv IrjvWKmY F¶ ImhycN\ Bcw`n¨Xv F¶v
Imhymcw`¯n ImWmw. Hmtcm kÀKw Ahkm\n¡pt¼mgpw Cu Imcyw kwkvIrX¯nepw
Ipdn¨psh¨n«p­v. DZbhÀa³ tIme¯p\mSv `cn¨ Imew F Un 1446 apXÂ 1465 hsc BsW¶mWv
[mcW.
2. IrjvWKmY¡v aebmf kmlnXy Ncn{X¯nepÅ Øm\w F´v?
a[yIme aebmf kmlnXy¯nse anI¨ ImhyIrXnIfnsem¶mWv IrjvWKmY. `mKhXw
ZiakvIµs¯ Bkv]Zam¡nbmWv Cu Imhyw cNn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. {ioIrjvWsâ AÛpXP\\w
apXÂ kzÀKmtcmlWwhscbpÅ IYIÄ BWv Irjv W KmYbnse {]tabw. \mS³
hmsamgnhg¡§fS§nb efnXkpµcamb Imhy`mj, \Àackhpw irwKmchpw tNÀ¶ {]Xn]mZyw,
\à IYmJym\ ]mShw, Imhyme¦mc§fpsS DNnXamb tNÀ¨ F¶nhbmWv Cu Imhy¯nsâ
{][m\ {]tXyIXIÄ. kwkvIrX¯nse almImhy§fpsS Nn«IÄ¡\pkcn¨v cNn¨ Cu IrXnsb
Hcp almImhyambn KWn¡p¶Xnepw sXänÃ. kwkvIrX Imhy]mc¼cys¯ A\pIcn¡pt¼mgpw
aebmfn¯hpw tIcf¯nsâ kmkvImcnI {]tXyIXIfpw Cu IrXnbn \ndªp \n¡p¶p.
AXnsâ {][m\ sXfnhv CXn\p]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ hr¯w Xs¶bmWv. aebmf¯n Gsd
{]Nmc¯nepÅ aRvPcn F¶ Km\mßI hr¯¯nemWv IrjvWKmYbnse apgph³ ]Zy§fpw
cNn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.
cmPmhpw Ihnbpw X½nepÅ NqXpIfn¡nSbn Ifnap«nb cmPmhn\v "D´p´p´p´v.....' F¶v
Xmcm«mbn \o«n¸mSn dmWn kqN\\ÂInbXmWv F¶ sFXnlyw {]Nmc¯nep­v. IY F´mbmepw
kv{XoP\§Ä¡v A´]pc§fn Be]n¡mhp¶ Xc¯n efnXhpw Km\mßIhpambmWv
IrjvWKmY cNn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm­pXs¶ Fgp¯Ñ³, \ncWw IhnIÄ XpS§nbhcpsS
cN\Ifn ImWp¶ DZm¯Kuchw IrjvWKmYbnenÃ. \ndsb hÀW\Ifpw Ae¦mc§fpw
tNÀ¯v kpµcam¡nb Cu cN\ `ànbpWÀ¯pI F¶Xntesd e£yw sh¨Xv
ImhymkzmZ\ambncn¡Ww.

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AÂ]ambptÅmcp ImgvN Rms\§s\
b_PhntemN\³ ap¼n hbv¸q þ C§s\ tXm¶nbXmÀ¡v? kµÀ`sa´v?
IptNe\mWv C§s\ tXm¶nbXv. ZzmcIbnse¯nb IptNe³ Xm³ sIm­ph¶ \nÊmcamb
AhnÂs]mXn F§ns\bmWv {ioIrjvW\v kaÀ¸n¡pI F¶v eÖtbmsS
BtemNn¡pIbmWnhnsS. {ioIrjvWsâ kl]mTnbmb kpZmamhv BWv Ct¸mÄ Zcn{Z\mb
IptNe\mbn amdnbncn¡p¶Xv. {ioIrjvW\mIs« cmPmhpambncn¡p¶p. Xsâ ITn\amb Zmcn{Zyw
XoÀ¡m³ Hcp klmbw tXSnbmWv IptNe³ IrjvW k¶n[nbnse¯p¶Xv. ZzmcIbnse
sFizcyhpw t£ahpw I­ IptNe\v Xm³ kzcq]n¨v sIm­ph¶ tIheamb AhnÂ
Imgv N sh¡m³ a\ÊptXm¶p¶nÃ. AXpsIm­pXs¶ Imgv N hkv X p ]pds¯Sp¡msX
\mWn¨p\n¡pIbmbncp¶p At±lw. IrjvW³ tNmZn¨n«pw Xsâ XncpapÂImgvN \ÂIm³
IptNe³ aSn¡p¶p.

IrjvW³ ho­pw Ahn hmcn¯n¶ms\mcp§nbt¸mÄ e£vaotZhn XSbm³ ImcWsa´v

IptNe³ sIm­ph¶, IÃpw s\Ãpw \ndª Ahn ]nSn¨phm§n {ioIrjvW³ hmbnen«p
Xn¶m³ XpS§n. F{XImeambn C{Xbpw \Ã Ahnev Xn¶m³ sImXn¨p\S¡p¶p F¶mbncp¶p
AXn\v {ioIrjvWsâ \ymbw. ]mÂsh® Xn¶p¶ AtX kzmtZmsSbmWv B ]mh¯nsâ AhnÂ
IrjvW³ Xn¶Xv. IÃpw s\Ãpw ISn¨v ]ÃpIÄ s\ms´¦nepw ]ns¶bpw hmcn hmbnenSm³
XpS§pt¼mtg¡pw s]s«¶v CµncmtZhn IrjvWs\ XSªp. "N§mXnsb¡­t¸mtg¡pw A§v
Fs¶ ad¶pthm? C§s\ t]mbm Cu {_mÒWsâ ASn¨psXfn¡mcnbmbn Rm³ amtd­nhcpw'
F¶mWv AXn\v AhÀ ]dª \ymbw. IptNesâ Ahn {ioIrjvW³ F{X hmcn¯n¶pt¶m
A{Xbpw sFizcyw IptNe\p h¶ptNcpw. B Ahn apgph³ Xn¶m {ioIrjvWsâ FÃm
k¼¯pw IptNe\pe`n¡psa¶pw Xm³ ]ns¶ B {_mÒWsâ the¡mcnbmbn amtd­nhcpw
F¶pamWv e£vaotZhnbpsS AXnitbmàn. {]nbXabpsS kvt\l]qÀhamb hne¡v am\n¨v
{ioIrjvW³ £a]men¨p. \à kZy \ÂIn {_mlaWkvt\lnXs\ kz´w InS¡bn Dd¡n
BZcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

]ßhntemN\³ X¶psS ioetam

IÂ]IimJnsb t]msebtÃm
Nmc¯p sN¶oSn hm©nXw \ÂIoSpw
Zqc¯p \n¶oSnsem¶ptaim þ kµÀ`hpw kzmckyhpw hyàam¡pI
{ioIrjvWs\¡pdn¨pÅ IptNesâ BtemN\bmWnXv.
{ioIrjvWsâ al¯mb BXnYyw Gäphm§n ]peÀ¨t¡ Xncn¨p ]pds¸« IptNe³ ZzmcI
]n¶n« tijamWv Xm³ t]mbImcyw ad¶phtÃm F¶v BtemNn¡p¶Xv. Zcn{Zbmb Xsâ `mcy
AIse Cïv {ioIrjvW³ \ÂInb klmbhpw kz]v\w I­v Ccn¡pIbmbncn¡pw. AhÄ¡v
[cn¡m³ Hcp tNet]mepw Cc¡msXbmWv Xncn¨pt]m¶Xv. sNbvX hnVvV¯w BtemNn¨v
IptNe\v kz´t¯mSpXs¶ shdp¸ptXm¶n. shdpssItbmsS sN¶v `mcytbmSv F´v
adp]Sn]dbpsa¶dnbmsX AbmÄ Ipg§n. At¶c¯mWv {ioIrjvWs\¡pdn¨v C§s\ IptNe³
Nn´n¡p¶Xv. `Khm³ IÂ]hr£wt]msebmWv. AcnI¯p \n¡pt¼mÄ am{Xsa AhnSs¯
A\p{Klw e`n¡q. Zqsc \n¡p¶hÀ¡v sX§v I\nbpIbnÃtÃm. {ioIrjvWsâ Xncpk¶n[nbnÂ
t\cn«p sNÃm\mbn«pw B{Klw km[n¸n¡msX Xncn¨pt]mcp¶h\mWv Xm³ F¶v At±lw
IcpXp¶p. {ioIrjvWs\ IÂ]hr£ambn kmZriys¸Sp¯nbXnepw ssZhkmao]yw F¶
kXys¯ AtXmsSm¸w hyàam¡nbXnepw sNdptÈcnbpsS ImhymZÀiw hyàamWv .
AXpXs¶bmWv Cu D]abpsS `wKnbpw.

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XncnsI ho«nse¯nbt¸mÄ IptNe³ I­ ImgvNIÄ sNdptÈcn hnhcn¡p¶sX§s\

{ioIrjvWt\mSv klmbsam¶pw tNmZn¡msX Xncn¨pt]m¶XnepÅ CÑm`wKw HmÀ¯v

k¦Ss¸«v \S¶p \S¶v ho«n\Sps¯¯nbt¸mÄ AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶ ImgvNIfmWv IptNe³
t\cn«Xv.
BZyw At±ls¯ FXntcäXv kpKÔw t]dnb CfwImämWv. AXn\p ImcWw a\ÊnemImsX
\S¡pt¼mÄ \ndsb ]q¡Ä hnSÀ¶p \n¡p¶ ImhpIÄ \osf ImWm³ XpS§n. kpµcamb
Xmacs¸mbvIIfmWv XpSÀ¶v h¶Xv. Cu amä§sfm¶pw At±l¯n\v a\ÊnembnÃ. At¸mÄ
Zqsc sIm«mc¯nsâ ta¡qcbpw amfnIbpw I­p. BcpsS sIm«mcamWv CsX¶v At±lw
BtemNn¨p apt¶m«v \S¡pt¼mÄ tKm]pchmXn I­p. AXv IS¶p Npäpw t\m¡sh
at\mlcamb XqWpIfpw cXv \ §Ä ]Xn¨ thZnIfpw I­p. AhbpsS hnXm\§Ä
ap¯pIÄsIm­v Ae¦cn¨Xmbncp¶p. \mSIimeIfn kpµcnIÄ
\r¯wsNbvXpsIm­ncn¡p¶Xpw ]mSnckn¨v Npäpw s]¬Ip«nIÄ HmSn¡fn¡p¶Xpw I­p.
B\Ifpw IpXncIfpw \nc¶p\n¡p¶ Beb§fpw ta¨n Øe§fpw Zriyambn. ]ns¶
cXv \ §Ä ]Xn¨ sIm«mc¨pacpIfpw XqWpIfpamWv I­Xv . Xs¶ kzoIcn¡p¶hcpw
_lpam\n¡p¶hcpw hgnbcnIn \n¡p¶p­mbncp¶p. IpXnc¸pd¯p hcp¶ Imh `S³amcpw
Xs¶ hµn¡p¶Xv I­v {_mlvW\v AXnibw AS¡m\mbnÃ.

"" Hcp Zcn{Z{_mÒW\mb Fs¶ F´n\mWv C¡q«À C§s\ _lpam\n¡p¶Xv? F´mWXn\p

ImcWw? CtXXv temIamWv? \S¶p\S¶v Rm³ kzÀKtemI¯mtWm F¯ns¸«Xv? Fsâ hoSv
\n¶ncp¶ Øew Xs¶bmWv CsX¶v Dd¸mWv. hà ZpjvS·mcpw h¶v Fsâ CÃw ssI¡em¡n,
AXv s]mfn¨pIfªv AhnsS C¯csamcp sIm«mcw ]WnXXmtWm? Fsâ {]nb]Xv\nsbbpw
a¡sfbpw AhÀ B«nhn«pthm? Zcn{Z\mb Rm³ `mcybpw a¡fpw CÃm¯ A\mY\mbpw amdntbm?
Cu sIm«mc¯nsâ AXnib§Ä I­v \S¡msX `mcysbbpw a¡sfbpw At\zjn¡pIbtÃ
Rm³ sNt¿­Xv? {ioIrjvWs\ ImWmÂt]mbn C{Xbpw B]¯mtWm F\n¡v ]nWªXv?
kpJPohnXw B{Kln¨v apt¶dp¶hÀ¡v \jvSta kw`hn¡q F¶v ]dbp¶Xv icnbmtbm? k¦Sw
h¶v XfÀ¶pt]mtI­ Cu kab¯pw Fsâ DÅn kt´mjw D­mIp¶sX´psIm­mWv''
C§s\ [mcmfw BtemN\IÄ IptNe\p­mbn.

CsXÃmw BtemNn¨p \n¡pt¼mÄ, {_mlvWkv{XoIfpsS t\XrXzw hln¨p \n¡p¶ `mcy

Xs¶ I­v kzoIcn¡m³ th­n HmSnsb¯n. AhcpsS Npäpw kpµcnIfmb tXmgnamcpap­mbncp¶p.
`mcysb I­p IptNe\v Xncn¨dnbm³t]mepambnÃ. AhÀ AXnkpµcnbmbncn¡p¶p. "ImÀhÀW³
sNmÃmse ap¶ta hs¶mcp hmcnPaµncsb¶t]mse' bmWv Ahcnt¸mÄ. {ioIrjvW³ Xs¶
kzoIcn¡m³ t\ct¯ e£vaotZhnsb Ct§m«v ]dªb¨pthm F¶v tXm¶pwhn[w AhcpsS
ap¼s¯ cq]w amdn¡gnªncp¶p. Ahsc Zqsc\n¶v I­t¸mtg GtXm temIkpµcn
XsâbSpt¯¡v hcp¶t]msebmWv IptNe\v tXm¶nbXv . cXv \ §Ä ]Xn¨ ta\n
Iev]IhÃnsbt¸mse Xnf§n. alme£vansbt¸me B {_mÒW]Xv\n AbmÄ¡p ap¶nse¯n.
asämcp kpµcnamcnepw a\Êp sNÃm¯ Xm³ Cu kuµcy[ma¯n C{Xbpw BIrjvS\mhp¶Xv
F´psIm­v F¶t±lw ]cn{`an¨p. apJs¯ \mWw ImWpt¼mÄ AXv Xsâ ]Xv\nbmsW¶v
kwibap­mIp¶ps­¦nepw AhÄ C{Xbpw kpµcnbmbncp¶nÃtÃm F¶bmÄ Nn´n¨p. BsI
Xpeªpt]mb Xm³ Ct¸mÄ A\y kv{XoIsf Iman¨v ]m]w sN¿pIIqSnbmWtÃm F¶v AbmÄ
hnjan¨pt]mbn. Xsâ ap¶nse¯nb Cu kuµcycq]w BcmsW¶v Nn´n¨v \n¡sh B kv{Xo
{_mÒWsâ Im¡ÂhoWv \akvIcn¨p. Zmcn{Zy¯m FÃpw tXmepambncp¶ Xsâ ]Xv\nbmWv
ap¶n \n¡p¶sX¶v t]mepw At±l¯n\v hnizkn¡m\mbnÃ.

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2. Fgp-¯-ѳ
alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m-«v- þ- kv{Xo-]ÀÆw- þ- Km-Ômcohnem]w
(420 apXÂ 520 hsc-bpÅ hcn-IÄ)

aebmf `mjbpsS ]nXmhv F¶ _lpam\]qÀhw hnfn¡s¸Sp¶ IhnbmWv Xp©¯v Fgp¯Ñ³.

]Xn\mdmw \qäm­n C¶s¯ ae¸pdw PnÃbnse Xncqcn\Sp¯pÅ Xp©³ ]d¼nembncp¶p
Pohn¨ncp¶XsX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. `àn{]Øm\¯nsâ aebmf¯nse {]NmcI\mWv Fgp¯Ñ³.
aebmf `mjbv¡pw kmlnXy¯n\pw P\IobXbpw {]mapJyhpw t\Sm\mbXv Fgp¯Ñ³
IrXnIfneqsSbmWv F¶Xn\m³ At±lw aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F¶v _lpam\n¡s¸Sp¶p.
A[ymßcmambWw, `mcXw F¶o Infn¸m«pIfmWv Fgp¯Ñsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ. lcn\maIoÀ¯\w
F¶ IrXnbpw Ct±l¯ntâXmbmWv {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp¶sX¦nepw A¡mcy¯nÂ
FXnc`n{]mb§fp­v. F¦nÂXs¶bpw Cu c­p Infn¸m«pIfneqsS aebmf kmlnXy¯nsâbpw
`mjbpsSbpw AacØm\w Ae¦cn¡m³ Fgp¯Ñ\p Ignªp.

Infnsbs¡m­v ]m«p ]mSn¡p¶ coXnbn IY ]dbp¶Xns\bmWv Infn¸m«v F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

ssZh§sf¡pdn¨pÅ IYIfmbXn\m ]dbp¶ Imcy¯nse tZmj§sfm¶pw Ihnsb
_m[n¡mXncn¡m\mWs{X Infn BJymXmhmbn amdp¶Xv. aebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nepÅ tII,
ImIfn, A¶\S, IfIm©n XpS§nb hr¯§fnemWv Infn¸m«v cNn¡pI. A[ymßcmambWhpw
alm`mcXhpw aebmf¯nse hnhÀ¯\IrXnIfmsW¶pw ]dbmw. hmÂaoInbpsSbpw hymksâbpw
aqeIrXnIfpsS Cu XÀPaIÄ ]t£, IhnbpsS DNnXamb XymPy{KmlyhnthN\t¯msSbmWv
samgnamäw sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. aebmfnIfmb A\phmNIÀ¡pth­n th­nS¯v Iq«m\pw
Ipdbv¡m\pw Fgp¯Ñ³ {i²n¨ncn¡p¶p. ChnsSbpw Cu almIhnbpsS {]Xn`bpsS A]mcX
\ap¡v ZriyamIp¶p.

alm`mcXw Infn¸m«ns\¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdns¸gpXpI

Ht¶Im e£w tÇmI§fn hniZam¡p¶ alm`mcXIYbmWv kwkvIr¯n cNn¡s¸«
hymk `mcXw. CXnsâ kzX{´ aebmf hnhÀ¯\amWv Xp©s¯gp¯Ñsâ alm`mcXw Infn¸m«v.
CXv kw{KloX]p\cmJym\amsW¶p ]dbmw. hymk`mcX¯nsâ {][m\ `mKsa¶p ]dbmhp¶
`KhZvKoXsb \mep hcnIfneqsS am{XamWv Fgp¯Ñ³ Npcp¡nsbSp¡p¶Xv. {ioIrjvWs\
tI{µØm\¯p {]XnjvTn¨psIm­v `àn{][m\ambn alm`mcXs¯ ]p\cmJym\w sN¿pIbmWv
alm`mcXw Infn¸m«v. ]Àh§fmbmWv A[ymb§sf thÀXncn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.
kv{Xo]Àh¯nsâ {]tXyIXIsf´v
alm`mcX¯nse timIckw Xpfp¼p¶ `mKamWv kv { Xo]Àh¯nteXv . bp²m\´c
sISpXnIfmWv Cu `mK¯v hÀWn¡p¶Xv. ]Xns\«pZnhkw \o­p\n¶ alm`mcXbp²w
Ahkm\s¯ Iuch\mbI\mb ZptcymZ\sâ hogvNtbmsS Ahkm\n¨p. BÀ¡mWv Pbsa¶v
Dd¸n¨p ]dbm\mhm¯{Xbpw \mi\jvS§fmWv Ccp`mK¯pw kw`hn¨Xv. GXm\pw t]Àam{XamWv
IuchcpsS `mK¯v Ahtijn¨Xv. AIme¯n acWs¸«pt]mb _ÔpP\§sfs¨mÃn kv{XoIÄ
\S¯p¶ hnem]amWv kv{Xo]Àhsa¶ Cu A[ymb¯nse {]Xn]mZyw. IuchamXmhmb KmÔmcn
Xsâ \qdpa¡fpsS arXtZlw I­v hne]n¡p¶ A´ycwKw AXy´w hnImc\nÀ`chpw
timImßIhpamWv. aäp kv{XoItfmsSm¸amWv KmÔmcn Ipcpt£{X`qanbnse¯p¶Xv. ici¿bnÂ
acWwIm¯v InS¡p¶ `ojva ]nXmal³, Ahbh§Ä Aäpw apdnthäpw InS¡p¶ cmPm¡·mÀ,
ihwXo¶n¡gpI·mcpw Ipdp¡·mcpw Xn¶pXoÀ¡p¶ a\pjy icoc§Ä.. bp²m\´c `qanbpsS
Cu `oIc Zriy§ÄI­v kv{XoP\§Ä¡pw KmÔmcn¡pap­mb ZpJhpw tcmjhpsaÃmw Cu
`mK¯v AWs]m«nsbmgpIp¶p. `ànbpw tcmjhpw timIhpw IeÀ¶ Cu Imhy`mKw AXn
sshImcnIamb Nn{XoIcn¡m\pÅ Fgp¯Ñsâ {]Xn` Akmam\yamsW¶v \nÊwibw ]dbmw.
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sImÃmsX sImÅmªsX´h³ Xs¶ \o
sImÃn¡bs{X \n\¡p cksatSm þ kµÀ`hpw kzmckyhpw hniZam¡pI
acn¨pInS¡p¶ a¡sfbpw _ÔpP\§sfbpw I­ KmÔmcnbpsS a\Êv ]nSªp. AÀPp\sâ
aI\mb A`na\yphnsâ CfwicocwI­v KmÔmcn s]m«ns¯dn¨pt]mbn. `KZ¯sâ B\bv¡cnsI
tNmchmÀ¶v hoWpInS¡p¶ kpµc\mb A`na\yphns\sb¦nepw shdpsXhn«pIqSmbncpt¶m F¶v
KmÔmcn tNmZn¡p¶p. IrjvWsâ acpaI³ IqSnbmb A`na\yphnsâ Zb\obmhØI­v a\ÊnÂ
ZbbnÃm¯ BfmWv IrjvW³ F¶pt]mepw A½bv¡v tXm¶nt¸mIp¶p­v. sImÃn¡bt{X
\n\¡p cksatSm F¶ hmIy¯nse \n\¡v , FtSm F¶o hm¡pIÄ KmÔmcn¡v
{ioIrjvWt\mSpÅ ASp¸s¯bpw Acnis¯bpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p. alm`mcXbp²¯n\pXs¶
ImcW¡mc³ {ioIrjvW\mWv F¶ kqN\bpw Cu hmIy¯nep­v. at\mlc\mbncp¶
A`na\yphnsâ icocw arK§fpw ]£nIfpw ISn¨phen¡p¶Xpw Ahsâ {]nbXabmb D¯cbpsS
\nehnfnbpw KmÔmcnsb AkzØbm¡p¶p­v. {ioIrjvWsâ s]§fmb kp`{ZbpsS aIfmWv
D¯c. kp`{Zbpw aI³ A`na\yphnsâ tNmcsbmgpIp¶ arXtZlw I­v \nehnfn¡pIbmWv.
CsXÃmw I­v klnsI«mWv KmÔmcn {ioIrjv\p t\sc tIm]w]pc­ hm¡pIsf¿p¶Xv.
IÃpsImt­m a\w XmhIamIneþ
¡Ãn\pamÀ{ZXbp­nXp ImWpt¼mÄ
F¶v KmÔmcn ]dbp¶nS¯v {ioIrjv\sâ \nÊwKXbpw kqNnXamIp¶p­v. kv{XoIfpsS ZpJw
ImWm³ Hcp bp²¯n\pw ssk\y¯n\pw IgnbpIbnà F¶ kXyamWv Cu hcnIfneqsS KmÔmcn
hyàam¡p¶Xv.

KmÔmcn bp²cwK¯v Poh³s]menªpInS¡p¶hcn Bscsbms¡ sNmÃnbmWv

hne]n¡p¶Xv
BZyambn ImWp¶Xv A`na\yphns\bmWv. sXm«pSs\ `oa]p{X\mb LtSm¡Ns\ ImWp¶p.
\oeae hoWpInS¡p¶XmbmWv Ahs\¡pdn¨v KmÔmcn ]dbp¶Xv. IÀW\mWv
LtSmÂIN\pt\sc th {]tbmKn¨Xv. XpSÀ¶p ImWp¶Xv Igp¯p apdnªpInS¡p¶
Pb{ZYs\bmWv. Pb{ZYs\ h[n¨XmIs« AÀPp\\pw. \qdv B¬a¡sf¡qSmsX X\n¡pÅ
GI aIfmb ZpÈfbpsS `À¯mhmWv Pb{ZY³. Ipd¨¸pd¯mbn t{ZmWmNmcyÀ acWw
Im¯pInS¡p¶ \neamWv. kz´w Kpcphmb t{ZmWsc As¼bvXphogv¯nbXv [rjvSZypav\\mWv.
Al¦mcnbmb injy\pam{Xta kz´w Kpcphns\Xnsc Bbp[w {]tbmKn¡m³ Ignbq F¶v
KmÔmcn ]cnlkn¡p¶p. sXm«¸pd¯v amdp XIÀ¶p InS¡p¶ Xsâ aI³ ZpÈmk\s\bmWv
KmÔmcn t\cnSp¶Xv . `oa³ amdp ]nfÀ¶v tNmcIpSn¨v XnanÀ¯ kw`hw KmÔmcn
HmÀ¡p¶p­mhWw. CXpImWpt¼mgpw {ioIrjv \ t\mSmWv KmÔmcn ]cmXn ]dbp¶Xv .
X\n¡pÅn CXp ImWp¶ thfbn Xobmfp¶ps­¶pw F´n\mWv Ft¶mSv Cu NXn sNbvXXv
F¶pw {ioIrjvWt\mSv KmÔmcn tNmZn¡p¶p.
amdptam I®p\ocns¶\n¡p­mbþ
Xmdptam timIsa·m\tk tKm]tX F¶mWv KmÔmcnbpsS tNmZyw.
Zptcym[\sâ aI\mb e£vaWsâ icocamWv XpSÀ¶v KmÔmcn ImWp¶Xv. {ioIrjvWs\
Zbm\nt[ F¶ hymPkvXpXntbmsSbmWv KmÔmcn A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿p¶Xv. I®pIÄ
aqSns¡«nbncp¶ KmÔmcn¡p thZhymk³ \ÂInb ImgvNiànIfmemWtÃm CsXÃmw ImWphm³
km[n¨Xv. C¯cw ImgvNIfmWv Xm³ t\cnSp¶sX¦n CsX\n¡p th­mbncp¶p F¶v At¸mÄ
KmÔmcn hne]n¨pt]mIp¶p.
XpSÀ¶v KmÔmcnImWp¶Xv IÀWs\bmWv . ]mWv U hcpsS tPyjvT\msW¦nepw
IuchtcmsSm¸w tNÀ¶v bp²w sNbvX IÀW\v IhN IpWvUe§Ä P·kn²amWv. Ah
hoWt]mbn«pw Xnf§p¶p­v. hnÃv XÀ¶v thdn«pInS¡p¶ B hnÃmfnbpsS icocw ]£nIfpw
arK§fpw Xn¶p¶Xv I­v KmÔmcn¡v kln¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃ. sXm«Sp¯pXs¶bmWv `qcn{ihmhv
F¶ cmPmhnsâbpw arXtZlw InS¡p¶Xv . At±l¯nsâ incÊv aSnbn sh¨v `mcy

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hne]n¡p¶Xpw KmÔmcnsb AkzØbm¡p¶p. kz´w ktlmZc\mb iIp\nbpsS arXtZlw
ImWpt¼mÄ KmÔmcnbpsS kao]\w sXÃp hyXykvXamIp¶p­v. bp²¯n\v GjWnIq«n
t{]mÕmln¸n¨bmfmWtÃm iIp\n. D·qe\mi¯n\p ImcW¡mc\mb iIp\nbpsS DSÂ ]£nIÄ
`£Wam¡p¶Xv I­n«pw KmÔmcn hne]n¡p¶nà F¶Xp {it²bamWv. sXm«Sp¯v InS¡p¶
Zptcym[\sâ XpS XIÀ¶ icocw I­v KmÔmcn¡v kIe \nb{´W§fpw XIÀ¶pt]mIp¶p.
aI³ Zptcym[\sâ XpS XÀ¶ icocw I­ KmÔmcnbpsS hnem]w lrZb¯n X«pwhn[w
Fgp¯Ñ³ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶sX§s\
Ipcpt£{Xbp²¯nse ihicoc§fn¡nSbn Ahkm\ambmWv KmÔmcn Xsâ aI\mb
Zptcym[\sâ icocw ImWp¶Xv. bp²¯nse Gähpw Ahkm\ambp­mb KZmbp²¯n `oa\pw
Zptcym[\\pw X½nepÅ Gäpap«Â Gsd \o­pt]mIsh {ioIrjv\³ `oa\v clky kqN\
\vÂInbmWv Zptcm[\s\ hogv¯p¶Xv. KmÔmcnbpsS t\m«w ImcWw Zptcym[\sâ icoc¯n\v
KqVIhNw e`n¨n«p­mbncp¶p. AXnÃm¯ XpSbn ASn¡m\mWv `oa\v IrjvW³ kqN\
\evInbXv. KZmbp²¯nse \nbaw sXän¨v `oa³ Zptcym[\s\ XpSbneSn¨v hogv¯p¶p.
Zptcym[\sâ icocw I­v a\w XIÀ¶v KmÔmcn \nehnfn¡p¶p. D®o aIt\ F¶
A`nkwt_m[\tbmsSbmWv Cu hnem]w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. kz´w s]m³IncoShpw B`cW§fpw
almcmPmhv F¶ ]Zhnbpw h¼pw {]Xm]hpw Kw`oc`mhhpw `wKnbpw FÃmw Dt]£n¨v XpS
XIÀ¶v acn¨pInS¡p¶ aIsâ icocw I­v KmÔmcn Aedn¡cbp¶p. ]«pInS¡tase
InS¶pioen¨ \o \ne¯phoWpInS¡phm\nSbmbtÃm F¶mWv B A½bpsS hnem]w. Cu ImgvN
ImWm³ IgnbmsX KmÔmcn AhnsS\n¶v HmSnt¸mbn \ne¯v InS¶pcp­v Icbp¶p.
t_m[wsI«phogpIbpw s]s«¶pWÀ¶v ho­pw IcbpIbpw sN¿p¶p. HmÀah¶t¸mÄ AhÀ
{ioIrjvW\p t\sc im]hm¡pIÄ sNmcnbpIbmWv.

