IFTM UNIVERSITY

MORADABAD

Session : 2018-2019

Topic-.................................................

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 oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k ns'k esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd o

lkaL—frd vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA bu ifjorZuksa
us gekjs f'k{kkra= dks vR;f/kd çHkkfor fd;k gSA blh Øe esa
f'k{kd o Nk= dh Hkwfedk esa Hkh cnyko vkuk fuf'pr gSA vkt ls
yxHkx <kbZ n'kd iwoZ fo|kFkhZ ds Kku fiiklk dks tkxzr djus o
'kkar djus dk eq[; vk/kkj f'k{kd FkkA ml le; fo|kFkhZ v{kjh; ,oa
iqLrdh; Kku ds fy, f'k{kd ij fuHkZj gksrs FksA rRdkyhu le; esa
cgqr de fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl Vsyhohtu] jsfM;ks] lekpkji= ,oa
if=dk,a miyC/k gks ikrh FkhA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl dYiuk,] ftKklk,a
o ç'uksa dh Hkjekj gksrh Fkh] ysfdu mlds ikl lek/kku dk ,dek=
lzksr f'k{kd Fkk tks vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij mudh ftKklk dks
'kkar djrk FkkA ysfdu vkt f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk esa egRoiw.kZ
ifjorZu vk x;k gSA jk"Vªh; ikBîp;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 esa f'k{kd dh
cnyrh Hkwfedk dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk x;k gS& ^^mls vc rd Kku
ds lzksr ds :i esa dsaæh; LFkku feyrk jgk gS] og lh[kus&fl[kkus
dh lewph çfØ;k dk laj{kd vkSj çca/kd jgk gS vkSj ikBîp;kZ ;k vU;
foHkkxh; vkns'kksa ds tfj, lqiqnZ 'kS{kf.kd vkSj ç'kklfud
ftEesnkfj;ksa dks iwjk djus okyk jgk gSA vc mldh Hkwfedk Kku
ds lzksr ds cnys ,d lgk;d dh gksxh tks lwpuk dks Kku ;k cks/k
esa cnyus dh çfØ;k esa fofo/k mik;ksa ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks
muds 'kS{kf.kd y{;ksa dh iwfrZ esa enn djsA**

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds ç;ksx us f'k{kk

dh ijEijkxr ç.kkyh esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu yk fn;k gSA vkt f'k{kk esa
lwpuk lEçs"k.k rduhdh ds l'kä ek/;eks tSls jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu]
VsifjdkMZj] ohfM;ksfjdkMZj] VsyhQksu] eksckby] dEI;wVj]
lhMhjkse] mixzg laçs"k.k] bZ&esy] b.VjusV vkfn dk lh[kus dh
çfØ;k esa lQyrkiwoZd ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA f'k{kk ds çR;sd {ks=
o vax dks lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds ç;ksx us çHkkfor fd;k gS]
çkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk esa jsfM;ks] nwjn'kZu] VsifjdkMZj]
ohfM;ksfjdkMZj] vkfn dk f'k{k.k esa mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSaA
jsfM;ks rFkk nwjn'kZu ij fofHkUu fo"k;ks ds 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa
dk çlkj.k fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls lqnwj {ks=ks esa jg jgs yk[kks
fo|kFkhZ ?kj ij f'k{kk xzg.k dj jgs gSaA ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0] fnYyh
,oa ,l0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0 }kjk bl fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; ç;kl fd, x,
gSaA blds vfrfjä bu fo|ky;ksa esa dEI;wVj dk ç;ksx cPpksa dks
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh f'k{kk nsus] cPpksa dh mifLFkr] 'kqYd rFkk
Nk=o`fÙk dk C;kSjk j[kus esa ,oa ijh{k.k ç'uksa ds fuekZ.k esa
fd;k tk jgk gSA mPp f'k{kk esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds ç;ksx us
f'k{kk dh ijEijkxr ç.kkyh esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu yk fn;k gSA ;g f'k{kd
ds lokZf/kd ennxkj ds :i esa mHkjh gSA lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kd
dks vius Kku dks v|ru cuk, j[kus esa] ikB;kstuk rS;kj djus esa]
fo|kfFkZ;ks ds fofHkUu vfHkys[k cukus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
nsrh gSA vkt f'k{kd ikoj IokbUV çstsUVs'ku ds ek/;e ls
eYVhehfM;k dk ç;ksx d{kk f'k{k.k esa fo"k; oLrq dks :fpdj] lgt ,oa
lqxzká cukus esa dj jgk gSA blds vfrfjä fo}ku f'k{kdksa ds
O;k[;kuksa dks b.VjusV ds }kjk Nk=ks ds le{k çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS
ftlls lqnwj {ks=ks esa v/;;ujr Nk= Hkh fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds Kku ls
ifjfpr gks tkrk gSA foKku ,oa VsDuksy‚th ds vR;f/kd leqUur
lk/kuksa us O;fäxr thou rFkk O;kolkf;d thou nksuksa dks tfVy
cuk fn;k gSA d{kk/;kiu esa dEI;wVj] VsifjdkMZj ,oa vU;
bysDVªkfud lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus] gkMZos;j] l‚¶Vos;j dks
viukus tSls nkf;Ro c<+ x, gSaA blls f'k{kdksa esa u, dkS'ky ykus
dh vko';drk c<+ xbZ gSA vr,o f'k{kdksa ds çf'k{k.k esa bu
fcanqvksa dks 'kkfey fd, tkus dh t:jr gSA

