ljifo ;"rL

sfpnL v]]tL @
aGbf v]tL ^
uf]ne]+8f (
v';f{gL !^
e]8] v';f{gL !*
e06f v]tL @!
Kofh v]lt @#
sfFqmf] v]tL @%
tLt] s/]nf @*
l;dL #!
af]8L ##
kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L afnL ljz]if k|ljlw #%
Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw #^
g;{/L Joj:yfkg #*
cl;gf Joj:yfkg k|ljlw $)

Ǧ1 -
 sfpnL v]tL

kl/ro
sfpnL ;]tf] km"nsf]aL gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . lxpFbsf] ;dodf kxf8 /
t/fO{df o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 . a]df};dL v]tLsf] ?kdf h]7–c;f/ b]lv
c;f]h–sflt{s;Dd klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df le6fdLg P,
;L / vgLh nj0f kfO{G5g\ .
xfjfkfgL
sfpnL v]tLsf nfuL ^)–@^)) ld= prfO{ / !^–#% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8
tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . cuf}6 hftsf nfuL @) – @&
l8=;]=, dWod hftsf nfuL !^ – !( l8=;]=/ k5f}6] hftsf sfpnL
nfO{ !) – !^ l8=;]= tfks|d pko"Qm x'G5 . t;y{ kxf8L If]qdf a}zfv–d+l;/ / df3–kmfu'g tyf t/fO{df
ebf}–d+l;/ sfpFnL v]tLsf nfuL pko"Qm ;do x'g . To:t} bf]d6 / anf}6] df6f] sfpnL v]tLsf nflu
pko"Qm x'G5 .
hft / pTkfbg pko'Qmtf
cuf}6] M k';f, lbkfnL, O08fd cln{, k';f sfltsL, cln{ sF'jf/L, ldNs j], JxfO{6 ˆnf;, l;Ne/ d'g %%,
6«lksn $% lbg], x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk -^) lbg_, :gf] lsË
dWod M :gf] lsË -^% lbg_, :gf] qmfpg, :gf]an–!^, sf7df8f}+ nf]sn, cflb .
k5f}6] M ;'a|f, dfw'/L, :gf] ld:6Ls, lsaf] hfOG6 .

pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{

x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk– x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk– x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ d'g,
cuf}6] hft
^) ^) ;'k/ x\jfO6 6k
a]gf{ ;fg]{ c;f/–;fpg a}zfv–dWo ebf} clGtd ;fpg–dWo ebf}
l6Kg] ;fo ^)–&) lbg ^)–&) lbg %)–^% lbg
pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{
k5f}6] hft Dffw'/L, :gf] ldl:6s sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo, ;'a|f, ;'a|f,dfw'/L, :gf]d]l:6s
Hofk' :yfgLo
/f]Kg] ;do ;fpg–ebf} ;fpg–ebf} c;f]h–d+l;/
l6Kg] ;fo !@)–!%) lbg !@)–!%) lbg !@)–!%) lbg
dWo hft sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo, :gf]an–!^,:gf] qmfpg :gf] qmfpg
:gf]an–!^, :gf] qmfpg,
Hofk' :yfgLo
/f]Kg] ;do c;f/–;fpg ;fpg–ebf} ;fpg–ebf}
l6Kg] ;fo ()–!@) lbg ()–!@) lbg ()–!@) lbg
Dfly pNn]lvt hftx?df :gf] qmfpg, :gf] lsË, ldNs j], l;Ne/ sk, JxfO{6 ˆnf;, x\jfO6 6k cflb
xfO{la|8 hftsf x'g .

Ǧ2 -
k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbg vr{ / cfDbfgL
sfpnL pTkfbg -s]=hL_ vr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbfgL -?k}ofF_
cuf}6] ^))–*)) !),)))–!*,))) #))))–$))))
dWod *))–!))) *)))–!@))) @$)))–#))))
k5f}6] !)))–!%)) *)))–!@))) @))))–#))))
;fwf/0fto &%–!@) lbgdf sfpnL tof/ x'G5 t/ l;Ne/ sk, :gf] ldl:6s cflb $%– %) lbgdfg} tof/
x'G5 .
aLp÷a]gf{
pGgt hftM #) u|fd÷/f]kgL
j0f{z+s/ -xfO{la|8_ hftM !) – !% u|fd÷/f]kgL
j]gf{ !@))–@$)) k|lt /f]kgL
a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do
cuf}6 hftsf] a]gf{ ljp /f]k]sf] @)–@$ lbg leq @–# kft] ePkl5 / k5f}6] hftsf a]gf{ /f]k]sf] #)–$)
lbg leq %–^ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5 . xfO{la|8 hftsf] a]gf{ !*–@) lbg leq ;fg{ tof/
x'G5 .
/f]Kg] b'/L
cuf}6] M %) / %) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_
dWod M *) / *) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_
k5f}6] M *) / *) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_
t/ sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo, :gf]an–!^, lsjf] hfPG6, lbkfnL cflb hftx? jiff{tdf $%–#) ;]=dL= -nfOg–nfOg
/ j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_ / lxFpbdf ^)–$% ;]=dL=-nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_df klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 .
cfjZos dnvfb÷/f]kgL
/fd|f];Fu s'x]sf] uf]a/ dn !%))–@))) s]=hL= -$) – *) s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=
8f]sf]_
l8=P=lk= & – ( s]=hL= ld6 ldn @) s]=hL=
o"l/of %– &=% s]=hL= lkgf !)) s]=hL=
@=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ Jff]g ldn %)–!)) s]=hL=
!=@% s]=hL= @% lbg leq
!=@% s]=hL= %) lbg leq
Do"/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; %–$=% s]=hL= lrn]6]8 lh+s !)) u|fd
hfOd -Pldgf] Pl;8 dn_ ! s]=hL= Aff]/]S; !)) u|fd
tn pNn]lvt h}ljs dn xfn]df of] dflysf] dn xfNg' gkg]{ .

h}ljs ljlw
dnvfb
x h}ljs dn – h}ljs dn -sDkn]S;_ @=% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ j]gf{ /f]Kg' eGbf Ps
xKtf cufl8 uf]a/ dndf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug]{ .
x uf]a/ dn – !%)) s]=hL÷k|lt /f]kgL
Ǧ3 -
 x s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL= ÷k|lt /f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª\u M
x 6k 8]«l;ª @)–#) lbg leq !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ yk dfqf k|of]u ug]{ .
gf]6 M h}ljs k|ljlw cg';f/ dnvfb /fv]df dfly pNn]lvt /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g .
afnL ;+/If0f
ls/fx? nIf0f pkrf/
nfxL Kfftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 . /f]u/ jf dfnflyPg @ ld=ln÷ln=kfgLdf
ld;fP/ 5g]{÷;ef]{sf] k|of]u
aGbfsf] k'tnL nfe|]n slnnf kft vfO{ gzf ls/fsf] km'n tyf nfe|f l6k]/ gfz ug]{÷/f]u/ @
dfq b]vf kb{5 . ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|] nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5 . km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{ ÷ /f]u/ @
ld= ln=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
km]b sf6\g] sL/fx? lj?jfsf] km]b sf6]/ nfe|]nfO{ xftn] l6k]/ dfg]{÷Snf]/f]kfOl/km;\ !
9flnlbG5g\ . ld=ln=÷kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
lk7\o"df O{6sf] cfsf/ nfe|]n] slnnf kft, vf;u/L dlN6lgd @ ld=ln=÷! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .
ePsf] k'tnL u'ef]df vfG5 . -l8=la=Pd=No"/_ km]/f]df]g o'Qm kf;f] /fVg]