KmÔmcn {ioIrjvWs\ i]n¨sX§s\, AXn\v IrjvWsâ {]XnIcWsa´mbncp¶p

aI³ Zptcym[\sâ XpSXIÀ¶ arXtZlw I­v tamlmekys¸«v hoW KmÔmcn
I®pXpd¶bpSs\ {ioIrjvWs\ hnfn¨v hne]n¡pIbpw ITn\hm¡pIÄsIm­v aqSpIbpw
i]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. C{Xbpw IpSnea\ÊpÅ Hcmsf {ioIrjvWs\bÃmsX asämcmsf `qanbnÂ
Xm³ I­n«nà F¶mWv KmÔmcnbpsS BZy {]XnIcWw. bp²¯n Hcp I£ntbmsSm¸w \n¶v
]ckv ]cw bp²wsN¿n¨v `qanbnse cmPm¡·msc apgph³ sImÃn¨Xnsâ D¯chmZnXzw
{ioIrjvW\msW¶v KmÔmcn IbÀ¡p¶p. aäpÅhsc Ipäw ]dªn«p ImcyanÃ. FÃmw
{ioIrjvWsâ adnamb§fmWv. \obpw \nsâ hwihpw aq¶v ]´ocm­p Ignbpt¼mtg¡pw
apSnªpt]mIpw F¶v i]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CXv tI«v hfsc \nÊwKambmWv IrjvW³
{]XnIcn¡p¶Xv. B im]w icnbmIs«sb¶pXs¶ {ioIrjvW\pw k½Xn¡p¶p. Fsâ bpÅnepw
KmÔmcnbpsS DÅnepw Htc kwKXnXs¶ tXm¶nbXv \¶mbn F¶mWv am[h³ AXn\p
{]XnIcWambn ]dbp¶Xv.

3. Ip©³ \¼ymÀ
kya-´Iw XpÅÂ

Ime-¯nsâ ]IÀ¨ \n\-¨mÂ

amtem-IÀ¡p s]mdp-¸m³ taem...
apXÂ
C¯-c-tamtcm ZpÀhm-¡p-Isf
Nnecp ]dªp Zpjn¨p XpS-§n... hsc.

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Ip©³ \¼ymÀ
aebmf¯nsâ lmkykmlnXy ]mc¼cy¯nse A{KKmanbmWv Ie¡¯v Ip©³\¼ymÀ.
lmkykmlnXyw tIhew Xamibà adn¨v AXv cNn¡s¸Sp¶ Ime¯nsâ Ncn{Xhpw AXnt\mSpÅ
kmlnXy{]XnIcWhpamWv. aebmf¯nse BZyIme lmkkmlnXyImcmb tXme³, N¼qImc·mÀ
XpS§n C hn IrjvW¸nÅbpw kRvPb\pw hn sI F¶pw hsc C§s\ NncnsIm­v kaql¯nsâ
sImÅcpXmbvaIsf t\cn«hcmWv. ]Xns\«mw \qäm­n Pohn¨ncp¶ IhnbmWv Ip©³\¼ymÀ.
C¶s¯ \nebn ImWp¶ XpÅ {]Øm\¯nsâbpw {]kn²amb A\h[n XpÅÂ
IrXnIfpsSbpw {]tWXmhv Ip©³\¼ymcmWv. {InkvXphÀjw 1700 \ptijw
A¼Xm­pIÄ¡nSbnemWv Ip©³\¼ymcpsS PohnXImew. ]me¡mSp PnÃbnse InÅn¡pdnÈn
awKew Ie¡¯v F¶ CïmWv P\n¨Xv. tIcf¯n\I¯pw ]pd¯pw [mcmfw k©cn¨p F¶v
]dbs¸Sp¶p. Be¸pgbnse A¼e¸pg, Xncph\´]pcw XpS§nb {]tZi§fnse
cmPm¡·mcpambpÅ kulrZw ImcWw AhnS§fnsems¡ hfsc¡mew Xmakn¨n«p­v.
AXImcWw Irjnbpw ssk\nIhr¯nbpambn k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯p¶ A¶s¯ tIcf¯nse
km[mcW¡mcpambn k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯phm³ km[n¨ncn¡Ww.
A¶v km[mcWbmbncp¶ ]tS\n, \mtSmSn \mSI§Ä F¶nhsbbpw IqSnbm«s¯bpw ]ckv]cw
_Ôn¸n¨psIm­v BhnjvIcn¡s¸« Iemcq]amWv XpÅÂ. ioX¦³, ]db³, Hm«³ F¶n§s\
aq¶p hn[ap­v CXv. km[mcW¡msc BkzZn¸n¡m\pw AhcpsS hnjb§Ä kwhZn¡m\papÅ
Iem am[yaambncp¶p XpÅÂ. Cu Ie¡pth­n FgpXs¸« IhnXIfmWv XpÅ IrXnIÄ.
AXphsc cNn¡s¸« XpÅ IrXnIsfÃmw tiJcn¨Xv Fkv Un sdUymcmWv. Adp]tXmfw
XpÅÂ IrXnIÄ Ip©³ \¼ymcptSXmbn {]Ncn¡s¸Sp¶p­v. [mcmfw Infn¸m«pIfpw At±lw
cNn¨n«p­v.

kya´Iw XpÅÂ
`mKhXw ZiakvIµw A¼¯mdmw A[ymb¯nemWv kya´Iw IY ]dbp¶Xv. Cu IYsb
lmky¯nsâ tas¼mSntNÀ¯v ]p\chXcn¸n¡pIbmWv \¼ymÀ. k{XmPn¯v F¶ bmZh³
kqcytZhs\ X]ÊpsNbvXv kya´Iw F¶ cXv\w k¼mZn¨p. kqcy\pXpeyw {]`bpÅXmbncp¶p
B cXv\w. AXv ]pds¯Sp¯m cm{Xnbpw ]IÂt]mse tim`n¡pw. AXv ho«n sh¨p bYmhn[n
]qPIÄ \S¯nbm AfhnÃm¯ [\hpw e`n¡pw. sFizcyZmbIamb Cu cXv\w [cn¨v
]pd¯p\S¡pI k{XmPn¯v ]Xnhm¡n. CXv cXv\¯nsâ ]cnc£¡v {]iv\amIpsa¶v a\Ênem¡nb
IrjvW³ cXv\w Xs¶ G¸n¡Wsa¶v kv{XmPn¯nt\mSv At]£n¨psh¦nepw At±lw
Iqkm¡nbnÃ. Hcp Znhkw k{XmPn¯nsâ A\pP\mb {]tk\³ kya´IwaWn [cn¨psIm­v
Im«nte¡v th«bv¡p t]mbn. cXv\¯nsâ shfn¨¯n BIrjvS\mb Hcp knwlw Abmsf
sIm¶v cXv\hpwsIm­v IS¶pIfªp. cXv\hpambn t]mIp¶ knwls¯ I­ Pmw_hm³ F¶
hm\ccmPmhv knwls¯ hIhcp¯n cXv\w ssI¡em¡n. AXv kz´w ]p{X\v Ifn¸m«ambn
\ÂIpIbpwsNbvXp.
kzm`mhnIambpw A\pPs\ sIm¶v cXv\w IhÀ¶Xv {ioIrjvW\mbncn¡msa¶v k{XmPn¯v
kwibn¨p. Cu kwibw AbmÄ asämcmtfmSv ]dªp. ]dªp ]dªv C¡mcyw \m«n ]m«mbn.
Xs¶¸än {]Ncn¡p¶ Cu A]hmZ¯n a\ws\m´v {ioIrjv³ kzbw At\zjW¯n\nd§n.
At\zjWw Pmw_hmsâ sIm«mc¯nse¯n. AhnsSsh¨v Pmw_hm\pambn tLmcamb Gäpap«Â
\S¶p. bp²w Xocm³ hnjvWphns\ kvXpXn¨t¸mgmWv Xm³ bp²w sN¿p¶Xv
{ioIrjvWt\mSmsW¶v Pmw_hm\v t_m[ys¸Sp¶Xv. kya´Iw aWn Xncn¨p\ÂIpIbpw kz´w
aIsf Irjv W \v k½m\n¡pIbpw sNbv X p AbmÄ. cXv \ w Xncn¨pIn«nb k{XmPn¯v
]Ým¯m]hnhi\mhpIbpw kz´w aIfmb kXy`masb IrjvW\v sImSp¡pIbpw kya´Iw
aWn kq£n¡mt\¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. icnbmbn kq£n¡Wsa¶v D]tZin¨v IrjvW³
kya´Iw k{XmPn¯n\pXs¶ \evIn. Pmw_hXnsbbpw kXy`masbbpw hnhmlw sNbvXp.

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{ioIrjvW³ kya´Iw aWn tamjvSn¨Xmbn \m«n ]c¡p¶ sI«pIYIsf hnhcn¡p¶
`mKamWv ]mTw. tI«]mXn tIÄ¡m¯ ]mXn IYIÄ sa\ªv hjfm¡p¶ \m«pImcpsS
kz`mhs¯ IW¡n\v ]cnlkn¡p¶ Imhy`mKamWnXv.

IÅ·mÀ s]cpIp¶ Ime¯v IÀjIÀ¡pÅ B[nIsfs´Ãmw

]¯mb¯nencn¡p¶ ]¯¼Xp]d s\Ãn\v Hcp kpc£nXXzhpanÃ. th­Xv FSp¯v hnäv hn¯pw
Iqenbpw Xcam¡m³ ]äp¶panÃ. Dd¸nÃm¯ ]¯mbhpw Imhen\v BfnÃm¯Xpw thsd hnja§Ä.
If]dn¨pw tN¼p\«pw ]¨¡dnIÄ IrjnsNbvXpw \¼qcm·mcpsS ]mS¯v ]WnsbSp¯v D­m¡nb
]Ww Ių sIm­pt]mbm F´psN¿pw. ]ns¶ ]n¨sX­pIXs¶ KXn. s]menISapÅ
s\Ãpt]mepw Cu hnfshSp¸n e`n¨n«nÃ. e`n¨ s\Ãv ta\nIfmbn Xncn¨psh«n«p­v. ]eni
sImSp¡m\pÅ s\Ãpw Af¶psh¨p. AXn\m I¡m³ hcp¶ IÅ\v \à kuIcyambn.
]q«pImfIsf FhnsSbmWn\n kq£n¡pI. ImfIsfbpw aqcnIsfbpw I«psImt­mhm³
IÅ·mÀ¡v \à IgnhmWv. Ipd¨v FÅpap­v hnX¡phm³. AXpIqSn IÅ·mÀ sIm­pt]mbmÂ
]«nWnInS¡pItb hgnbpÅq.

kya´Iw aWn \jvSs¸«Xns\¡pdn¨v \m«pImÀ ]dbp¶ IYsb´v

k{XmPn¯v hfsc \njvIf¦\mb HcmfmWv. AXpsIm­mWv AXpwsIm­v {ioIrjvWsâ
ap¼n sN¶Xv. AXpI­tXmsS IrjvW\v AXn sImXnbmbn. k{XmPn¯v sImSp¯XpanÃ.
Hcp ZnhkaXm aWn [cn¨v Im«n t]mb, k{XmPn¯nsâ A\pP³ Im«n acn¨pInS¡p¶p.
CXn\p ]n¶n {ioIrjvW\msW¶Xn\p bmsXmcp kwibhpanÃ.

IrjvWsâ ]gb IYIsf tamjWhpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n \m«pImÀ hnhcn¡p¶sX§s\sbÃmw

]­psXmt« tamjW¯n sshZKv [ yhpw XmÂ]cyhpapÅ BfmWv {ioIrjv W ³.
Ip«nbmbncn¡p¶ Imet¯ Ip«nIfpsS ssIbn \n¶v km[\§Ä ]nSn¨p]dn¡mdp­v. A½sb
]än¨v a¨n Hfn¨ncp¶v ]mev I«pIpSn¨h\mWv. tKm]nIamÀ Ipfn¡p¶ kab¯v AhcpsS
hkv{ X§Ä tamjvSn¡m\pw {iaw \S¯nbn«p­v. ]mepw ssXcpw tamcpw tamjvSn¨n«p­v.
]­pImet¯ sh® I«p \S¶t¸mÄ BfpIÄ Ahs\ IÅm IÅm F¶v hnfn¨ncp¶p. AXv
tem]n¨mWv I®m I®m F¶v Ct¸mÄ hnfn¡p¶Xv. ISt¡m sIm­v IpS¯n Hm«bm¡n
ho«n \n¶v s\¿v tamjvSn¨ IY {]kn²amWtÃm. C§s\ tamjWw \S¯n t]cptZmjw
hcp¯nbXpsIm­mWv Ip«n¡me¯v A½ Ahs\ ]nSn¨v Dcen sI«nbn«Xv. ]qX\ F¶ ]mhw
s]®ns\ sIme sNbX kw`hhpw tI«n«ntÃ. kz´w A½mh\mb Iwks\ sIm¶Xpw
{]kn²amWtÃm. ]t­ I®sâ kz`mhw \¶Ã. Imen ta¡m³ F¶ t]cn CSb·mtcmSpIqSn
ImSpsX­n \S¡pIbmbncp¶p. tKm]nIamcmb kpµcnamtcmsSm¸w Npän¡d§pIbmbncp¶p
thsdmcp tPmen. Iq«pImsc hsc ]än¨n«p­v IrjvW³. Asænepw tKm]·mcmb PmXn¡mÀ¡v
hà \nehmchpapt­m. hSnbpsaSp¯v sRfnªv \S¡p¶ B XSnb·mtcmSv XSnbm \nsöp
]dªv ASp¯pt\m¡nbm AhÀ t]Sn¨v HmSn¡fbpw. Is«Sp¡m\pÅ X¡w t\m¡n
\S¡pIbmWhÀ. Aht\mSv Iq«pIqSp¶ s]®p§Ä \¶mbn kq£nt¨m, Igp¯nepw ImXnepapÅ
B`cW§Ä ssI¡em¡m\mWv Ah³ C§s\ In¶mcw ]dªv \S¡p¶Xv. s]®p§sf
sImÃm³ apt¼ {]mKZv`yw sXfnbn¨h\mWtÃm IrjvW³.

\mS³ hmsamgnbn ImhycN\ \S¯p¶Xn Ip©³ \¼ymÀ¡pÅ sshZKv[yw ]mT`mKs¯

ASnØm\s¸Sp¯n hnhcn¡pI
km[mcW¡mcpsS `mjbn IhnXcNn¨ BfmWv Ip©³ \¼ymÀ. XpÅ F¶
Iemcq]¯nsâ {][m\ e£yw \m«pImcmb km[mcW¡mcmbXn\m A¯csamcp `mjbmWv
AXn kzoIcnt¡­Xv F¶ \¼ymÀ¡v Adnbmambncp¶p. "]SP\§sf \SphnepsÅmcp
]SbWn¡nl IqSphm³, hSnhnbs¶mcp Nmcp tIcf`mj Xs¶ NnXw hcq' F¶Xv At±l¯nsâ
`mjmZÀi\ambncp¶p. km[mcW¡mcpsS h¼p]d¨nÂ, `ocpXzw, ]nip¡v XpS§nbhsb
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FXnÀ¡m\pw Ah ckIcambn AhXcn¸n¡m\pw Cu `mjXs¶ \¼ymÀ¡v thWambncp¶p.
]pcmWIYIfpsS ]pdwtXmSn\pÅn kz´w \m«pImcpsS {]iv \ §fpw kz`mh§fpw
AhXcn¸n¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ e£yw. AXn\m ]pcmW¯nse GsXmcp IYbpw
tIcf¯n \S¡p¶Xpt]msebmWv At±lw Nn{XnIoIcn¡pI. Ime tZimXnÀ¯nIsf B
BJym\]mShw IW¡nseSp¯nÃ. GXp tZhs\bpw tIcf¯nse cmPmhpw GXp {]Psbbpw
tIcf¯nse \mS³ P\kapZmbhpam¡m³ At±l¯n\p Ignªp.
kya´Iw XpÅen Irjv W s\ Ipdn¨v A]hmZw ]dbp¶ BfpIÄ tIcf¯nse
P\kapZmbamsW¶p ImWmw. tIcf¯nse ImÀjnI hyhØ, PohnXmhØ F¶nh Ipdn¡p¶
[mcmfw hmsamgn ]Z§fpw {]kvXmh\Ifpw Cu `mK¯v ImWmw.
thenIÄ Xs¶ hnfhp apSn¨mÂ/ ImepIsf´p \S¶oSp¶p, I¸eIs¯mcp IÅ\ncp¶mÂ/
Fs¸mgpansÃmcp kpJadntbWw, BbnchÀjw Ipgenencps¶mcp/ \mbpsS hmep hftª t]mIq
XpS§n {]kn²amb [mcmfw ]gs©mÃpIfpw sIm¯pw tImfpw H¡pI, ]mf]nSn¨p \S¡pI,
]Å s]mdp¡pI XpS§nb \mS³ {]tbmK§fpw Cu IhnXbn D²cn¡s¸Sp¶p­v. C½nWn,
]mf, s]menISw, ta\n, aqcn, ]Å, `Åv, tImfv XpS§nb [mcmfw \mS³ ]ZmhenIfpw Cu
Imhy`mK¯p­v.

4. ]q´m\w

Úm\-¸m\
Øm\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn Ieln¨p
apXÂ
aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-sX-´n\p \mw hrYm? þ hsc

]q´m\w \¼q-Xncn
`àn-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ Ime¯v ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-­mb X\Xp cN-\-bmWv ]q´m\w \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS
Úm\-¸m-\. ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse s]cn-´Âa-®-¡-Sp¯ ]q´m\w F¶ Cïv Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Ihn-bm-
bn-cp¶p ]q´m-\w. ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-­nsâ ]IpXn apXÂ ]Xn-t\gmw \qäm-­nsâ ]Ip-Xn-hsc At±-
l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-Imew I®-¡m-¡p-¶-h-cp-­v. ta¸-¯qÀ \mcm-bW `«-Xn-Xn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-
bn-cp¶p Ct±lw F¶pw Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Úm\-¸m-\, k´m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\, `mjm IÀWm-arXw
F¶n-h-bmWv ]q´m\w \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-tS-Xmbn e`y-amb IrXn-IÄ. \qsä«p lcn, L\-kwLw XpS-
§nb IrXn-Ifpw At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xmbn Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Xo{h-amb IrjvW-`-àn-bmWv ]q´m\w IrXn-I-fn Gd-¡psd apgp-h\pw {]km-[\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.
a\p-jysâ `qan-bnse IjvS-\-jvS-§Ä¡v ]cn-lm-c-ambn `K-hms\ kvacn-¡Â am{X-amWv hgn F¶-
t±lw \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡n-S-bn hfsc {]Nmcw t\Sm³ At±-
l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-IÄ¡p Ign-ªp. efn-X-kp-µ-c-amb ae-bm-f-¯n kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ kzm[o\w ]c-
am-h[n Ipdª Ihn-XI - f
- m-bn-cp¶p Ah F¶Xpw AXnsâ {]Nm-cW - ¯
- n\v Imc-Wa
- m-bn. ]mWvUnXyw
Ipdª At±-l-¯nsâ `àn-bmWv ta¸-¯q-cnsâ ]mWvUn-Xy-s¯-¡mÄ `K-hm\v CjvS-s¸-«Xv
F¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp IYbpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-­v. hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-bW tat\msâ "`ànbpw
hn`-àn-bpw' F¶ Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw Cu IY-bm-Wv.
Úm\-¸m-\-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Gähpw {]kn-²-amb cN-\. ae-bm-f-¯n cNn-¡-s¸« thZw
F¶p-hsc Cu IrXnsb \ncq-]-IÀ ]pI-gv¯n-bn-«p-­v. hep-¸w-sIm­v sNdpXpw AXn efn-X-hp-amb
Cu IhnXbn \n¶v Hcp Cuc-Sn-sb-¦nepw Adn-bm¯ ae-bm-fn-IÄ Npcp-§pw. sslµh XXz-Nn-´-
bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-lnI hnaÀi-\-amWv Úm\-¸m-\-bnse {]ta-bw. A¶s¯ tIc-fob
kaq-ls¯ ]nSn-Iq-Snb [\mÀ¯n, Agn-a-Xn, `àn-tem-]w, A[n-Im-c-{]-a-¯X XpS-§nb¡pt\sc

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{]tbm-Kn-¨ Akv{X-am-bn-cp¶p Cu eLp-Im-hyw. {]Xy-£-amb kmaq-lnI hnaÀi\w Fgp-¯-Ñsâ
cN-\-I-fn ImWp-¶n-Ã. F¶m ]q´m-\-am-Is« Ihn-Xsb kmaq-lnI hnaÀi-\-¯n\pw kap-Zmb
\thm-°m-\-¯n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. C¡m-cy-¯n ]q´m\w Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Hcp ]Sn ap¶n-em-Wv. Cu
AÀY-¯n ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ kmaq-lnI hnaÀi-I-\mb Ihn F¶v ]q´m-\s¯ hnti-jn-
¸n-¡mw. C¡m-cy-¯n ]q´m-\-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bmWv Ip©³ \¼ym-cn-eqsS ae-bmfn I­-Xv. a\p-
jysâ FÃm {]iv\-§Ä¡pw ]cn-lm-c-ambn ]q´m\w \nÀtZ-in-¡p-¶Xv `ànbpw hnc-àn-bp-am-Wv.
C¶s¯ tIc-f-¯n t]mepw {]k-à-amb Imcy-§-fmWv Úm\-¸m-\-bnse {]tabw F¶-Xn-
\m GXp Ime¯pw Cu IhnX AXnsâ apgp-h³ iàn-tbm-sSbpw {]k-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Spw.

tNmZy-§Ä
A¶s¯ kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-bnse sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-Isf Ihn hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-sX-§ns\
Øm\-am-\-§Ä¡pth­n Ielw Iq«n \mWw-sI« Hcp hn`m-K-amWv P\-§sf `cn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv. aZhpw aÕ-chpw Xe-¡p-I-b-dn-b-h-cm-W-hÀ. Nne-cm-Is« `uXnI kpJ-¯n-\p-th­n kpµ-
cn-I-fpsS hoSp-t\m¡n \S-¡p-¶-hc- m-Wv. AhnsS Ip©n-cm-a-s\-t¸mse Ipc-§p-I-fn-¡m³ hsc AhÀ
X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p. A[n-Im-c-tamlw hfÀ¶ t\Xm-¡sf {]oWn-¸n¨v tImhn-e-I-§-fn-eqsS D]-Pm-]-hp-
ambn \S-¡p¶hcmWv asämcp hn`m-Kw. aX-s¯-t¸mepw C¯cw the-IÄ¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bmWv
Nne aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-·mÀ. AXv, sIm©n hfÀt¯­ ss]X-ens\ Iªn-Ip-Sn-¡m³ th­n hn¡p-
¶-Xp-t]mse A]-lm-ky-am-Wv. kz´w amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf Ah-K-Wn¨v kz´w Imcyw t\m¡n \S-¡p¶
a¡fpw Ipd-h-Ã. Aán-km-£n-bmbn kzoI-cn¨ `mcysb kz]v\-¯n t]mepw ImWm³ NneÀ X¿m-
dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. C¯-c-¡m-tcmSv k¡Àa-§-fp-]-tZ-in-¡m³ Bsc-¦nepw sN¶m AhÀ¡p-t\sc
i{Xp-¡sf F¶-t]mse IbÀ¯pNmSp¶p. hµn-t¡-­-h-sc-t¸mepw \nµn-¡m-\mWv AhÀ {ian-¡p-
¶-Xv. \½psS Pohn-Xw-sIm-­mWv temIw C§s\ \ne-\n¡p-¶Xv F¶v AhÀ Al-¦-cn-¡p-¶p.
{_mÒWyw Xe-¡p-]n-Sn¨v {_Òm-hp-t]mepw Xsâ the-¡m-c-\mWv F¶mWv NneÀ [cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AhÀ Aán-tlm-{XmZn bmKw sN¿p-¶Xpw k¼¯pw ]Z-hnbpw t\Sm³ th­n-bm-Wv.

kaq-l¯ - n [\-¯n-t\m-SpÅ BÀ¯n s]cp-In-bXv ]q´m\w hnaÀi-\h - n-t[-ba

- m-¡p-¶-sX-§ns\
I¨-h-S-amWv kaq-l-¯nsâ {][m\ e£yw. F´pw I¨-hSw sNbvXv em`w sIm¿pI F¶m-bn-cn-
¡p¶p P\-§-fpsS Dt±-iyw. kzÀWw, cXv\w F¶n-h-t]mepw I¨-hS¨c-¡p-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IpXn-
cbpw B\bpw I¨-h-S-¨-c-¡p-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. em`-¡-¨-h-S-¯n\pth­n I¸Â t]mepw D­m-¡m³
sa\-s¡-Sp-I-bmWv NneÀ. hr¯n-tI-Sp-IÄ sNbvXpw [qÀ¯v kzoI-cn¨pw k¼¯v am{Xw e£yw-sh-
¨p-amWv kaq-l-¯nsâ t]m¡v. k¼¯v a\-Ên\v _m[n-¡p¶ tcmK-am-Wv. AXv A{X D­m-bmepw
aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-Ã. ]¯p-In-«p-In \qdv thW-sa¶pw \qdp-In-«n-bm Bbncw thW-sa¶pw Bbncw
]Ww In«n-bm ]Xn-\m-bncw thW-sa¶pw a\Êv tamln-¡pw. Bi-bm-Ip¶ Ib-dn ]nSn¨v tatem«v
tatem«v t]mbm Hcn-¡epw Aäw ImWp-I-bn-Ã. F¶m k¡Àan-I-fmb ]mh-§Ä sN¶n-c-
¶m Cu ZpjvS-·mÀ Hcp ]Ww-t]mepw \ÂIp-I-bp-an-Ã. N¯p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ DSp¯ hkv{Xw-
t]mepw sIm­p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bnà F¶v ChÀ HmÀ¡p-¶n-Ã.

a\pjy Pohn-X-¯nsâ \izc-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Nn´-I-sf-s´Ãmw

a\p-jysâ AS-§m¯ B{K-la - mWv Ah-\n Pohn-Xt- ¯m-SpÅ A\p-cmKw \nd-¡p-¶-Xv. BbpÊv
F®n-sb-®n-¡p-d-bp-t¼mÄ taml-§Ä a­n-a-­n-I-b-dp-I-bm-Wv. HmWw Ign-ªm hnjp, AXp-I-gn-
ªm Xncp-hm-Xnc, P·-Zn-\-§Ä F¶n-§s\ PohnXw ac-W-¯n-te¡v ASp-¯p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-I-bm-
Wv. F¶mepw a\p-jysâ taml-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. D®n-bp-­m-bn-¡m-Wm-\mWv NneÀ¡m-{K-
lw, NneÀ¡v Ahsâ ]nd-¶m-fp-®-Ww, NneÀ¡v Ahsâ thfn ImW-Ww, AXp-Ig- n-ªm Ahsâ
D®n-bpsS ]nd-¶m-fp-®Ww F¶n-§s\ Nn´n-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-bn-cn¡pw acWw hs¶-¯p-¶-Xv.

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Xmsg \ÂInb Cuc-Sn-IfpsS kzmckyw hyà-am¡n hymJym-\n-¡pI
1. hnZy-sIm-­-dn-tb-­-X-dn-bmsX
hnZzm-³amcmbv \Sn-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ
Ip¦p-a-¯nsâ hmk-a-dn-bmsX
Ip¦paw Npa¡pw t]mse KÀ±`w
(Igp-Xb- psS Npa-Smbn Ip¦paw sh¨p-sIm-Sp-¯m t]mepw AXv Npa¶p \S-¡p-Ib
- -ÃmsX AXnsâ
hnebpw \nebpw Igp-X-¡-dn-bn-Ã-tÃm. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Nne hnZzm³amÀ. Ah-À \¶mbn ]Tn-¨n-«p-
­v. ]t£ X§-fpsS ]mc-{XnI hnP-b-¯n\v th­-sXm¶pw AhÀ sN¿p-¶n-Ã. Adn-tb-­Xv Adn-b-
emWv bYmÀY Adnhv)
IqSn-bÃm ]nd-¡p¶ t\c¯pw
IqSn-bÃm acn-¡p¶ t\c¯pw
at[y-bn-§s\ ImWp¶ t\c¯p
aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-sX-´n\p \mw hrYm
(a\p-jy³ Hcp-an-¨Ã amXm-hnsâ KÀ`-¯n Ign-ª-Xv. ac-W-tijw Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw Hcp-an-¨-
Ã. Cu PohnXw Hcp CS-¯m-hfw am{X-am-Wv. c­p {][m\ bm{X-IÄ¡p \Sp-hn AÂ]-Imew
I­p-ap-«p¶ \mw F´n-\mWv ]c-kv]cw aÕ-cn¨v hg-¡-Sn-¡p-¶Xv)

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samUyqÄ þ 2

1. \mS³]m«v
t\cw-t]mbv t\cw-t]mbv ]qss¡X ad-]än
Ip¶³tImgn Ipf-t¡mgn X¯n-¯-¯n-¨m-Spt¶
t\cw t]mb t\c-¯n-t¸m-Ä sImÃm-s¡m-e- sN¿pt¶
Ac-apdn¡cn¡pw X¶v sImÃm-s¡me sN¿pt¶
Ac-s¯m­v IÅpw X¶v sImÃm-s¡me sN¿pt¶
G\-hnsS sN¶-t¸mÄ hoSn-Ãm -Iq-SnÃm
G\-hn-sS ht¶-]ns¶ sI«m-]pcsI«nt¨
G\n-hnsS ht¶-]ns¶ Ip¯m-In-WÀ Ip¯nt¨
G\-hnsS ht¶]ns¶ sh«m-¡pfw sh«nt¨

\mS³ P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ XpSn-¸p-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ]m«p-I-fmWv \mS³]m-«p-IÄ.

A[zm-\`- mcw Ipd-¡m\pw X§sf IjvSs¸-Sp-¯p¶ taem-ft- cmSv {]Xn-tj-[n-¡m\pw ASn-bm-fÀ Is­-
¯nb hgn-bmWv C¯cw ]m«p-IÄ. A[zm-\n-¡p¶ P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]m«p-I-fm-bXp sIm­v Ah-
cpsS \nXy-Po-hnX¯nse kzm`m-hnI kµÀ`-§f - psS Bhn-jv¡m-c§- f
- mWv Ch-bn ]e-Xpw. efnXamb
\m«p-`m-j-bn A[zm-\-¯nsâ Xmf-¯n-s\m-¯mWv Ch cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. hmbv¯m-cn-Itfm hcn-I-fpsS
BhÀ¯-\-§tfm CXn {][m-\-am-Ip-¶Xv AXn-\m-em-Wv. Htc ]m«p Xs¶ ]e {]tZ-i-§-fnepw
hXym-k-§-tfm-sS-bmWv ]mSn-t¡Ä¡p-I. hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-¡p-¶Xv sIm­mWv ]mT-t`-Z-§-tfm-
sS- Ch \ne-\n¡p-¶Xv F¶À°w. ]qss¡X, Ipf-t¡m-gn XpS§n ]mS¯p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ a\p-
jyÀ ap¼n ImWp¶ {]Ir-Xn-bnse ImgvN-I-fmWv C¯cw ]m«p-I-fn _nw_-§-fmbn IS¶p
hcnI.