,u0lh0Vh0bZ0 us f'k{kd çf'k{k.k ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ds :i

es lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dks Lohdkj fd;k vkSj blds fy, ,d lS)kfUrd
,oa ç;ksxkRed ?kVdksa ls ;qä ,d dk;ZØe cuk;k ftlds ek/;e ls
f'k{kd çf'k{k.kkFkhZ eYVhehfM;k ds ç;ksx ls ikB;kstuk rS;kj dj
ldrs gSa] vkwuykbu vkSj v‚Qykbu lzksrksa ls viuk nÙkdk;Z
¼,lkbuesaV½ cuk ldrs gSa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkys[k rS;kj dj
ldrs gSaA blds vykok lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kdksa dks lwpukvksa
ds uohuhdj.k esa] f'k{kd n{krk fodflr djus esa] u;h&u;h f'k{k.k
fof/k;ks ,oa ekMy dh tkudkjh çnku djus esa] funsZ'kkRed
rRoksa ds ç;ksx esa rFkk vuqla/kku n{krk fodflr djus esa lgk;rk
çnku djrk gSA f'k{kdksa dks lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk Kku çnku djus
ds fy, fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk ,dsMfed LVkQ dkystksa esa
lwpuk lapkj çkS|ksfxdh fo"k; ij fjÝs'kj dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd, tk jgs
gSaA lkFk gh lHkh vksfj;UVs'ku o fjÝs'kj dk;ZØeksa esa lwpuk
çkS|ksfxdh ds çf'k{k.k dks vfuok;Z :i ls 'kkfey dj fn;k x;k gS rkfd
f'k{kd vius Kku dks v|ru ,oa foLr`r vk;ke nsdj f'k{k.k o vuqla/kku
dk;Z dks mUur cuk ldsaA fu%lansg lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dk Kku
j[kus okyk f'k{kd gh oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh
vkdka{kkvksa ij [kjk mrj ik;sxkA
 orZeku oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa mPp f'k{kk dh fo"k;oLrq] v/;kiu
vko';drk,a rFkk v/;kidh; –f"Vdks.k lHkh cny x, gSaA blfy, mPp
f'k{kk ds ikBîØe esa Hkh vR;f/kd ifjorZu –f"Vxr gks jgk gSA vkt
ekufodh fo"k;ksa ds LFkku ij fofo/k vk;keh O;kolkf;d ikBîØeksa ij
cy fn;k tk jgk gSA blfy, mPp f'k{kk ds ikBîØe esa ÅtkZ laj{k.k]
i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ,oa cpko] tula[;k f'k{kk] jksx eqfä o jksx fu;a=.k
ds mik;] ldkjkRed ewY;ksa dk fodkl] dkS'ky fodkl] ekuokf/kdkj]
'kkafr f'k{kk] dEI;wVj ls ysdj varfj{k foKku rd] leqæ ds xHkZ ls
ysdj okLrq'kkL=] [kfut'kkL= rd vkfn uohu fo"k;ksa dk dk lekos'k
fd;k tk jgk gSA ikBîØeksa esa vk, bl ifjorZu dks fo|ky; esa
çHkkodkjh <ax ls ykxw djuk f'k{kdksa ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh
gS ftlds fy, mUgs viuh n{krk esa o`f) djuh gksxh vkSj blds fy,
mUgs l'kä cuuk gksxkA