d'Vo /f]ux? / pkrf/

a]gf{ s'lxg]
ƒ hdLg;Fu hf]l8Psf] d'Vo 8fF7 sfnf] eP/ la?jf 9N5 .
ƒ a]le:6Lg @=) u|fd k|lt lsnf] lapdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . 8fO{y]g Pd–$% cyjf lqmnf]lS;n
uf]N8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfP/ 5g]{ .
ƒ Jof8df aLp 5/]kl5 ;fkm cyjf lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]
agfO{ :k|]åf/f Jof8df 5/]sf] jLp leHg] u/L 5g]{ / df6f] jf dnn] k'g]{ .
ƒ a]gf{df b'O{j6f kft b]lvg] ljlQs} lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 ljiffbL 5g]{ . of] ljiffbL 5bf{ sL/f
dfg]{ ljiffbL -%)!_ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] :k|]åf/f 5g]{ .
8fpgL ldN8\o"
ƒ dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;txdf skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 .
ƒ lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 jf 6]s ldn @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] .
ƒ emf/kft x6fpg], /f]u nfu]sf] kft l6k]/ gi6 ug]{, :j:y ljp tyf j]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
Sna ?6
ƒ h/fdf luvf{x? kg]{, kx]lnP/ hfg] / af]6 cf]OlnP/ hfg] .
ƒ #–$ jif{sf] km/sdf jfnL rqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt lj?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{, g;{/L
a]8nfO{ ;"o{sf] tfkn] -;f]on ;f]nf/fOh];g ljlwaf6_ df6f]sf] pkrf/ ug]{,
ƒ 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn k|lt af]6 %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg] .
jf
ƒ !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL sf b/n] 6«fOsf]8df{n] jLpsf] pkrf/ ug]{, lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf @–# dlxgf
klxn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr=k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif r'g df6f]df k|of]u ug]{, afnLrqm
k|0ffnL ckgfpg] / g]jLlhg k|of]u ug]{ .
Ǧ4 -
d'Vo /f]ux? / h}ljs ljlw af6 pkrf/
8fod08 Jofs dy
ƒ nfe|]n] slnnf kft, vf;u/L u'ef]leq vfG5 .
ƒ km]/f]d]g o'Qm 6«ofksf] d2tn] gf]S;fgL x'g' cufl8sf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L, x]nL
Pg=kL=eL=! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf af af]// uf8{ ! Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf
s]/fghLg @ k|ltzt @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .
aGbfsf] k'tnL
ƒ nfe|]n] slnnf kft vfO{ gzf dfq b]vf kb{5 .
ƒ km'n tyf nfe|] l6k]/ gf; ug'{, af]// uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf s]/fghLg @
k|ltzt @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .
;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|]
ƒ nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5g\ .
ƒ km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{ .
ƒ cGo 8fod08 Jofs dysf] nflu h:t} ug]{.
nfxL sL/f
ƒ kftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 / lj?jf kx]lng], kft w'ld|g],af]6 sdhf]/ x'g] h;af6 sd
pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 .
ƒ s}/fghLg ! b]lv @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLDff /fvL 5g]{, k|L8]6/ sL/fx? /fVg] / kx]+nf]
kf;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
8\oflDkª ckm
ƒ a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] j]8df x'sf{pg] ;fy} 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn
k|lt lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], !) uf|d k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n] 6«fOsf]8df{n]
aLpnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ jf %) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf
h/fsf] ;txdf lehfpg], ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{ .
sfnf] s'lxg]
ƒ ;'?sf] cj:yfdf kftsf] 5]paf6 cª\u|]hL cIf/ le (V) cfsf/sf] kx]+nf] efu ljsf;
x'G5 .
ƒ Efmf/kft x6fpg], :j:y ljp tyf j]gf{sf] k|ofu ug]{, ljpnfO{ !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL=
6«fOsf]8df{n] pkrf/ ug]{ . % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ ! ln6/ kfgLDff /fvL 5g]{, ;"o{sf] tfkn]
df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{ 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7d]n k|lt
lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], jfnLrqm k|0ffnL pkgfpg] .
Aff]/f]g tTjsf] sld M– o;sf] sldn] sfpnLsf] jLrsf] 8f7 vf]qmf] eO{ v}/f] /Ë b]lvG5 / kl5 sfpnLsf]
k'mndf a}hgL /ªsf] ljsf; eO{ :jfb gld7f] x'G5 . kl5 km"n k"/} v}/f] x'G5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu
af]/]S; @–# u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5g'{ k5{ .
Dff]lnA8]gdsf] sld M– o;sf] sldn] sfpnLsf] jf]6 kx]nf] x'Fb} ;]tf] x'G5 h;nfO{ xLk6]n elgG5 . cDnLo
df6f]df df]lnA8]gd pknAw gx'g] x'gfn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr= ^=% df Nofpg' kb{5 .
/f]syfd M!–@ u|fd k|lt ln6/ ;f]l8od / Pdf]lgod df]lnA8]6 /;folgs dnsf ;fy k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

Ǧ5 -
 aGbf v]tL
xfjfkfgL
aGbf v]tLsf nflu ^) – @^)) ld= prfO / @)–@* ;]lG6u|]8
tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t} bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6] df6f]
aGbf v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 . xfO{la|8 tyf s]lx pGgt 5f]6f]
cjlwdf tof/x'g] hftx? #) – #% ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmddf klg v]tL
ug{ ;lsG5 .
Hfft / pTkfbg pko'Qmtf
pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{
cuf}6] hft 6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an, 6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an, 6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an,
Pl;of qm; Pl;of qm; Pl;of qm;
/f]Kg] ;do r}t– a}zfv >fj0f– Effb| Effb|–c;f]h
l6Kg] ;do %)–&) lbg %)–^) lbg %)–^) lbg
k5f}6] hft u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g
/f]Kg] ;do a}zfv–efb| Effb| –r}t Effb|–c;f]h–dª\l;/
l6Kg] ;do *)–!!) lbg *)–!!) lbg &%–() lbg
cGo hftx? M uf]N8]g Ps/, k|fO8 ckm Ol08of, n]6nfr{ 8«dx]8, sf]kg x]ug dfs]{6, u|Lg :6f]g, g]kf jn,
af]g;, u|Lg s|fpg, u|Lg lsË, Pg P; @% -NS 25_, :sfO{ P;, u|Lg /fOh, cn l;hg cflb
aLp÷a]gf{
@) u|fd – #) u|fd cyjf !%))–@%)) a]gf{ k|lt /f]kgL
Jf0f{z+s/M !% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do
;fwf/0fto lap /f]k]sf] @)–#) lbg kl5 a]gf{ ;fg{ tof/ x'G5 . sl/j @% lbgsf] a]gf{ $÷% kft]
ePkl5 ;fg]{ . a]gf{ /f]k]sf] *) lbg b]lv !)) lbgdf l6Kg ;lsG5 . a]df};dL v]tLsf ?kdf a}zfv c;f/
b]lv c;f]h sflt{s;Dd o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
/f]Kg] b'/L
;/b/ %) × %) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{_
cuf}6] jiff{ofddf $%×$% ;]=ld=/ lxpFbdf $%× ^) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{_
cfjZos dnvfb -s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL_
uf]a/ dn !)))–!%)) s]=hL= -$) – ^) 8f]sf]_ lkgf !)) s]=hL=
o'l/of % s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL=
@=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ Jf]fg ldn %)–!)) s]=hL=
!=@% s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @% lbg leq s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=
!=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] %) lbg leq
8L=P=kL &–!) s]=hL= hfOd ! s]=hL=
Ǧ6 -
cGo
Aff]/]S;–!)) u|fd, lh+s lrn6]8 – !))u|fd,
6k 8«]l;ª\u M -la?jf x'ls{;s]kl5 km]l/ dn xfNg] sfd_ !) s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgL hUufdf a]gf{ /f]k]sf]
@) / $) lbg kl5 k|of]u ug]{ . 6k 8«]l;ª\u ub{ lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/af6 h/fnfO{ g5'g] u/L @ OGr ulx/f] /
@ OGr rf}8fOsf] s'n];f] lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/ agfO{ dn lbg' kb{5 / dnnfO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . dn xfn] kl5
l;rfO clgjfo{ ?kdf ug{' kb{5 . cyjf o'l/ofnfO{ kfgLdf wf]n]/ yf]kf l;rfO dfkm{t lbg ;lsG5 .

h}ljs k|ljlw
h}ljs dn
ƒ h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
ƒ s'v'/fsf] dn M @%) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
ƒ uf]a/ dn M !))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ªu M
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -/f]k]sf] @ dlxgf kl5_
afnL ;+/If0f
ls/fx? nIf0f pkrf/
nfxL Kftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 ;fy} kftdf /f]u/ jf dfnflyPg @ ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/
sfnf] 9';L hDdf x'G5 . 5g]{÷;jf]{sf] k|of]u
aGbfsf] k'tnL nfe|]n] slnnf kft vfO{ gzf dfq km"n tyf nfe|] l6k]/ gfz ug]{÷/f]u/ @
b]vf kb{5 . ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
;'tL{sf kft nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5g\ . km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{÷kfgLDff
vfg] nfe|] ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
km]b sf6\g] lj?jfsf] km]bdf sf6]/ 9flnlbG5g\ . nfe]|nfO{ xftn] l6k]/ dfg]{÷Snf]/f] kfOl/km; !
sL/fx? ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
lk7\o"df O+6sf] nfe|]n] slnnf kft, vf;u/L dlN6lgd @ ld=ln=÷! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ . –
cfsf/ ePsf] u'ef]df vfG5 . l8=lj=Pd=_ No'/ o'Qm km]/f]d]gsf] kf;f] /fVg]
k'tnL
d'Vo /f]ux?, ltgsf] nIf0f / pkrf/
sfnf] eP/ s'lxg] (Black Rot Disease)
ƒ ;'?sf] cj:yfdf kftsf] 5]paf6 cª\u|]hL cIf/ le (V) cfsf/sf] kx]+nf] efu ljsf; x'G5 .
ƒ Efmf/kft x6fpg], :j:y ljpsf] tyf a]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{, ljpnfO{ !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL=
6«fOsf]8df{n] pkrf/ ug]{ jf % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ k|lt ln=kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{, ;"o{sf] tfkn]
df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{, 6«fOsf]8df{åf/f pkrrfl/t uf]7df]]n k|lt
af]6 %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .
ƒ /f]u cj/f]ws hft nufpg]
ƒ g;{/L cj:yfdf KnfG6f]dfOl;g -:6«]K6f]dfO{l;g ± 6]6«f;fO{lSng_ ! uf|d k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
Ǧ7 -
Sna ?6
ƒ h/fdf luvf{x? kg]{, kx]+lnP/ hfg] / af]6 cf]OlnP/ hfg] .
ƒ @–$ jif{sf] km/sdf afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt lj?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{, g;{/L
a]8nfO{ ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g _ ug]{ .
ƒ Jff !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{n] aLpsf] pkrf/ ug]{, lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf @–# dlxgf
klxn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr= k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif r'g df6f]df k|of]u ug]{, afnLrqm
k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .

xf/df]g tyf ;"Id vfB tTjsf] k|of]u

xf/df]g
ƒ lj?jf /f]Kg] ePdf lj?jf /f]Kg] ljlQs} M cfzf, ! Pd=Pn=k|lt % ln6/ kfgLDf jf
Pr=lj=!)@, @ yf]kf ! ln6/ kfgLDff ld;fO{ lj?jf /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .
ƒ lj?jfsf] jfg:klts j[l4sf] cj:yfdf lnj :k|], dlN6Kn]S; jf Pu|f]ldg # Pd=Pn= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ la?jf /f]k]sf] sl/j !%, #) / $% lbg kl5 /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .
pTkfbg -s]=hL=_, Vfr{ tyf cfDbfgL
pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ Vfr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbfgL -?k}ofF_
cuf}6] hft @)))–@%)) !))))–!@))) @))))–@%)))
k5f}6] hft #)))–$))) *)))–!@))) @$)))–#@)))