]qss¡X ad-]än F¶Xp sIm­v Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv F´v?

cm{Xn-bpsS ad-bn (Ccp«nÂ) ]qss¡X adªpIgn-ªp. X§-fpsS IqsS A[zm-\n-

¡p¶ t\c¯v Iq«n-cp-¶n-cp¶ aäp Poh-Pm-e-§fpw {]IrXnbnse hkvXp-¡fpw hn{i-a-¯n\mbn
adªp Ign-ªp. cm{Xn hfsc sshIn-¯p-S-§n F¶mWv Chn-sS Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.(Ip¶³ tImgnbpw
Ipf-t¡m-gnbpw X§-fpsS InS-¸n-S-§f- n-te¡v hn{i-a-¯n\mbn X¯n-¨mSn t]mbn-¡-gnªp F¶ ]cm-
aÀihpw HmÀ¡p-I.)

t\cw t]mb t\c¯pw

sImÃm-s¡me sImÃvW¿m
Ac-s¯m­v IÅpw X¶v
sImÃm-s¡me sImÃvW¿m þ hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

AXn-cm-hnse h¶v Irjn-¸-Wn-bn {]th-in¨ ASn-bm-fs\, cm{Xn Gsd sshIn-

bn«pw taem-f-³ hn{i-a-¯n\p hn«n-«n-Ã. CS¡v sImSp-¯-Xm-Is« Ac-s¯m­v IÅpam-{XamWv.(sXm«p
ap¼s¯ hcn-bn Ac-ap-dn-¡-cn-¡mWv {]Xn-^ew X¶-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv ChnsS HmÀ¡pI.) XpÑ-
amb {]Xn-^-e-¯n-\mWv Chsc sXmgn sN¿n-¡p-¶Xv F¶À°w. sImÃm-s¡me F¶ {]tbmKw
{it²-b-am-Wv. Hcp P\-Xsb sImÃmsX sImÃp-I-bmWv taem-fÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. ASn-bm-fsâ {]Xn-tj-
[-¯nsâ {]Jym-]\ - a
- m-Wn-Xv. ZfnXv hn`m-K§
- sf imco-cn-Ia
- mbpw am\-kn-Ia
- mbpw ]oUn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ taem-
fcpsS A[n-Imc hyh-Ø-sb-bmWv Cu ]m«v {]Xn-Øm-\¯p \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw þ 1 16
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sI«m-]pc, Ip¯mInWÀ, sh«m-Ipfw F¶Xp sIm­p-t±-in-¡p-¶-sX´v?
P·n-bpsS ]Wn-Ø-e¯v Xm³ h¶v ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m³ XpS-§nb Ime¯v P·n¡v
hoSv sI«n-bXv Xm\m-Wv. InW-dpw, Ipfhpw sh«n-s¡m-Sp-¯X
- v Xm\m-Wv. P·n A\p-`h
- n-¡p¶ kÀÆkpJ-
t`m-K-§fpw Xsâ A[zm\^e-amWv F¶v Iogm-f³ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. sh«m-Ipfw F¶Xv sh«m³ {]bm-
k-apÅ Ipfw F¶pw AÀ°-sa-Sp-¡mw. Xm³ \nÀÆ-ln¨ ]cn-{i-a-¯nsâ ImTn-\yw hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-
Xmbpw CXv a\-Ên-em¡mw.

2. hS-¡³]m«v
hS-¡³ tIc-f-¯nse P\-Io-b-§-fmb hoc-IYmKm\-§-sf-bmWv hS-¡³]m-«p-IÄ
sIm­p-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. (sX¡³ ]m«p-IÄ, CS-\m-S³ ]m«p-IÄ F¶nhbpw D-s­-t¶mÀ¡p-I.) Xt¨m-
fn-¯d- h- m-«pIm-cpsS IY-]-db
- p¶ Xt¨m-fn-¸m-«p-Ifpw ]p¯q-cw Xd-hm-«p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp¶ ]p¯qcw
]m«p-Ifpw Ch-bn s]Sp¶p. hS-¡³]m-«p-IÄ Rmdp-\-Sp-t¼mÄ ]mSm-dp-­v. A¯cw Rmäp-]m-«p-
Isf {]mtZ-in-I-ambn \m«n-¸m«v (\m«n F¶m s\Âs¨Sn \m«pI/ Dd-¸n-¡pI F¶m-WÀ°w) F¶p
]d-bp-¶p. s]mXpsh A\p-jvTm-\h - p-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm¯ ]m«p-If - m-Wn-h. hoc-km-lk IrXytam bp²-
]-cm-{I-atam Bbn-cn¡pw hnj-bw. t{]a-IY - I
- fpw timI-IY
- I
- fpw CXn s]Sp-¶p. ]p¯qcw ]m«pIfnÂ
Btcm-aÂt¨-I-hÀ, D®nbmÀ¨ F¶n-hs - c-¸-änbpw Xt¨m-fn-¸m-«p-I-fn tIma-¡p-dp-¸v, HtX-\³, N´p,
Nm¸³ F¶nhsc¸-än-bp-saÃmw ]m«p-I-fp-­v. \½psS ]mT-`m-K¯v Btcm-a-Ât¨I-hÀ A¦-¯n\p
]pd-s¸-Sp¶ ]p¯qcw ]m«nse IY-bmWv DÄs¸Sp¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ipdp-§m-«nSw F¶ {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse hmgp-t¶mcmb (A[n-Imcn / Imc-W-hÀ)
Ipªn-ss¡-aÄ¡v c­v s]¬a-¡-fp-­v. A\-´-c-h-·mcmb D®n-t¡m-\mÀ, D®n-¨-t{´mÀ F¶n-h-
cmWv Ahsc hnhmlw Ign-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Ipªn-ss¡-aÄ acn-¨-t¸mÄ A[n-Im-c-¯n\p th­n A\-´-
c-h-·mÀ X½n aq¸n-fa XÀ¡ap­m-bn. XÀ¡w aq¯-t¸mÄ A¡m-es¯ hyh-Ø-{]-Imcw tNtIm-
·msc X§Ä¡p th­n A¦w sN¿n¨v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p({]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡m³
BZyw Xd-¡q«w F¶ kan-Xn-tbbpw ]n¶oSv tZi-hmgn / \mSp-hmgn A[n-Im-cn-bmb \m«p-Iq-«-
s¯bpw kao-]n-¡pw. AhnsS \n¶pw ]cn-l-cn-¡s¸«nsÃ-¦n-emWv A¦w sh«n {]iv\-¯n\v ]cn-
lmcw ImWp-I.). Bcp-sS -]-£-¡m-c\ -- mtWm A¦w Pbn-¡p-¶Xv A-bmÄ¡v A[n-Imcw e`n-¡pw.
D®n-¨-t{´mÀ¡v th­n Acn-t§m-S-cpw D®n-t¡m-\mÀ¡v th­n Btcm-a-ÂtNI-hcpamWv A¦w
sh«p-¶-Xv. tIme¯p\m«nse Acn-t§m-SÀ FXn-cm-fn-Isf NXn¨p tXm¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ip{]-kn²n
t\Snb Bfm-Wv. t\cw Ggc shfp-¸n\v Ipfnbpw tXhm-chpw Ign¨v, Xsâ ]nXm-hns\ sN¶p I­v
A\p-{K-lhpw hm§n-¨mWv Btcm-a A¦-¯n\p ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Xpfp-\m-«nse Kpcp-¡-·mcpw If-cn-
ssZ-h-§fpw \ns¶-¯p-W¡pw F¶v BioÀh-Zn¨p sIm­mWv Aѳ bm{X-b-b-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ
IqsS BÀ¸pw hnfnbpambn AI-¼-Sn-¡m-cp-­v. A½-tbmSpw A\n-b-t\mSpw D®n-bmÀ¨(ktlm-
Zcn)tbmSpw Ipªp-®q-entbmSpw (Btcm-a-ensâ `mcy) \mSp-hm-gn-tbmSpsaÃmw A\p-hmZw tNmZn¡p-
¶p-­v.
Btcm-a-ensâ Cu ]pd-¸m-Sn ]e Zpxi-Ip-\-§fpw I­p XpS-§p-¶p. a®m¯n Ae-
¡m-\pÅ hngp¸phkv{X-§-fp-ambn Xsâ ap¶n-eqsS hcp¶p, Bimcn agp-hp-ambn FXnsc hcp-¶p,
ho­pw apt¶m-«p-t]m-bt- ¸mÄ hgn-bn amhn³sIm¼v s]m«n-ho-Wp, Ipd¨p \S-¶t- ¸mÄ Hcp BÂacw
IS-]p-gIn hoWp, X\n¡v {Kl-¸n-g-bm-sW¶pw C¯-c-samcp {Kl-¸ng Imc-W-am-bmWv _men Hfn-b-
t¼äv sImÃ-s¸-«-sX¶pw Btcm-a-temÀ¯p. F¦nepw AXp Imcy-am-¡msX, hn[nsb t\cn-Sm-\p-d¨v
Btcm-a apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn. ]p¯qcw ]mSw IS¶v i_-cn-¡p-gn-bnse A¿-¸\v ]mbkw t\À¶v
Ip¶-¯-c-bsâ ASp-s¯-¯n. Ahn-sS-bn-cp¶v Zml-Pew IpSn¨v shäne apdp¡n ]n¶oSv hmgp-
t¶msc sN¶p I­p. X\n¡v A½bpw AÑ\pw A\n-b\pw s]§-fp-saÃmw Ds­¶v tI«v hmgp-
t¶m-cpsS A½ Ip¦n-b-½¡v k¦-S-am-bn. C§s\sbmcp sNdp-¸-¡m-cs\ bp²-¯n sImÃ-s¸-Sm³
Ab-¡p-¶Xv Ij-S-a-tà F¶mbn Ip¦n-b½. Rm³ kza-\-Êmte ]pd-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v Btcm-aÂ.
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bp²-¯n\p th­n NpcnI ]Wn-bm\pw X\n¡v XpW \n¡m\pw a¨p-\-\mb N´p-
hn-s\-bmWv Btcm-at- e¸n-¨n-cp-¶X - v. N´p-hns\ ImWmªv Npcn-Ib
- p-at- \z-jn¨v Btcm-a sImÃsâ
IpSn-bn-se-¯n. sImÃ-¯n-s¸®v ]p¸mb hncn¨v, shäne apdp-¡m³ sImSp¯v Btcm-a-ens\ kzoI-
cn-¨p. N´p-hns\ I­v Btcm-a Imcyw Xnc-¡n. NpcnI hnf-¡m³ sshIn-bXv sImó thsdmcp
tImtem¯v ]Wn¡v t]mbn-cp¶Xn\m-em-sW¶v N´p ]d-ªp. ]Xn-\mdp s]m³]-Whpw hfbpw
]«pw \ÂIn Btcm-a NpcnI hm§n. N´p Acnt§m-S-cpsS Ip_p-²n-bn Iq«p-tNÀ¶v Npcn-Ib - nÂ
X«n¸v \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Ccp-¼m-Wn¡v ]Icw apf-bmWnbmWv NpcnI s\¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
CXv sImÃ-¯n-s¸®n\dn-bmw. AhÄ¡mIs« t\cn«v kXyw shfn-s¸Sp¯m\pw h¿. Btcm-a-en\v
NpcnI ZpÀ_-e-am-sW¶v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ah-sfm-cp-]mb Is­-¯p-¶p. Hcp tNI-hÀ Npcn-I-bn-
f-¡p-¶Xv X\n¡p ImWm-\m-{K-l-ap-s­¶pw H¶p sNbvXp-Im-Wn-¡mtam F¶pw AhÄ Btcm-a-en-
t\m-Sm-h-iy-s¸-«p. NpcnI-bnf-Ip-t¼mÄ AXv HSnªp hogp-sa¶pw A§s\ Btcm-a-en\v Imcyw a\-
Ên-em-IpatÃm F¶p-amWv AhÄ B{K-ln-¨-Xv. ]s£, ]p¯-cn-b-¦-¯n\v ]pd-s¸« Xm³ bp²-¯n-se-
ÃmsX Npcn-I-bn-f-¡p--I-bn-söpw bp²-¯n\p tijhpw Xm³ Poh-n¨ncn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n Npcn-I-b-
`ymkw ImWn¨p Xcm-sa¶pw ]dªv Btcm-a t]mbn. ssZh-hn[n XSp-¡m-\m-hn-söp a\-Ên-em-
¡nb sImïn NpcnI s]mXnªv I¿nÂhm§n amd-¯-S¡n¸nSn¨v If-cn-ssZ-h-§-sfbpw ]nXr-¡-
sfbpw a\-Ên {]mÀ°n¨v Btcm-a-ensâ [oc-Xsb BioÀh-Zn¨v ZpxJt¯msSbmWv Btcm-a-ens\
bm{X-bm-¡p-¶-Xv.
A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS IpSn¸I¡p th­n _en-bm-Sm-hp-I-bmWv C¯cw A¦t¨I-h-
·m-cpsS hn[n-sb¶v Cu ]m«v HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.Btcm-a-ensâ ho«p-ImcpsS kvt\lhpw hmgp-¶-h-
cpsS A½bpsS hmÕ-eyhpw sImÃ-s¸-®nsâ hyY-Ifpw Btcm-a-ensâ \nÝ-b-ZmÀVyhpw BIÀj-
I-ambn Cu ]m«n hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. If-cnbpw A¦hpw IpS-¸-I-Ifpw tNÀ¶ \mSp-hmgn kwkv¡m-
c-¯nsâ `qX-Imew Cu ]m«p-I-fn-eqsS CXÄ hncn-bp-¶p. Gsd-¡psd ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-­nse
kmaqlykml-N-cy-§fmWv Cu ]m«p-I-fn IS¶phcp-¶-sX¶v ]Þn-X-·mÀ A\p-am-\n-¡p-¶p. 1913
þ 19 Ime¯v ae-_mÀ taJ-e-bn \n¶pw {_n«ojv If-IvS-dm-bn-cp¶ t]gvkn aIzo³ BWv hS-¡³
]m«p-IÄ BZy-ambn kam-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv tNe-\m«v ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, Fkv. sI \mbÀ XpS-§n-
b-hcpw Cu tiJ-c-W-¯n ]¦phln¨p.

Nne ]Z-§Ä þ
Gg-c-cmhv þ kqcy-\p-Zn-¡m³ Ggc \mgn-I-IqSn (GI-tZiw 3 aWn-¡qÀ) _m¡n-bp-Å
kabw F¶À°w. ]p¯-cn-b¦w þ (I¶-nb¦w)BZys¯ A¦w, tXhmcw þ tZhm-cm-[-\, \mZ-]pcw
þ \mZm-]p-cw, a®m-¯n-amäv þ Ae-¡p-ImcnbpsS ssIbnse amän-bp-Sp-¡m-\pÅ hkv{Xw. Gg-c-È\n þ
(Gg-c-È-\n-bpsS A]-lm-c-¯n hymgw AjvS-a-¯n hcp-¶Xv G-ähpw tami-amb {Kl-\n-e-bm-Wv.
ac-W-ap-d-¸mWv F¶À°w) Nm¸m-S³ ]pIe þ Pm¸mWw ({ioe-¦-bnse Pm^v\ F¶ Øe¯p
\n¶p sIm­p hcp¶ ]pI-bn-e.) Idp-t¯-\mÀ \mSv þ IS-¯-\m-Sv, tImtemkv{Xo \mSv þ tIme-¯p-
\m-Sv, Ccp-ap-e¨n þ kv{Xo, ]¨-s]m´n þ I¼nfn hkv{Xw

tNmZy-§Ä:
"apdn¨pcn-I-sb-¦nepw hf-§n-bn-cn¡' Cu {]mÀ°-\-bpsS hnh£ F´v?

Btcm-a tNI-hÀ¡v NpcnI Xncn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-t¼m-Ä sImÃ-¯n-s¸®v {]mÀ°n-¡p¶

`mK-am-Wn-Xv. Cu bp²-¯n Btcm-aÂt¨I-hÀ h[n-¡-s¸-Sm³ t]mIp-I-bm-sW¶v sImÃ-¯n-s¸®v
Dd-¸m-¡nb kµÀ`-¯n AhÄ C§s\ Icp-Xp-¶p. CXv apdn-¨p-cn-I-bm-sW-¦nepw (Ccp-¼m-Wn¡p
]Icw apÅmWn sh¨v NXn-bn-eqsS X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv) Bß-ss[-cy-apÅ Hcp t]mcmfn F¶ \ne¡v
Xm¦Ä bp²-¯n hnf§n¯s¶ \n¡pw F¶mWv Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv.

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At¸mtg h¶tÃm tNI-hcpw
Acn-bp-sa-dn-ª§p ssI]n-Sn¨p
sX¡n\ns¡m¯ aWn-¯-f-¯nÂ
ssIbpw ]nSn-¨-§n-cp-¯p-¶p-­v þ kµÀ`-sa´v?

Btcm-a tNI-hÀ th­-s¸-«-h-cpsS A\p-{K-l-§-sfÃmw hm§n hmgp-¶-hcpsS

ASp-s¯¯n. At¸mÄ Ahn-Sps¯ A½ (Ip¦n-b½) ]p{X-\nÀhn-ti-j-amb kvt\l-t¯msS Btcm-
a-en\v kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv cwK-am-Wn-Xv. Btcm-a-en\v Acn-sb-dnªv A\p-{K-ln¨v, ssI]n-Sn¨v sX¡n-\n-b-
en-cp-¯p-I-bmWv B A½ sN¿p-¶-Xv.
C¡­t¨I-hsc sIm­pt]m­
A¦-¯n tXmäp acn¨pt]mbmÂ
FhnsS sh¨§p ad-¶n-tS­q þ hni-Z-am-¡pI

Btcm-a tNI-hsc \ap¡p th­n bp²-¯n-\-b-t¡­ F¶v Ip¦n-b½ hmgp-t¶m-

tcmSv ]d-bp¶ cwK-am-Wn-Xv. AÑ-\pa-½bpw s]§fpw A\n-b\pw Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Btcm-a-ens\
bp²-¯n sImÃ-s¸-Sm-\-b-¨m B im]w Fhn-sS-s¡m­v XoÀ¡p-sa-¶mWv A½ tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Fsâ aI-\mb \o sIme-s¸-«m t]mepw F\n-¡{X {]iv\-anà F¶pw Ip¦n-b½ Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p.
Btcm-a-ens\ kw_-Ôn¨v CXv ]p¯-cn-b-¦-am-Wv. sNdp-¸-¯nsâ {]k-cn-¸pw amXr-kvt\-l-hp-apÅ
CXp t]msem-cp aI-s\-bmWv Ip¦n-b½ B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. IpSn-¸-Ibpw NXnbpw \nXy Ncy-bm¡n
amän-b Xsâ aI-s\-¡mÄ Btcm-a-en-s\-bmWv Ip¦n-b½ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. bp²-¯nsâ sISp-Xn-I-f\
- p-
`-hn-¡p¶ amXm-¡-fpsS k¦-S-ambpw Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

hS-¡³]m-«p-I-fn Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ tIc-fob kmaq-lnIPohnXw shfn-s¸-Sp-

¶pt­m? NÀ¨ sN¿pI?

3. am¸n-f¸m«v
ae-_m-dnse apkvenw-IÄ¡n-Sb - n \ne-\n¡p¶ Km\-]m-c¼ - -cy-amWv am¸n-f¸
- m-Sp-IÄ.
Is­-Sp-¡-s¸-«-Xn sh¨v BZys¯ am¸n-f-¸m-«mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv tImgn-t¡m-«p-Im-c-\mb Jmfn
apl-½Zv cNn¨ apln-bn-²o³ ame- ({In. 1609)bm-Wv. Ad_nae-bmfamWv apkvenw-IÄ \qäm-­p-It- fm-fw
X§-fpsS kmlnXy sshÚm-\nI aX hyh-lm-c-§Ä¡v en]n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ae-bmfw
Ad_nen]n-bn-segp-Xp¶p F¶-XmWv CXnsâ {]tXy-I-X. tIcfw apgp-h\pw Cu en]n {]N-cn-¨n-cp-
¶p. Ad_n t]Àjy³ Xangv ]Z-§fpw am¸nf hmsam-gnbpw IeÀ¶-XmWv Ad_nae-bmf kmln-Xy-
¯nsâ `mjmcoXn. 18 þ mw \qäm-­n Ip©³ \¼ym-cpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn Pohn¨n-cp¶ Ipªm-
bn³ apkv e n- b mÀ (I¸- ¸ m- « v , \qÂaZv l v , \qÂam- e XpS- § nb IrXn- I - f psS IÀ¯mhv ) Cu
kmlnXyimJbnse {it²-b-\mb Ihn-bm-Wv. an¡ am¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ¡pw Xncn-¨-dn-b-s¸« cN-bn-Xmhv
DÅ-Xp- sIm­p-Xs¶ Ch \mS³]m-«nsâ KW-¯n s]Sp-¯p-¶-Xn bpàn-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ, am¸n-f-
¸m-«p-I-fpsS Iq«-¯n \mS³]m-«p-I-fp-ap­v F¶p ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯n A¨p-Iq-S-§Ä
Øm]n-¡s - ¸« Ime-t¯m-SSp¯p Xs¶ A¨p-Iq-S§ - fpw ]{X-am-kn-II
- fpw Cµp-te-J¡p ap¼v t\mhepw
(NmÀZÀthiv þ aplvbn²o³ C_v\p amln³ F¶ Xe-tÈ-cn-¡m-c³ t]Àjy-\n \n¶v hnhÀ¯\w
sNbvX-Xv.) A-d-_n-ae- -bm-f-¯n-ep-­m-bn-«p­v. ae-bm-f-¯n\v en]n- cq]-s¸-Sp-¶ Ime-¯n\p ap¼v (13 mw
\qäm-­n\p ap¼v) Ad-_n-a-e-bmf en]n cq]-s¸-«n-cn-¡mw F¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-­v. A§s\
hcp-t¼mÄ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ Xs¶ BZyImeen]n-bmbn Chsb a\-Ên-em-¡mw. am¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnse
kwKo-Xm-ß-IX sIm­v Ah PmXnaXt`Z-at\y Bkz-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Km\-im-J-bmbn amdn.

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tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ

tambn³ Ip«n sshZy-cpsS(1852 þ 1892) Ime¯v k¦c`mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw

am¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fn [mcm-f-ambn DÄt¨À¶p. C¡m-c-W-¯m `mjm]c-amb ZpÀ{K-lX am¸n-f-¸m-«n-\p-
­m-sb-¦nepw "]mSn-¸-d-b-ep-IÄ' F¶ P\-Iob Ah-X-c-W-§Ä (AÀ°hpw hymJym-\hpw DÄs¸-
sS-bpÅ hni-Zo-I-cW kZ-Êp-IÄ) hgn Ah P\-a-\-Êp-I-fn Øm\w t\Sn. tIcf Ncn{Xw {]Xn-]m-
Zn-¡p¶ BZys¯ ae-bmf Imhyw tambn³Ip«n sshZy-cpsS ae-¸pdw ]S-¸m-«m-Wv. (DÅq-cnsâ Dam-
tI-c-f-¯n\p ap¼mWv CXv Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.) _ZÀ ]S-¸m«v DlvZv ]S-¸m«v, ae-¸pdw ]S-¸m-«v F¶o
IrXn-I-Ä 19 mw \qäm­n ae-_m-dnsâ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn \S¶ {_n«ojv þ P·n hncp² t]mcm-«-
§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z-\-am-b-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bn ]eXpw {_n«o-jp-ImÀ \ntcm-[n-¡p-Ibpw I­p-sI-«p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-«p-­v.

]mT-`mKw
IhnbpsS Ccp-]Xmw hb-ÊnÂ(1872) cNn¨ _Z-dp ap\oÀ lpkv\p Pam F¶
{]W-b-Im-hy-¯n-\mWv apJy-[mcm ae-bmf kmln-Xy-a-Þ-e-¯n IqSp-X {]kn²n e`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
tambn³ Ip«n sshZy-cpsS Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp¶ t]Àjy³ ]ÞnX-\mb \nkm-ap-²o³ jmbmWv
t]Àjy-\n-epÅ Cu IY sshZyÀ¡v ]dªpsImSp-¡p-¶-Xv. lnµv cmPys¯ alm-ko³ cmPm-hnsâ
aI-fmb lpkv\p Pamepw, a{´n akm-ao-dnsâ aI-\mb _Zvdp ap\odpw X½n-epÅ {]Wbhpw
thÀ¸mSpw kam-K-a-hp-amWv Cu Imhy-¯nsâ CXn-hr-¯w. Akq-b-¡m-cmb Nne-cpsS GjWn
aqew ho«pXS-¦-en-emb lpkv\p Pam _Zvdp ap\o-dp-sam¯v Hfn-t¨m-Sm³ Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p.
A_q-k-¿mZv F¶ ap¡p-hsâ IpX-{´-§-fn s]«v AhÀ¡v c­v t]À¡pw ImWm-³ km[n-¡msX
hcp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Pn¶p-I-fpsS temI¯pw hnNn-{X-amb ]e A\p-`-h-§-fnepw s]Sp¶ AhÀ c­v
t]cpw Ah-km\w H¶n-¡p-¶p. kz´-ambn Xocp-am-\-§-sf-Sp-¡p-Ibpw BÀÖ-h-t¯msS CS-s]-Sp-
Ibpw sN¿p¶ lpkv\p Pamens\-t¸m-epÅ Hcp kv{Xo IYm-]m{Xw B Ime-L-«¯nse ae-bmf
kmln-Xys¯ kw_-Ôn¨v hfsc ]pXp-a-bpÅ H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. \½psS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI
aÞ-e¯n kv{Xo Hcp kuµ-cy hkvXpthm Cctbm am{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡s - ¸-«n-cp¶ Ime-¯nsâ
`mhp-IX
- z-s¯-bmWv sshZyÀ Cu Imhy-¯n-eqsS s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xp-¶-Xv. ]qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p PamÂ
F¶p XpS-§p¶ \mem-as¯ Ci-emWv(ioev / Km\-coXn / hr¯w) \½psS ]mT-`m-Kw. Bcw`
F¶ Ci-enemWv CsX-gp-X-s¸-«n-«pÅXv. lpkv\p Pam-ensâ AgIpw BÀÖ-h-apÅ \S-¸p-saÃmw
hÀ®n-¡p¶ `mK-amWv CXv.

"]qa-I-fmt\ lpkv\p-Â PamÂ

]p¶mc¯mfw anIs´ _ohn
tla-§Ä sa¯ ]Wn Nn¯ncw
B`-c-W-t¡mh AWn´ _ohn' F¶n-§s\ Bcw-`n-¡p¶ ]mT-`m-K-¯nsâ ]qÀ®-
am-bn-«pÅ AÀ°w hni-Z-am-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.
]qaIfmb lpkv\p Pam ]p¶m-ca - mb(at\m-lcw) Xmfw anI¨hfm-Wv.Ipam-cn-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. sa¯ (anI¨) tla-§Ä (kzÀWw) sIm­v ]WnX at\m-lc - a
- mb B`-cW
- §
- Ä AWnª
_ohnbmW-hÄ. Ah-fpsS B`-c-W§ - -fpsS t]cp-IÄ F®n-¸d- -ªm Xocp-I-bn-Ã. \h-c-Xv\§
- fpsS
tim`-bnÂ(irwKm-c¯nÂ) ]q­p \n¡p-¶-h-fm-W-hÄ. Xnf-§p¶ knwlm-k-\-¯nÂ(I«n-enÂ
F¶p-amhmw) Ah-Ä Aa-cp¶Xv F´v AXr-¸-apÅ (AXn-i-b-apÅ) ImgvN-bm-Wv. ac-XI ]«p-h-
kv{Xhpw sRmdn-sª-Sp¯v amWn-Iy-ss¡-IÄ hm-bp-hn-se-dnªp hoin, `wKn-bm-¡nb Xe-apSn Ip\n¨v
am\n-tâXp t]mepÅ Igp¯v Ag-In sNcn¨p]nSn¨v B\-sb-t¸mse ]mZ-§Ä CS¯pw he-¯p-
aq¶n (ck-t¯msS AhÄ \S¶p hcp¶p) I¬]p-cnIw sh«n-¨v Npg-än aZ-\mÀ¯-amb t\m«-t¯msS,
]hn-g-s¸m³ Np­mse ]p©n-cn¨psIm­v, A¶-\S¨mb-en-epÅ Ah-fpsS hchv I­m Pn¶m-
Is« a\p-jy-cm-Is« aZw sIm­v t_m[w \in-¡pw.

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cmP¸q aI-fmb B ]©-hÀ®-¡n-fn-bpsS ]ncniw (CjvSw) _Z-dp ap\o-dn-t\m-Sm-bn-
cp-¶p. lrZ-b-amIpw IS-en kvt\lw Xnf-¡-bm AhÀ B \mfp-I-fn AÂ]-k-abw t]mepw
thÀ]n-cnªv Ccp-¶n-«n-Ã. _Zvdp ap\o-dn\v Xpey-cmb ]pcp-j·
- mÀ B Ime¯p­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ahsâ
apJw I­m Xmac hncn-bpw. kwkmcw tI«m tX\-cphn Hgp¡v \nÀ¯n \nÝ-e-am-hpw. [z\ym-ß-
Ihpw am[p-cy-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb samgn-I-sfs{X Ah-tâ-Xv. IeymWn apX-emb cmK-§-fn Be-]n-¡m³
tijn-bpÅ ]m«p-Im-c-\m-W-h³. A¯-c-c-sam-cmsf Pn¶p-I-fntem (KÔÀÆ kam-\cpw AZr-iy-cp-
amb Pohn-hÀ¤w.) a\p-jy-cntem s]« Iman-\n-amÀ ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm AhÀ kzbw ad¶v B\-µ-
aqÀÑ-bn AI-s¸«v t]mhpw.

lpkv\p Pam-ensâ \S¯w Ihn hÀ®n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

apJw I­m Xmac hncnbpw F¶ I¸-\ F{X-am{Xw [z\n km{µ-amWv?
am¸n-f-¸m-«v, tambnÂIp«n sshZyÀ F¶n-hsc¸än Ipdn-¸pIsfgp-Xp-I.