orZeku oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa mPp f'k{kk dh f'k{k.k

fof/k;ksa esa Hkh ifjorZu –f"Vxr gks jgk gSA vkt ijEijkxr f'k{k.k
fof/k;ksa ds LFkku ij uohu fof/k;ksa ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ dks Lo
vf/kxe ¼lsYQ yfuZx½ ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA bl
f'k{k.k&vf/kxe çfØ;k esa fo|kFkhZ dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gS
vkSj mUgs lg;ksx }kjk lh[kus ds fy, okafNr okrkoj.k çnku fd;k tkrk
gSA vkt O;k[;ku i)fr ds lkFk&lkFk lsehukj] xzqi fMLd'ku]
dksijsfVo fyZuZx] odZ'kki] VîwVksfj;y] czsu LVkfeaZx]
,DlVsEiksj vkfn dk ç;ksx f'k{k.k esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu uohu
fof/k;ksa dks f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dh ikBîp;kZ esa vfuok;Z :i ls 'kkfey
djus dh vo';drk gS rkfd f'k{kd bu uokpkjksa ls voxr gks ldsaA
 vkt oS'ohdj.k ds çHkko esa f'k{kk vkSj lekt nksuksa ds
{ks= esa cnyko vk x;k gSA varjkZ"Vªh; f'k{kd vk;ksx ¼1996½ ds
v/;{k ts0 MsylZ o lg;ksfx;ksa ds vuqlkj] f'k{kk ds pkj LrEHk ^Kku
ds fy, f'k{kk] dk;Z ds fy, f'k{kk] lg&vfLrRo dh f'k{kk rFkk
Lo&vfLrRo dh f'k{kk gSA* bu pkjksa LrEHkksa dks iw.kZ djus
ds fy, f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa lq/kkj vo';aHkkoh gSA vr% f'k{kd dks
Nk=ksa dks Lok/;k; vkSj foosd'khy fpard cukusds fy, çsfjr djuk
gksxk vkSj f'k{kd dks Lo;a foosd'khy o 'kks/kkFkhZ cuus dh
n{krk çkIr djuh gksxhA

oS'ohdj.k ds QyLo:i ns'k esa rhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvk