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

!= n;'g / ;okqL k'mnsf] ld>0f M
9 n;'g #–$ kf]6L, ;okqL k"mnsf] kft @ d'7\7L, Kofh #–$ bfgf, lk/f] vf];f{gL #–$ j6f, ! ln6/ kfgLdf
!% ldg]6;Dd pdfn]/ lr;f] ePkl5 kftnf] sk8fdf /fv]/ lgrf]/]/ 5fGg] .
9 To;kl5 ;f] emf]ndf Tolt g} dfqfdf kfgL ld;fP/ af]6 la?jfdf 5gf{n] nfxL, kt]/f] h:tf] kft r';]/ vfg]
ls/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= af]emf] M
9 af]emf]sf] ufgf]nfO{ ;kmf u/L 6'qmf–6'qmf u/L sf6\g] / dl;gf] w'nf] x'g] u/L lkWg], af]emf]sf] d;Lgf] w'nf] %) u|fd,
9 ! s]=hL=uFx' / s]lx v/fgLnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ld;fP/ xfjf l5g{ glbg] u/L e08f/0f ubf{ ux'F cflbdf nfUg]
3'g cflbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= kb]gf / ltt]kftL
9 !)) u|fd kb]gf / !)) u|fd ltt]kftLnfO{ /fd|f];+u lkw]/ ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ dl;gf] ;kmf sk8fn]
5fg]/ emf]n lgsfNg] .
9 pQm emf]ndf k'gM ! ln6/ kfgL ld;fP/ 5gf{n] e'ml;n sL/fsf] lgoGq0f x'G5 .
$=lkgf / v/fgL
9 dl;gf];+u lkw]sf] lrp/Lsf] lkgf, ! efudf
9 v/fgL @ efu ld;fO{ To;nfO{ !% ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ t/sf/L cflbsf] Jof8df l;+rfO{ ugf{n] wld/f /
sldnfsf] k|sf]k sld x'G5 .

Ǧ8 -
 uf]ne]+8f
xfjfkfgL
^) b]lv @^)) ld= prfO / !$ b]lv #) l8=;]= tfkqmd uf]ne]+8fsf]
nflu clt pQd x'G5 . tfkqmd % l8=;]= eGbf tn em/]df af]6
db{5 . kmn nfUgsf] nflu @)–#) l8=;]=;j}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . #%
l8=;]= eGbf dflysf] tfkqmddf k/fu ;'Sg] ePsf]n] kmn nfUb}g / nfu]
klg kmnsf] cfsf/ lju|G5 . /ftsf] tfkqmd !$ b]lv @!
l8lu| ;]lG6u|]8 x'g' kb{5 . of] eGbf a9L jf 36L ePdf uf]ne]8fsf] kmn
gnfUg] / km'n km'n] klg kmn gnfuL emg]{ x'G5 . !))) b]lv @^))
ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df a]df};dL uf]ne]+8f v]tL cToflws ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
Dff6f]
uf]ne]+8fsf] v]tL ;j} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu kfgL ghDg] xn'sf
anf}6] tyf bf]d6 df6f] uf]ne]+8fsf] nflu clt pQd x'G5 . a9L Iff/Lo / cDnLo df6f]df o;sf] v]tL /fd|f]
x'Fb}g . df6f]sf] cDnLokg ^–& x'g' kb{5 .
afnL nufpg] ;do M
If]q jLp 5g]{ ;do a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do kmn tof/ x'g] hft
dlxgf
t/fO{ dWo ;fpg–dª\l;/ dWo ebf}–df3 sflt{s–a}zfv cn /fp08, lt;{gf, l;–Pn !!#!,
l;h{gf lj=Pn–$!),nK;L u]8],
k'/a]nL, t[i0ff
dWo kxf8 sflt{s–c;f/ Dff3–;fpg a}zfv–dª\l;/ l;h{gf,;Demgf,8flnnf,l6–#),
lt;{gf, ljg;fl/ lj=P;=P;–@),
ljz]if
pRr kxf8 kmfNu'0f–a}zfv a}zfv–h]7 c;f/–slt{s l;h{gf,;Demgf u|]:sf]–!, lt;{gf
uf]ne]+8f hft cg';f/ *) b]lv !%) lbgdf l6Kg ;lsG5 .
Hfft
7"nf] kmnM lj=P;=P;= @), lyD;–@ lt;{gf, ljg;fl/, l6–#)
dWod kmnM ljz]if, l;h{gf, 8flnnf
;fgf] kmnM u|]:sf], l;=Pn=!!#!, lj=Pn–$!),Oh'dL
pGgt M nK;L u]8f, dgk|]s;
j+0f{z+s/M dlgiff, c+s'z O08f]d (%)@, O08f]d (*)@,l;l/;, nIdL, ;'/Iff, ;[hgf, cn/fp08/,
lxd;f]xfgf cflb
aLp b/
^–@% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL -*)) b]lv !%)) af]6 k|lt /f]kgL_

Ǧ9 -
Dfnvfb -s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL_
/fd|f];Fu kfs]sf] uf]a/ dn !)))–$%)) s]=hL= cyf{t $) – !*) 8f]sf] -k|lt af]6 #=# s]=hL=_
o'l/of *– !% s]=hL= @=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{
-k|lt af]6 )=)! s]=hL=_ @=% s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf
@=% s]=hL= kmn nfUg] j]nfdf
8L=P=kL !%–#) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)@ s]=hL=_
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; * – !% s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)! s]=hL=_
lkgf @%– %) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)# s]=hL=_
Jf]fg ldn %)–!)) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)^ s]=hL=_
s'v'/fsf] dn @%) – $)) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=@* s]=hL=_
6«fO{sf]8df{ dn @=% s]=hL
ld6 ldn @% – %) s]=hL -k|lt af]6 )=)^ s]=hL=_
cGo
Aff]/]S;– !)) u|fd, lh+s lrn6]8 !)) u|fd, hfOd–! s]=hL=, Dff6f] ;"Id tTj ! s]=hL=, 8ofË
agfO{;s]kl5 j]gf{ /f]Kg' !% lbg cl3 k|lt nfOg uf]7dn # b]lv $ s]=hL=,l8=P=kL @) u|fd / kf]6f; ^
u|fd /fVg] . jfof]OGhfOd, lhÍ / jf]/]S; k|lt /f]kgL !÷! s]=hL= sf b/n] lbg] .
a]gf{ ;fg]{
a]gf{sf] pd]/ !*–#) lbg ePkl5 cyf{t #–$ kft cfPkl5 a]gf{ ;fg' kb{5 . t/ $ kft eGbf w]/} / #)
lbg eGbf al9sf] a]gf{ g;fg{' /fd|f] .
a]gf{ ;fg'{ eGbf #–$ lbg klxn]b]lv g;{/L Jof8df l;+rfO gug]{ t/ a]gf{ pv]Ng' eGbf !–@ 306f cufl8
g;{/L Jof8df l;+rfO u/L j]gf{ pv]Ng' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ a]gf{ pv]Nbf h/f r'l8b}g . a]gf{ @–# ah] kl5
dfq ;fg'{ kb{5 . j]gf{ ;f/] kl5 af]6df kfgL gkg]{ ul/ xNsf lsl;dn] kfgL lbg' k5{ . a]gf{ ;fbf{ g;{/L
Jof8df hlt df6f]n] k'l/Psf] x'G5 Toltg} efu dfq df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 .
a]gf{ ;fg]{ b'/L
&%–!)) / ^) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{ km/s_
6k 8«]l;ª
a]gf{ ;f/]s]f !*–@% lbg cyf{t yfqmf lbg' eGbf cufl8 6k 8«]l;ª ug'{ kb{5 . 6k 8«]l;ª ubf{ l8=P=lk=–!)
u|fd, o'l/of–!) u|fd / kf]6f;–% u|fd k|ltjf]6 lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/af6 h/fnfO{ g5'g] u/L @ OGr ulx/f] / @
OGr rf}8fOsf] s'n];f] lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/ agfO{ dn lbg' kb{5 / dnnfO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . kmn nfUg]
a]nfdf k'gM k|lt jf]6 !) u|fd o"l/ofn] 6k 8]«l;Ë ug]{ .
bf];|f] k6s km'n km'Ng' cl3 / kmn l6Kg yfn]kl5 slDtdf klg @ k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{ e};Lsf]
lk;fj ;+sng u/L ! efu lk;fadf % efu kfgL ld;fO{ k|To]s af]6sf] jl/kl/ slDtdf lrof vfg]
l;;fsf] Ps lunf; a/fa/ lbPdf /fd|f] x'G5 . lk;fa k|of]u ubf{ ;s];Dd s'xfP/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
hgfj/sf] lk;fa gePdf o"l/of / l8=P=kL= @–# s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lj?jfsf] km]bdf gkg]{ u/L /fVg'
kb{5 . x/]s k6s dn lbO{;s] kl5 l;rfO clgafo ?kdf ug{' k5{ .
l;+rfO
yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw4f/f kfgL lbFbf÷l;+rfO ubf{ k|To]s af]6sf] jl/kl/ dfq kfgL emb{5 . yf]kf l;+rfO
k|ljlw4f/f l;+rfO ubf{ cGo tl/sfaf6 l;+rfO ul/Psf] eGbf /fd|f] tl/sfn] af]6sf] j[l4 eO{ j9L pTkfbg