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samUyqÄ 3
1. XIgn þ shÅ-s¸m-¡-¯nÂ
aebmf¯nse ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy {]Øm\¯nsâ apJy Øm\¯p \n¶ sNdpIYmIr¯pw
t\mhenÌpamWv XIgn inhi¦c¸nÅ. 1912  XIgnbn P\n¨p. h¡oembncp¶p. kaql¯nse
ASnØm\hn`mK¯nsâbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw PohnXamWn At±lw kz´w IYIfnÂ
BhnjvIcn¨Xv. Ip«\mSnsâ IYmImc³ F¶pw At±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. tXm«nbpsS aI³ BWv
XIgnsb {]ikvX\m¡nbXv. tI{µ þ tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImc§fpw hbemÀ
AhmÀUpw e`n¨n«p­v. 1984 Â Úm\]oT ]pckvImcw IbÀ F¶ t\mhen\p e`n¨p.
Ip«\mSv ]Ým¯eamb IYbmWv shÅs¸m¡¯nÂ. \mbbmWv CXnse {][m\ IYm]m{Xw.
shÅs¸m¡¯n c£s¸Sm\mhm¯ Hcp \mbbpsS hnImchnNmc§sf tI{µoIcn¨v
a\pjyPohnXs¯bpw {]iv\§sfbpw hniIe\w sN¿p¶ khntijamb ssien Ahew_n¨
IYbmWnXv. NqjW¯n\pw XnckvImc¯n\pw hn[n¡s¸Sp¶ km[mcW P\Xsb tN¶³ F¶
]dbsâ hfÀ¯p \mbbneqsS {]XoIh¡cn¨ Cu IY Gsd \ncq]I{]iwk ]nSn¨p]änb
cN\bmWv.

tNmZy§Ä
shÅs¸m¡s¯¡pdn¨v sNdpIYmImc³ \ÂIp¶ Nn{Xsa´v
\m«nse Gähpw s]m¡w IqSnb Øeamb t£{X¯n t]mepw ssZhw Igp¯phsc
shůn InS¡p¶p F¶ kqN\tbmsS XpS§p¶ sNdpIYbmWv CXv . ITn\amb
shÅs¸m¡¯n ssZh¯n\pt]mepw c£bnÃmXmbn F¶ [z\n Cu XpS¡¯nep­v .
t£{X¯nsâ amfnI¸pd¯pw aäpambn P\§Ä A`bw tXSnbncn¡p¶p. 356 BfpIÄ, 67 Ip«nIÄ,
IqSmXw hfÀ¯parK§fpw. AhnsS Hcp ho«nse¶ t]mse sFIy¯nemWv Xmakw.
aq¶pZnhkambn tXmcm¯ agbmWv. tXmWnIfn c£m{]hÀ¯IÀ h¶v Hmtcm ho«pImscbpw
A`bmÀYntI{µ¯nte¡v F¯n¡pIbmWv.

IYm\mbI\mb \mbbpsS ho«pSaØsâ AhØsb´v

tN¶¸dbsâ sIm¨pIqcbnse hfÀ¯parKamWv B \mb. KÀ`nWnbmb ]d¨nbpw \mep
Ip«nIfpw AbmÄ¡p­v. IqsS IYbnse \mbI\mb ]«nbpw Hcp ]q¨bpw AbmfpsS IqsSbp­v.
Hcp cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw Ibdnhcp¶ shůn ho«n Häs¸«v B IpSpw_w Ignªp. shÅw
]pcbv¡I¯p Ibdnbt¸msg aSepw I¼pw sIm­v c£mØm\w sI«nbncp¶p. shÅw Ibdn
AXn\pw apIfnse¯n. am{Xaà shÅw s]m§pt¼mÄ hoSphn«p t]mIm\mhnÃ, DÅ apXseÃmw
IÅ·mÀ sIm­pt]mIpw. shÅw DbÀ¶pbÀ¶v tN\sâ ta¡qcbpsS c­p hcn HmebpsS
A{Xbpw F¯n. shÅw ta¡qc ap«nbt¸mÄ tN¶³ ]db³ ta¡qc s]mfn¨v ]pdt¯¡v
t\m¡n \nehnfn¨v c£m{]hÀ¯sc hcp¯n. AhÀ HmSnsb¯n tN¶s\bpw IpSpw_s¯bpw
c£s¸Sp¯n. \mb Ahkm\ambn Iqcbv¡v apIfnse¯nbt¸mtg¡pw tXmWn
AI¶pIgnªncp¶p. A§\ B ]mhw ta¡qc¡papIfn X\n¨mbn.

]pcbv¡p apIfn Häs¸«pt]mb \mbbpsS tNjvSIÄ IYmIr¯v hnhcn¡p¶sX§s\

tN¶sâ hÅw AI¶pt]mIp¶Xv \nÊlmbXtbmsS B arKw t\m¡n\n¶p. acWthZ\tbmsS
B P´p tam§n. \nÊlmb\mb Hcp a\pjysâ i_vZt¯mSv kmZriyapÅXmbncp¶p B tam§Â.
]pcbpsS ta¡qcbpsS \mep aqebpw AXv HmSn\S¶p. CSbv¡v h¶ Xhfsbbpw apXesbbpw
I­v AXv `bs¸«v ]n·mdn. hni¶v s]mcnª B ]mhw Dds¡ Icªp. s]bvX agsbÃmw
sIm­v AXv XWp¯p hnd¨p. IcªpIcªv i_v Z w XmWp. ASp¯v BÄs]cpamäw
Adnbpt¼msgÃmw {]Xo£tbmsS AXv c£s¸Sm³ X¿mdmbn. ]t£ Bcpw B arKs¯
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]cnKWn¨nÃ. CSbv ¡ p HgpInh¶ Ddp¼n³IqSv Xn¶m³ ]äp¶ hÃXpamsW¶v IcpXn
aW¯pt\m¡nsb¦nepw Ddp¼v ISn¨Xp an¨ambn. a\pjysct¸mse At¿m F¶v IcªpsIm­v
B arKw Hcp ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw tN¶sâ ]pc¸pd¯v Ign¨pIq«n. cm{Xn ho­pw t]amcn
Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ B \mb c­p{]mhiyw shůnte¡p hoWp. Cc tXSn \S¡p¶ apXe AXns\
B{Ian¡m³ Xp\nªt¸mÄ Xe\mcng¡mWv c£s¸«Xv.

tN¶sâ apXepIÄ tamjvSn¡m³ h¶ Iųamsc acWwhsc ]«n Im¯sX§ns\

Hcp tXmWnbn ]ebnS¯p\n¶mbn tamjvSn¨ ssht¡mÂ, tX§, hmg¡pe F¶nhbpambmWv
IÅ·mÀ tN¶sâ ho«nepw F¯nbXv. AXpI­t¸mtg ]«n Ipcbv¡m³ XpS§n. ]«nsb I­v
IųamÀ¡v t]Snbmbn. tN¶³ \«phfÀ¯nb hmg Ipe¨p\n¡pIbmWv. Hcp Ių AXnÂ
Ibdn Ipe sh«m³ Hcp§nbt¸mÄ \mb \o´ns¨¶v Ipc¨p `bs¸Sp¯n. AbmÄ t]Sn¨p
shůnte¡v hoWp. ap§nt¸mIpsa¶v `b¶v \mb ho­p ]pc¸pdt¯¡v Xncn¨ph¶p Ipc¨p.
IÅ·mÀ hmg¡pebpw ssht¡mepw tamjvSn¨p. ho«n\I¯p Ibdm³ Hcp§nb Hcp IÅs\
Ah³ ISn¨p apcns¸Sp¯n. AbmÄ Hcp Igpt¡m DucnsbSp¯v ]«nsb XÃn. AXv thZ\sIm­v
]q¨sbt¸mse tam§n. H«p t\cwIgnªt¸mÄ IÅ·mcpsS hÅw AI¶pt]mbn. \mb AXp
t\m¡n D{Kambn Ipc¨p.

\mbbpsS A´yw F§s\bmbncp¶p

hni¶p s]mcnª \mb cm{Xn ASpt¯s¡mgpInh¶ N¯ ]iphnsâ amwkw Xn¶v
hni¸pXoÀ¯p. ]ip Hgp¡n s]«v AI¶t¸mÄ BÀ¯nImcWw ]«n ]pc¸pd¯p\n¶v
shůn\cnInte¡v Cd§nh¶p. DSs\ AhnsSsb¯nb apXe ]«nsb HäbSn¡v hIhcp¯n.
AXv N¯tXmsS tN¶sâ Hme¸pcbpw shůn HSnªaÀ¶p. kz´w acWwhsc bPam\sâ
hoSns\ B \mb Im¯p. shÅand§nbt¸mÄ tN¶³ \o´n¯pSn¨v ]«nsb At\zjns¨¯n. Hcp
sX§n³ Nph«n N¯phoÀ¯p InS¡p¶ \mbsb AbmÄ Is­¯n. Hmf§fn AXv sasÃ
Nen¡p¶p­v. s]cphnc sIm­v tN¶³ B ihw Xncn¨n«pt\m¡n. Hcp sNhn apdnªncn¡p¶p.
sXmen AgpInt¸mbXn\m \ndw Xncn¨dnbp¶nÃ. AXv kz´w \mbXs¶bmtWm F¶v AbmÄ¡v
kwibw tXm¶p¶ Xc¯n B arK¯nsâ AhØ amdnt¸mbncp¶p.

2. tIi-h-tZhv
_Êp Im¯v
]n tIi-ht- Zhv 1904 BK-Ìn ]d-hq-cn P\n-¨p. BZy-Ime Iayq-WnÌv Bi-b{- ]-Nm-cI - \pw sXmgn-
emfn t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. kmlnXy {]hÀ¯I kl-I-cW kwLw, kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯v XpS-§nb
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS kwLm-S-\I-\p-am-bn. tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS ]pc-kvImcw e`n-¨p. HmS-bnÂ
\n¶v, Ab¡mÀ, {`m´m-e-bw, [mcmfw sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw cNn-¨p. bYm-XY coXn-bn km[m-c-W-¡m-
cpsS PohnXw Ah-Xc - n-¸n¨ IYm-Im-c\- mWv tZhv. efn-Xa
- mb `mj-bn Pohn-Xa - p-lqÀ¯-§sf At±lw
IY-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¨p. sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ, ZpÀ_e hn`m-K-§Ä F¶n-h-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä AXn-i-
à-amb coXn-bn sNdp-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sSbpw t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hmb-\-¡m-cn-se-¯n¨v tIi-h-tZ-
hnsâ cN-\-IÄ kmap-Zm-bnI kulmÀZw, aX-\n-c-t]-£X XpS-§nb XXz-§-sfbpw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¨n-
cp-¶p.
sNdnb kw`-h-§-fn-eqsS km[m-c-W-Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ CW-¡hpw ]nW-¡hpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶
IY-bmWv _Êp-Im-¯v. Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-¯n \n¶v AWp-Ip-Spw-_¯ - n-te-¡pÅ amä-¯n-\n-S-bn B[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS kuI-cy-§Ä F¯n-s¸-Sp¶ tIc-fob {Kmam´-co-£-s¯-bmWv Cu IY ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶-Xv. _Êv, tlm«Â, tImSXn XpS-§nb Imcy-§Ä s]mXp hyh-lm-cs¯ amänb kµÀ`-§sf
_Êp-Im¯v F¶ cN\ Bhn-jvIc - n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w IpSpw-_L - S- \
- b
- n-ep­mb amä-§sf kq£va-

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ambn hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. anÌÀ ]Zva-\m-`³ `mcybpw c­v Ipªp-§-fp-sam¯v \S-¯p¶
sNdn-sbmcp bm{X-bmWv IY-bpsS {][m-\mw-iw. Ah-cpsS sIm¨p ]nW-¡hpw CW¡pw AXn
at\m-l-c-ambn Cu IY-bn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

tNmZy-§Ä
Z¼-Xn-am-cpsS _Êv tÌm¸n-te-¡pÅ bm{Xsb IYm-Ir¯v Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\
sImbv¯p-I-gnª Xcn-im-bn-¡n-S¡ - p¶ hb-ep-I-fpsS a[y-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv AhÀ \S-¡p-¶X - v. anÌv
]ß-\m-`³ sNdnb Ip«nsb amdn-S¯- n AS-¡n-¸n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. acp-a-¡¯
- mb k{¼-Zm-b¯- n \n¶v
a¡-¯mb k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-te-¡pÅ tIc-f-¯nsâ amäw Cu Nn{X-¯nÂ\n¶v hyà-am-Wv. AÑ\v
ho«nepw a¡Ä¡pw tase A[n-Imcw e`n-¨-Xnsâ kqN-\-I-fm-Wn-Xv. c­p-Zn-hkw Hcp-an¨p e`n¨
Ah-[n¡v `mcy-ho-«n hncp-¶p-h¶p aS-§p-I-bm-Wv. aIÄ eoem-hXn IqsS \S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. `mcy Ia-
em£n thK-¯n \S-¡p¶ ]ß-\m-`sâ ASp-s¯-¯m³ IjvS-s¸-«mWv [ndp-Xn-bn \S-¡p-¶-Xv.
Be-¸p-gbn \n¶v sImÃ-t¯-¡mWv AhÀ¡v t]mtI-­-Xv. BZys¯ _Êp-Xs¶ ]nSn-¡m-\mWv
AbmÄ A{Xbpw [ndp-Xn-bn \S-¡p-¶-Xv. cmhnse ap³kn-^nsâ ho«n-te¡v sNÃ-W-sa¶pw
AbmÄ¡p-t±-iy-ap-­v. sImÃw ap³kn^v tImS-Xn-bnse slUv ¢mÀ¡mb ]ß-\m-`³ Xsâ tIm«v
tdmUn-se-¯p-thmfw [cn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. tIm«v Abm-fpsS ]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-sâbpw AS-
bm-f-am-Wv.

]ß-\m-`\pw `mcybpw ho«p-ImÀ¡p-th­n sNe-hm-¡p-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-­mb XÀ¡-sa´v

ImÀjnI hr¯n-bn \n¶v iw_-fh - r-¯n-bn-te¡v amdnb tIc-fob ]pcp-j³ A¶p t\cn« {][m\
{]Xn-kÔn sNehpw hchpw Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. acp-a-¡-¯mbw Ah-km-\n-
¨-tXmsS `mcy-hoSpw kz´w hoSpw kwc-£n-t¡­ _m[yX apXnÀ¶ ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡m-bn. Cu kqN-
\-IÄ _Êv Im¯v F¶ IY-bn D­v. ]ß-\m-`³ `mcy-bp-am-bp-­mb hg¡v BZyw C¡m-cys¯
kw_-Ôn-¨p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A½bv¡pw A\n-b-·mÀ¡pw amkw-tXmdpw ]Ww Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xnse ]cmXn Ia-em£n kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. kz´w A½bv¡v hÃXpw Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ
`À¯mhv A\njvSw kqNn-¸n-¡m-dp-s­¶ ]cm-Xnbpw Ia-em-£n-¡p-­v. ]¯p-cq-]mbpw hkv{X-§fpw
Cu kµÀi-\-¯n A½bv¡v sImSp-¯-Xnsâ IW-¡mWv AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn ]ß-\m-`³ ]d-bp-
¶-Xv. C¶v tImS-Xn-bn t\cs¯ F¯p-hm³ AbmÄ [ndp-Xn-Iq-«m³ Xs¶ ImcWw hÃXpw
ssIbn XS-bp-sa¶ {]Xo-£-bm-Wv. `mcy-ho-«p-Im-scbpw kz´w ho«-Im-scbpw ]Ww \ÂIn Xr]vXn-
s¸-Sp-¯m³ AbmÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶n-Ã.

]ß-\m-`³ A­n-I-fª A®m-s\-t¸mse Bbn-t¸m-b-sX-§ns\

_Ênsâ tlm¬hn-fn-bpsS i_vZw tI«-t¸msg ]ß-\m-`³ IpSpw-_s¯ X¿m-dm¡n Ib-
dms\mcp§n \n¶-Xm-Wv. ]t£ _Êv \ndp-¯p¶ `mhw ImWm-bvI-bm AbmÄ H¶p-c-­Sn apt¶m-
«p-\-S¶v ssI \o«n-¸n-Sn¨p t\m¡n. _Êm-Is« thKw sXÃpw Ipd-¡msX \ndp-¯msX ]mªp-t]m-hp-
I-bmW vsN-bvX-Xv. AbmÄ t]Sn¨p ]nd-tIm«v amdn-¡-f-ªp. AbmÄ A­n-t]mb A®m-s\-t¸mse
hnj-®-\mbn, AI-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ _Êns\ t\m¡n-\n-¶p.

"I­-hs - â-sbms¡ Nmb-¡-Sb - n sN¶n-cn-¡m\pw Nmb-Ip-Sn-¡m-\p-sam¶pw Fs¶-s¡m-­p-h¿m

sIt«m" Ia-em£n C§s\ {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ kml-N-cy-sa-´mWv
BZy-_Êv \ndp-¯msX t]mb-t¸mÄ sNdn-b-Ipªv Ic-¨n Ak-ly-am¡n XpSÀ¶p. ]ß-\m-`³
Ipªn\v A½nª sImSp-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¸n-¨p. a\-ÊnÃm a\-tÊm-sS-bmWv Ia-em£n AXv k½-Xn-
¨-Xv. aIÄ eoem-h-Xn-bm-Is« hni-¸p-sIm­v hmSn-t¸m-bn-cp-¶p. B cwK-t¯-¡mWv Hcp \m«p-Im-c³
hr²³ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xv. DS³ _Êp hcp-sa¶v AbmÄ Z¼-Xn-amsc Biz-kn-¸n-¨p. Ipªn\v Nmbhm-
§n -sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶p-­m-bn-cp¶p ]ß-\m-`\v. F¶m AXv Ia-em£n XS-ªp. tlm«-en \n¶v
Nmb-Ip-Sn-¡p¶Xv Xd-hm-Sn-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨-S-t¯mfw A¶v c­m-InS kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. kv{XoIÄ

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tlm«-en \n¶v Nmb-Ip-Sn-¡p-¶-Xm-Is« hfsc A]qÀh-hpw. Cu kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-bmWv tlm«Â
`£Ww Ign-¡p-¶X - n Ia-em-£n-bpsS FXnÀ¸v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶X
- v. AXn-\n-Sb
- n h¶ ASp¯ _Êpw
\ndp-¯msX t]mb-tXmsS Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS \ncmi hcv²n-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS ]nW¡w Ah-km-\n-¨-sX-§s\

c­m-as¯ _Êpw In«m-Xm-b-t¸mÄ Xte-Zn-h-kw-Xs¶ ]pd-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶-Xn\v ]ß-\m-`³ `mcysb
Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯n. `mcy-bp-sSbpw A½-bp-sSbpw \nÀ_-Ôw-sIm-­mWv Hcp Znh-kw-IqSn AhÀ `mcy-ho-
«n ]mÀ¯-Xv. C¶s¯ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ _Êp In«m-¯X - p-Im-cWw apS-§n-bX
- n Ia-em-£n¡pw k¦Sw
tXm¶n. Xte-¶p-Xs¶ ]pd-s¸-Sm-¯Xv sXäm-bn-t¸m-sb¶v AhÄ¡pw tXm¶n. AtXmsS `À¯m-hn-
t\m-SpÅ tZjyw Ah-km-\n¡pIbpw AXv Aen-hmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `À¯m-hn\v It¨-cn-bnÂ
t]mIm sshIp-¶-Xnsâ Kuchw AhÄ¡v t_m[y-am-bn-¯p-S-§n. am{X-aà hni¶p Ic-bm³ XpS-
§nb aIÄ¡v `£Ww hm§n-s¡m-Sp-¡m\pw IqsS t]mIm\pw AhÄ k½-Xn-¨p. AtXmsS `mcy-
tbm-SpÅ tZjyw ]ß-\m-`\pw CÃm-Xm-bn. AhÀ tlm«-en-te¡v t]mIm-s\m-cpt§ s]s«¶v _Êp-
h-cn-Ibpw Ahsc Ibän t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

3. ImcqÀ
ac-¸m-h-IÄ
A[ym-]-I-I-Y-I-fn-eqsS {it²-b-\mb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-¯mWv ImcqÀ \oe-IWvT ]nÅ. 1898 Â Gäp-
am-\q-cn-emWv P\-¨-Xv. kmlnXy {]hÀ¯I kl-I-cW kwLw Øm]n-¨-h-cn Hcm-fm-Wv. IqSp-
Xepw sNdp-I-Y-I-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. tamXncw F¶ IY-I-bvIIv tIcf kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUv
e`n-¨p. Ip«n-IÄ¡p-th-­n-bpÅ IY Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. 1775 Â A´-cn-¨p.
ae-bmf sNdp-I-YI - sf a\p-jym-h-Ø-IfpsS Zb-\ob `mh-§-fnte-¡m-bncp¶p Imcq-cnsâ t\m«w.
]«n-Wn, IjvS-¸m-Sv, Zmcn{Zyw F¶n-h- X³a-b-Xz-t¯msS hc-¨p-sh-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v Ign-ªp. Ah
AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bn-ÃmsX \nkw-K-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw hmb-\-¡msc sshIm-cn-I-X-bpsS
DbÀ¶ Xe-§-fn-se-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ cN\m X{´w. sNdnb
kqN-\-I-fn-eqsS henb apg-¡-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ `mj-bm-bn-cp¶p sNdp-I-Ybv¡v At±lw kzoI-cn-
¨-Xv.
Imcq-cnsâ AXn {]i-kvXamb IY-I-fn-sem-¶mWv ac-¸m-h-IÄ. BZy-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp
kv{XobpsSbpw ]pcp-j-sâbpw Aev]-t\-cs¯ kw`m-j-W-¯n-eqsS Hcp PohnXw apgp-h\pw \ap¡p
ap¼n hc-¨p-sh-¡p¶ sshZKv[yw Cu IY-bn ImcqÀ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Af¶p apdn¨ `mjbpw
kw`m-jW - §
- fpw IYm-c-N\ - bpsS Icp¯pw kuµ-cyhpw shfn-hm-¡p-¶p. kz´w inÂ]-§f - p-­m¡n
D]-Po-h\w Ign-¡p-Ibpw Pohn-X-¯nsâ AÀYw Is­-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ \fn\n F¶ bph-Xn-
bmWv Cu IY-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. kÀ¡m-dn-\p-th­n sk³skkv tPmen-bn GÀs¸« bphm-
hmWv \fn-\n-bpsS Iqc-bn F¯p-¶X - v. \fn-\n-bpsS Ie-bmWv Ahsf Pohn-¡m³ {]m]vX-bm-¡p-¶-
Xv.

\fn-\n-bpsS IpSpw-_-s¯-¡p-dn¨v F\yp-a-td-äÀ¡p e`n-¡p¶ Nn{X-sa´v

Bim-cn-¸-d-¼n D½n-Wn-bpsS hoSp-tX-Sn-bmWv F\yp-a-td-äÀ \fn-\n-bpsS IpSn-en\p ap¶n-se-¯p-
¶-Xv. D½nWn F¶Xv \fn-\n-bpsS A½-bm-Wv. P\-kwJym IW-s¡-Sp-¸n\v h¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p AbmÄ.
A½ tXm«n ]Wn¡p t]mbn-cn-¡-bm-Wv, Ct¸mÄ Rmt\ Chn-sS-bpÅq F¶v ]d-ªmWv \fn\n
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \fn-\nbpw bphmhpw X½n-epÅ kw`m-jWw Dcp-f-¡p-t¸-cn-t]mse \mS-Io-b-am-
bmWv IYm-Ir¯v cNn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. AhÄ F\yp-a-td-äsd shbn-e¯p \n¡msX AI-t¯¡v Ib-dn-
bn-cn-¡m³ £Wn-¡p-¶p. NmWIw sagpIn shSn-¸p-h-cp-¯nb \ofw Ipdª hcm-´-bnemWv AbmÄ
Ccn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ccp-]-¯n-aq¶v hb-ÊpÅ \fn-\n¡v Hcp B§-f-s¨-dp-¡-\p-ap-­v. Aѳ acn-¨p-t]m-bn.

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kz´w `À¯m-hn-t\m-sSm-¯pÅ -Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \fn-\n-¡pÅ at\m-`mhw kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ
sXfn-bp-¶ -s X-§ s\
hnhmlw Ign-ª-XmtWm F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v AsX F¶v D¯cw ]d-sª-¦nepw `À¯m-
hpt­m F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v Ah-f ]cp-§n. "Ds­t¶m CsÃt¶m Fgn-Xn-t¡mfq' F¶mWv
]n¶oSv ]d-bp-¶-Xv. AXn\p c­n\pw c­ÀY-am-sW¶v AbmÄ ]d-sª-t¸mÄ F¶m "Ds­¶v
sXfn-bmsX Fgp-Xn-t ¡mfq' F¶mbn \fn-\n. Fgp-Xn-bn«pw Fgp-Xn-bn«pw sXfn-bm¯ kz´w
Pohn-Xs¯ ck-Ic - a
- mbn hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-Ib
- mWv Cu hmIy-¯n AhÄ. hn[h Fs¶-gp-Xm³ AhÄ
k½-Xn-¡p-¶n-e. hn`ÀXrI F¶ hm¡v AhÄ CjvS-am-bn, AsX-gp-Xm³ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`À¯m-hnt\mSv H¶pw At]-£n-¡m\pw Xm\m-bn«v Dt]-£n-¡m\pw t]mbnà F¶v \fn\n ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ Hcp \mS³ kv{XobpsS IÀXr-Xzhpw A[n-Im-chpw sXfn-bp-¶ p. {]k-h-kw-_-Ô-amb
tNmZy¯n\p Cà F¶m-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS adp-]-Sn. XpSÀ¶v AbmÄ On{Z-ap-­m-bn-«pt­m F¶v
tNmZn-¡p-¶p. "H­m-bn-«p-t­m-¶v, Ahn-sS-s¨¶v Bdp-amkw XnI-bp-¶-Xn\p apt¼ XpS-§n-X-b-XtÃ
On{Zw. Hcp-Zn-h-k-sa-tÃ-semcp Znhkw On{Z-an-ÃmsX Ign-ªn-«nÃ' F¶m-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS \njvI-f-
¦-amb adp-]-Sn. Xs¶ `À¯mhv tImSXnI-b-än-sb¶p \fn\n HmÀ¡p-¶p. shÅ-¡-S-hnse Idm¯
F¶ kv{Xosb AXn-\nsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-Ibpw XpSÀ¶v "`À¯m-hnà F¶p-Xs¶ Fgp-Xnt¡m' F¶v
[oc-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿m³ \fn\n X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p. `ÀXr-ho-«n AhÄ A\p-`-hn¨ kIe
hnj-a-§fpw B kw`m-j-W-¯n hyà-am-Wv. F¦nepw Pohn-Xs¯ \ncm-i-tbmsSbpw thZ-\-tbm-
sSbpw kao-]n-¡msX kt´m-j-t¯m-sSbpw AXn-Po-h-\-ti-jn-tbm-sSbpw kao-]n-¡p¶ ià-bmb
Hcp kv{XobpsS Nn{Xw \fn-\n-bn-eqsS \ap¡v e`n-¡p-¶p.

"aq¶pw I­m \mse¶v tXm¶p-XmWv AÛpXw' þ BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ, kµÀ`-sa-gp-Xp-I.

\fn-\n-bpsS hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-h. \fn-\n-bpsS sXmgn-en-s\-¡p-dn-¨mWv ]n¶oSv F\yq-a-td-äÀ tNmZn-
¨-Xv. BZmbw In«p¶ Hcp sXmgn Xm³ sN¿p-¶ p-s ­¶v \fn\n shfn-s ¸-Sp-¯n. XpSÀ¶v
AhÄ apdn-¡-I -¯ p- t ]mbn aq¶p ac-¸m-h -I Ä sIm­p-h - ¶ p. AbmÄ ]mh hm§n-t \m-¡n.
CXmWv Ah-fpsS sXmgnÂ. Hcp Nm¬ \of-¯n-ep-­m-¡nb kv{Xocq-]-§Ä. FÃmw \¶m-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p. Xnf-§p¶ Nmb-¸Wn sNbvX-Xv. sImgp¯p an\p-¯-Xv. AXn-kp-µ-cn-bmb Hcp kv{XobpsS icocw
AXp-t]mse ]IÀ¯n-sh-¨-hn[w kpµ-c-amb inev]-§Ä. AXn-\n-S-bn-emWv AbmÄ B inev]-§-
fpsS apJ-Ñm-bbpw Ah-fpsS apJ-Ñm-b-t]m-e-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¨-Xv. Adn-bmsX AbmÄ ]d-ªp-
t]mbn "\mepw H¶p-t]m-se, AÛp-X-Icw" F¶v. AXp-tI-«-t¸m-gmWv aqs¶®w I­m \mse¶p
tXm¶p-¶X - mA AZv`pXw F¶v \fn\n Ifn-bm-¡p-¶X - v. Poh-\pÅ H¶pw Poh-\n-Ãm¯ aq¶pw tNÀ¶v
\mev F¶v AbmÄ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

\fn-\n-bpsS Iem-hn-Zy-IÄ Fs´Ãmw

Hcp Nm¬ \of-apÅ kv{Xocq-]-§-Ä \ncvan-¡p-IbmWv \fn-\n-bpsS {][m\ Iem-hn-t\m-Zw.
A¨n-en-«p-hmÀ¡p-Itbm IS-sª-Sp-¡p-Itbm sN¿msX ssIs¡m­v sIm¯n-bp-­m-¡p¶ cq]-
§-fm-Wn-h. AhÄ apdn-bn t]mbn asämcp inÂ]w FSp-¯p-sIm-­p-h-¶p. AXv IrjvW-cq-]-
am-bn-c p-¶ p. AÂ]w hnIr-X-a m-bn-t ¸mb IrjvW-\m-bn-c p¶p AXv. AXp I­v F\yp-a -t d-ä À
Ahsf Ifn-bm-¡n. IrjvWsâ cq]w ap¼v Bcm-[n-¨n-cp¶ HcmfpsS cq]-am-b-t¸mÄ Bfp-IÄ AXv
hm§m-Xm-bn. AXn-sem-¶mWv AbmÄ¡p-ap-¼n Ct¸mÄ {]ZÀin-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A§s\ BWp-
§-fpsS cq]w D­m-¡p-¶Xv \nÀ¯n-sh-¡p-Ibpw kv{Xocq-]-ap-­m-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
BZy-am-bp-­m-¡n-bXv ]mÀh-Xn-bpsS cq]-am-bn-cp-¶p. I®m-Sn-bn t\m¡n apJw X¿m-dm-¡n. kz´w
apJÑmb ]mÀh-Xn¡p \ÂIn. A¯cw cq]-§Ä hnÂ]-\¡p h¨n-Ã. ImcWw kz´w cq]-§-fp-
­m¡n hn¡p¶p F¶v Bfp-IÄ Bt£-]n-¨m-tem. ]I ka-b¯v Dd¡w hcm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv
Ct¸mÄ inev]§ - -fp-­m-¡p-¶X
- v. kz´w apJ-¯nsâ hnhn[ ck-§-fpÅ ]mh-Ifpw AhÄ sIm¯n-
bp-­m-¡n-bn-«p-­v. AsXÃmw F\yp-a-td-äsd AhÄ ImWn-¡p-¶p. Ct¸mÄ Xm\m-scbpw t]Sn-¡m-dn-
söv AhÄ ]d-ªp. AXv Ie-I-fn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS kz`m-h-am-sW¶pw AXnsâ t]cmWv

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Al´ F¶pw F\yp-a-td-äÀ Ifn-bm-¡n.