gSA vkt yksx jkstxkj o csgrj thou dh ryk'k esa xkao ls 'kgj dh
vksj iyk;u dj jgs gSaA ,sls esa la;qä ifjokj fc[kj dj ,dy ifjokjksa
esa ifjofrZr gks x, ftlesa ekrk] firk rFkk cPps jg x,A ,sls ifjos'k dk
lokZf/kd çHkko cPpksa ij iM+kA cPps tks ewyr% fu"diV] ljy ân;]
lPps] bZekunkj o fo'oluh; gksrs Fks] bl cnys gq, egkuxjh; rFkk
'kgjh ifjos'k esa vkdj rsth ls cnyus yxsA cPps dh çFke ikB'kkyk
ifjokj rFkk çFke xq: ekrk gksrh FkhA c<+rh vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k
ifr&iRuh nksuksa dks dekus ds fy, ?kj ls ckgj fudyuk iM+kA bl
,dy ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk esa ckyd u dsoy ckck] nknh] pkpk rkÅ ds
I;kj ls oafpr gks x;k gS] cfYd dqN gn rd eka&cki ds Lusg ls Hkh
oafpr jgus yxk gSA vkt vfHkHkkodksa ds ikl cPpksa ds fy, le;
ugha gSA cPpksa ds eu esa mBus okys ç'uksa o ftKklkvksa dk
mÙkj nsus okyk] Hkkoukvksa dks lgstus okyk dksbZ ugha gSA
QyLo:i la;qä ifjokj esa feyus okys ekuoh; ewY;ksa] vkn'kksaZ
rFkk laLdkjksa ls os oafpr gks x, gSa ftlds dkj.k vkt ckydksa esa
cpiuk] Hkksykiu] lgtrk] ljyrk] papyrk] fu'Nyrk] lgu'khyrk rFkk
lgdkfjrk tSls ekuoh; Hkko yqIr gksrs tk jgs gSa rFkk muesa
mxzrk] v'kkafr] volkn] ykyp] Øks/k vkfn –f"Vxr gks jgs gSaA ,slh
ifjfLFk;ksa esa] tc ifjokj dk lkFk o Lusg ckydksa dks ugha fey ik
jgk gS] f'k{kd dk egRo o Hkwfedk c<+ tkrh gSA ;gka ij f'k{kd gh
,dek= fodYi gS tks mudh Hkkoukvksa] ç'uksa o fopkjksa dh
/kkjkvksa dks laLdkjks dk cka/k cukdj mfpr fn'kk ns ldrk gSA ,slk
ekuk tkrk gS fd v/;kid oxZ vfHkHkkodksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd
ekU; gksrk gSA blfy, v/;kid dk lkFk fo|kFkhZ dks u dsoy i<+kbZ
iwjh djus esa] cfYd vPNh vknrksa o xq.kksa dk fodkl djus esa
Hkh vfr vko';d gSA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k ,oa fo'o O;kikj laxBu flQZ

vkfFkZd ,oa 'kSf{kd rRo ugha gS] oju~ os lkaL—frd ifj.kke Hkh
mRiUu djrs gSaA lkeku ds lkFk Kku] f'k{kk o fo'ks"kKrk] laL—fr]
fopkj ,oa fopkj/kkjk,a Hkh vk;kr gksrs gSa vkSj lkaL—frd
çnw"k.k çkjEHk gks tkrk gSA eknd O;lu vkSj miHkksäkokfnrk
egkekjh dh rjg QSyh gS vkSj ;qok pkgsa f'kf{kr gksa ;k vf'kf{kr]
blds lcls cqjh rjg f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA O;ogkj ds rjhds] ewY;]
igukok] miHkksx ds rjhds ,oa ikfjokfjd thou dh xq.koÙkk æqrxfr
ls U;wurk çnf'kZr dj jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd ekgkSy vkSj bldh
lkaL—frd fojklr vkØe.kxzLr gSA Hkkjr dh fof'k"V igpku dk ifjj{k.k
,d fo'kkydk; dfBu dk;Z ekuk x;k gSA ;fn Hkkjrh;rk vFkok bldh
laL—fr dks bu fLFkfr;ksa esa cus jguk gS rks lqfu;ksftr] xgu
fopkfjr ,oa xEHkhj 'kSf{kd ç;klksa dh t:jr gS ftlds fy, xq.kkRed :i
ls le`) ,oa lkFkZd v/;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dh vko';drk gS ftlds
}kjk ,sls f'k{kd rS;kj gksa] tks Hkkjrh; igpku o laL—fr dks v{kq..k
j[k ldsaA

orZeku oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa lks'ky ehfM;k ds c<+rs çHkko