Ǧ10 -
x'g'sf] ;fy} kmnsf] u'0f:t/ klg /fd|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . kfgLdf 3f]Ng ;lsg] dn yf]kf l;rfO af6
lbg ;lsG5 . -l8«ksf] kfgL lg:sg] Kjfn lj?jfsf] km]+b b]lv @–# ;]=dL= 6f9f /fVg' kb{5_

h}ljs k|ljlw
h}ljs dn
lgd s]s @ s]=hL=÷k|lt/f]kgL
afof] kml6{nfOh/ sdKn]S; @=% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL
!* tTj ePsf] dn @)))–$))) s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL
s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª\u
!=@% s]]=hL= h}las dn afof] kml6{nfOh/ sdKn]S; b'O{ k6s k|of]u ug]{, klxnf] /f]k]sf] b'O{ dlxgfkl5 /
bf]>f] /f]k]sf] ;f9] tLg dlxgfkl5 -l;h{gf h:t} nfdf] l;hg nfUg] hftsf] nflu _
pTkfbg k|lt /f]kgL
hft v'Nnf hldg Knfli6s 3/
:yflgo – !)))– !@)) s]=hL= @))) –#))) s]=hL=
j0f{z+s/ – @)))– #))) s]=hL= ^))) –())) s]=hL=
uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] d'Vo sL/f tyf /f]ux? / ltgsf] /f]syfdM
ujf/f] M uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] d'Vo u/L 8fF7 / kmndf nfUg] ujf/f]n] 8fF7 tyf kmnnfO{ Kjfnkf/L lj?jf j9\g
lb+b}g eg] kmndf nfu]df kmnsf] :t/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .
/f]syfd M
x ls/f nfu]sf] kmn l6kL vfN8f]df uf8\g] .
x Kfm"n jf nfe|] b]Vgf;fy dfg]{ .
x Uf]ne]8f v]tL glhsdf ds} tyf skf; v]tL gug]{
x k|To]s &–* 8\ofª\ aLrsf] 8\ofªdf ;okqL km'n /f]Kg] .
x Effn] df]y÷k'tnLnfO{ dfg{sf] nflu x]lnNo'/o'Qm -df]xg kf;f]_ ! /f]klgdf ! sf] b/n] k|of]u ug]{
x Ps xKtfsf] km/sdf gLdsf] emf]n # Pd=Pn= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf /fvL k|of]u ug]{ .
x Pg=lk=eL= efO{/; k|of]u ug]{ / nfef{nfO{ gi6 ug]{ .
x Afof]n]k -jL=6L= s';{6fsL_ @ u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
x olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df Snf]/f];fOk/, ;]Gy]l6s
kfO/fy|f]8; ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
;]tf] lem+uf
of] sL/fn] kft, km"naf6 /; r';]/ vfG5 / /; r';]sf kft kx]Fnf] eO{ sdhf]/ x'G5 . of] sL/fn]
efO{/; ;fg]{ sfd klg ub{5 .

Ǧ11 -
/f]syfd
x v]t jl/kl/ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ .
x lgdaf6 ag]sf] ljiffbL 5g]{ .
x h}ljs ljiffbL h:t} el6{l;lnPd n]sflgsf] k|of]u ug]{
x l;dL tyf e6df; h:tf afnL kf;f]sf] k|of]u
x ;fa'g, kfgL / t]nsf] 3f]nnfO :k|] ug]{
x olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]df /fO{8 cyjf PS;g -
Pl;6fdfO{8_ eGg] ljiffbL @ PDf=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ kftsf] tNnf] efudf 5g]{ .
Kfftdf ;'?Ë agfpg] lemFuf -lnkm dfOg/_
kft v}/f] / ;'Vvf eO{ kftsf] ;txdf ;]tf] wsf]{ b]lvG5 .
/f]syfd
x hldg ;kmf /fVg]
x lgdaf6 jg]sf] ljiffbL h:t} dfuf]{;f]d % ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
x sfFrf] b'w !) ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{
x kx]nf] Rofk Rofk] kf;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{
x olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]df Pl;6fdfO8 % ld=ln= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf jf /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{
89'jf /f]u
Uff]ne]+8fnfO{ gf]S;fg kfg]{ /f]ux? dWo] d'Vo /f]u 89'jf /f]u xf] . o;n] lj?jfsf] kft, 8fF7 tyf kmndf
89]sf] h:tf] v}/f] jf sfnf] bfu b]vf kb{5 .
/f]syfd
x /f]uL df6f]df a]gf{ gpdfg]{ .
x kfP;Dd /f]u ;xg ;Sg] hft nufpg] .
x Jfiff{ ;dodf lj?jf afSnf] g;fg]{ .
x aiff{df cUnf] 8]\ofª agfP/ a]gf{ ;fg]{ .
x g;{/L tyf aLpsf] pkrf/ !) u|fd÷s]=hL=6«fOsf]8df{n] ug]{ .
x /f]u b]lvPdf /f]uL kftx/ l6k]/ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] gi6 ug]{ .
x /f]uL lj?jf 5f]P/ lg/f]uL lj?jfnfO{ g5'g] .
x /f]u a9L b]lvPdf AnfO6]S; %) -sk/ clS;Snf]/fO{8_ gfds ljiffbL @ u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf
ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
x ljiffbL 5g'{ k/]df ;'Vvf df};ddf !% lbg / jiff{ df};ddf & lbgsf] km/sdf d]6fn]S;Ln ljiffbL @
u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
h/fdf nfUg] luvf{ -lgdf6f]8_
of] /f]usf] h'sfn] uf]ne]+8fsf] h/fdf luvf{ agfOlbG5, kft ;fgf] x'G5, j[l4 /f]lsG5, / k"/} h/fdf
luvf{ ag]kl5 af]6 em\ofp/] h:tf] b]lvG5 . jiff{ df};ddf Knfli6s 3/leq nufPsf] j]df};dL uf}+nde]+8fdf
Ǧ12 -
of] /f]u a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . Knfli6s 3/leq a9L cfb«{tf ePsf] v08df of] /f]u h/fdf b]lvPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
of] /f]u Knfli6ssf] 3/leq dfq b]lvb}g, Knfli6s 3/ jflx/ nufPsf] hldgdf klg b]lvG5
/f]syfd
x /f]uL df6f]df g;{/L g/fVg df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]/ dfq g;{/L /fVg]] .
x /f]uL lj?jf jl/kl/ k|of]u ul/Psf] cf}hf/ lg/f]uL lj?jf ePsf] 7fFpdf k|of]u gug]{ .
x a]gf{ ;fg]{ 7fFpsf] df6f] /f]uL ePdf sfnf] tf]/L cyf{t t]n lgsfNbf lk/f] /fu cfpg] vfnsf] tf]/L
nufO{ km"n km'Ng] a]nfdf df6f]df ldnfOlbg] .
x tf]/Lsf] jf lgdsf] lkgfsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
x ;Dej ePdf a]gf{ ;fg]{ vf8ndf wfgsf] e'; jf ;'s]sf] kft hnfpg] .
x sndL -u|fˆ6Lª_ u/]sf] lj?jf k|of]u ug]{ .
x kmo"/f8g jf kmf]/]6 @ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] /f]Kg'cl3 k|of]u ug]{ .
x cj/f]ws hftsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t}M lyD; !, lyD; @,
x ljg;f/L lgd s]s @) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL k|of]u ug]{
x afnLrqm ckgfpg],
df]hfO{s efO{/;
of] /f]u nfu]df kftsf] g;fdfq xl/of] e} cGo efu kx]+nf] x'G5 / kftsf] /ª 6f6]kf6] x'G5 eg]
kftsf] ;fOh klg ;fgf] x'G5 . of] /f]u k|fMo kft r':g] sL/fn] ;fb{5 .
/f]syfd
x r';fxf sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ jf
x /f]uL af]6nfO{ gi6 ug]{
x /f]uL af]6nfO{ 5f]P/ lg/f]uL af]6nfO{ g5'g] .
x a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbg kl5 @) Pd=Pn= ufO{sf] sfFrf] b'w ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ !% lbgsf]
km/sdf 5g]{
x lk|e]G6n ! u|fd Ps ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ Jof8df ! k6s / a]gf{ ;/]kl5 !% lbgsf] km/sdf @
k6s ;Dd 5g]{ .
x afof] lnkm s]o/ ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ! k6s Jof9df / a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbgkl5 !
k6s / To;kl5 @) lbgsf] km/sdf #–$ k6s;Dd 5g]{ .
8\oflDkª ckm\ (Damping off)
of] /f]un] Aof8df a]gf{df g} cfs|d0f ug]{ ePsf]n] Aof8df aLp 5g{' cufj} aLp pkrf/ ug{' k5{ .
x hldgsf] ;tx glhsfsf] sf08 s'lxg uO{ lj?jf 9N5 .
x a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] a]8df x'sf{pg] ;fy} 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn k|lt
lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], !) u|fd÷s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8dfn] aLpnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ jf % u|fd
6«fOsf]8df{÷ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf h/fsf] ;txdf lehfpg], ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/
-;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h]zg_ ug]{ .