\fn\n `À¯m-hp-ambn ]nW-§n-t¸m-cm-\n-S-bmb kw`-h-sa´v

\fn-\n-bpsS `À¯mhv Hcp arK-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv Ah-Ä kzbw hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. aZy-
]m-\n-bpw hg-¡m-fn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p AbmÄ. IÅv AI-t¯¡p sN¶m t]¸-«n-sb-t¸m-se-bmWv
s]cp-am-äw. ]e cm{Xn-Ifpw t]meokv tÌj-\n-em-bn-cp¶p A´n-bp-d-¡w. Hcp Znhkw ]mXn-
cm{Xn t]meokv slUv tIm¬Ì-_n Hcp t]meo-kp-Im-cs\ hn«v \fn-\n-tbmSv tÌj-\n-te¡v
sNÃm³ ]d-ªp. t\cw-sh-fp-¯n«v hcm-sa-¶mbn AhÄ. cm{Xn Bsc-¦nepw h¶v AXn-{Iaw
ImWn-¨m ]n¶oSv ]cmXn ]d-b-cp-sX-¶mbn t]meo-kv. Xsâ Xe-bn-W-t¨m-«n h¨ hoXp-fn-
sIm­v Bsf ssIIm-cyw-sN-¿p-sa-¶mbn AhÄ. t\cw shfp-¯-t¸mÄ `À¯mhv BSn-bmSn ho«n-se-
¯n-b-t¸mÄ \fn\n kz´w ho«n-te¡v t]mIm³ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶p.

Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-¯n hoW-¡¼n ao«n-bm-ep-­ m-Ip¶ \mZw {]Xn-²z-\n-¨p-sIm-­n-cp-¶p.

kµÀ`hpw kqN-\bpw hnh-cn-¡pI
IY-bpsS Ah-km-\-¯n F\yp-a-td-äÀ¡v \fn\n Hcp {]Xna k½m-\n-¡p-¶p. cu{Z-`m-h-¯n-
epÅ Ah-fpsS apJ-`m-h-am-bn-cp¶p B ac-¸m-h. AXp-I­v Abm-fpsS apJw a§n-sb-¦nepw
AbmÄ AXn-\nsS hc¨ Hcp Nn{Xw AhÄ¡pw k½m-\n-¨p. C{X-sb-fp¸w Xsâ Nn{Xw hc-¨-
Xn AhÄ¡v kt´mjw tXm¶n. AhÄ AI-¯p-t]mbn ]mÀhXn X]-Êp-sN-¿p¶ AÂ]w
henb Hcp {]Xna sIm­p-h¶v B Nn{X-Im-c\p k½m-\n-¨p. AbmÄ AXv B\-µhpw \µnbpw
Xnf-§p¶ I®p-I-tfmsS hm§n. AhÄ Abmsf bm{X-bm-¡m³ apä-t¯-¡n-d-§n. XpSÀ¶v ASp¯
ho«n-te¡v \S-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-¯n hoW-¡¼n \mZw {]Xn-[z-\n-¨p-sIm-­n-cp-¶-Xv.

4. Ddq_v
shfp-¯-Ip«n
]n kn Ip«n-Ir-jvW³ F¶ sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-¯nsâ XqenIm \ma-amWv Ddq-_v. 1915 Â s]m¶m-\n-bnÂ
P\-\w. tImgn-t¡mSv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn Ìm^v BÀSn-Ìm-bn-cp-¶p. Ip¦p-aw, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca F¶n-
h-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbpw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. D½m-¨p, kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-·m-cpw, an­m-s¸®v XpS-§nb
hfsc {]i-kvX-amb t\mh-ep-IÄ cNn-¨p. 21 sNdp-IYm kam-lm-c-§Ä ]pd-¯n-d-¡n. \mS-Ihpw
_me-km-ln-Xyhpw cNn-¨n-«p-­v.
kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hpam {]ta-b-§Ä hyàn-Po-hn-X-¯n F§-s\-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-
¡p-¶Xv F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ddq-_nsâ ]e IY-I-fp-sSbpw {]ta-bw. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nse {]iv\-§sf
kvt\lw-sIm­v ]cn-l-cn¡mw F¶-t±lw Icp-Xp-¶p. hfsc BIÀj-Wo-b-amb `mj-bmWv Ddq-
_nsâ {][m\ Bhn-jvI-cW - §
- fnse {][m\ {]tXy-IX
- . Imhym-ßI
- hpw Be-¦m-cn-I-hp-amb kpµcw
KZy-`mj Ddq-_nsâ IY-I-fn \ap¡p ImWmw.
kvt\l-¯n-sâbpw amXr-hm-Õ-cy-¯n-sâbpw alXzw shfn-hm-¡p¶ IY-bmWv shfp¯ Ip«n
F¶ IY. BZy hmb-\-bn CsXmcp _me-km-ln-Xy-a m-sW¶v tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw apXnÀ¶-h-
cpsS `mh-\m-tem-I-¯p-IqSn {]th-in-¡m-hp¶ B´-cmÀY-§Ä Cu IY-¡p­v F¶v t_m[y-am-
hpw. A¸p-Ip-«³ F¶ A\m-Y -_m-esâ kz]v\-¯n-eq-s S-bmWv IY hnI-kn-¡p-¶ -Xv. kz]v\-
¯n Ahs\ Hcp cm£-k³ sIm­p-t]m-Ip-¶p. cm£-k\v F´pw sN¿m-\m-Ipw. ]t£, Nncn-¡m-
\m-Ip-¶n-Ã. ImcWw cm£-k³ F{X Nncn-¨mepw sIm¼-Ãp-IÄ shfn-hm-Ip-a-tÃm. sIm¼-Ãp-IÄ
CÃm-Xm-Im³ A¸p-Ip-«³ cm£-k\v A½-bpsS ape-¸m \ÂIp-¶p. AtXmsS cm£-ksâ kIe
ZpjvS-X-Ifpw HSp-§p-¶p. a\p-jysâ ZpjvS-XI
- Ä Ah-km-\n-¡m³ A½-bp-sSbpw kvt\lhpw hmÕ-
eyhpw \ÂIn-bm aXn F¶ aln-X-amb ktµiw IqSn Cu IY-bn-ep-­v.

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tNmZy-§Ä
ao\shbnensâ I\¯ NqSn tXm«nte¡v t\m¡nb A¸pIp«³ Imf¡qä³amsc I­ hn[w
hnhcn¡pI
A¸pIp«³ (Ipªntam³) F¶ Ip«nbpsS `mjbnepw `mh\bnepamWv shfp¯Ip«n F¶
IY hnIkn¡p¶Xv. tXm«neqsS t]mIp¶ shÅs¯bmWv Imf¡qä·mtcmSv A¸pIp«³
D]an¡p¶Xv. hÀjIme¯mWv sN¼n¨ Imf¡p«·mÀ Iq«Iq«ambn tXm«neqsS HmSnt¸mhpI.
AhbpsS ]pc¯v \pc¡«Ifmb shÅn¸m­pap­mIpw. GtXm Ing¡³ ae\ncIfn \n¶mWv
Ah Cc¼nhcp¶Xv. CSnsh«p tI«v hndfntbmSpIbmWv Ah F¶v Ipªntam¶v tXm¶p¶p. Hcp
\nanjw t]mepw Ah \n¡nÃ. \n¶m Ahbnsem¶nsâ ]pd¯pIbdn k©cn¡msa¶pw
A¸pIp«³ B{Kln¡p¶p­v. Ccphi¯papÅ ]pÃm\ns¸m´bn \n¶v s]m· hntijw tNmZn¨mÂ
t]mepw adp]Sn]dbm³ \n¡msX HmSpIbmWv Imf¡qä·mÀ sN¿pI. ao\amkw ht¶]ns¶
tXm«n Hcp Imf¡p«nt]mepanÃ. c­pamkw ap¼v a®m¯n¸mdbpsS ASnbn InS¶v ]cp§p¶
H¶p c­p Imf¡p«nIsf Ipªntam³ I­ncp¶p. Ct¸mÄ Ahbpw AhnsSbnÃ.

A¸pIp«sâ A½bpsS tPmensb´v? A¸pIp«sâ A½sb¡pdn¨pÅ BtemN\Ifn \n¶v

AhcpsS kmaqlnIØnXn IYmImc³ hyàam¡p¶sX§s\
\m«nse P·nbpsS ho«nse the¡mcnbmWv Ipªntamsâ A½. ITn\amb tPmenbmWv B
henb ho«n A½bv¡v sN¿m\pÅXv. Nne Imcy§fn Ipªntam³ Ahsc klmbn¡mdpap­v.
bPam\³ Xt¶mSpw bPam\¯n A½tbmSpw Ft¸mgpw elfIq«ns¡m­mWv kwkmcn¡mdpÅXv
F¶v A¸pIp«³ HmÀ¡p¶p. BImit¯mfw hep¸apÅ IpS¯n \ndsb shÅtaän A½
InWän³ Icbnte¡pw ASp¡fbnte¡p ]eh«w \S¶v Xfcp¶Xv Ipªntam³ I­n«p­v. hndIp
sh«Ww, XpWnbe¡Ww, apäaSn¡Ww, NmWIw sagpIWw. FÃm tPmenbpw Ignbpt¼mÄ A½
]«wt]mse \n¶p ASp¡f¨pacn ssIIfq¶n InX¨p \n¡pw. AXp ImWpt¼mÄ Ipªntam\v
k¦Sw hcpw. A½sb Bizkn¸n¨mepw bPam\¯n hg¡p]dbpambncp¶p.

tXm«ph¡neqsSbpÅ bm{Xbn Ipªntam³ I­sXs´Ãmw

s]mÅp¶ shbnemWv . F¶n«pw Imgv N IÄ I­v kmh[m\¯n\mWv Ah³ \S¶Xv .
hni¡p¶p­v. Ahs\t¸mse tXm«ph¡s¯ A¸¡mSpIfpw XfÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Ipªntam³ Hcp
sNSnbpsS Igp¯p]nSn¨p s]m¡n AXns\ Djmdm¡m³ th­n Hcp ]m«p]mSns¡mSp¯p.
A¸s¡mc¸\p­mbncp¶p, ssI¸¡t]mse hftªmc¸³... F¶p XpS§p¶ B ]m«v tI«v
Ah³t]mepw Nncn¨pt]mbn. H¶pc­v hfhpIgnªt¸mÄ HcmÂacap­v. AXnsâ CeIsft¸mgpw
DdªpsIm­mWv \nÂ]v. the IgnªXn\m A¼ew GgpZnhkambn AS¨n«ncn¡pIbmWv.
tZhn sNIp¯m·mscsbms¡ Agn¨phnSp¶ ImeamWnXv. AtXmÀ¯t¸mÄ A¸pIp«\v t]Snbmbn.
hnP\amb B Øe¯v Bsc¦nepw hcp¶Xphsc Ah³ CSn-ªps]mfnª Ben³tNm«nencn¡m³
Xocpam\n¨p. AhnsS hncn-¨n-«n-cp¶ I¼-f-¯n Ccp-¶-t¸mÄ Ah\v Dd¡w hcp-¶-t]mse tXm¶n.

BÂa-c-t¨m-«n-en-cp¶ Ipªn-tam-\p-­mb A\p-`-h-sa´v

BÂa-c-¯n\p Xmsg kzÀW-¸p-Ån-I-fpÅ Hcp \oe-hn-cn-¸n-«n-cp-¶p. AXn i¦n¨p i¦n¨v Ah³
Ccp-¶p. XSn-a-c-¯n Nmcn-¡n-S-¶-t¸mÄ I®p-IÄ AS-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. Xd-bn hncn¨ I¼-
f-¯nse kzÀW-¸p-Ån-IÄ Fgp-t¶äv \S¡m³ XpS-§n. \S¯w \o´-embn amdn. s]s«¶v Xm³
tatem«v s]m§n-t¸m-Ip¶ A\p-`-h-ap-­m-bn. Xm³ Nmcn-bn-cn-¡p¶ BÂa-c-¯nsâ XSn arZp-ehpw
an\p-k-hp-ap-ÅX- mbn amdn. Imänsâ ]m«p-tI«v kpJ-ambn BIm-i¯
- n-eqsS k©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ s]s«¶v
Hcp A«-lmkw tI«p. sR«n Xe-bp-bÀ¯n-t\m-¡n-b-t¸mÄ ImWp-¶Xv hfª c­v tIm¼-Ãp-I-fm-
Wv. IXnÀ¡-ä-t]mse Rm¶p-In-S-¡p¶ sIm¼³ aoibpw I­p. ]´w-t]m-epÅ I®p-IÄ. Xe-ap-Sn-
¡p-]-Icw Xo]-´-§-fmWv I­-Xv. AXv Hdp sNIp-¯m-\m-sW¶v Ah\v a\-Ên-em-bn. Xm³ Hdp
sNIp-¯msâ ]nSn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. Xm\n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Hcp sNIp-¯msâ Imen-em-sW¶v Ah³ Xncn-¨-
dn-ªp. sNIp-¯m³ Ahs\ ]´p-t]mse X«n-¯«n apI-fn-te¡v apI-fn-te¡v sIm­p-t]m-bn.
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HmÀ¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ A[nIw ad-¡p-¶-h-cmWv a\p-jyÀ. ]¯p \mÄ Ign-ªm \nsâ A½
\ns¶ ad¡pw'' BcpsS hm¡p-IÄ, kµÀ`-sa´v
Ipªp-tams\ ]nSn¨ sNIp-¯msâ hm¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. sNIp-¯m³ Ahs\ ]nSn¨v DÅ-ssI-bn-
en«v X§-fpsS X«-I-¯n-te¡v A\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX IS-¶p-h-¶-Xn\ tNmZyw-sN-bvXp. Ahs\ Xsâ
Øe-t¯¡v sIm­p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-sW¶v `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n. Ah\v th­-sXms¡ \ÂIm-sa¶v
hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. IpSn-¡m³ temI-¯pÅ apg-h³ ]pjv]-§-fn-sebpw tX³ Duän-s¡m­p h¶v
]IÀ¶p-X-cpw. cXv\w ]Xn¨ DSp-¸p-IÄ Xcpw. `qan-¡-Sn-bn \mK-¯m-·mÀ kq£n-¨p-sh¨ cXv\§Ä
Ifn-¡m³ \ÂIpw. AsXm¶pw Ah³ k½-Xn-¨n-Ã. X\n¡v A½sb ImW-W-sa¶v hmin-]n-Sn-¨p.
A½ Xs¶ Im¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-­m-Ip-sa¶v Ah-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m sNIp-¯m³ AXv \ntj-[n-
¨p. a\p-jyÀ HmÀ¡p-¶-Xn-e-[nIw ad-¡p-¶-h-cm-sW¶pw Ipªn-tamsâ A½-t]mepw Ahs\ ]¯n-
Zn-h-k-¯n-e-[nIw HmÀ¡p-I-bn-söpw sNIp-¯m³ ]d-ªp. Xmsâ Aѳ acn-¨n«pw A½ Pohn-¡p-
¶ntà F¶m-bn-cp¶p AXn\v sNIp-¯m³ ]dª \ymbw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sNIp-¯m³ Ah\v Hcp
knwl-¡p-«n-sbbpw AXnsâ A½-sbbpw ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p. ""B ]q¨-¡®n knwlw F¶pw Cu
Ip«n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-¡p-tam'', sNIp-¯m³ tNmZn-¨p. ""Ip«n hfÀ¶m AXv AXnsâ ]m«n\p t]mIpw.
Cu A½-knw-l-¯nsâ A½ Bcm-sW-¶p-t]mepw AXn-\-dn-bn-Ã-tÃm. \nsâ A½bpw AXp-t]mse
\ns¶ ad-¶p-sIm-Åpw.'' F¶n«v Ip­-d-bn \n¶v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶-am-Xncn i_vZ¯- n sNIp-¯m³ Nncn-
¨p.

sNIp-¯m³ Ipªn-tams\ ià-\m-¡n-b-sX-§ns\, tijw F´p-­m-bn.

sNIp-¯m³ Ipªn-tams\ ASp-¯p-\nÀ¯n hnZy-IÄ D]-tZ-in-¨p. `qan-bnepw BIm-i¯pw CjvSw-
t]mse k©-cn-¡p-hm³ Ah\v hi-am-bn. CjvSw-t]mse cq]w amdm-sa-¶m-bn. Øe-Im-e-§Ä XS-Ê-
an-ÃmsXbmbn. F¶n«v sNIp-¯m\pw Ipªn-tam\pw X½n A¦w \S-¶p. Ipªn-tam³ ]pI-bmbn
amdn BIm-i¯v taL-t¯m-sSm¸w Hgp-In-\-S¶p, At¸mÄ sNIp-¯m³ sImSp-¦m-ämbn taLs¯
`qan-bn-se-¯n-¨p. Ipªn-tam³ I\ÂI-«-bmbn sNIp-¯msâ sIm¼³aoi-bn Ib-dn. sNIp-¯m³
Ic-ªp-t]m-bn. I®p-\oÀ s]cp-a-g-bmbn I\ÂI-«sb XWp-¸n-¨p-I-f-ªp. Ah³ sImSp-¦m-ämbn ]d-
¶p, sNIp-¯m³ h³a-e-bmbn XSªp. Ipªn-tam³ c£-s¸-Sm³ {ian-¨-t¸m-sgms¡ sNIp-¯m³
]nSn-Iq-Sn. HSp-hn icn-¡pÅ bp²w-Xs¶ \S-¶p. ià-amb t]mcm-«-¯n-\-h-km-\-¯n Ipªn-
tam³ tXmäp-t]m-bn. sNIp-¯m-t\m-sSm¸w t]mIm-sa¶v k½-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. X\n¡v Ft¸m-
gmtWm sNIp-¯ms\ tXm¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv A¶v A½-bpsS ASp-t¯¡v t]mIm-sa-¶m-bn-
cp¶p IcmÀ.

sNIp-¯m-t\m-sSm-¸-apÅ bm{X-bn Ipªn-tam³ I­ ImgvN-I-sf-´Ãmw

{]]-©¯ - nsâ H¯ \Sp-hn-te-¡m-bn-cp¶p sNIp-¯m³ Ipªn-tams\ sIm­p-t]m-bX - v. t]mIp¶
hgn¡v Ip¶p-Ifpw ae-Ifpw ssaXm-\-§fpw I­p. Xnanw-K-e-§Ä tdm´p-Np-äp¶ IS-ep-IÄ I­p.
Nn{X-¸-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ipw`-tKm-]p-c-§Ä, kÀ]¸p-äp-IÄ F¶nh I­p. a\p-jyÀ¡v Bi-bp-­m-
¡p¶ aqSÂ aªp-I-­p. kzÀK-¯nse I\y-I-am-cpsS I®p-\ocv aqSÂa-ªn-t\mSv Ipg-¨m-Wt{X
Bi-bp-­m-¡p-¶-Xv. \cn-bpsS I®p-Ifpw sN¶m-b-bpsS ]Ãpw \nÀan-¡p¶ kzÀW-¡p-g I­p.
Nnd-Ip-hn-cp¯n \r¯w sN¿p¶ ]Àh-X-§Ä I­p. AXn \n¶v Hen-¡p¶ Acp-hn-I-fnse P\w
Xe-bn hoWm-em-Ws{X B\-IÄ¡v aZw-s]m-«p-¶-Xv. sIm¡p-IÄ tNÀ¯p-sh¨p tIm«-hm-Xn-ep-
t]mse \n¡p¶ tImgn-Isf I­p. Iptd Ignªv AhÀ Hcp tXm«-¯n-en-d-§n. AhnsS ap¼v N{I-
hÀ¯n-bm-bn-cp¶ Hcp AkvXn-Iq-Ss¯ I­p. AhÀ ]ns¶ Hcp Ip¶n³sN-cp-hn-eqsS \S-¶mWv
t]mb-Xv. `qan-bn Ct¶mfap-­mb FÃm bp²-§-fnepw sImÃ-s¸« Bfp-I-fpsS Xe-tbm-«n-sIm-
­mWv B ae D­m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]qNpSn \n¡p¶ Hcp AkvXn-Iq-Sap­m-bn-cp¶p Hcp hi-
¯v. H¼Xv cmPm-¡-·msc Øm\-¯p-\n¶p sXdn-¸n¨ \À¯-In-bm-bn-cp-¶p-hs{X AhÄ. C¯cw
ImgvN-IÄ I­v I­v AhÀ sNIp-¯msâ Kpl-bn-se-¯n.

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Ipªn-tam³ sNIp-¯ms\ tXm¸n-¨-sX-§s\
Ipªn-tam³ sNIp-¯m-t\mSv ]p©n-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. amXr-I-bmbn Ipªn-tam³ Nncn¨v
ImWn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sNIp-¯m³ AXn\v {ian-¨p-t\m-¡n. Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. CXp ]p©n-cn-
bmtWm F¶p ]dªv Ifn-bm-¡p-I-bmWv Ipªn-tam³ sNbvX-Xv. sNIp-¯m³ ]e-h«w {ian¨v
]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. Xma-c-s¸m-bvI-bn ]Xn-bp¶ Xsâ \ng t\m¡n. Ipªn-tam-s\-t¸mse aµ-l-kn-
¡m³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. hfÀ¶p apän \n¡p¶ Xsâ Zwjv{S-I-fmWv Imc-Ww. B tIm¼-Ãp-IÄ ]nSn-¨p-
]-dn-¡m³ Ah³ {ian-¨p. Ah t]mIp-¶-tXmsS Xsâ Pohn-Xhpw Ah-km-\n-¡p-sa¶v sNIp-¯m³
a\-Ên-em-¡n. AXn-\m AXnÂ\n¶pw ]n³hm-§n. HSp-hn sNIp-¯m³ Ipªn-tamsâ ASn-a-bm-
Im-sa¶v k½-Xn-¨p. Ah³ Ipªn-tams\ A½-bpsS ASp-s¯-¯n-¨p. AhnsS Ah³ ]d-bp¶
tPmen-sbms¡ sNbvXv Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn.
sNIp-¯m\v Nncn-¡m³ Ign-ª-sX-§s\
Ipªn-tamsâ A½ sNIp-¯m-t\mSv \Ã \ne-bn-emWv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. Ah³ Hcn-¡Â Ic-bp-¶Xv
A½ I­p. aI-t\mSv sNIp-¯ms\ shdpsX hnSm³ A½ A`yÀYn¨p. ]p©n-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªmÂ
Ah\v t]mIm-sa¶v Ipªn-tam³ ]d-ªp. Znh-k-§Ä Ign-ª-t¸mÄ A½ sNIp-¯m-t\mSv X\n-
s¡-´p-sIm-­mWv ]p©n-cn-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-sX¶v tNmZn-¨p. Xsâ Zwjv{S-I-fmWv AXn\p Imc-W-
sa¶v Ah³ adp-]-Sn-\ÂIn. Ah Xs¶-¯m³ sImgn-ªp-t]m-Im-\pÅ hnZy A½ ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-
¯p. sNIp-¯m³ Hcp a\p-jy-¡p-«n-bpsS cq]-sa-Sp¡W-sa¶v A½ ]d-ªp. sNIp-¯m³ kt´m-
j-t¯msS Hcp shfp¯ a\p-jy-¡p-«n-bmbn amdn. XpSp¯ Hcp kpµ-c³ ss]XÂ. A½ Ahs\
FSp¯v amtdmSv tNÀ¯v Xsâ A½nª \evIn. H¶p-c­p Znhkw ape-Ip-Sn-¨-tXmsS sNIp-¯msâ
tIm¼-Ãp-IÄ ASÀ¶p-t]m-bn. AtXmsS Ah³ Ipªn-tam-s\-t¸mse kpµ-c-ambn ]p©n-cn-¡m³
XpS§n. AtXmsS Ipªn-tam³ sNIp-¯ms\ kzX-{´-\m-¡n. F¶m Ipªn-tam-s\bpw A½-
sbbpw hn«v t]mIm³ sNIp-¯m\v a\-Ên-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah³ Xs¶ ]d-ª-b-¡-cp-sX¶v Ic-ªp-
sIm­v A`yÀYn-¨p. A½ shfp-¯-Ip-«n-bmb sNIp-¯m-s\bpw Idp-¯-Ip-«nbmb Ipªn-tam-s\bpw
Xsâ amtdmSv tNÀ¯p-]n-Sn-¨p.

5. ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ

`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ
ae-bm-f-¯nse Gähpw P\-{]n-b-\mb sNdp-I-Ym-Im-cn Hcm-fmWv ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.
lmky-¯nsâ tas¼m-Sn-tNÀ¯v Pohn-X-bm-YmÀYy-§Ä hc-¨n-Sp¶ IYm-Im-c-\mWv At±-lw. 1910 Â
ssh¡-¯n-\S- p¯ Xe-tbm-e¸ - d- ¼
- n P\n-¨p. kzmX-{´y-ka
- c
- ¯
- n ]s¦-Sp-¯p. hnhm-l¯- n-\p-tijw
tImgn-t¡mSv t_¸q-cn Ønc-Xm-ak - a
- m-¡n. t_¸qÀ kp¯m³ F¶ t]cn {]kn-²\ - m-bn. kmlnXy
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUpw ]ß-{iobpw e`n-¨p. 1987 Â tImgn-t¡mSv kÀh-I-em-ime tUmIvS-tdäv \ÂIn
BZ-cn-¨p. 1994 Pqsse A©n\v A´-cn-¨p. _mey-Im-e-k-Jn, aXn-ep-IÄ, âp¸q-¸m-s¡m-cm-t\-­mÀ¶v,
i_vZ-§Ä, t{]a-te-J\w, ]m¯p-½m-bpsS BSv F¶nh {][m\ IrXn-IÄ.
Bßo-b-amb kuµ-cy-s¯bpw a\p-jy-Xz-s¯bpw Bhn-jvI-cn¨ IYm-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p _joÀ.
]¨-bmb Pohn-Xs¯ hnIm-c-\nÀ`-chpw \Àa-a-[p-c-hp-amb `mj-bn At±lw Fgp-Xn. hf-¨p-sI-«n-Ãm-
¯Xpw efn-X-hp-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ ssien. F¦nepw AXv AKm-[-amb PohnX XXz-§sf
hln-¡p-¶h - b
- m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-sc-¡q-SmsX `qan-bnse kIe Poh-Pm-e§- -sfbpw tNÀ¯ al-¯mb
PohnXw At±lw Xsâ IY-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cn¨p. AXn\v Gähpw \à DZm-l-c-W-amb IY-bmWv
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ. bYmÀY-¯n `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-IÄ Bsc¶ tNmZyw Cu IY DbÀ¯p-
¶p. ]mcn-Øn-XnI ZÀi-\w, {]Ir-Xn-Po-hn-Xw, lcnX kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw F¶n-h-bpsS ktµ-i-§Ä
DbÀ¯p¶ IY-bm-Wn-Xv. kÀthm-]cn a\p-jysâ ]c-a-amb A[n-Im-ct_m[s¯ Cu IY tNmZyw
sN¿p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w lnwk Alnwk XpS-§nb [mÀi-\nI {]iv\-§fpw \Àaw Nmen¨v Cu IY
ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶p-­v.

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tNmZy-§Ä
IYm-Im-csâ hoSv ØnXn-sN-¿p¶ ct­-¡À Øe-¯nsâ lcnX kar²n IY-bn hnh-cn-¡p-¶-
sX-§s\
`qtKm-f¯
- nsâ C¨n-cn-¸n-Sn-tbmfw `mK-¯nsâ BPo-h\
- m´ Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-¡g- n-ªt- ¸m-gmWv IYm-
Im-c³ Xsâ Ah-Im-i-s¯-¡p-dn¨v t_m[y-am-b-Xv. hkvXp Xsâ t]cn Fgp-X-s¸-«p-I-gn-ª-tXmsS
Cu `qan-bn C\n-bmÀ¡pw Ah-Im-i-an-söv IYm-Im-c³ [cn-¨p. sX§p-Ifpw amhp-Ifpw ¹mhp-
Ifpw am{X-aà t]c-Ifpw Iip-am-hp-Ifpw apcn-§-Ifpw ]pfn-Ifpw ]¸m-b-Ifpw kt¸m-«-a-c-§fpw \nd-
ª-XmWv Xsâ ct­-¡À ]d¼v F¶mWv IYm-Im-c³ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Bä-acw dp½m³ acw ss]³
acw, tX¡v, tKmÄU³ sN¼-Iw, amt¦m-ss̳ F¶n-§s\ \mS\pw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb ac-§-fpsS
sshhn[yw Cu ]d-¼ns\ kar-²-am-¡p-¶p­v sNSn-I-fm-sW-¦n ]\-\oÀ sN¼Iw, tKänsâ c­p
hihpw shÅbpw Nph-¸p-ambn ]pjv]n¨p ]´-en¨p \n¡p¶ t_mK³ hnÃ, ]e-Xcw ]pjv]-§-
fp-ambn \n¡p¶ ]qs¨-Sn-IÄ F¶n-h-bp-ap-­v. apä-¯nsâ AXn-cp-I-fn ]qs¨-Sn-I-Ä hncn-ªp-
\n¡p¶-Xnsâ at\m-lm-cnX IYm-Im-c³ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. ]d-¼n\pw hoSn\pw aäpw s]mXp Imh¡m-
c-\mbn Hcp Din-c³ \mb-bp-ap-­v. jm³ F¶mWv t]cv. BSp-IÄ, tImgn-IÄ ]ip-¡Ä ]q¨-IÄ
XpS-§nb B{in-X-tcm-sSm¸w a¡fpw a¡-fpsS a¡fpw `mcybpw Hs¯m-cp-a-tbmsS Ign-ªp-h-cp-
¶p. FÃm-hc - p-sSbpw kpJ-k-¼qÀW-amb kpc-£n-X-Po-hnXw tX§-Isf B{i-bn-¨mWv. XSw tImcn¨v
sX§p-IÄ¡pw aäpw th­{X hfw D¸pw Ip½m-bhpw klnXw C«n-«p-­v. hfsc Imew icn¡v
Blmcw In«msX \n¶ sX§p-IÄ \Ã-h®w Imbv¡m³ XpS-§n. Xn§n-\n-dªv ]¯pw Ccp-]Xpw
Icn-¡p-IÄ Ipe-I-fnÂ. sX§p-I-fn-te¡v t\m¡p-t¼mÄ FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw a\Êv IpfnÀ¯v apJw
kt´m-jw-sIm­v {]Im-in-¡pw.