ds dkj.k ,d ns'k dh ?kVuk,a vU; ns'kksa dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh
gSa ftlds dkj.k vusd rkuk'kkg inP;qr gks pqds gSa vkSj ogka ij
yksdra= dh LFkkiuk gks x;h gSA vkt tc lkjk fo'o yksdra= dh
nqgkbZ ns jgk gS] ,sls esa f'k{kdksa dks viuk ,dra=h; O;ogkj
NksM+uk iM+sxkA ?kj tc lgdkjh okrkoj.k nsus esa vleFkZ gksus
yxs gSa rc fo|ky;ksa dh ftEesnkjh lgdkfjrk c<+kus esa vkSj vf/kd
gks tkrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa jk"Vªh; ikBîp;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 esa
dgk x;k gS& ^^f'k{kk ds le{k lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS] gekjs
lgHkkfxrk vk/kkfjr yksdra= o lafo/kku esa çfrLFkkfir ewY;ksa dks
lq–<+ djukA** vkt f'k{kd fo|ky; esa yksdrU= ds ewy rRoksa
LorU=rk] lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro] lektokn vkSj /keZfujis{krk dks
c<+kok nsdj yksdrU=h; Hkkouk dk fodkl djus dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
djus esa fof'k"V Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj ldrk gSA

vkt fo'o ,d xkao dk :i ys jgk gSaA laL—fr;ksa esa rsth ls

laØe.k gks jgk gSA ,sls esa f'k{kd dh viuh Hkwfedk vkSj Hkh
vf/kd laosnu'khy gks tkrh gSA f'k{kd dk dk;Z okLro esa vU;
dk;ksaZ ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ vkSj pqukSrhHkjk gS D;ksafd mls
Hkkoh ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gS]ml ih<+h dk fuekZ.k djuk
gS] tks laL—fr dh laokgd gksxhA vkt f'k{kd dks ikjEifjd f'k{k.k ds
LFkku ij uokpkj dh vksj mUeq[k gksuk iM+sxkA lwpuk
çkS|ksfxdh o uohu f'k{k.k rduhdksa dh tkudkjh çkIr djus ds lkFk
gh f'k{kd dks ewY;ksa dk laj{k.k djus esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk gksxkA ,sls n{k o uokpkjh f'k{kd ds }kjk
gh mPp f'k{kk dh oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj ikuk lEHko gks
ldsxkA ;fn f'k{kdksa dks mfpr lalk/ku] uokpkjksa o mi;qä çf'k{k.k
ds }kjk l'kä dj fn;k tk, rks fu%lansg Hkkjr ds fo'ofo|ky; fo'o dh
jSfdax esa mPp LFkku çkIr dj ldsaxs vkSj mPp f'k{kk ds fy,
Nk=ksa dks fons'k tkus dh t:jr ugha gksxh oju~ fons'kh Nk=
Hkkjr esa v/;;u djus ds fy, vk;saxs ftlls Hkkjr vkfFkZd :i ls le`)
gks ldsxk ,oa ukyank ds le; dh rjg Hkkjr ,d ckj iqu% fo'o xq: cudj
fo'o dks Kku ds çdk'k ls vkyksfdr djsxkA

lanHkZlw= &

1& f'k{kd vfHkO;fä ¼okf"kZd½] vad 3&4] 2004&05

2& jk"Vªh; ikBîp;kZ dh #ijs[kk 2005] ,u0lh0bZ0 vkj0 Vh0 ubZ

fnYyh] 2006

3& xka/kh th ds 'kSf{kd fopkj] jk"Vªh; v/;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn] ubZ

fnYyh] 1999

4& Hkkjrh; vk?kqfud f'k{kk ¼=Sekfld½ ,u0lh0bZ0 vkj0 Vh0 ubZ

fnYyh] tuojh 2008

5& Hkkjrh; vk?kqfud f'k{kk ¼=Sekfld½ ,u0lh0bZ0 vkj0 Vh0 ubZ

fnYyh] tqykbZ 2011
6& v/;kid f'k{kk ds dfri; fof'k"V eqís ,oa lanHkZ] jk"Vªh; v/;kid
f'k{kk ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh] 2004

7& mPp f'k{kk if=dk ¼=Sekfld½] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] ubZ

fnYyh] o"kZ 6 vad 2 xzh"e 1998

8&vktdy if=dk ¼ekfld½] çdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa çlkj.k ea=ky;]

ubZ fnYyh] uoEcj 2009