Ǧ13 -
AofS6]l/ofsf sf/0fn] x'g] cf]Onfpg] /f]u
lj?jf laxfgkv 3fd / tfks|d a9b} hfFbf lj:tf/} ;Dk"0f{ lj?jf cf]Onfp5 / lj?jf db{5 . /f]uL
lj?jfsf] km]b sf6]/ x]bf{ u'ef] kfgLn] leh]sf], v}/f] b]lvG5 / lgrf]bf{ afSnf] t/n kbfy{ lg:sG5 . ;fy}
/f]uL lj?jfsf] 8fF7 sf6]/ kfgL e/]sf] l;;f Unf;df 8'afP/ x]bf{ ;]tf] wF'jf h:tf] t/n kbfy{ lg:sG5 .
x a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] Jof8df x'sf{pg], ;fy} cj/f]ws hftsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t} M
l;h{gf,
x 6«fOsf]8df{ %)) u|fd÷!)) s]=hL= uf]j/ dndf ld;fO{ @%–#) lbg;Dd pkrf/ ug]{, / pQm
dn %) u|fd k|lt jf]6sf b/n] j]gf{ /f]Kg] vf8ndf /fvL df6f];Fu ld;fO{ j]gf{ /f]Kg] .
x Jof8df lap 5g'{ eGbf klxn] 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrl/t uf]j/ dn ! lsnf] k|lt ju{ld6/sf b/n]
Jof8df 5g]{ .
x AfnLrqm ckgfpg]
x cUnf] 8\ofª\df a]gf{ ;fg]{ / kfgL hDg glbg] .
lj?jf÷kmndf b]lvg] ljs[lt
u|]jfn
kmnsf] af]qmf uf9f v}/f] x'g], / kmn s8f x'g] x'G5 . afbn nfUg] df};dsf] sf/0fn]] / kf]6f;sf] cefj x'Fbf
o:tf] /f]u b]lvG5 .
x kf]6fl;od dnsf] k|of]u ubf{ emf]n kf]6f; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .
kmnsf] 6'Kkf s'lxg] cyf{t Anf];dO08 /6
;'?df kmn xl/of] 5Fb} kmnsf] tNnf] efudf sfnf] tyf v}/f] bfu b]lvG5 / bfu 7'nf] xF'b} hfG5 / kl5
kmnsf] tNnf] efu cyf{t 6'Kkf s'lxP/ sfnf] x'G5 . of] /f]u vf;u/L Dff6f]df lr:ofgsf] sdL / SofN;Lod
tTjsf] sdL n] x'G5 .
x Dff6f]sf] lr:ofg sfod /fVg], lrn]6]8 SofN;Lod -r]nfsn_ ! u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ sf]lknf
/ kmnsf] ljsl;t cj:yfdf 5g]{ .
h}ljs ljlw af6 Uf]fne]8fdf nfUg] /f]ux? sf] pkrf/
kmndf nfUg] ujf/f]
x kmndf Kjfn kf/]/ gf]S;fg k'¥ofO{ ahf/sf] nflu of]Uo x'Fb}g .
x x]nL Pg=kL=eL= ! ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf jf/]/ uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt=ln6/ kfgLDff jf s}/fghLg
@ k|ltzt @ ld=ln= k|lt=ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .
;]tf] lemFuf
x el6{l;nd lnsfnL )=% ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf s}/fghLg !–@ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf
/fvL ;]tf] lemFuf b]lvg' cufa} 5g]{ .
x cf]hf]lgd # Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug]{ .
df6f]sf] sL/f
x ltgLx?n] h/f tyf hldgd'gLsf efux? vfG5g\ h;af6 lj?jf kx]lng uO{ cf]Onfp5 .

Ǧ14 -
 x /fd|/L s'x]sf] uf]a/ dn k|of]u ug]{, h}ljs dn, ljiffwLo'Qm sDKn]S; ^=@% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf
b/n] lj?jf /f]k]sf %–!) lbg kl5 k|of]u ug]{ .
lnkm dfOg/
x hldg ;kmf /fVg] / ;]tf] lemFufsf] h:t} lgaf/0f ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .
x Kfft v}/f] / ;'Vvf e}+ kftsf] ;txdf ;]tf] wsf{ b]lvG5 .
ldl/8 au
Afo:s sL/fn] kftsf] tNnf] efuaf6 /; r':5 / km"n, kftx?df l/ª h:tf] b]lvg uO{ s]xL lbg kl5
emb{5 .
x ;]tf] lemFufsf] h:t} lgjf/0f ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .
cN6/g]l/of lnkm:k6÷cuf}6] 89'jf
kftdf v}/f] jf sfnf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 j9\b} uO{ 89'jfsf] ?k lnG5 . bfudf uf]nf rqmx? b]lvG5g\ .
x pkrf/ ljlw 89'jf /f]u h:t} x'G5 .
lj?jfsf] sfF65fF6
nx/f nfdf] x'g] hft
;'?b]lv g} d'Vo sf08sf] Ps d'gf dfq /fvL d'Vo sf08 / kftsf] jLraf6 knfPsf ;j} d'gfx?
x6fOlbg' kb{5 . of] k|s[ofdf !))x%) ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf a]gf{ ;fg'{kb{5 . t/ lj?jf kftnf]
cyf{t !))x%) ;]=dL= km/sdf / dnvfb klg k|z:t lbOPsf] 5 eg] lj?jf $% ;]=dL= cUnf] ePkl5
d'Vo sf08 / kftaf6 cfPsf] b'O{j6f d'gf dfq /fvL pQm Ps d'gfnfO{ Pstkm{ / csf]{ d'gfnfO{ ;f6fsf]
csf]{ tkm{ nu]/ afFWg' kb{5 . b'j} d'gfsf] klg sf08 / kftsf] jLraf6 knfPsf] Ps d'gf dfq /fvL afFsL
x6fOlbg' kb{5 . af]6sf] cGo grflxg] efuaf6 knfO{ cfPsf ;j} d'gfx?nfO{ x6fOlbg' kb{5 .
Yffqmf lbg]
cfjZostf cg'?k af]6nfO{ yfs|f lbg' k5{ . yfs|f glbO{ af]6 9n]df pTkfbg w]/}g} sd x'G5 .
k|To]s $ af]6sf] km/sdf xf]rf] af]6sf] nflu &% ;]=dL= / cUnf] x'g] hftsf] nflu
hldgsf] ;txaf6 !&% ;]=ld=nfdf] dfly afF;sf] vDaf uf8\g] / #)–$% ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf
afF;sf] ;f6f÷ef6f $–% tx afFWg] .
cfDbfgL vr{
3/ pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ Vfr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbgL -?k}ofF_
Knfli6s leq ())) s]=hL= (),))).– @,&),))).–
Knfli6s jflx/ #,))) s]=hL= #),))).– (),))).–
$)))).–

Åklxnf] jif{ Knfli6s 3/ nfut ;lxt, To;kl5sf] jif{df #)–$) xhf/ k|lt/f]kgL vr{ nfUg] .

Ǧ15 -
 v';f{gL
xfjfkfgL
v';f{gL v]tLsf nfuL ^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / @) b]lv #@ ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd
ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . tfks|d #* l8=;]= eGbf dfly / cfb|tf sd ePdf kmn /
km"n sd nfU5 . kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf] bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 . v]t vghf]t
ubf{ nueu #) ;]=ld= cyf{t ! lkm6 hlt vGg' kb{5 .
a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do
kxf8 M df3–h]7
t/fO{ M ;fpg–df3
hftx?
:yfgLo M csa/], lh/], :yfgLo lk/f]
ljsl;t M Hjfnf, ;"o{d'vL, k';f, ofT;'km';f, rGb|d'vL, hL–$
a0f{z+s/ M Pg=P;=!&)!, Pg=P;=!&!!, sdf{ &%&, sdf{ &&&
aLp b/
pGgtM #) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
j0f{z+s/M !) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
j]gf{ eP k|lt /f]kgL @)))–@%)) jf]6
nufpg] b'/L
nfOg–nfOgM ^) ;]=ld= – !)) ;]=ld=
af]6–af]6M $% ;]=ld=– ^) ;]=ld=
sl/a #) b]lv #% lbgsf] j]gf{ hf8f]ofddf %–^ kft] / jif{fofddf &–* kft] xf]rf] j]gf{ ;fg]{
dnvfb÷k|lt /f]kgL
uf]a/ dn !)))–!%)) s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{
o'l/of %– & lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{ #=% s]=hL=
lj?jf ;f/]sf] #) lbgdf !=&% s]=hL
lj?jf ;f/]sf] ^) lbgdf !=&% s]=hL
lrn]6]8 lh+s &)) u|fd hdLg tof/L ubf{
l8=P=kL= &–!) lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{
af]/]S; !)) u|fd hdLg tof/L ubf{
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; $–% lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{
hfOd ! s]=hL ld6 ldn–@% s]=hL=
Tff]/Lsf] lkgf !) s]=hL= xl8\8sf] r"0f{ M @% s]=hL=
l;rfO
lxpFb] v';f{gLnfO{ !) b]lv !% lbgsf] km/sdf l;rfO ug{'k5{ .
6k 8«]l;ª
klxnf] k6s @) lbg kl5 / To;kl5 x/]s @ k6s afnL lnPkl5, o"l/of / l8=P=kL= !–@ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf
b/n] 6k 8«]l;ª ug]{ .
Ǧ16 -
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
x h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
x lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=, uf]a/ dn !%)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_M !=@% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL÷k|lt /f]kgL
lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
pTkfbg M
v';f{gL a]gf{ ;f/]sf] ^) b]lv &% lbgdf kmNg ;'? x'G5 . kxf8df h]7–c;f]h / t/fOdf sflt{s–r}tdf pTkfbg
tof/ x'G5 .
:yfgLo xl/of] M #)) b]lv %)) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
ljsl;t xl/of] M ^)) b]lv *)) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
a0f{z+s/ xl/of] M !%)) b]lv @))) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
d'Vo /f]ux?
df]Hofs efO/; / cf]Onfpg] /f]u v';f{gLdf nfUg] d"Vo /f]ux? x'g . df]Hofs efO/; nfu]sf kftx? u'h'd'lhG5g
/ la?jf kx]nf] x'Fb} hfG5 . of] /f]u nfu]sf] la?jfx? pvn]/ hnfpg' kb{5 .
cf]Onfpg] /f]u nfUg' eGbf klxn]g} df6f]df pkrf/ ug{' clt h?/L x'G5 . pkrf/ ug{ lg;uf{ 6«fOsf]8df{ % u|fd !
ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ Aof8 ePsf] a]gf{df 5g]{ of df6f]df k|of]u ubf{ a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf cuf8L ;'s]sf] uf]a/nfO{ cem
/fd|/L ;'sfO{ dl;gf] u/L r'6L lg;uf{ @=% s]=hL= uf]a/df ldnfO{ ! /f]kgLdf 5g{'k5{ of 3'DtLafnL nufpFbf klg
of] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5 .
ldN8\o' M kftsf] dflyNnf] efudf kx]+nf bfux? / tNnf] efudf skf; h:tf] cfpg] .
/f]syfd
;~rf/ @ u|fd k|lt=ln= kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .
;]tf] 9';L
;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf bfu b]lvg] kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
pkrf/
s]/fy]g @ ld=ln= jf ;Nkm/ w'nf] @ u|fd ÷ln6/ kfgLDff ldnfO{ 5s{g] .
l;=Pd=le=Mkftsf] gzf kx]nf] eO{ cufl8sf] a[l4 /f]lsG5 .
pkrf/
/f]uL af]6nfO{ pv]n] km\ofSg] /f]u ;fg]{ ls/f dfg{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln=kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .
cfOnfpg] /f]uaf6 jrfpgsf] nflu afnL rs| ckgfpg]÷t/ e]8] v';f{gL, d6/, uf]ne]8f cfn' h:tf ;f]nfg];L
kl/jf/s lj?jfx? eg] jfnL rs|df k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g .
xfgLsf/s sL/f Joj:yfkg
x /fO8 af PS;g @ u|fd k|lt ln=kfgLsf b/n] ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
x ;ef]{ !) u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
cfDbfgL vr{ M s'n cfDbfgL– ?=@))))–#))))
s'n vr{– ?=*)))–!))))
v'b cfDbfgL– ?=!))))–@@)))