"BZn-]p-cm-Xo-\-amb Hc-h-Imiw amXncn Ch-sc-´n\v ChnsS h¶p', Bsc-¡p-dn-¨mWv IYm-Im-c³

kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kµÀ`-sa´v
IYm-Im-c³ Xsâ ct­-¡À ]d-¼nsâ hnim-e-kp-µ-c-amb im´-X-bn X\n-sb-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ
Ahn-tS¡v h¶p-tNÀ¶ P´p-¡-sfbpw ]£n-I-sfbpw Ipdn-¨mWv ChnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. `qan-bnÂ
a\p-jy-hÀKw D­m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-apt¼ X§-fp­v F¶ `mh-am-bn-cp¶p AhÀ¡v. ]£n-Ifpw Nn{X-i-e-
`-§fpw Hcp iey-ambn IYm-Im-c\v tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶m Im¡-IÄ ASp-¡-f-bn Ibdn `£-
W-km-[-\-§Ä tamjvSn-¡m³ XpS-§n. am{X-aà ]d-¼nse ac-¯n DS-a-Ø-t\mSv A\p-hmZw hm§m-
sX-Xs¶ IqSp-sh¨v ap«-I-fn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Im¡-sb-t¸mse tImgn-¡p-ªp-§sf sIm¯n-s¡m-­p-
t]m-Ip¶ ]cp-´p-I-fp-ap-­v. Fd-fm-S³ F¶p t]cpÅ asämcp ]£nbpw tImgn-Isf sIm¯n-s¡m­p
t]mIpw.

kJmhv aqÀJsâ BK-a-\s¯ IYm-Im-c³ hnh-cn-¡-p¶-sX-§s\

Cu P´p-Pm-e-§Ä¡v Xsâ ct­-¡À ]d-¼n Ah-Im-i-apt­m F¶v Nn´n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp D¨
ka-b¯v IYm-Im-c³ B ImgvN ImWp-¶p. ssIbpw Imepw NndIpw H¶p-an-Ãm¯ Hcp `oIc kzcq-
]n. \Ã shbn-epÅ t\cw. At¸mÄ tImgn-IÄ H¨-sh-¨p. \mb Ipc-¨p. ]£n-IÄ Iq«-t¯msS
i_vZ-ap-­m-¡n. sN¶p-Nm-Sn-bXv Hcp `b-¦-c³ aqÀJsâ ap¼nÂ. AXv ]¯n-hn-SÀ¯n Kuc-h-¯nÂ
\n¡p-I-bm-Wv. ]m¼ns\ ASn¨p sImÃm³ Hcp-§n-b-t¸m-gmWv AXp icn-bmtWm F¶ Nn´ IYm-
Ir-¯n-\p-­m-b-Xv. Cuiz-c³ a\p-jy-hÀKs¯ krjvSn-¨-t]mse Atà ]m¼n-s\bpw krjvSn-¨-Xv.
]m¼pw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fn Hcm-f-tÃ. tl kÀ¸-ta, \n\-¡n-hnsS Ah-Im-i-an-Ã. Fsâ kz´-
amb ct­-¡À ]d-¼n \n¶v \o £W-¯n t]mIpI. F¶p ]d-ªp-t\m-¡n-sb-¦nepw ]mhw
Fhn-sS-t¸m-bmWv Pohn-¡pI F¶ Nn´n-¨p-t]m-bn. ]m¼v Iptd-¡-gnªv hg-¡-h-km-\n-¸n¨v ]¯n
Xmgv¯v Cg-ªp-Xp-S-§n. hnh-c-a-dnªv HmSn-h¶ `mcy ]m¼ns\ sImÃ-W-sa¶v hmin-]n-Sn-¨p. Ip«n-
IÄ HmSn-\-S-¡p¶ Øe¯v hnj-apÅ ]m¼v \S-¡p-¶Xv A]-I-S-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS A`n-
{]m-bw.

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IYm-Im-csâ GXp at\m-`m-h-s¯-bmWv P´p-]q-P-bmbn `mcy hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.
FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§fpw a\p-jy-sc-t¸mse ssZh-¯nsâ krjvSn-I-fm-sW¶pw Ah kzX-{´-ambn
hnl-cn-¨p-sIm-Ås« F¶p-amWv IYm-Im-csâ \ne-]m-Sv. F¶m `mcy ]cm-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-
Wv. hoSn-\Iw apgp-h\pw F«p-Im-en-Ifpw ]Ãn-Ifpw Hm´pw Ac-Wbpw Icn-t´fpw \nd-ªn-«p-­v.
Ah NneXv ASp-¡-f-bn-te¡v Ib-dn-h-cp-¶p. then apgp-h\pw NnX Xn¶p XoÀ¡p-¶p. hoSn-\-
I¯pw NnX-ep-IÄ s]cp-Ip¶p. ]pkvX-I-§fpw hkv{X-§-fp-saÃmw Xn¶p-XoÀ¯p-Xp-S-§n. Fen-I-
fpsS iey-am-sW-¦n ]d-bm-\p-an-Ã. tdUntbm {Kmansâ hbdv Fen apdn-¨p. hoSn-\Iw apgp-h\pw
NohoSpw Fdp¼pw ]mä-Ifpw h­p-I-fpw... At¸m-gmWv Hcp P´p-]qP F¶v `mcy IYm-Im-cs\ ]cn-
l-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

hcn-¡-¹m-hn N¡ ]gp-¯Xv A®m\pw Im¡bpw Xn¶p-¶p. t]c¡ kt¸m« Bä-¨¡ dpam³

FÃmw ]£n-Ifpw hmhepw sIm­p-t]m-Ip-¶p. `mcy-bpsS Cu ]cm-Xn¡v IYm-Im-csâ adp-]-Sn-
sb´v
Hcp Xm§p-an-ÃmsX tImSm-\p-tImSn tKmf-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ ssZhw X¼p-cm³ `qan-
bn Pohn-IÄ¡mbn krjvSn-¨-h-bmWv ]g-§Ä. ]pjv]-§Ä, Ing-§p-IÄ, [m\y-§Ä ]pÃv F¶n-h-
sb-Ãmw. shÅhpw hmbphpw NqSpw shfn-¨hpw AXn\p ]pd-sa. `qan-bnse D¸-¶-§-fpsS FÃmw
Ah-Im-in-I-fmWv P´p-¡fpw arK-§fpw ]£n-Ifpw Iran-Io-S-§fpw hr£-§fpw sNSn-Ifpw aäpw.
Cu ]c-amÀYw Ft¸mgpw Btem-Nn¨m ]ns¶ hnj-a-ap-­m-hn-Ã.

cm{Xn DusWÃmw Ignªv kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS InS-¡p-t¼mÄ IYm-Im-c-\p-­mb A\p-`-h-sa-´v

\à DjvW-Im-e-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. ^m³ Hm¬sNbvXv sNdnb {]Im-i-¯n InS-¡-bn InS¶v
hmbn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. At¸mÄ P\Â hgn [mcmfw sNdnb P´p-¡Ä apdn-¡p-Ån-te¡v h¶p.
sImXp-Ip-I-fp-ap-­m-bn-cp¶p Iq«-¯nÂ. aq«-bp-ap-­v. Hcp sImXpIv ssI¯-­-bn h¶n-cp¶v tNmc
IpSn-¡m³ XpS-§n. IYm-Ir¯v XS-ªn-Ã. a\p-jycpsS tNmc-Ip-Sn¨v Pohn-¡m-\m-WtÃm ssZhw
X¼p-cm³ sImXp-Ip-Isf ]S-¨X - v. At¸mÄ Hcp Cu¨ ]pkvXI - -¯n h¶v Ccp-¶p. At±lw AXns\
B«n-¡-f-ªn-Ã. AXnsâ \oe-¨n-d-Ip-IÄ I­v Bkz-Zn-¨n-cp-¶p. ssZh-¯nsâ krjvSn-IÄ F{X
at\m-l-c-am-sW¶v Biz-kn-¨p. cm{Xn sshIn-b-t¸mÄ hnf-¡-W¨v \nÈ-_vZX Bkz-Zn¨v Dd-§m³
InS-¶p. {ItaW Dd-§n. s]s«¶v ssI¯-­-bn kqNn Ip¯n-¡-b-äp-¶-Xp-t]mse thZ-\-bp-­m-bn.
thZ\ kln-¡m-\m-hmsX Fgp-t¶äv `mcysb hnfn-¨p-WÀ¯n. InS-¡p¶ ]mb s]m¡n-t\m-¡n-b-
t¸mÄ hen-sbmcp ]gp-Xm-csb I­p. At±lw AXns\ hmXn Xpd¶v ]pd-¯p-t]m-Im³ A\p-h-
Zn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. AXv tIÄ¡msX `mcy jqsk-Sp¯v ]gp-Xm-csb ASn-¨p-sIm-¶p. ]gp-Xm-c-
bpsS ihw Hcp IS-em-kn Nn¡n-bn«v ]pd-¯p-I-f-ªp.

lnwk- Iq-SmsX Pohn-¡m-s\m-¡p-tam, ]pXp-]p-¯ -\mb Hcp XXz-imkv{Xw th­n-bn-c n-¡p-

¶p. F¶p IYm-Im-c³ hnNm-cn-¡m-\pÅ kml-N-cy-sa´v
Hcp Znhkw IYm-Im-csâ `mcy tLmc-tLm-c-amb Hcp AXym-lnXw ImWn-¨p. ]¯p-ap-¸Xp
Icn-¡p-IÄ hoWp-In-S-¡p-¶p. X§-fpsS tX§m \in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Fen-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶pw Ahsb
hnjw h¨v sImÃ-W-sa¶pw `mcy ]d-ªp. X§-fpsS sskzcy PohnXw XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯nb F«p-
Im-en, ]mä, Nohn-Sv, tXÄ, ]gp-Xm-c, h­v, Fdp-¼v, NnX-ep-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hbn Xm³ \qdp-I-W-
¡n\v F®s¯ sIm¶n-«p­v F¶v AhÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. AXp-tI-«mWv IYm-Im-c³ C§s\
Btem-Nn-¡p¶Xv. ssZhw ]S-¨-h-bn tcmKm-Wp-¡fpw s]Spw. ssZhw tcmKm-Wp-¡-sfbpw ]S-
¨n-«p-­t- Ãm. Ahsb sImÃm-\tà acp-¶p-IÄ. lnwk-Iq-SmsX Pohn-¡m-s\m-¡p-tam. ]m¼v Xh-fsbbpw
Fen-sbbpw Xn¶v Pnhn-¡p-¶p. sNdnb aÕy-§sf henb aÕy-§Ä hn-gp-§p-¶p. Ipdp-¡³ tImgnsb
Xn¶p-¶p. knwlw am\ns\ Xn¶p-¶p. a\p-jy-cpsS tNmc-Ip-Sn¨v sImXpIpw aq«bpw t]\pw hf-cp-¶p.
Acp-a-tbmsS hf-cp¶ tdmkv sNSnsb ]q¨n-IÄ Xn¶p-¶p. `qan-bnse PnhnXw C§s\ t\m¡p-
t¼mÄ henb ssÌÂ tXm¶p-¶n-Ã.

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hmh-ep-Isf sImÃm³ tXm¡p-ambn ]pd-s¸« `mcy¡pw _Ôp-hn\pw kw`-hn-¨-sX´v
X§-fpsS tX§m \in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv hmh-ep-I-fm-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dnªt¸mÄ `mcy Ah-fpsS A½m-
hsâ aIsâ ]¡-epÅ tXm¡pambn Ahsb sImÃm³ Ah-s\- Iq-«p-]n-Sn¨v ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. hmh-ep-
I-fpsS DZv`-h-tI{µw sXm«-Sp-¯pÅ ]pcm-X-\-amb t£{X-¯n-\-cn-In-epÅ BÂa-c-am-sW¶v AhÀ
a\-Ên-em-¡n. ]t£, Ahn-sS-sb-¯n-bt- ¸mÄ t£{X-¯n\p Npäp-apÅ ho«p-ImÀ hmh-ep-Isf sImÃm³
k½-Xn-¨n-Ã. ]¯p-ap-¶q-dp-t]À amc-Im-bp-[-§-fp-ambn hfªv hmh--ep-I-sf shSn-sh-¨m sIm¶p-I-
f-bp-sa¶v `oj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n. hmh-ep-IÄ a\p-jy-cpsS ]qÀhn-I-cpsS Bßm-¡-fm-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p
Ah-cpsS hnizm-kw.

6. efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ-\w
amWn-¡³
sIm«mc¡cbv¡Sp¯ tIm«h«¯v 1909  P\\w. sNdp¸¯nte IhnXIsfgpXn¯pS§n. ]n¶oSv
IYIÄ FgpXn. Aánkm£nsb¶ t\mhemWv apJy IrXn. CXn\v hbemÀ AhmÀUpw HmS¡pgÂ
AhmÀUpw kmlnXyA¡mZan AhmÀUpw e`n¨p. kv{XoIfpsS {]iv\§Ä, \¼qXncnkv{XoIfpsS
kmapZmbnIamb hnjaXIÄ, ZenXv hn`mK¯nsâ {]bmk§Ä F¶nh Xsâ t\mhenepw
IYIfnepw A´ÀP\w BhnjvIcn¨p. efnXmw_nIbpsS {]kn²amb IYbmWv amWn¡³.
amWn¡³ F¶ Imfbpw AgI³ F¶ ZenXv IÀjI\pw X½nepÅ lrZb_ÔamWv IYbpsS
ImXemb hiw. a\pjy³ F§ns\bmWv P´p¡tfmSv kv t \lw ImWnt¡­Xv F¶Xn
DZmlcWamWv Cu IY. {]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw kvt\lwsIm­v CgtNcp¶Xnsâ anI¨ kµÀ`§Ä
Cu IYbnep­v.

Ag-I\v amWn-¡s\ e`n-¨-sX-§s\

X¼p-cmsâ aWn-am-fn-I-bnse CjvSnI-bn« sXmgp-¯n P\n¨ Imf-¡p-«-\mWv amWn-¡³. Ag-
Isâ AÑ-\mb Idp-¼\v AXns\ X{¼m³ \ÂIn. Idp-¼³ tNmZn-¨p-hm-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XÅ-¸-
ip-hnsâ Id-h-ap-gp-h³ X{¼msâ Ip«n-IÄ IpSn-¨-Xn-\m amWn-¡³ FÃpw tXmep-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-
sIm-­p-Iq-Sn-bmWv X{¼m³ amWn-¡s\ Dt]-£n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-b-Xv. Idp-¼sâ \mep Xe-ap-d-IÄ
X{¼msâ the-¡m-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Imfsb e`n-¨-tXmsS Idp-¼³ BËm-Zw-sIm­v aXn-a-d-¶p. AXns\
FSp-¯mWv Ah³ amS-¯n-te¡p t]mb-Xv. Xsâ a¡fmb Ag-I\pw \oen¡pw AXv k½m-\n-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ag-I\pw \oenbpw amWn-¡-s\-s¨m-Ãn-bp-­mb XÀ¡-§-sf-s´Ãmw

BZyw AXnsâ DS-a-Ø-X-sb-s¨m-Ãn-bmWv AhÀX-½n XÀ¡-am-b-Xv. \oen AXn\v Xoä-sIm-Sp-
¡p¶ Bfp-am-{X-am-sW¶pw ]q«p-¶Xv Xm\m-b-Xn-\m Ag-I-\mWv bYmÀY DS-a-sb¶pw Ah³
hmZn-¨p. B Imf-¡p-«n¡v t]cn-Sp¶ Imcy-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p ]n¶s¯ XÀ¡w. \oen ]d-ªXv aWn-b³
F¶m-Wv. F¶m h­n-¡m-c³ apX-em-fn-bpsS amWn-¨³ F¶ shÅ-¡m-f-bpsS t]cmWv Ag-I\v
t_m[n-¨-Xv. HSp-hn c­p-t]cpw tNÀ¶v amWn-¡³ F¶ t]cv Dd-¸n-¨p.

Ag-I³ amWn-¡s\ ]cn-N-cn-¨-Xpw ]Tn-¸n-¨Xpw F-§-s\-sbÃmw

Hcp hnjp-hn\v amWn-¡s\ Dg-hp-I­
- ¯
- n-en-d¡
- n-bXv Ag-I³X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-sams¡ amWn-
¡\v Ie¸ hen-¡m³ hnj-a-am-bn-cp¶p. F¶m Ag-Isâ ssIbn-en-cn-¡p¶ hSn hmbp-a-WvU-e-
¯n Nodn-bm Ah³ A\p-k-cn-¡pw. amWn-¡\v shÅhpw Xoäbpw sImSp-¯-ÃmsX Ag-I³
Ign¡ ]Xn-hn-Ã. AXv XW-en hn{i-an-¡p-¶Xv IuXp-I-t¯msS Ag-I³ t\m¡n-\n¡pw. B Imf
Ahsâ kl-Im-cnbpw kvt\ln-X\pw kÀh-kz-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. "\¼sS amWn-¨s\ A§-\§ - s\ t\m¡n-
s¡m-­n-cp-¶m aXn s]t®, F¡p s\dbpw' F¶v Ah³ \oen-tbmSv ]d-bm-dp­v.

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hfÀ¨ ]qÀ¯n-bmb amWn-¡sâ cq]-`wKn IYm-Imcn hnh-cn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\
t\cnb Nph-¸p-I-eÀ¶ DuX-\n-dw. hncnª sIm¼p-IÄ, Dd¨p amwk-f-amb DSÂ, hrj-`-ku-µ-cy-
¯nsâ XnI-hm-bn-cp¶p Ah³. hmen\v \Ã \of-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. AXv shdn-b³ Imf-I-fpsS e£-W-
am-Wv. ap³Im-ep-IÄ¡n-S-bn \n¶v Igp-t¯mfw ]SÀ¶ shfp¯ ]pÅn AXnsâ kuµcyw hÀ[n-
¸n¨p. D¸p«n Ipep-¡n-bpÅ Kw`o-c-amb \S-¸v. B \m«n AXp-t]m-semcp Imf-bn-Ã. amWn-¡³
sXÃp Ipdp-¼-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-t\mfw _ew BÀ¡p-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\m asäÃm Imf-I-sfbpw
Ah³ Ip¯pw. aWn-bsâ kplr-¯mb tNmXnbpsS aWn-b³ t]ms¯m-gn¨p _m¡n-sbm¶pw
amWn-¡-t\m-tS¡n-Ã. CXn tNmXn¡pw sXÃv Akq-b-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. amWn-¡sâ {]kn²n hÀ[n-
¨-t¸mÄ Bh-iy-¡mcpw IqSn. ]ecpw henb hne-]-d-ªp. F¶m Ahs\ hn¡m³ Ag-I³
k½-Xn-¨n-Ã. IqSp-X ]Ww Bh-iy-s¸«v Ah³ hne-]-d-ªp-h-¶-h-sc-sbÃmw Xncn-¨-b-¨p.

Ag-I³ amWn-¡s\ {]l-cn-¡m-\n-S-bm-b-sX-§s\

I¶ns¡mbv¯p Ignªv hnf-hn-d¡ - p¶ ka-bs¯ hnX-Zn-hkw amWn-¡sâ Hm«w ImWm³ [mcmfw
t]À h¶n-cp-¶p. A¶v tNmXn amWn-¡-s\ ]q«m-\pÅ B{Klw Ag-I-t\mSv ]d-ªp. Ag-I-\Xv k½-
Xn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]q«p¶-Xn-\n-S-bn tNmXn amWn-¡s\ ITn-\-ambn {]l-cn-¨p. AXv CjvS-s¸-Sm-
Xn-cp¶ amWn-¡³ tNmXnsb HmSn-¨n«p Ip¯m-t\m-§n. A]-ISw aW¯v DS-\Sn CS-s]« Ag-I³
amWn-¡s\ ]n´n-cn-¸n-¡m³ th­n Ahsâ ]pd¯v AXn-i-à-ambn ASn-¨p. ASn-tbäv amWn-¡\v
apdnhv ]äp-Ibpw tNmc-sbm-en-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tNmXnsb c£n-¡m-\mWv sNbvX-sX-¦nepw kw`hw
Ag-I\v henb BLm-X-am-bn. Xsâ {]nbs¸« Imfsb ASn-¨p-ap-dn-th¸n-¨-tXmÀ¯v Ah\v ]\n-]n-
Sn-s]-«p. AXn-\n-S-bn X{¼m³ hnh-c-ad- n-bp-Ibpw amWn-¡s\ Xncn¨v amfn-Ib
- n-se-¯n-¡m³ Bsf-hn-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amWn-¡s\ ]nSn-¨p-sI-«m³ h¶ Bfp-Isf amWn-¡³ Xncn-¨m-{I-an-¡p-Ibpw \m«n-
emsI \miw-hn-X-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS amWn-¡s\bpw Ag-I-s\bpw X{¼msâ Kp­-IÄ
Iogvs¸-Sp-¯n. Ag-I\v amWn-¡s\ \jvS-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ag-I\v amWn-¡s\ Xncn¨p e`n-¨-sX-§s\

hÀj-§Ä Ign-ªp. Ag-I³ hnhm-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw a¡Ä hf-cp-Ibpw IpSpw-_-¯n henb
amä-§-fp-­m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amWn-¡-s\-t¸mse Hcp Imfsb hfÀ¯m-\pÅ B{Klw Ag-I-
\n AW-bmsX InS-¸p-­m-bn-cp¶p. Hcp Znhkw Ip«n-IÄ¡v hkv{Xhpw ho«p-km-am-\-§fpw hm§p-
hm³ Zqc-bm-{XsN-bvX Ag-I³ Im«p-h-gn-bn Hä-s¸-«p-t]mbn. cm{Xn-bn Bcp-w A-cn-In-en-ÃmsX
t]Sn-¨n-cn-¡sh Hcp Imf-h-­n-b-]-I-S-¯n\v km£n-bm-bn. B Imf-h­n HmSn-¨n-cp-¶Xv amWn-¡-\m-
bn-cp-¶p. B Imf XfÀ¶v Ah-i-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Cd-¨n-¡p-t]mepw ]äm¯ B Imfsb I­Xpw Ag-
I\v k¦Sw h¶p. AbmÄ DÅ ]Ww \ÂIn amWn-¡s\ Xncn-s¨-Sp¯v ho«n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-­p-h-
¶p.

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samUyqÄ 4
1. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ
I-ev]m´w
Úm\]oT tPXmhmb Fgp¯pImc³. ae¸pdw PnÃbnse s]m¶m\n¡Sp¯ IqSÃqcn P\\w.
A[ym]I³, ]{Xm[n]À, sNdpIYmIr¯v, t\mhenÌv, kwhn[mbI³, Xnc¡YmIr¯v F¶o
\neIfn {]kn²³. aebmf¯nse Gähp P\{]nb\mb Fgp¯pImcn HcmÄ. Hcp hS¡³
hocKmY, ]gÈncmP, \J£X§Ä, s]cp´¨³, sshimen XpS§n ]pckvImc§Ä hmcn¡q«nb
[mcmfw kn\naIÄ¡v Xnc¡YsbgpXn. kn\na¡v \ÂInb kw`mh\IÄ ]cnKWn¨v t{]w\koÀ
AhmÀUv, sP kn Um\ntb ]pckvImcw F¶nh t\Sn. aªv, Imew, \mepsI«v, c­maqgw
XpS§nb [mcmfw t\mhepIÄ {]kn²§fmWv. Ccp«nsâ Bßmhv, IptSy«¯n, UmÀ Fkv kemw,
sjÀeIv, inemenJnXw F¶nh {]apJ sNdpIYIÄ.
a\pjya\Ênsâ \nKqV`mh§Ä BhnjvIcn¡p¶ IYIfmWv IqSpXepw FgpXnbXv. a\pjyÀ
X½nepÅ _Ôhpw _Ô\§fpw lrZb]qÀhw Bhnjv I cn¡p¶Xnse Fw Sn amPnIv
A\pIcn¡m\mhm¯XmWv. aebmfsNdpIYbn khntijamb Hcp `mjmcoXnXs¶ Fw Sn
krjv S n¨p. I]Samb kaqla\Êns\bpw hyànk¯sbbpw Xpd¶pImWn¨v amdn\n¶v
]p©ncn¡p¶ Hcp ssienbmWv ]e IYIfnepw ImWp¶Xv. ]dbm\mIm¯ clky§fpsS `mcw
t]dp¶ IYm]m{X§fmWv an¡hcpw. AXpsIm­pXs¶ GsXmcp IYbpw hmb\¡msc
BIÀjn¡pw hn[w Icp¯päXm¡m³ At±l¯n\p Ignªp.
Fw Sn IYIfpsS FÃm {]tXyIXIfpw t]dp¶ cN\bmWv IÂ]m´w. hmÀ²Iyt¯mSSp¯
Z¼XnIfpsS PohnX¯n ]dbmsX _m¡nbmb clky§fpsS `mcw shfns¸Sp¶XmWv IYbpsS
Im¼v. Zm¼Xy_Ô¯nsâ hnÅepIfpw hn§epIfpw Cu IYbn BhnjvIrXamIp¶p. A
A[nIw km[mcWaÃm¯ IYmcN\m ssienbpw Cu IYbnep­v. `À¯mhv tPmenbmhiymÀYw
]pd¯pt]mbXn\ptijw `mcy lrZbkvXw`\w h¶p acn¡p¶p. `À¯mhmIs« Xsâ Hm^oknse
tPmen¡mcnbpsS aIsfbpw sIm­v DÃmkbm{Xbv¡p t]mbncn¡bmWv. acW¯n\p sXm«pap¼v
B clkyw `mcy a\Ênem¡p¶p­v. acWho«nte¡v F¯p¶ BfpIsf \nco£n¨psIm­v
acWs¸« cpÜnWnbpsS BJym\¯neqsSbmWv Cu IY hniZamIp¶Xv.
tNmZy§Ä
tImf\nbnse `mkvIdnsâ ^vfmänte¡v A¶v BZyw h¶ hncp¶pImÀ BscÃmw. AhÀ¡v
{][m\ambpw ]dbm\p­mbncp¶sX´v.
`mkvItc«³ \m¸Xp hÀjw Pohn¨ \KcamWnXv. AXn\m [mcmfw kplr¯p¡fpw
]cnNb¡mcpap­v. ap¸Xp hÀjs¯ ]g¡apÅImdn BZysa¯nbXv hnthIv tPmjn F¶
tPmjnamabmWv. AtÔcnbn \n¶v ctajnsâ IpSpw_hpw F¯n. BZysa¯nb ctajv
]pds¯t´m Imcy§Ä sN¿m³ t]mbn. t`msÉ kmln_v, dn«bÀ sNbvX tijw sI«nSw]WnbpsS
Icmdn\v I¼\n XpS§nb KwKmdmw XpS§nbhcpw Øes¯¯n. \Kc¯nep­mb ImehÀjhpw
{]fbhpamWv h¶hÀ h¶hÀ apgph³ kwkmcn¨psIm­ncp¶Xv . ap¼v \Kc¯nÂ
AXnhÀjap­mb«ps­¦nepw \Kc¯n shÅs¸m¡w h¶Xv C¡pdnbmWv . C¯cw
acWhoSpIfn kw`mjW¯n\v hnjbanÃm¯Xv hey hnjaamWv . C¡pdn \Kc¯nÂ
shÅs¸m¡ap­mbXn\m F¯nb FÃmhÀ¡pw \à hnjbw In«n. \KcPohnX¯nsâ
Im]SyamWv Cu kµÀ`¯n kqNnXamIp¶Xv. acWs¸«htcmSpÅ kvt\ltam _lpam\tam
AÃ Ahsc acWho«nte¡v F¯n¡p¶Xv adn¨v shdpw Hu]NmcnIXIfmWv. AXpsIm­mWv
lrZb¯n sXmSm¯ hm¡pIÄsIm­v AhÀ kwkmcn¡p¶Xv. shÅs¸m¡w ImcWw
]pd¯nd§m\mhmsX Imdn\pÅn h¨pXs¶ aq{Xsamgn¨ImcyamWv HcmÄ Xamibmbn ]dªXv,
Hcp ae_mcn kuP\yambn Nmb hnXcWwsNbvX AZv`pXhpw samss_Â t^mWp­mbXnse
kuIcyhpsaÃmw AhnsS NÀ¨bmbn. acn¨p InS¡p¶ hyànsb¡pdn¨pam{Xw Bcpw H¶pw
]dªnÃ.

ae-bmfkmlnXyw þ 1 35
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acWs¸« kv{Xo `À¯mhmb `mkvItc«s\ HmÀs¯Sp¡p¶sX§s\
AÂ]w Idp¯n«msW¦nepw XpSp¯ Ihnfpw apJ¯v sNdnsbmcp Ip«n¯hpapÅ BfmWv
`mkvI c³. cpÜnWnbpsS A{Xbv¡v Dbchpw shfp¸pw `mkvI c\nÃm¯Xn\m hnhmlw
IgnªbpSs\ ]eÀ¡pw klXm]ambncp¶p. Cw¥­n tPmensNbvX Bsf¶p tI«t¸mÄ
hoWpt]mbXmsW¶v Iq«pImcnIÄ Ifnbm¡nbncp¶p. sNdnsbmcp ]{X¯nsâ ]ckyhn`mKw
ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ Hm^okdmbncp¶p `mkvIc³. hnhmlw Ignªn«v ap¸¯mdv hÀjambn. CtX
ho«n sh¨mWv AhÀ 25 mw hnhml hmÀjnIw BtLmjn¨Xv . \mephÀj¯n\nSbnÂ
Akm[mcWamb DbÀ¨bmWv `mkvIdn\p­mbXv. ho«n kwkmcw IpdhmWv. F¶m ]pd¯v
hncp¶n\pw aäpw t]mIpt¼mÄ [mcmfw kwkmcn¡pw. `mcytbmSpÅ kv t \l{]IS\hpw
]pds¯¯pt¼mÄ IqSpw. Ccp]¯nb©mw hnhmlhmÀjnI¯n\v ]ecpw `mkvIcs\ ]pIgv¯n
kwkmcn¨p. `mcysb \nÈ_vZ tkh\¯nsâ {]XoIsa¶pw `À¯mhnsâ hnPb¯n\p ]n¶nse
iàn F¶psams¡ ]ecpw {]IoÀ¯n¨p. hncp¶pIÄ¡pw k¡mc¯n\pw t]mIpt¼mÄ
`mkvItc«sâ Xami tIÄ¡m³ s]®p§Ä Npäpw IqSpw. A¶v ]pdt¯¡nd§nbXv km[mcW
thj¯n \n¶v hyXykvXambn Po³kv [cn¨mWv. B Po³kv ]gb Hcp {^­nsâ aI³
hm§ns¡mSp¯XmsW¶mWv ]dªncp¶Xv.

`mkvIcsâ clky§Ä `mcy cpÜnWn I­p]nSn¨sX§s\

shÅs¸m¡w ImcWw sSet^m¬ _Ô§fpw KXmKXhpw \Kc¯n XIcmdnembn F¶
hmÀ¯ tI«t¸mÄ cpÜnWn¡v B[nbmbn. A½nWn F¶ kplr¯ns\ hnfn¨p. In«p¶nÃ.
_Ôphmb ktcmP\ntb«¯nsbbpw hnfn¨p In«p¶nÃ. At¸mgmWv A¸pd¯p\n¶v anknkv
KmUvKn hnfn¡p¶Xv. AhfpsS aIÄ tUmfn F¶ ti^men `mkvIdnsâ IqsS t]mbn«p­v
F¶ hnhcw At¸mgmWv Adnbp¶Xv. `mkvIdnsâ sk{I«dnbmWv ti^men. ]q\bnte¡v
t]mIpt¼mÄ ti^men IqsSbp­mIpsa¶v `mkvIÀ ]dªn«nÃmbncp¶p. AXn\nS¡v A½nWn
hnfn¨p. ]q\bnte¡pÅ hgnIsfÃmw ASªpInS¡pIbmWv F¶ hmÀ¯bmWv AhÀ \evInbXv.
AtXmsb cpÜnWnbpsS t_Pmdv hÀ[n¨p. ho­pw anknkv KmUvKn hnfn¨v Iptd hntij§Ä
]dªp. ti^menbpsS ]nd¶mfn\v `mkvIÀ ]s¦Sp¯Xpw AhÄ Po³kv hm§ns¡mSp¯XpsaÃmw.
AsXÃmw cpÜnWn¡v ]pXnb AdnhpIfmbncp¶p. ]ns¶ h¶ hmÀ¯Ifn ]q\bn agtb CÃ
F¶mbncp¶p. A½nWnbmWv B hnhcw \ÂInbXv. `mkv I tc«³ AhnsS KÌvluknÂ
apdnsbSp¯n«ps­¶pw IqsS aIfpaps­¶papÅ hnhcw AhÀ \ÂInbtXmsS cpKvanWn
A´whn«pt]mbn. aIÄ Zp_mbn \n¶p h¶ hnhcw Adnbn¡m¯Xn ]cn`hw ]dªpsIm­mWv
A½nWn t^m¬ sh¨Xv. bYmÀY¯n `mkvIc³ ti^mensbbpw sIm­v ]q\bn apdnsbSp¯v
Xmakn¡pIbmbncp¶p.

cpÜnWnbpsS acWho«nte¡v ti^men h¶Xv cpÜnWn hniZoIcn¡p¶sX§s\

\o­p \nhÀ¶p\n¶v sNcp¸nsâ hmdgn¨v AIt¯¡p Ibdp¶XmWv ti^men F¶v cpÜnWn
a\Ênem¡p¶p. tkm^bnencn¡p¶ `mkvIc³ \nhÀ¶ncp¶p. Ahsf BIpe`mh¯n t\m¡n.
AhÄ ]cnNb`mhapÅ asämcmfpsS ASpt¯¡mWv \S¶Xv. AhÄ ASp¯ph¶n«pthWw
I®oscmgp¡m³ F¶ `mh¯nemWv `mkvIcsâ Ccp¯w. ]Xns\m¶n\v FbÀt]mÀ«n A¦nÄ
hcm\p­v F¶v ]dªv ti^men t]mIms\mcp§n. AhÄ t]mIp¶Xn\pap¼v Hcn¡Â am{Xw
`mkvIc\Spt¯¡v h¶p. At¸mgmWv henb Xamibp­mbXv, cpÜnWn¡p am{Xw a\ÊnemIp¶
Xami. C\n F\n¡v \otb DÅq F¶ `mh¯n `mkvIc³ ti^mensb t\m¡p¶p. AhfpsS
adp]Snbpw t\m«¯nep­v. XÅbp­mbt¸mÄ AsXmcp hnt\mZw. ]t£, ]Sphr²sâ `mcw
GsäSp¡psa¶ hnNmcw Ds­¦n AXv a\Ên sh¨m aXn F¶mWv B adp]Sn F¶v cpÜnWn¡v
a\ÊnemIp¶p. F¶n«v ti^men ]pdt¯¡pt]mbn. AhnsS IqSn\n¡p¶ FÃmhÀ¡pw
Xncn¨phcnà F¶dnbmw.

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F\n¡p Npäpambn ho­pw HcmtLmjw \S¡s«, cmw \mw kXv tl.... cpÜnWn C§s\ IcpXm³
ImcWsa´v
Xsâ `À¯mhmb `mkvIcsâ ti^men F¶ bphXnbpambpÅ {]Wbw acW¯n\v sXm«pap¼v
a\Ênem¡nb cpÜnWn acWtijw hfsc kt´mjIcamb AhØbnembn. ImcWw
acWs¸«hÀ¡v k¦S§fpw t]SnIfpanÃtÃm. IÂ]m´Ime¯v Benebn s]m§n¡nS¡p¶
`Khms\t¸msebmWv B AhØbnepw cpÜnWn BbXv. D¯tc´ybn tIcf¯nset¸msebÃ.
acW bm{X tLmjbm{Xt]mse sN­ap«nbpw \r¯wsNbvXpamWv. Xsâ ihtLmjbm{Xbpw
AXpt]mse BtLmj]qÀhw \S¯Wsa¶v cpÜnWn B{Kln¡p¶p.

2. Sn. ]ß-\m-`³
I-¯p¶ cY-N{Iw
sNdpIYIÄ am{Xw FgpXp¶ aebmf¯nse A]qÀh IYmIr¯mWv Sn ]Zv a \m`³.
hyXykvXamb {]tab§fpw ]Ým¯e§fpw DÅ IYIfmWv At±lw FgpXnbXv. aebmf¯nse
B[p\nIhpw B[p\nIm´chpamb IYsbgp¯nsâ Ime¯pw Htc kzc¯nÂ
FgpXns¡m­ncn¡¶ IYmImc\mWv ]Zva\m`³. GIm´X A\p`hn¡p¶ IYm]m{X§fmWv
]Zva\m`³ IYIfn {][m\ambpw IS¶phcp¶Xv. 1931  s^{_phcnbn P\n¨p. 1973  e`n¨
tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw \ncmIcn¨p. lmcnk¬ kmbvhnsâ \mb, {]Imiw ]c¯p¶
Hcp s]¬Ip«n, klrZb\mb sNdp¸¡mcsâ PohnX¯n \n¶v, tiJq«n, aJ³ knMnsâ acWw,
\fn\ Im´n, Imess`ch³ F¶nh {][m\ IYIÄ.
_p²ZÀi\hpambn _Ôs¸« Hcp k¦Â]amWv I¯p¶ cYN{Iw F¶Xv. amXmhns\ t{Zmln¨
ssa{XI\yIsâ Xebn I¯n\n¡p¶ N{IamWnXv. AbmÄ¡pÅ in£bmWnXv. amXmhns\
t{Zmln¨ asämcmÄ h¶m Cu N{Iw ssa{XI\yIsâ Xebn \n¶v \o§nt¸mIpsa¶mbncp¶p
{]hN\w. F¶m Cu hnjaw asämcmÄ¡v \ÂIm³ ssa{XI\yI³ X¿mdmbnÃ. AtXmsS cYN{Iw
A{]Xy£amsbs{X. ]ip amXmhmWv. ]iphns\ t{Zmln¡p¶hcpsS Xe¡papIfn HcpI¯p¶
cYN{Iap­mIpsa¶v Cu IY kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

]iphnsâ Ic¨n IYm\mbIs\ AkzØ\m¡nbsX§s\

cm{Xnapgp³ ]iphnsâ Ic¨n tI«v AbmÄ¡v Dd§m\mbnÃ. InSmhns\ thÀs]«pt]mb
XŸiphnsâ Aad t]msebmWv AXv AbmÄ¡v tXm¶nbXv. Ipªns\ ImWm¯XpsIm­pÅ
kw{`ahpw ]m XnI«nbXnsâ thZ\bpw B Ic¨nenep­v. {]IrXnbpsS cm{Xnkuµcyw
BkzZn¡m³ A¶v AbmÄ¡v IgnªnÃ. ]ntä¶v \S¡m³ t]mIpt¼mÄ AWs¡«n\cnsIbpÅ
Im«n apgph³ B ]iphns\ At\zjn¨v AbmÄ \S¶p. AbmfpsS Cu {`m´pI­v `mcy¡v
tZjyw h¶ncp¶p. Ignª aq¶p\mev sImçfmbn AhÀ¡v ]mep \ÂIp¶ kv{XobpsS
]iphmWXv. AXp t]mbn«v aq¶p\mep Znhkw Ignªncn¡p¶p. F´n\mWv AXmtemNn¨v
hnjan¡p¶Xv F¶mbncp¶p `mcybpsS ]cmXn.

IYm\mbI\v A½sb¡pdn¨pÅ HmÀaIsfs´Ãmw

Ccp«nsâ hmXn Xpds¶¯p¶ shfn¨wt]msebmWv ]iphnsâ Ic¨n tI«t¸mÄ AbmÄ¡v
A½sb¡pdn¨pÅ HmÀaIÄ DWÀ¶Xv. A½bpsS IqsS A½ t]mänb ]ip¡fpap­mbncp¶p.
btimZ, \µn\n, imcZ XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p ]ip¡fpsS t]cpIÄ. FÃmw A½bpsS
Ip«nIsft¸msebmbncp¶p. AXpsIm­pXs¶ A½sbmcn¡epw Idh hänbt¸mÄ hnänÃ.
hbÊmbt¸m AdhpImc\v sImSp¯XpanÃ. a¡sf¯s¶ t]mäm³ ]mSps]Spt¼mgmWv Cu
kmlkw. Ahsb ImWmXmIp¶ Znhkw A½ imctZ, btimtZ F¶p hnfn¨v ]d¼nepw Im«nepw
Xncªp\S¡pambncp¶p.

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]iphnsâ Xntcm[m\w IYm\mbIs\ _m[n¨sX§s\
AbmÄ¡v Dd¡w \jvSs¸«p. Znhkhpw AXns\ Xncªv Im«nte¡v t]mIembn ]Wn. ]iphns\
hfÀ¯p¶Xv IpäIcamb Hcp Su¬jn¸nembncp¶p AhÀ ]mÀ¯ncp¶Xv. AXn\m Hcp ]iphns\
Xncªp\S¡p¶ Abmsf I­v ]ecpw Ifnbm¡n. `mcy¡mIs« ]mep In«p¶nà F¶p
am{Xambncp¶p ]cmXn. Hcn¡Â hgnbn sh¨v AbmÄ cmLh³\mbÀ F¶ \m«pImcs\ I­p.
cmLh\v \m«n A½bp­v. A½bpsS hntijw tNmZn¨tijw IYm\mbI³ cmLht\mSv ho«nse
]ip¡fpsS hntijamWv tNmZn¡p¶Xv. shdpw A©pskâ v `qanbn Xmakn¡p¶ X\n¡v
F§s\ ]iphns\ hfÀ¯m\mIpsa¶v cmLh³ adp]Sn \ÂIn. ]iphns\bpw A½sbbpw
]ckv]cw sh¨pamdp¶ IYmImc³ HSphn GXphgn¡v t]mIWsa¶dnbmsX hnjan¡p¶p.
AbmÄ ]iphns\ ImWmXmb `mKt¯¡p t]mImsX ho«nte¡pÅ hgn sXscsªSp¡p¶p.
]t£ AtXmsSm¸w AbmÄ¡pap¼n I¯p¶ cYN{Ihpw \o§ns¡m­ncn¡p¶p.

I¯p¶ cYN{Iw F¶ k¦Â]\w Cu IYbn kqNnXamIp¶sX§ns\

_p²ZÀi\hpambn _Ôs¸« Hcp k¦Â]amWv I¯p¶ cYN{Iw F¶Xv. amXmhns\ t{Zmln¨
ssa{XI\yIsâ Xebn I¯n\n¡p¶ N{IamWnXv. AbmÄ¡pÅ in£bmWnXv. amXmhns\
t{Zmln¨ asämcmÄ h¶m Cu N{Iw ssa{XI\yIsâ Xebn \n¶v \o§nt¸mIpsa¶mbncp¶p
{]hN\w. F¶m Cu hnjaw asämcmÄ¡v \ÂIm³ ssa{XI\yI³ X¿mdmbnÃ. AtXmsS cYN{Iw
A{]Xy£amsbs{X. ]ip amXmhmWv. ]iphns\ t{Zmln¡p¶hcpsS Xe¡papIfn Hcp I¯p¶
cYN{Iap­mIpsa¶v Cu IY kqNn¸n¡p¶p. Xsâ A½sb th­hn[w ]cnKWn¡m³
IgnbmXncp¶ IYm\mbIsâ ]m]t_m[amWv Cu cYN{Iw. Hcp ]iphn AbmÄ Xsâ A½sb
Is­¯p¶p. ]iphns\ ImWmXmIp¶Xv Xsâ A½sb ImWmXmIp¶Xn\p XpeyamsW¶v
AbmÄ [cn¡p¶p. ]iphns\ Xncªp\S¡p¶Xv aXnbm¡nb Abmfn ]m]t_m[w
XncnªpI¯pIbmWv.
3. am[-hn-¡p«n
Zb F¶ hnImcw
temI{]ikv X Ihbn{Xnbpw aebmf¯nse {]apJ IYmImcnbpw BWv am[hn¡p«n.
bYmÀY\maw IaemZmkv. Ban F¶mWv ho«n hnfn¡p¶ t]cv. ]n¶oSv Iaemkpd¿ F¶ t]cpw
kzoIcn¨p. Ihbn{Xnbmb _memaWnb½bpsSbpw amXr`qanbnse amt\PnwKv FUnädmbncp¶ hn
Fw \mbcpsSbpw aIfmWv. ]me¡mSp PnÃbn P\n¨p. aXnepIÄ, \cn¨odpIÄ ]d¡pt¼mÄ,
Xcnip\new, ]£nbpsS aWw, XWp¸v F¶nh {][m\ IYIÄ. Fsâ IY F¶ BßIYm]camb
Ipdn¸pIÄ Gsd \ncq]I{i² ]nSn¨p]än. CXv Ccp]tXmfw `mjIfnte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p.
\oÀamXfw ]q¯Imew, _meyIme kvacWIÄ F¶nhbpw HmÀa¡pdn¸pIfmWv. tZiobhpw
A´mcmjv{Sobhpamb [mcmfw _lpaXnIÄ e`n¨n«p­v.
kv { XobpsS hyàn]chpw kzImcyhpamb PohnXs¯ Xpds¶gpXp¶ IYIfmWv
am[hn¡p«nbptSXv. aebmf¯nse s]¬temIs¯ Ipdn¨ IYIfpsS t\XrXzw am[hn¡p«n¡mWv.
s]®nsâ am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb AhØIsf adIfnÃmsX FgpXp¶ IYIfmWv Ah.
ImapIn, aIÄ, A½, `mcy XpS§n kv{XobpsS kIe `mh§fpw AXnsshImcnIamIm¯
kXykÔamb `mjbn AhÀ ]IÀ¯nsh¨p.
amXm]nXm¡Ä PohnXw BtLmjn¡pt¼mÄ a¡fpsS PohnXamWv A\nÝnXambn¯ocp¶Xv.
AhKWn¡s¸Sp¶ Iuamcs¯bmWv Cu IY BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xv. inh{]kmZv Imen\v kzm[o\w
Ipdª Ip«nbmWv. tPyjvT ·mÀ aZncminbnepw aäpw tlmÌen tNÀ¶p ]Tn¡pt¼mÄ
h¿m¯Ip«nbmbXn\m ho«n Xs¶ Ah\v Igntb­nh¶p. kpµcn F¶ hnfnt¸cp­mbncp¶p
Ah\v. Fgp¯pImcnbmb A½bv¡v Ft¸mgpw Xnc¡mWv. kplr¯mb hÀKoknsâ A½bmWv
Ah\v kvt\lw \evIp¶Xv. A½sb¡mfpw Ah³ ]cnKWn¡p¶Xpw AhscbmWv. kvt\lw
\jvSs¸« Ah\v PohnXw IqSpX at\mlcam¡m³ B{Klap­v.

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inh{]kmZnsâ apdnsb¡pdn¨v Hcp sNdphnhcWw \ÂIpI
hmXn AS¨pIgnRm AXv Ahsâ sNdnb kzÀKamWv . hmXnÂ]Snta Nph¶
IfÀtNm¡psIm­v {]thi\anà F¶v FgpXnbncp¶p. \oew tNÀ¯ Ip½mban« B NpacpIÄ
Ipd¨v s]mfnªpXpS§nbncp¶p. AsXÃmw Ah³ Nn{X§Ä Xq¡m\pÅ BWnXd¨v
s]mfnªXmWv. Ct¸mÄ Hcp I¸ensâ Nn{Xwam{Xap­v _m¡n. taihncnta Nph¶ ajn
X«n¯qhnbncp¶p. P\hmXn Xpd¶m BImi¯nsâ Hcp Ijv W w apdnbnte¡v
XÅn\n¡p¶Xpt]mse tXm¶pw. het¯Imense sNdnsbmcp Xncn¨n DÅXpsIm­mWn Xm³
C§s\ Häs¸«Xv F¶mWv inh{]kmZv a\Ênem¡p¶Xv.

inh{]kmZns\ aäpÅhÀ I­sX§ns\

het¯ Imen\v kzm[o\¡pdhps­¦nepw kpµc\mbncp¶p Ah³. XpSp¯pcp­ IhnfpIfpw
Nph¶ Np­pIfpw s\änta hoWpInS¡p¶ NpcpÄapSnbpw \o­ tcma§fpÅ I®naIfpw
Ahs\ Hcp kpµcns¸¬Ip«nbmsW¶ tXm¶n¸n¨p. Ahsâ kvss{Xaamb `mhhpw cq]hp I­v
_Ôp¡sfÃmw kpµcn F¶mbncp¶p inh{]kmZns\ hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. kz´w tPyjvT³ t]mepw
Ahsâ ]ndIn X«n kpµcn F¶p hnfn¨p. NneÀ Ahsâ IhnfpIfn \pÅn.

hÀKoknt\mSpÅ inh{]kmZnsâ B`napJy§sfs´Ãmw

hÀKokns\t¸mse kmlnXyapÅ hm¡pIÄ ]dbm³ X\n¡pw Ignªncps¶¦n F¶v
inh{]kmZv IcpXmdp­v. Ah\v FÃmap­v, A½bp­v, AÑ\p­v, kt´mjapÅ PohnXap­v
\à Adnhp­v, ss[cyhpap­v Fs¶Ãmw inh{]kmZv BtemNn¡p¶p. X\n¡pw henb hoSpw
t]cptI« AÑ\½amcpw Ds­¦nepw Imensâ kzm[o\¡pdhpw kvss{XWXbpw A]IÀjXbmbn
inh{]kmZns\ ]nSnIqSnbn«p­v.

inh{]kmZnsâ A½sb¡pdn¨v IYmImcn \ÂIp¶ Nn{Xsa´v

\m«nte¡p aS§nt¸mIm³ CjvSanÃm¯ Hcmfmbncp¶p inh{]kmZnsâ A½. AÑ\pambn
Ft¸mgpw hg¡mbncp¶p. Ft¸mgpw kmlnXy kt½f\§fnepw aäpambn kabw Ign¨ncp¶ BfmWv
AhÀ. Ip«n¡me apXÂt¡ Ah³ A½sb FhntSs¡¦nepw ]pds¸Sp¶Xmbnt«m
aS§p¶Xmbnt«m HmÀ¡m³ IgnRvRncp¶pÅq. A½ Zqtc¡v ]pds¸Sms\mcp§pt¼mtg¡pw Ah³
XSbm³ {ian¡pw A½¡v ]t£ AXv ]cnKWn¡m³ IgnbmdnÃ. inh{]kmZns\ Dfvf kabw
sh¨v kvt \ln¡m\pw ]cnKWn¡m\pw AhÀ {ian¡mdp­v ]t£, X\n¡pth­n FÃmw
kaÀ¸n¡p¶ Hcp A½sbbmWv inh{]kmZv B{Kln¨Xv.

hÀKoknsâ A½tbmSv inh{]kmZn\v CjvSw tXm¶m³ ImcWsa´v

hÀKoknsâ A½bnemWv inh{]kmZw kz´w A½sb Is­¯p¶Xv. AhcpsS ]cp¯ kzchpw
t\cwt]m¡pIÄ ]dbpt¼mgpÅ BwKy§fpw Ipep§ns¡m­pÅ s]m«n¨ncnbpw Ah\njvSamWv.
AhÀ ho«nep­m¡p¶ ]elmc§Ä hfsc kzmZpÅXmbncp¶p. Hmetaª ho«nemsW¦nepw
kvt\lapÅ AhcpsS {]IrXhpw P·Zn\w HmÀ¯psh¨v k½m\w \evIp¶XnepÅ kua\kyhpw
inh{]kmZnsâ I®pIÄ \\bn¡p¶p.

Rm\nsXÃm shdp¡p¶p F¶v inh{]kmZn\v tXm¶m³ ImcWsa´v

CSbv¡nS¡v dqan Ibdn I®mSnbn t\m¡n Rm\nsXÃmw shdp¡p¶p F¶v inh{]kmZv
]dªpsIm­ncn¡pw. Cu Pohns¯bpw Ah\v shdp¸mWv. Xs¶ kpµcn F¶p hnfn¡p¶Xpw
Bcpw ]pcpj\mbn AwKoIcn¡m¯Xpw Ah\v hnjaamIp¶p­v. F¶m B hnjaw ImWm\
BÀ¡pw Ignbp¶nÃ. IYbpsS Ahkm\¯n hoSnsâ ]n³hmXneneqsSbmWv Ah³ AIt¯¡v
Ibdp¶Xv. apdnbnse¯nb DSs\ I®mSn Ah³ FdnªpS¡p¶p. Ahsâ GI B{ibhpw
N§mXnbpambncp¶ B I®mSnbpw Ah³ shdp¯pIgnªncp¶p.
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4. H.-hn. hnP-b³
Imäp ]dª IY
aebmf¯nse {]apJ t\mhenkväpw sNdpIYmIr¯pw BWv H hn hnPb³. C´y apgph³
Adnbs¸Sp¶ ImÀ«qWnÌpw ]{X{]hÀ¯I\pw cmjv{Sob Nn´I\pw Bbncp¶p. 1030  ]me¡mSv
P\n¨p. it¦gvkv ho¡nen, t]{Snbäv Zn\]{Xw F¶nhbn tPmensNbvXp. Jkm¡nsâ CXnlmkw
F¶ t\mh aebmf¯nse Gähpw {]kn²amb t\mhepIfnsem¶mWv . [Àa]pcmWw,
KpcpkmKcw, a[pcw KmbXn, XeapdIÄ, {]hmNIsâ hgn F¶nhbmWv {][m\ t\mhepIÄ.
[mcmfw sNdpIYIfpw teJ\§fpw {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«n«p­v. IYIfpw t\mhepIfpw Cw¥ojnte¡
hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p. KpcpkmKc¯n\v 1990  tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImchpw
tI{µkmlnXyA¡mZan ]pckvImchpw 1991 Â hbemÀ AhmÀUpw e`n¨p.
B[p\nI aebmf sNdpIYbpsS ià\mb hàmhmWv H hn hnPb³. Idp¯ lmkyw,
timImßIamb ZmÀi\nIX, cmjv{Sob t_m[w F¶nhbmWv hnPb³ IYIfpsS {]tXyIXIÄ.
ImÀ«qWn\p kam\amb an\n¡YIfS¡w B[p\nIXbpsS cq]]chpw `mh]chpamb FÃm
sshhn[y§fpw hnPb³ IYIfn ImWmw. AÇoeX F¶v Btcm]n¡s¸« Xpd¶ ssewKnI
hÀW\IÄ apXÂ `mcXobamb B[ymßIXbpsS k¯ hln¡p¶ ZmÀi\nI IYIÄ hsc
At±lw FgpXn. IS¯oc¯v, Imäp ]dª IY, sNdp{]mWnIÄ XpS§nbh {]kn² IYIfmWv.
B[p\nIXbpsS hcthmsS inYneambnt¸mb aebmfnIfpsS IpSpw_kwhn[m\§fpw
_Ô§fpamWv ZmÀi\nIamb Bgt¯msS Xsâ ]e sNdpIYIfnepw hnPb³ hc¨n«Xv.
]me¡mS³ {Kma§fn \n¶v C´ybnepw hntZi¯papÅ h³ \Kc§fnte¡v IpSntbäw \S¯nb
A`ykvXhnZycmb aebmfnIÄ t\cnSp¶ kzXz{]XnkÔnIfmWv ]e IYIfpsSbpw {]tabw.
`mcXobamb Bßobt_m[hpw ]mÝmXy³ \mKcnIXbpw Gäpap«p¶ B[p\nIXbpsS kzm`mhnI
{]XnkÔnsb hfsc iàambn Cu IYIfn hnPb³ {]Xn]mZn¨p. ]et¸mgpw Cu
kwL«\§fn hnPbn¨Xv BßobXbpsS kzXzwXs¶bmbncp¶p. Cu hkvXpXbv¡v Gähpw
\Ã DZmlcWamWv "Imäp]dª IY'. 1989 Â CtX t]cnepÅ kamlmc¯nemWv Cu IY
{]kn²oIcn¡s¸«Xv.
Atacn¡bnse Ìm³t^mÀUv kÀhIemimebn ]Tn¨v C´ybnepw hntZi¯pw [mcmfw
bm{XsN¿p¶ sX¿p®n Xsâ P·\m«nte¡v aq¶mas¯ h«w hcpt¼mgpÅ HmÀaIfneqsSbmWv
IY hnIkn¡p¶Xv. I©nt¡mSv F¶ ]me¡mS³ {Kma¯n GIm´hmkw \bn¡p¶ G«s\
ImWm\mWv Cu hchv. ap¼v AÑsâ acWkab¯pw G«\v AkpJambncp¶t¸mgpw h¶ncp¶p.
G«\pw sX¿p®nsbt¸mse hntZi¯v tPmensNbvXncp¶ BfmWv. ]t£, hncan¨tijw
P·\m«nte¡v Xncn¨ph¶v Hcp Ip{Kma¯n k\ymknsbt¸mse Pohn¡pIbmbncp¶p. \Kc¯nsâ
Xnc¡p]nSn¨ PohnX¯n \n¶v {Kmahnip²nbnte¡pÅ amäamWv IYbpsS {][m\ kqN\sb¦nepw
a\pjy_Ô§sf B[p\nIX F{X AIän¡fªpsh¶pw `mcXobamb ZmÀi\nIt_m[§Ä¡v
Ahsb F{X Xncns¨Sp¡m\mIpsa¶pw Cu IY hywKyambn kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
tNmZy§Ä
]¯p hÀj¯n\ptijapÅ Xsâ c­ms¯ bm{Xbn sX¿p®n A\p`hn¨ hyXykvXXIÄ
Fs´Ãmw
BZys¯ {]mhiyw tImb¼¯qÀ hgn hnam\¯nemWv sX¿p®n h¶Xv. A¶v SmIvkn¡mct\mSv
]niIpIbpw hg¡nSpIbpw sNbvX tijamWv I©nt¡mt«¡p h¶Xv. C{]mhiyamIs«
t_mws_bn \n¶v skIâ v ¢mÊv ss{S\n Sn¡säSp¯v km[mcW¡mcs\t¸msebmWv h¶Xv.
\à £abpw kulmÀ±hpapÅ Po¸v ss{Uhsdbpw Iq«n\p In«n. Po¸n\pt]mepw IjvSs¸«p
t]mImhp¶ Ip­n\nShgnbneqsSbmbncp¶p bm{X. hgnbnse ImSpIsfms¡ A{]Xy£ambncp¶p.
acw sh«n ImSp \mSmbn amdn. Xsâ \nc´c k©mc¯n\nSbn Hcn¡epw A\p`hn¡m¯
kpJhpw ImgvNbpw B bm{Xbn sX¿p®n A\p`hn¡p¶p. AXphsc tIÄ¡m¯ i_vZ§Ä
tIÄ¡p¶p.

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sX¿p®nbpsS `mcybmb ^o_nsb hnPb³ hc¨nSp¶sX§s\
Ìm³t^mÀUv kÀhIemimebn sX¿p®nbpsS kl]mTnbmbncp¶ Atacn¡¡mbmWv ^o_n.
Atacn¡³ kwkvImc¯nse \·IÄ Ahfn sX¿p®n I­p. kzX{´yambn CSs]Sm\pw
kzImcyX am\n¡m\papÅ c­v KpW§Ä AhÄ {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶p. Xs¶ hnhmlwIgn¡m³
B{Kln¡p¶p F¶v DZym\¯n h¨v BenwK\w sNbvXpsIm­v AhÄ Xpd¶p]dbpIbmbncp¶p.
kvt\lw ]gIn¡gnªXn\m ]ncnbmsa¶ B{Klhpw AhÄ AtX kzmX{´yt¯msSbmWv
sX¿p®nsb Adnbn¨Xv. \m«n tZhIn F¶ s]¬Ip«nsb AbmÄ¡mbn amXm]nXm¡Ä
\nÝbn¨psh¨ncps¶¦nepw Atacn¡³ s]¬Ip«nsb hnhmlwIgn¡m³ AbmÄ
Xocpam\n¡pIbmbncp¶p. hnhml¯n\ptijw Ahsf Xdhm«n Xmakn¸n¡msa¶ hm¡p
]men¡m³ sX¿p®n¡v IgnªXpanÃ.

""Aѳ F§\ncp¶XmsW¶v s\W¡v HmÀabpt­m? B XSn¡v hbÊmhWq'' BcpsS

hm¡pIÄ, kµÀ`sa´v?
sX¿p®ntbmSv A½ ]dbp¶ hm¡pIfmWnXv . Xm³ ^o_nsb hnhmlw Ign¡m³
Xocpam\n¨psh¶ hnhcw ho«n Adnbn¨t¸mÄ Atacn¡¡mcn¡v Cu ]gb XdhmSns\
CjvSamIptam F¶mbncp¶p A½bpsS B[n. ]t£, AhÀ XdhmSn XmaÊn¡pIbnà F¶
Adnhv AÑ\p­mbncp¶p. At±lw AXv {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. FhnsS Xmakn¨mepw Cu
Xdhm«nte¡v Ahsf sIm­phcpsa¶v sX¿p®n amXm]nXm¡Ä¡v hm¡psImSp¯p. A½bpsS
I®pIÄ \ndªp. FhnsSbmbmepw AÑs\ t\m¡ptam F¶mbncp¶p A½bpsS ASp¯ tNmZyw.
AÑs\ hbÊpIme¯v t\m¡m³ {]m]vXnbpÅ Hcp acpaIsfbmbncp¶p A½ B{Kln¨ncp¶Xv.
AI¶ NmÀ¨¡mcnbpw IÀjI]p{Xnbpamb tZhIn F¶ hm¡nsâ AÀYw sX¿p®n¡v
t_m[yamIp¶Xv ^o_n Xs¶ ssIhn«Xn\p tijamWv.

sX¿p®nbpsS G«sâ ]n³Ime PnhnXw F§s\bpÅXmbncp¶p

sX¿p®nbpsS G«³ \yq¢nbÀ ^nknknämbncp¶p. PohnXImew apgph³ \m«n \n¶p AI¶p
\n¶ AbmÄ \nXytcmKnbmb `mcybpsS acW¯n\ptijw tPmen cmPnsh¨v ]me¡m«nse
ae{¼tZit¯¡v Xmakw amäm³ \nÝbn¨Xv. B Xocpam\s¯ sX¿p®n FXnÀ¯p. ]¯phÀjw
tPmenImew _m¡nbncn¡p¶ Hcp imkv{XÚ³ ]penbpw Im«p]¶nbpw ieys¸Sp¶ Im«nÂ
Xmakn¡p¶sX´n\msW¶ sX¿p®nbpsS tNmZy¯n\v G«³ C§s\ adp]Sn \ÂIn
""kaql¯n\pw IpSpw_¯n\pw Xncn¨psImSp¡m\pÅ IS§Ä Hmtcmcp¯À¡pap­v. B IS§Ä
Fsâ {]m]vXn¡\pkrXambn Rm³ ho«n¡gnsª¶p tXm¶p¶p. C\n F\n¡v aäp Nne
IS¸mSpIfp­v. AXv sImSp¯p Xocm\mWv Rm³ Cu aebSnhmc¯v Xmhfw tXSp¶Xv..."". sX§pw
ac§fpw IrjnbpapÅ ct­¡À Øe¯v sNdnsbmcp hoSp ]WnXv s]m¶pkzmansb¶ B{inXs\
AcnsI Xmakn¸n¨v GIm´PohnXw \bn¡pIbmWv G«³ sNbvXXv. hntZi¯pÅ kz´w aI³
{ioIpamcs\t¸mepw AbmÄ Xsâ hyànPohnXhpambn _Ôn¸n¨nÃ.