Ǧ17 -
 e]8] v';f{gL
xfjfkfgL
^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / @$ b]lv #% ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q
pko'Qm x'G5 . #% l8=;]= eGbf a9L tfks|d eof] eg] kmn nfUb}g . o;n]
t'iff/f] vKg ;Sb}g . Hofb} udL{, cf]l;nf] / afbn nfUg] df};ddf kmn s'lxg]
/f]u a9L nfU5 .
aLp tyf a]gf{ b/
&% –!)) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL . a]gf{ @))) – @%)) af]6 k|lt /f]kgL .
nufpg] b'/L
nfOg–nfOg ^) ;]=dL=/ af]6–af]6 $% ;]=dL=
/f]Kg] ;do / afnL lng] ;do
hftx? pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 a]F;L, vf]r / t/fO{
Soflnkmf]lg{of cf]G8/ r}t – j}zfv Dff3 – kmfNu'0f ebf}– c;f]h
tyf cGo xfOla|8 hft
afnL lng] ;do c;f/ – ebf} j}zfv –c;f/ dªl;/ –Dff3
dnvfbsf] k|of]u M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL
Uff]j/ dn – !%)) s]=hL=
o'l/of –% s]=hL= lh+s lrn]6]8 –!)) u|fd
l8=P=kL=–!) s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{ dn – %) s]=hL=
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; – % s]=hL= Aff]/]S; – !)) u|fd
Tff]/Lsf] lkgf –!) s]=hL= ld6 ldn–@) s]=hL=
xl8\8sf] r"0f{ M@) s]=hL= hfOd– ! s]=hL=
6k 8«]l;ª
o"l/of @ s]=hL= / l8=P=kL= # s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] klxnf] k6s a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @)–@% lbg kl5, bf];|f]
k6s km"n k'mNg' cl3 / To;kl5 x]/s @ k6s afnL lnPkl5, 5g]{ . To:t} kmn l6Kg yfn] kl5 sDtLdf
b'O{ k6s kmn l6k] kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] lk;fa Ps efu lk;fa % efu kfgL ld;fO x/]s af]6n] %) – !))
ld=ln= sf b/n] kfpg] ul/ af]6sf] jl/kl/ 5g]{ .
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=÷/f]kgL a];n 8f]h
h}ljs dn afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
uf]j/sf] dn M !%)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

Ǧ18 -
6k 8«l;ª
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
la?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
l;+rfO M l8«k l;+rfO pko"Qm x'G5 . -a]gf{sf] sf08 b]lv l8«ksf] Kjfn @–# ;]=dL= 6f9f /fVg]_
pTkfbg
j0f{zªs/ hftM ^))–!))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
cGoM %)) – ^)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
afnL ;+/If0f
/f]u / sL/f
y|LK; , ;'n;'n] / nfxL ;f ;fgf ls/fx? x'g .
y|LK; sf] nflu g'efg ! Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ % lbgsf] km/sdf tLg k6s 5g]{ .
/ ;'n;'n]sf] nflu cf]dfO{6 @ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . nfxLsf] nflu /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt
ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{] / PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:Yffkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .
cf]Onfpg]
kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] k|jGw ug]{, /f]u nfu]sf] la?jf x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, a}le:6Lg=÷6«fOsf]8df{n] 8«]+Gr ug]{ .
PGyfSgf]h / kmn ;8\g]
of] /f]u 9';Lsf] sf/0faf6 x'G5 / o;n] b'O{ lsl;dn] c;/ kb{5–
!= af]6sf] 6'Kkf jf d'G6fx? cf]OnfOP/ kfgLn] leh]h:tf] eO{ af]6 db{5 .
@= xl/of] jf kfs]sf] /ftf] kmndf u9]sf] af6'nf] kmn kl5 k/fn] /ª eO{ leqL efudf 9';L nfU5 /
kmn ;8\b5 .
dfly pNn]v ePsf] /f]u nfUg'eGbf klxn] g} af]6 @) ;]ld ePb]lv AnfS6; of 8fOy]g Pd $%
ljiffbL ! ln6/ kfgLdf @–# u|fd /fvL @–# k6s lbgsf] km/s u/L 5gf{n] /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'G5 .
kfp8/L ldnl8p jf ;]tf] w'n] /f]u
-v/fgL /f]u cyf{t kftdf ;]tf] 9';L b]lvg] /f]u_
of] sfFqmf], km;L{, l;dL, / l3/f}+nfdf ;d]t nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] 9';L a9L nfu]df af]6af6 pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ kmn
pTkfbg g} geO{ af]6 ;'s]/ hfg] ePsf]n] ;dod} ljiffbL 5g'{kb{5 . of] Gofgf] ;'Svf df};ddf km}lng] /f]u
xf] . of] xfjf / r/faf6 ;b{5 . kftx?df k'/} lk7f] h:tf] ;]tf]n] 9fSt5 . kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf]
b]lvG5 .
x ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgL b/n] ld;fO{ 5g]{,
x Jff, s]/fy]g @ ld=ln= jf ;Nkm/ w'nf] !=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g]
x af]6 !%–@) ;]= ld= ePb]lv Soflnl;og emf]n ! ln6/ kfgLdf @ ldln jf kf]ln/fd kfp8/
$ u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf !%–!% lbgsf] km/s u/L @–# k6s 5gf{n] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5
x /f]uL kft x6fP/ ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] gi6 ug]{ .

Ǧ19 -
kft u'hd'lHhg] /f]u
of] efO/;af6 x'g] /f]u xf] . kftx? v'lDrP/ st} kx]Fnf] / st} uf9f xl/of] efu b]lvG5 . kftsf] cfsf/
36\5 . km'n / kmn sd nfU5, kmn klg lau|]sf] x'G5 . vfgnfO{ pko'Qm gx'g] / af]6 klg a9\g g;sL
la?jfsf] cfsf/ g} lau|]sf] x'G5 .
/f]usf] lgoGq0f
of] sL/faf6 ;g]{ ePsf]n] af]6sf] prfO @)–@% ;]ld ePb]lv g} !% lbgsf] km/s u/L @ k6s g'efg, /f]u/, 8f]d,
An'd oL dWo] s'g} Ps ljiffbL emf]n @ ld=ln= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] sL/f lgoGq0f x'G5 .
kft a6fl/g] -df]hfOs efO/;_
of] /f]u klg efO/;af6 x'g] ePsf]n] /f]u nfu]sf kftx? tnlt/ a6fl/G5g\ / ;fgf kft x'G5g\ . af]6 a9\g
g;Sg] / km'n klg km'Ng gkfpFb} la?jfx? c:j:y e} af]6sf] cfsf/ g} a]?k x'G5 .
x /f]uL lj?jf pv]n]/ uf8\g] jf hnfpg] .
x /f]u ;fg]{ ls/f dfg{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{
x /f]u sdug{ !)) Pd=Pn= sfFrf] b'w k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{
ls/f lgoGq0f
af]6sf] prfO !%–@) ;]=ld= ePb]lv g} jf km'n km'Ng'cufl8 g} sL6fgfzs ljiffbL @–# k6s wgjfg,
g'efg, 8f]d, An'd oLdWo] Ps ljiffbL ! ln6/ kfgLdf @ ldln /fvL 5gf{n] sL/f lgoGq0f x'G5 .
af]6 ;f/]sf] !)–!% lbgdf km]b g} sf6\g] sfnf] nfef{ nfUg] ePsf]n] k|To]s lg/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 . Ps /ftdf
w]/} af]6 gf]S;fgL ug]{ ePsf]n] af]6sf] km]bdf n6\7Ln] df6f] vf]tnL x]bf{ sfnf] nfef{ sL/f x'g] ePsf]n]
To:tf] a]gf{ sf6]sf] km]bdf vf]tnL sL/f dfl/lbg'kb{5 . ljiffbL 5/]/ lgoGq0f gx'g] ePsf]n] dfly pNn]v
u/]sf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'kb{5 . kmn ahf/df n}hfg' eGbf !) lbg cufl8 b]lv ljiffbL 5g'{ x'Fb}g .
cfDbfgL–vr{ -k|lt /f]kgL_
hDdf cfDbfgL M– ?=@$,)))– ?=$),))).–
pTkfbg nfut M– ?=!),)))– ?=!@,))).–
v'b gfkmf M– ?=!$,)))– ?=@*,))).–

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

%= dlÝt]n / ;fa'g kfgL M
9 Ps 8Nnf n'uf w'g] ;fa'gnfO{ dl;gf] 6'qmf agfP/ % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ dl;gf] 6'qmf agfP/
gklUnpgh]n;Dd pdfNg] /fd|f];+u ;fa'g kfgL kUn]kl5 lr;f] kf/]/
9 To;df @–# rf}yfO{ dl6\t]n jf l8h]n ld;fpg], pQm ld>0fnfO{ t/sf/L afnLdf leHg]u/L 5gf{n] nfxL
sL/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= ;'lt{sf] af]6 M
9 ;'lt{sf] ;'s]sf] kft !%) u|fd, cyjf ;'lt{sf] ;'s]sf] 8fF7 @)) u|fd jf sfFrf] kft %)) u|fdnfO{ 6'qmf
kf/L dl;gf] u/L lkw]/ To;df ! ln6/ kfgL ! /ft lehfP/
9 ef]nL kN6 kft'nf] sk8fn] 5fGg] ,emf]n tof/ kfg]{, / ! ln6/ ;kmf kfgLdf ld;fP/ & lbgsf] km/sdf
5gf{n] nfxL / km8\s] ls/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