""XkvIcs\ hmÂaoInbm¡nb G«sâ IcpW B Imän \ndªp'' sX¿p®nbpsS G«³

ImWn¨ ]mXbmWv hnPbsâ IYbpsS icnbmb s]mcpÄ F¶v Cu hmIyw kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
icntbm
XymKw, kaNn¯X, hncàn XpS§nb Bßob aqey§fpsS s]mcpfnte¡mWv sX¿p®n
bYmÀY¯n bm{XbmIp¶Xv. c­mas¯ bm{Xbn sX¿p®n¡v Xm³ kzoIcn¨ h­nbpw
AXnse ss{UhÀ t]mepw kzbtah hncànbpsSbpw kl\¯nsâbpw ]mX kzoIcn¨Xmbn
tXm¶p¶p. ho«n Ių IS¡pIntà F¶ sX¿p®nbpsS tNmZyt¯mSv G«³ {]XnIcn¡p¶Xv
s]m«n¨ncntbmsSbmWv. \mep shÅap­pw \mev taÂap­pw c­p tXmÀ¯pw Iptd a¬Itemw
am{Xw DÅ ho«n Ių IS¡nÃtÃm. Ių kztX im´\mWv, \½psS Zpcm{Kl§fmWv
Ahs\s¡m­v tamjWw \S¯n¡p¶Xv F¶ XXzhpw G«³ ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. kIe B{Kl§fnÂ

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\n¶pw hnapàcmIp¶hÀt¡ PohnXkuJyap­mhq F¶ _u²Nn´bnte¡mWv Cu XXzw
\s½ \bn¡p¶Xv. G«³ acWtijw Xsâ hoSpw ]d¼pw Xsâ GI AbÂhmknbmb
s]m¶pkzman¡v \ÂIp¶Xv kzoIcn¡m³ t]mepw BZyL«¯n s]m¶pkzman X¿mdmIm¯Xv
sX¿p®nsb AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶p. ths­¶psh¡m\pÅ t_m[w B{Kl§fn \n¶v \s½
XSbpw F¶Xn\v DZmlcWamWv s]m¶pkzman.
5. sI.-BÀ aoc
HmÀ½-bps-S Rc¼v
aebmf¯nse {]apJ s]s®gp¯pImcn. 1970  sImÃw PnÃbn P\n¨p. sNdpIYbpw t\mhep
Xnc¡Ybpw FgpXnbn«p­v. ]{X{]hÀ¯IbpamWv. BcmNmÀ F¶ t\mh hbemÀ AhmÀUp
t\Sn. Bth adnb, tamlaª, F¶nh {][m\ IYIÄ. Htc ISÂ F¶ Xnc¡YbpsS cN\bnepw
]¦mfnbmbn.
Xsâ kmlnXytemIs¯ Ipdn¨v HmÀaIÄ \in¨pt]mb Hcp hr² ]pXnb Xeapdbnse
Hscgp¯pImcntbmSv kwkmcn¡p¶XmWv IY. kv{XobpsS HmÀaIÄ ]pcpjs\ `bs¸Sp¯p¶p.
AhÄ¡pta A[oiXzw Øm]n¡m³ Ah³ sN¿p¶Xv AhfpsS HmÀaIsf \ntj[n¡pI
F¶XmWv. hr²bmb Fgp¯pImcnbpsS HmÀabpsS Rc¼v s]m«nt¸mbncn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ
bphXnbmb Fgp¯pImcn B Rc¼v sXcbpIbmWv.

hr²bpsS cq]`mh§Ä Fgp¯pImcn hnhcn¡p¶sX§s\

Xpcp¼p]nSn¨ hnPmKncnIÄ CfIp¶Xpt]msebmWv AhcpsS i_vZw. Np¡n¨pfnª Igp¯nÂ
hbeäv \ndapÅ Rc¼v shÃphnfnt]mse DbÀ¶p\n¶ncp¶p. Xetbm«n ]pd¯pImWpwhn[w
apSnsbÃmw sImgnªncn¡p¶p. Nne hm¡pIÄ D¨cn¡pt¼mÄ Xsâ sh¸p]Ãv ]pdt¯¡v XÅpw.
t\À¯ Nph¶ Icb³ ap­pw t\tcyXpamWv AhÀ [cn¨ncp¶Xv. shÅ »ukv ]g¡wsIm­v
s]mSnªncp¶p. BsI¡qSn PohnX¯n\v th­mXmbn¡gnªncp¶ Hcp kv{Xobmbncp¶p AXv.
adhntcmKw _m[n¨ncp¶Xn\m s]mXp IpSpw_m´co£¯nte¡pw AhÀ¡v IS¡m³ ]änbnÃ.

Xsâ BZy cN\sb¡pdn¨ hr²bpsS HmÀasb´v

kzmX{´y¯n\p ap¼v hÅt¯mÄ ]s¦Sp¯ Hcp kt½f\¯nemWv hr² BZyambn IhnX
AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. heyp½ma ]dªmWv IhnXsbgpXp¶Xv. AÂ]amsa§sf XpÑhmSnIfnepw,
IÂ]\m kpa§ÄX³ kuc`yw... F¶p XpS§p¶Xmbncp¶p IhnX. IhnX tI«v almIhn XebnÂ
ssIh¨v A\p{Kln¨p. kckzXn, km£m kckzXn F¶mWv At±lw A`n\µn¨Xv. B
A`nµ\hpw A\p{Khpw C¶pw hr² HmÀ¡p¶p.

`À¯mhns\¡pdn¨pÅ hr²bpsS kvacWIfn XpSn¡p¶sX´v

hÅt¯m ]s¦Sp¯ kt½f\¯n IhnX hmbn¨mWv At±lw hr²bn BIrjvS\mIp¶Xv.
A¶v AhcpsS {]mbw H¼Xv hbÊmbncp¶p. IhnX FgpXp¶ s]¬Ip«nsb IeymWw
Ign¡Wsa¶ B{Klw ho«n ]pInembn.. s]®mbm tNmdpw Idnbp sh¡m\pw s]dm\pw
BWv Adntb­Xv IhnXsbgpXm\Ã F¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ A½bpsS A`n{]mbw. ]n¶oSv
At±lw IaypWnÌv {]hÀ¯\w \S¯n Pbnenembn. a¡Ä¡v t]cn«Xpw At±lwXs¶. hr²¡v
CjvSamb t]cv kmlnXy\mbIcpsSXmbncp¶psh¦nepw cma³ F¶ ]pcmWtPXmhnsâ t]cmWv
`À¯mhv \nÀtZin¨Xv. At±lw ]n¶oSv Fw ]nbmbn. henb cmjv{Sob t\Xmhmbn. Xs¶
UÂlnbnte¡v sIm­pt]mIm³ Hcp§nbXmWv . ]t£, AOsâ Akv X n¯dbn Xncn
sImfp¯m\pw ]ip¡sf t\m¡m\pw Bfnsöp ]dªv A½ apS¡n. kv{XoIÄ IpSpw_§fnÂ
t\cnSp¶ AkzmX{´yhpw AhKW\bpamWv Cu HmÀaIfn Xpfp¼p¶Xv. kÀKmßIambpw
cmjv{ Sobambpw kv { XoIÄ¡pÅ Icp¯pIÄ ]pcpjsâbpw hoSnsâbpw \nÀ_Ô§fnÂ
Icnªpt]mIp¶Xn\v DZmlcWamWv hr²bpsS PohnXw.

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hr² FgpXnb aq¶p IYIÄ GsXÃmw. Ahb¡v hr²bpsS PohnXhpambpÅ _Ôsa´v
`À¯mhv Pbnenemb kab¯mWv BZy IY FgpXp¶Xv. kzmX{´ykac¯n\pth­n PbnenÂ
t]mIp¶ kv{Xosb¡pdn¨pÅXmbncp¶p B IY. Pbnen \n¶v hcpt¼mÄ `À¯mhns\ hmbn¨p
tIĸn¡m\mbn AhÀ B IY FSp¯psh¨p. F¶m AXv \S¶nÃ. UÂlnbnte¡v t]mIm\pÅ
Ahkcw \jvSs¸«t¸mgmWv c­mas¯ IY FgpXnbXv. Hcp kmlnXyImcnsb¡pdn¨pÅ
IYbmbncp¶p AXv . AhÄ IYsbgpXn BWp§fpsS t]cv sh¨v ]{XamknIIfnte¡v
Ab¨psImSp¡p¶p. IY {]kn²ambn. k½m\w t\Sn. BfpIÄ At\zjn¨p ho«nse¯p¶p.
hnhcadnª `À¯mhv AXv Xm³ FgpXnbXmsW¶v ]dªv AwKoImcw t\Sp¶p. aq¶mas¯
IYbpsS t]cv ZpÀacWw F¶mbncp¶p. Ipcp¡nSpt¼mÄ Igp¯nse HmÀabnse Rc¼nÂ
Ipcp¡Wsa¶p am{XamWv AhÀ AXns\¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶Xv. ""Rc¼p sXäcpXv, sXänbmÂ
HmÀat]mIpw''. AhÀ \S¯nb Hcp BßlXym{ias¯¡pdn¨pÅ kqN\ B hmIy¯nep­v.
kzmX{´y kac¯n ]s¦Sp¡m\pw IYsbgp¯pImcnbmIm\pw DÅ Hcp kv { XobpsS
B{Kl§fmWv AhcpsS BZys¯ c­p IYIfpw. Ah ]t£, ]pcpjm[njvTnX IpSpw_LS\bnÂ
km[yamIp¶XÃ. F{X ]ptcmKa\hmZnIfmb IpSpw_ambmepw kv{XotbmSpÅ kao]\¯nÂ
amäanà F¶v Cu IY kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

Fgp¯pImcnbmb s]¬Ip«nbpw hr²bpw X½nepÅ kam\XIsfs´Ãmw

Imew F{X amdnbmepw kÀKmßIXIfpÅ s]®nsâ PohnXw ]pcpjm[n]Xy¯n\p
IognemsW¶v Cu IY hyàam¡p¶p. hr²tbmSv tNmZy§Ä tNmZn¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ
hnbÀ¯t¸mÄ cmhnse koa´tcJbnen« knµqcw hmÀ¶phogp¶ Hcp cwKw IYbnep­v. AXv
Hcp XpÅn càwt]mse ssIhncensem«n \net¯¡v hoWp acn¡p¶p. IYbnse bphXnbmb
s]¬Ip«n¡pw hr²bptSXpt]msebpÅ A\p`h§fmWpÅXv. AtXmÀ¡m³ ]t£ AhÄ
CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. `À¯mhv A[nImct¯msS F´mWv Xncbp¶Xv F¶p tNmZn¡pt¼mÄ AhÄ
]dbp¶ D¯cw HmÀabpsS Rc¼v F¶mWv.

6. hn.-BÀ. kp[ojv
A-hÄ Hcp Ip«n Bbn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ
1961 Â P\\w. {Iqc^enX¡mc³ ssZhw, IY]dbpw IYama³, ssZh¯n\v Hcp ]qhv,
tNmeac¸mXIÄ, kzmX{´y¯n\p hbÊmIp¶p F¶nh {][m\ IYIÄ.
hÀ¯am\ Ime¯v hymP{]Wb§fpsS Nq­en Ipcp§n PohnXw Ahkm\n¸nt¡­nhcp¶
\njvIf¦ Iuamc§sfbmWv Cu IYbn hn BÀ kp[ojv hc¨pIm«p¶Xv. BßlXy sNbvX
Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb sSet^m¬ _q¯nse a[yhbkvI³ HmÀ¡p¶XmbmWv IY
sSet^m¬ _q¯nse¯p¶ s]¬Ip«nsb¡pdn¨ _q¯nse a[yhbkvIsâ HmÀaIsfs´Ãmw
BßlXy sNbvX Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb sSet^m¬ _q¯nse a[yhbkvI³ HmÀ¡p¶XmbmWv
IY Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. AhfpsS t]cv AbmÄ¡dnbnÃ. Po]v ss{Uhdmbncp¶ Ime¯v kvIqfnÂ
t]mbncp¶ Ip«nbmb Ahsf I­ HmÀa am{Xap­v. sSet^m¬ _q¯nse Øncw IÌadmbncp¶p
AhÄ. tImtfPv hnZymÀYn\nbmWv. tem¡Â tImÄ hnfn¨v 24 cq]hsc t]mIpsa¦nepw AXymhiy
hnfn¡mÀ h¶m t]mepw Ahsf AbmÄ ieys¸Sp¯mdnÃ. F¶pw Htc \¼dnte¡mWv AhÄ
hnfn¡mdv. ]et¸mgpw hnbÀ¯v hnhibmbmWv AhÄ Iym_n\n \n¶v ]pdt¯¡v hcnI, Nnet¸mÄ
AS¡n¸nSn¨ NncntbmsSbpw. HcpXhW {`m´ambn Ahsft´m ]pe¼p¶Xpw asämcp Znhkw
Icbp¶Xpw AbmÄ I­n«p­v. ASp¯ XhW D¨Ignªv h¶ AhÄ Hcp aWn¡qtdmfw
kwkmcn¨p. adphi¯v BcmsW¶dnbm\pÅ BImw£bm At\zjn¨t¸mgmWv sSet^m¬
_q¯nsâ adphi¯pÅ ISbnte¡mWv AhÄ hnfn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶Xv F¶v a\ÊnembXv.
AhnsS t\cn«v t]mbm t]msc F¶v ]n¶oSbmÄ tNmZn¨t¸mÄ Ahfm _q¯nte¡pÅ hchv
\ndp¯n.

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B s]¬Ip«n¡v F´mWv kw`hn¨Xv
]n¶oSv Hcp Znhkw A¸pds¯ hoUntbm tjm¸v \S¯p¶ Po³kn« sNdp¸¡mcsâ
ss_¡n\cnsI Ahsf I­p. Ipd¨p Znhk§Ä¡p tijw caym sSIvssÌÂknse skbnÂkv
tKÄ an\nbmWv B s]¬Ip«n BßlXysNbvX hnhcw ]dªXv. ]{X¯n AXv henb
hmÀ¯bmbncp¶phs{X. AbmÄ AXv I­ncp¶nÃ. acn¨ Znhkw Dulns¨Sp¯v AbmÄ ]{Xw
Xncªpt\m¡n. ImapInsb Igp¯p sRcn¨v sIm¶ ImapInbpsSbpw Xoh­n¡Snbn NnXdnb
s]¬Ip«nbpsSbpw hmÀ¯Itf I­XpÅq. t]cdnbm¯Xn\m AXnteXmWv Ahsf¶p
a\ÊnembnÃ.

AbmÄ ]n¶oSv s]¬Ip«nIÄ hnfn¨ \¼À t\m¡mXncn¡m³ ImcWsa´mImw

acWs¸« s]¬Ip«nsb¡pdn¨pÅ hmÀ¯ hmbn¨psIm­ncns¡ s]s«¶v Hcp s]¬Ip«n
_q¯nte¡v Ibdnhcp¶Xv I­ AbmÄ ]{Xw aS¡nsh¨p. sXm«Sp¯ sI«nS¯nse hoUntbm
tjm¸nsâ \¼dnte¡pXs¶bmWv Ahfpw hnfn¨Xv . Iym_n\I¯v AhÄ BËmZn¨p
Xpfp¼p¶XpI­ AbmÄ Aednhnfn¨p. AhÄ t]Sn¨v \mWb¯p«pIÄ
tai¸pdt¯s¡dnªpsImSp¯v Cd§ntbmSn. AbmÄ¡v s\©pthZ\ tXm¶n. ]n¶oSv
_q¯nte¡ Ibdnh¶ s]¬Ip«n Id¡nb \¼À AbmÄ t\m¡nbtXbnÃ.

7. inlm-_p-±o³ s]mbv¯pw-I-Shv
c­v Ftf-¸-amÀ
IYbn PohnX¯nsâ t\mhpw `mhhpw sIm­ph¶ B[p\nIm\´c IYmImcn {]apJ\mWv
inlm_p±o³ s]mbv¯pwIShv. 1963  I®qÀ PnÃbn P\n¨p. sXcsªSp¯ IYIÄ¡v tIcf
kmlnXy A¡mZan ]pckvImcw e`n¨p. BÀ¡pw th­m¯ Hcp I®v, CuÀ¨, aªpImew,
IYm]m{Xw ho«papä¯v , I¯p¶ XebnW F¶nh {][m\ cN\IÄ. IhnXIfpw
A\p`h¡pdn¸pIfpw FgpXnbn«p­v.

hoSns\¡pdn¨pÅ _mlnknsâ HmÀaIsfs´Ãmw

]m¼³ ]pg¡¡scbmbncp¶p IYbnse \mbIsâ hoSv. Hcn¡epw In«m¯ kvt\ls¯
At\zjn¨ns«¶t]mse hf]«Ww ]qgbpsS ssIhgnbnsehnsStbm h¨v AeªpXncnªv
A\mYambnt¸mb hoXnIpdª Hcp ]pg. thWsa¦n tXmsS¶pw ]dbmw. thentbähpw
thenbnd¡hpw a¬I«sIm­p­m¡nb B hoSnsâ apäwhsc F¯pw. tXm«nte¡v Nmªp\n¶
sX§pIfn \n¶v hogp¶ DW§nb tX§IÄ thentbäw sIm­pt]mIpw. ]Icw Hcp
s]m§pactam Noª Hmetbm DW§nb hndIpItfm Xncn¨psIm­pXcpw.

^mIvSdnsb¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdns¸gpXpI

]pg¡¡sc B hoSn\`napJambn hensbmcp ^mIvSdnbp­mbncp¶p. F´mWv AhnsS
DÂ]mZn¸n¨ncp¶sXt¶m F¶mWv B ^mIvSdn XpS§nbsXt¶m AS¨p]q«nbsXt¶m AdnbnÃ.
IYm\mbI\mb _mlnknsâ HmÀabpsS I®pXpd¡pt¼mtf B Iqä³ I¼\n ImSp ]nSn¨v
InS¶ncp¶p. _mlnkpw A\pP³ laoZpw AXn\Sps¯¯pt¼mÄ t]Sn¨v ]n³hm§n¡fbpw.
Iqä³ hnNn{XPohnt]mepÅ I¼\nsb]än ]e t{]XIYIfpw D­m¡n _mlnkv laoZns\
t]Sn¸n¡pw. Ah³ Dd¡¯n ]ehpcp Aednhnfn¨p Icªn«p­v. imcocnIambn ZpÀ_e\mb
_mlnkv hg¡mfnbpw BtcmKyhm\pamb laoZns\ tXm¸n¡m³ Is­¯nb hgnbmWv Cu
IÅ¡YIÄ. ]Ien laoZnsâ aó ImbnItijnbn tXm¸n¡s¸Sp¶ _mlnkv cm{XnIfnse
Ahsâ \nehnfn¡pth­nbmWv Cu IÅ¡YIÄ ]S¨phn«Xv. ZpÀ_e\v Ibdn¡nS¡mhp¶
HcnSamWv Nnet¸mÄ IY F¶mWv IYmImc³ CXns\ hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. hfsc Ime§Ä¡p

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tijamWv _mlnkn\v a\ÊnembXv , AsXmcp km[mcW ^mIv S dnbmbncp¶psh¶v .
em`sam¶panÃmXncp¶ Ime¯v c­p ktlmZc§Ä B I¼\n GsäSp¯p. Ønc ]cn{iawsIm­v
I¼\n ]¨]nSn¨p. tImSoizc·mcmb AhcpsS a¡Ä X½n XÃn. AXnsemcmÄ
^mIvSdn¡I¯psh¨v Ipt¯äv acn¨p. AtXmsS Hcp {]iv\_m[nX {]tZiambn BfpIÄ AXns\
ImWm³ XpS§n. b{´w \ne¨p. Bsc¦nepw {]iv\w XoÀ¡pw F¶pIcpXn Im¯ncn¡pw
t]msebmWv ^mIvSdn. Bcpat§m«v Xncnªpt\m¡mXmbn.

BscÃmamWv c­v Ffm¸amÀ. ImZsdfm¸ KÄ^n t]mbsX§s\

DS¸nd¸v F¶p]dbm³ _mlnknsâ D¸m¡v Hcp s]§sfÃmsX aämcpanÃ. ]ns¶ ho«n hcp¶Xv
c­v Ftf¸amcmWv. D¸msâ A\pPs\bmWv Ftf¸ F¶v km[mcWbmbn hnfn¡mdpÅsX¦nepw
c­pt]cpw hfsc AI¶ a¨pWnb·mÀ am{Xambncp¶p. ]t£, D¸m¡v aäp
_Ôp¡sfm¶panÃm¯Xn\m B iq\yXnbnte¡v Ip«nIÄ Chsc Ffm¸amcmbn
{]XnjvTn¡pIbmbncp¶p. sambvXos\fm¸bpw ImZÀ Ffm¸bpw. HcmÄ H¶mw ¢mÊnepw atäbmÄ
A©nepw ]Tn¸p \ndp¯n. tXm«ph¡¯ncp¶v hmintbmsS Xmbw Ifn¡pIIbmWv c­mfpsSbpw
{][m\ ]Wn. ImZsdfm¸m¡v ]´bwsh¨v Ifn¡m\mWv B{Klsa¦nepw AXn\pam{Xw ]Wsam¶pw
ssIbnenÃ. sambvXos\fm¸ IÅ¡fn Ifn¡psa¦nepw Ft¸mgpw Pbn¡p¶Xv ImZsdfm¸bmWv.
IfnIgnªv £oWn¨v hcpt¼mÄ sNdnsbmcp In®¯n ]¨cn¡ªnbn tX§ Nnchnbn«v hneyp½
c­pt]À¡pw sImSp¡pw. tdj³ jm¸nse ]¨cnbmWv A¶v GI B{ibw. C§s\ Ifn¨v t\cw
IfbmsX hà ]Wn¡pw t]mbv¡ qsS F¶v heyp½ Ahsc imkn¡pw. \½psS \m«nÂ
]Wnbnsöpw IÅ tem©n\v t]Àjybnse¯Wsa¶pw BWv sambvXo³ Ffm¸bpsS B{Klw.
B{Klwt]mse At±lw IÅtem©n Ibdn t]Àjybnse¯n. t]mIpwap¼v _mlnknsâ D¸sb
sI«n¸nSn¨v Icªp. JmZsdfm¸mbpsS tPmen¡mcywIqSn {i²n¡Wsa¶v D¸ HmÀan¸n¨p.

\n§sfms¡ F´m hnNmcn¨Xv aS¡c _kmdnte¡Ã Hm³ t]mbXv. _ldnsâ A¡scbm þ

BcpsS hmIyamWnXv, kµÀ`sa´v.
t]Àjybntes¡¶p ]dªv t]mbn amk§fmbn«pw sambvXos\fm¸bpsS hnhc§sfm¶pw
ImWmsX D¸ hnjan¨p. knwK]qcn I¨hSw sNbvXv ]W¡mc\mbn s]m¶nsâ ]Ãpsh¨ncp¶
]ó lmPn F¶ taanlmPntbmSv hnjaw ]dªt¸mÄ At±lw]dªXmWv Cu hmIy§Ä. Hcp
Znhkw D¸bpsS apdp¡m³ ISbnte¡v t]mÌpam³ Ipamtc«³ Ibdnh¶v sambvXo³ Ffm¸bpsS
Hcp I¯v \ÂIn. ho«nse¯nb DSs\ as®® hnf¡nsâ Nph«nencp¶v AhcXv hmbn¨p.
hnNn{Xamb Ìm¼pw kpKÔhpapÅ B I¯n _mlnkns\ ]änbpw FgpXnbn«p­v. At±¯n\v
tPmenbpÅ hnhcw IpSpw_¯n\v AtXmsS a\Ênembn. adp]Snbn ImZsdfm¸msb
sIm­pt]mIp¶ Imcyw D¸ HmÀan¸n¨p. DSs\ icnbmIpw F¶ ]ÃhnbmWv XpSÀ¶pÅ FÃm
I¯pIfpap­mbncp¶Xv. ImZsdfm¸ BtcmSpw ]dbmsX HcpZn\w \mSphn«p. t_mws_bnse¯n
tem©ptIdm³ {ian¡p¶Xmbn hnhchpw In«n. ]pg¡cbnse D¨qfn (Xmbw Ifn¡p¶ ]eI)
AtXmsS A\mYambn.

ImZsdfm¸sb¡pdn¨ _mlnknsâ HmÀaIsfs´Ãmw

_mlnkv ]¯mw¢mÊn F¯nb kab¯v D¸msâ ]oSnI¡p ap¼n Hcp emw_{S Hmt«mdnXv£
h¶p\n¶p. AXn \n¶nd§nb BsfI­v D¸m¡v hnizkn¡m\mbnÃ. BfmsI XSn¨ncn¡p¶p.
ImepIÄ Akmam\yambn shfp¯ncn¡p¶p. sambvXos\fm¸bmWv. Ahkm\ambn Ab¨ I¯nÂ
ht¶¡pw Ft¶ D­mbncp¶pÅq. Ccphcpw ]ckv]cw Gsdt\cw H¶pw ]dbmsX ]pWÀ¶p\n¶p.
A¶v D¸ ]oSnI t\cs¯ AS¨p. AhcpsS a¬I«hoSn\pap¶n Xq¡nb as®® hnf¡n\p
ap¶n {]tXyIw C«psImSp¯ Itkcbnencp¶v KÄ^nse hÀ¯am\§Ä ]dªp. AhnSs¯
NqSv, XWp¸v, Ad_nIfpsS kvt\lw, Is®¯m¯ acp`qan, Np« aW¡mäSn¡pt¼Ä ]gp¡p¶
Cu¯¸gw, tJmÀ^p¡m³ Ip¶n\cnIn ]t¯amcn Cd§nbt¸mÄ OÀ±n¨p hiw sI«Xv, tem©v

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ISen adnªv \m¸tXmfw t]À acn¨Xv ..... AIs¯ InfnhmXnen\p ]ndIn _mlnkv
IuXpIt¯msS FÃmw tIÄ¡p¶p­mbncp¶p. _mlnkns\ hnfn¨v \qdnsâ t\m«v t]m¡änen«v
Ffm¸ ]dªp "" \¶mbn ]Tn¡Ww, ]Xns\«mbm ]mkvt¸mÀ«v FSp¡Ww, Cu \m«nÂ
Npän¯ncnªn«v ImcyanÃ'' CXp tI«t¸mÄ _mlnknsâ a\Ên Bbncw XmacIÄ hnSÀ¶p
F¶mWv IYmIr¯v ]dbp¶Xv . JmZsdfm¸tbmSv Im¯ncn¡m³ ]dªXv \Ã hnk
In«m\mbncps¶¶pw Ct¸mfh³ Zp_mbnsehnsStbm Ds­¶pw IjvS¸mSmsW¶pw sambvXos\fm¸
]n¶osSgpXnb I¯n D­mbncp¶p. sambnXos\fm¸¡nt¸mÄ I¸enemWv tPmen. hÃt¸mgpta
Xoc¯Wbq. AXn\m JmZdns\ At\zjn¡ms\m¯n«nÃ. \à \nebnemb sambvXos\fm¸ ]n¶oSv
hcpt¼msgms¡ _mlnkns\ KÄ^n sIm­pt]mhp¶ Imcyhpw D¸bpsS Zmcn{Zy¯n\v AdpXn
hcp¯p¶ Imcyhpw ]dbpsa¶ÃmsX Imcyamb klmbsam¶pw sNbvXnÃ.

A¯hW s]cp¶mÄ ]s£ Zpc´ ]cyhkmbnbmbn F¶v IYmIr¯v ]dbps¶sX´p sIm­v?

_mlnkn\pw XmsgbpÅ aq¶v A\pP·mÀ¡pw sambXos\fm¸ sImSp¯Xv Hä¯pWnbmbncp¶p.
I®³ takvXncn Xp¶nb Ip¸mbw henb ]cnlmk¯nepw ASn]nSnbnepw Ahkm\n¨p F¶mWv
IYmIr¯v ]dbp¶Xv. s]cp¶mÄ \nkvI mc¯n\v _mlnkpw A\pP·mcpw ]Ånbnte¡v
t]mIpt¼mtg ]´n tISv tXm¶nbmXmWv. \¯v kpsseam\mWv BZyw Ifnbm¡nbXv. apdp¡m³
IS a½qªn¡msâ (_mlnknsâ D¸bmWv a½qªn¡) anen«dn CXm hcp¶p. Htc bqWnt^mw.
s]cp¶mÄ \nkv¡mcw IgnªXpw _mlnkpw A\nb·mcpw ]e hgn¡v BWv aS§nbXv. F¶n«pw
A\pP³ laoZns\ _mlnkv ]eh«w I­pap«n. tZjyw kln¡ sh¿msX Ah³ Hscmä B«mWv.
\osb´n\m Rm³ t]mIp¶nSs¯ms¡ hcp¶Xv BfpIfv Ifnbm¡mWv Ahsâ ASnbnÂ
_mlnknsâ IhnÄ hoÀ¯p. H¶m´cw s]cp¶mÄ. CXmWv Zpc´]cyhkmbnbmb s]cp¶mÄ
F¶v IYmIr¯v ]dbp¶Xv.

ImZsdfm¸¡v ]n¶osS´v kw`hn¨p

\m«n ]e amä§fpw h¶p. DdIp¯nb ac¡mensâ XqWpIÄ Xm§n \n¡p¶ ]oSnIIÄ
t]mbn ]pXnb tIm¬{Ioäv sI«nS§Ä Hs¶m¶mbn AÛpXt¯msS {]thin¨p. Ipªn¸ÃpIÄ
Im«n¨ncn¡p¶ aªhbepIsf Poht\msS Ipgn¨p aqSn. _oUn sXdp¡p¶ sN­n¨n Al½Zpw
\¯p kpsseam\pw hsc KÄ^nte¡v ]d¶p. \mSnsâ kÀÆ amä§fn \n¶pw thdn«v H¶p
am{Xw amä§fnÃmsX \n¶p. D¸bpw D¸bpsS apdp¡m³ ISbpw. JmZsdfm¸sb ]än IYIÄ
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