Ǧ20 -
 e06f v]tL
xfjfkfgL
^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO{ / !% b]lv #@ ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf]
Gofgf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . !% b]lv @! ;]lG6u|]8
tfkqmd ePsf] :yfgdf pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 . anf}6] / kFfuf]+ df6f]df
v]tL ug{ pko"Qm x'G5 .
/f]Kg] ;do / hft
Hfftx? dWo kxf8 t/fO{
g"sL{ Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}– c;f]h
;nf{xL xl/of] Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s
kk{n nª Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s
Kff]v/f n"sL{ Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}–sflt{s
a]lg3f6 ;]tf] Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}–sflt{s
jL/u+h ;]tf] Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s
cf;f Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s
;fDnL Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s
a]gf{
a]gf{sf nflu kfxf8df d+l;/ b]lv r}q ;Dd / t/fO{df ebf} b]lv sflQ{s ;Dd ljp 5g{' k5{ . udL{ ;dodf
ljp 5/]sf] 5 eg] Ps dlxgfdf a]gf{ tof/ x'G5 eg] hf8f] ;dodf $) b]lv %) lbg nfU5 . ;fwf/0f to
^ b]lv * kft] la?jf ;fg{ pko"Qm x'G5 . k|lt /f]kgL @% u|fd aLpsf] b/n] a]gf{ tof/ x'G5 .
nufpg] b'/L
lxpbdf !@) ;]=ld=rf}8fO{sf] 8\ofª agfP/ nfOg–nfOg ^) ;]=dL=tyf af]6–af]6 ^) ;]=dL= u/]/ la?jf
/f]Kg] t/ aiff{tdf ;fg]{ a]gf{sf] nflu $% ;]=ld=rf}8fO{sf] 8\ofª agfP/ Ps 8\ofªdf Ps nfO{g dfq la?jf
/f]Kg' k5{ .
dnvfb k|lt /f]kgL
uf]a/ dn !%)) s]=hL -a];n 8f]h_
l8=P=kL= #) s]=hL
o'l/of !) s]=hL
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; !) s]=hL
6k 8«]l;ª
a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @), $) tyf ^) lbgdf k|To]s k6s !) s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg] .
dn lbFbf lj?jfsf] d'Vo sf08af6 Ps s'/]t 6f9faf6 a]gf{ jl/kl/ cf}+7L cfsf/sf] @–# OGr ulx/f] s'n];f]
jgfO{ k|ltaf]6 !) u|fdsf b/n] lbO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . dn lbPkl5 l;rfO ug{' k5{ t/ kfgL hDg lbg'
x'b}g .

Ǧ21 -
h}ljs ljlw -h}ljs dn_
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
6k 8«]l;ª
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
o:t} x/]s b'O{ b]lv tLg k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] s'xfP/ /fv]sf] lk;fa ! efudf % efu kfgL
ld;fP/ la?jfsf] km]bdf ;/b/ !)) ld=ln=sf b/n] lbPdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .
pTkfbg dlxgf
kxf8df r}t–c;f]h tyf t/fOdf dª\l;/–r}t
pTkfbg
@)))–#))) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
afnL ;+/If0f
d'Vo ls/fx?
sf08 tyf tyf km"n vfg] ujf/f]
x slnnf] sf08 tyf k'mn vfO{ lj?jfnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] .
x k|efljt efunfO{ x6fpg], afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], km]/fdf]go'Qm 6«ofksf] k|of]u ug]{, Pg=kL=eL=@
Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf jf]// uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt ln= kfgLdf jf s]/fGhLg @Ü -@ Pd=Pn=k|lt
ln6/ kfgLDff_ ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
x v]tjf/Lsf] s'gfdf /ft k/]kl5 cfuf] afNg] .
x lgdsf] emf]n !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
x kmn nfUg' cufl8 jf kmn l6k]kl5 yfof]8]g @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !) – !% lbgsf]
km/sdf b'O{ k6s 5s{g' kb{5 . t/ of] 5s]{ kl5 !) lbg kl5 dfq kmn l6Kg' kb{5 .
nfxL sL/f
x kftsf] tNnf] efu tyf d'gfdf a;]/ /; r';]/ lj?jfnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofp5 .
x /f]u/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5s{g' kb{5
x yfof]8]g !=% ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !) lbgsf] km/sdf la?jf leHg] u/L 5s{g' kb{5 .
/f]ux?
!=kmf]df]S;L; JnfO6
x nIf0f k|ydM kft / a]gf{df b]lvG5, ;'?sf] cj:yfdf ;fgf] v}/f] l/ªh:tf] b]lvG5 / kl5 j[l4 x'g
uO{ nIf0f kmndf ;d]t b]lvG5 / cGtdf s'lxG5 .
x # jif]{ afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt efunfO{ x6fOlbg], ulx/f] vghf]t ug]{, SofK6fg,
yfO/d jf cGo sk/hGo 9'l;gf;s ljiffbL @ b]lv # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .
x aLpdf a]leli6g )=% k|ltztn] k|of]u ug]{, tftf] kfgLn] aLpnfO{ %) l8=;]=df #) ldg]6 pkrf/
ug]{, g;{/L Aof8df lsgf]l;n ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{
@= a]S6]l/on cf]Onfpg]
Uff]ne]+8fdf h:t} ckgfpg]
Ǧ22 -
 Kofh v]tL
xfjfkfgL
Kofh v]tL ^) –@^)) dL=prfO{ / tfkss|d @)–#) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd
ePsf] If]qdf x'G5 . a9L pTkfbgsf] nflu v's'nf], k|z:t k|fËfl/s
kbfy{ ePsf] jnf}6] b'd6 df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .
a]gf{ /f]Kg] ;do
If]q a]df};dL Dff};dL
kxf8 ;fpg–ebf} k';–df3
pRr kxf8 h]7–c;f/ a}zfv–h]7
t/fO{ ;fpg–ebf} dª\l;/–k'if
Hfftx? M
a]df};dLM Pu|L kmfp08 8fs{ /]8, ckm l;hg–!
Dff};dL M /]8 lqmof]n -kxf8_, /]8lqmon / gfl;s /]8 %# -t/fO{_, k';f /]8
aLp b/
$))–%)) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL -#),))) – ##,%)) jf]6_
Jof8M ! ld6/ rf}8fO / !% b]lv @) ;]=dL= -sl/j ! ljQf_ prfO{
nufpg] b'/L
nfOg–nfOg !%–@) ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 !% ;]=ld=
dnvfb÷/f]kgL
uf]a/ dn -sDkf]i6 dn_ !%)) s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{
o'l/of & – * s]=hL= $=% s]=hL=hdLg tof/L ubf{
@=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] #) lbg leq
@=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] ^) lbg leq
l8=P=kL= ^ s]=hL hdLg tof/L ubf{
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; !) s]=hL hdLg tof/L ubf{
ld6 ldn @% s]=hL= )=() u|fd k|lt af]6
Tff]/Lsf] lkgf @% – !)) s]=hL= )=() – #=^ u|fd k|lt af]6
hfOd dn ! s]=hL
af]/]S; !)) u|fd ;Nkm/ ! – @ s]=hL
lh+s lrn]6]8 !)) u|fd xl8\8sf] r"0f{ %)–!)) s]=hL
6k 8«]l;ª
a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @), $) / %) lbgdf o'l/of / u]8f dn %÷% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dnM h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ tyf lgd s]s–@ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL, hUuf
tof/ ubf{ k|of]u ug]{ .
Ǧ23 -
6k 8«]l;ª
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
pTkfbg dlxgf
If]q a]df};dL Dff};dL
kxf8 sflt{s– dª\l;/ h]7
pRr kxf8 Efbf}–sflt{s Efbf}–sflt{s
t/fO{ sflt{s– dª\l;/ Rf}q–a}zfv
pTkfbg M !%))–@))) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
/f]u tyf ls/f lgoGq0f M
ly|K; ls/f Kofhdf nfUg] d'Vo ls/f xf] . of] w]/} ;fgf] tyf kx]nf] /Ësf] x'G5 . oL ls/fx?n] la?jfsf] kftdf a;]/
/; tyf sdnf] efu sf]q]/ vfOlbG5g . o;sf] sf/0fn] kftdf ;]tf tyf xnsf kx]nf wAafx? b]lvG5g\ .
x Dff]gf]qmf]6f]km; jf /f]u/ jf yfof]8]fg jf g'efg dWo] s'g} Pp6f laiffbL @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ %– &
lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ jf ;ef]{ !) ld=ln= kfgLdf /fv/] 5/]df ly|K; / dfO6 ls/fsf] /f]syfd x'G5
x k|fËf/Ls tl/sf ckgfpg] xf] eg] a]gf{ ;f/]b]lv g} lg/Gt/ ?kdf hLjft' emf]ndn ! efudf # efu kfgL
ld;fO{ xKtfdf @ –# k6s # – $ dlxgf ;Dd af]6 tyf h/f leHg] u/L 5g]{
8fpgL ldN8\o'
of] /f]u nfu]df j[l4 /f]lsg hfG5, v}/f] /ªsf] 9';L kftdf b]lvG5 / cGtdf kx]+lng uO{ lj?jf db{5 .
x 6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL Ps xDtfsf] km/sdf kfn}kfnf] # k6s 5g]{ .
x /f]u nfu]sf] kft l6k]/ gi6 ug]{ .
sfnf] kf]sf]
x Kfftsf] ;txdf sfnf] wAaf b]lvG5 / km'6\bf sfnf] w'nf] lg:sG5 .
x Pp6} hldgdf nuftf/ v]tL gug]{, SofK6fg÷yfO/fd÷a}le:6Lg @ u|fd÷s]=hL=sf b/n] ljpsf] pkrf/ ug]{
x ;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf AnfO6S; %) jf cnsk jf cg'sk jf wg's dWo] s'g}
Ps laiffbL @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ la?jf tyf ;txsf] df6f] leHg] u/L & b]lv !) lbgsf]
km/sdf :k|] ug]{ .
v}/f] ws]{ /f]u
x v}/f] ws]{ /f]usf nflu OG8f]lkmn Pd–$%, $ u|fd÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
cyjf
x ;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf AnfO6S; %) jf cnsk jf cg'sk jf wg's dWo] s'g}
Ps laiffbL @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ la?jf tyf ;txsf] df6f] leHg] u/L & b]lv !) lbgsf]
km/sdf :k|] ug]{ .
cfDbfgL vr{
a]df};dL Dff};dL
s'n cfDbfgL ?=#),))).– ?= @@,%)).–
s'n vr{ M?=!),))).– ?= *))),–
Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=@),))).– ?=!$,))).–
Yfk Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ M k|z:t lr:ofg ePsf] j]nfdf jfnL pv]Ng' x'b}g
M %)–*) k|ltzt kft g9Nb} pv]Ng' x'b}g . b'O{ xKtf cufl8 jf]6x? n8fP/ dfq Kofh pv]Ng]
M o"l/of dn k6s k6s k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g .

Ǧ24 -
 sfFs|f] v]tL
kl/ro
nx/] jfnL cGt/ut kg]{ of] afnLdf kfgLsf] dfqf w]/} x'gfn] udL{ ;dodf
cToflws ljqmL x'G5, Knfli6ssf] ;'?ªdf hf8f]df klg pTkfbg ubf{ /fd|f]
cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfjfkfgL
^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / !* b]lv #% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q
pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] t'iff/f] ;xb}g / Gofgf] dg k/fp5 .
/f]Kg] ;do
kxf8 M dª\l;–df3 -u'Daf]h leq_
dWo kxf8M kmfu'g–h]i7, >fj0f–ebf} -v'nf If]q_
t/fO{ M kf}if–df3 -u'Daf]h leq_ >fj0f b]lv r}q -v'nf If]q_
hftx?
eStk'/ nf]sn -kxf8sf] nflu dfq}_, s';n], lgGhf, dflngf], dlxsf] xl/of], ;]tf] )(, kfO{g ;]6,
lk|of,j]nL, ;'uf 8fog]i6L
aLp b/
@% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
pGgt hft –%)–&% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
nufpg] b'/L
nfOg–nfOg !%)–@)) ;]=ld= tyf af]6–af]6 ^)–() ;]=ld=
@%)–#)) jf]6 k|lt /f]kgL
dnvfb÷/f]kgL M -s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL_
uf]a/ dn– !)))–@))) s]=hL=
o'l/of % s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf @=%
lj?jf ;f/]sf] $) lbgdf @=%
l8=P=kL= % s]=hL=
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL=
6«fOsf]8df{ dn @% s]=hL=
ld6 ldn @%= s]=hL
Tff]/Lsf] lkgf @) -!))_
cGoM Affof] jf 6]shfOd ! s]=hL=, lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd, Af]/f]g–!)) u|fd

Ǧ25 -
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
uf]j/ dn M!%))–@))) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
a9L km"n km'nfpg
a'd km"n 5g]{ M @ ld=ln=÷ln= -% b]lv #) lbgsf] km/sdf km"n km'Ng] a]nfdf 5g]{ / emf]n kf]6f; M %
ld=ln=÷ k|lt ln6/ kfgL ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
pTkfbg dlxgf
kxf8M a}zfv–dª\l;/
t/fO{M r}t–dª\l;/
pTkfbg
!%))–@))) ls=÷/f]kgL
afnL ;+/If0f
d'Vo ls/fx?
kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf
kmnleq k'mn kf5{ / kmn s'xfp5 .
x PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t km/f]ldg6«ofkdf–JofS6f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No"/ k|of]u ug]{ -
$ 6«ofk÷/f]kgL_
Vfk6]
x Kfftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] xl/of] efu sf]q]/ vfG5 .
x km"n nfe|n ] fO{ ;+sng u/L gfz ug]{ / lgdsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
x stf]/f]kfOl/km; @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfP/ kft / jf]6sf] h/f If]qdf df6f] /fd|/L leHg]
u/L 5g]{ .
;]tf] lemFuf
x kftsf] tNnf] efudf a:5 .
x PS;g÷/fO8 @ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLsf b/n] kftsf] tNnf] efudf kg]{ u/L 5g]{ .
d'Vo /f]ux?
8fpgL ldN8\o'
x Kfftsf] dflyNnf] efudf kx]+nf bfux? / tNnf] efudf cf]l;nf] df};ddf sfnf] 9';L b]lvG5 .
x 6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ u|f=÷ln= kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] .
Ǧ26 -
 x /f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, sf6–5f6 u/]/ xfjf v]Ng] 7fFp lbg] . kftnfO{ v'Vvf /fVg] .
;]tf] 9';L
x ;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf]
b]lvG5 .
x s]/fy]g @–# ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] jf ;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
x /f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, sf6–5f6 u/]/ xfjf v]Ng] 7fFp lbg] . kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .
efO/; -df]hfOs_
x Kfftsf] gzf kx]+nf] eO{ cufl8sf] j[l4 /f]lsG5 .
x /f]uL af]6nfO{ pv]n]/ ˆofSg] / b'w @) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .
h}ljs ljlw
kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf
x kmnleq km"n kf5{ / kmn s'[xfpF5 .
x PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t JofS6f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No'/ k|of]u ug]{ -% 6«ofk÷/f]kgL_,
km;L{sf] /ftf] vk6] ls/f
x h}ljs ljiffbL -sDKn]S;_ ^=@% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL, a]gf{ ;f/]sf] %–!) lbg kl5 .
d'Vo /f]ux?
8fpgL ldN8\o'
x dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;tx sfnf] skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 .
x /f]uL kft x6fpg], :j:y ljpsf] tyf a]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{, afSnf] g/f]Kg] .
Kffp8/L ldN8\o' M v/fgL /f]u -kftdf ;]tf] 9';L b]lvG5_ .
x lgdsf] t]n k|of]u ug]{, hldg ;kmf /fVg], emf/kft x6fpg], /f]uL kft x6fpg]
x ;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=jf
x /f]uL kft x6fpg], sf6–5fF6 u/L k|z:t xfjf v]Ng lbg], :j:y ljp–a]gf{ k|of]u ug]{, afSnf] g/f]Kg] .
cfDbfgL vr{
a]df};dL Dff};dL
s'n cfDbfgL ?=@),))).– ?= $)))).–
s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– ?= !@))),–
Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!@))).– ?=@*,))).–

Ǧ27 -
 tLt] s/]nf
xfjfkfgL
tLt] s/]nf v]tLsf nflu ^) – !%)) ld= prfO /
@%–#% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] Gofgf] / cfb|{
-cf]l;nf]_ xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t}
bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6] df6f] tLt] s/]nf v]tLsf nflu
pko"Qm x'G5 . df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ w]/} x'g'
kb{5 . l;+rfOsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 7fFpdf o;sf] v]tL
udL{ofddf ul/G5 eg] afnLnfO{ kfgL hDgaf6
jrfpg lgsf;sf] pko"Qm k|jGw x'g' k5{ . o;n] t'iff/f] / lxpF vKg ;Sb}g . of] jfnL udL{ / jiff{ ofddf
x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] t/fO{b]lv dWo kxf8L If]q;Dd o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 . df6f]sf] kL=Pr=^–& df
of] ;k|G5 .
hftx?
Dfflxsf] xl/of], emnfl/, kfln, l6of, k';f a]df};dL, sf]ODa6f]/ nË
aLp b/ M %)–^) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL
aLp /f]Kg] / a]gf{ tof/ ug]{
tLt] s/]nfsf jLpx? cS;/ ;f]em} v]tjf/Ldf /f]lkG5 . k|lt vf]lkN6f b'O{ jLp kg]{ u/]/ /f]lkG5 . t}klg
a]gf{x? Knfli6ssf y}nfdf klg sfFqmfsf] h:t} u/L pdfg{ ;lsG5 .
/f]Kg] ;do
Eff}uf]lns If]q nufpg] ;do afnL lng] ;do
x pRr kxf8 a};fv–h]7 c;f/–>fj0f
x dWo kxf8 kmfu'g–r}t j};fv–h]7
x vf]r / t/fO{ df3–h]7 r}t–>fj0f
afnL nufpg] b'/L
x Ps xf/af6 csf]{ xf/sf] b'/L M !=% dL -% lkm6_
x Ps af]6af6 csf]{ af]6sf] b'/L M )=&% dL b]vL !=) dL -@=% b]vL # lkm6_
Dfnvfbx? M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL
dn kl/0ffd k|lt vf8n
uf]a/ dn -sDkf]i6_ !%))–@))) s]=hL ^– * s]=hL
o'l/of !) s]=hL @) u|fd
l8=P=kL= !) s]=hL @) u|fd
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL !) u|fd
6«fOsf]8df{ dn @% s]=hL @%) u|fd
cGoM lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd, Af]f/]S;–!)) u|fd, hfOd–! s]=hL=,df6f]sf] le6fdLg – ! s]=hL=

Ǧ28 -
6k 8«]l;ª
lj?jf /f]k]sf] @),$),^) / *) lbgdf jf cGo nx/] afnLdf em} x/]s b'O{ rf]6L kmn l6lk;s] kl5 o'l/of /
l8=P=kL= @–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lj?jfsf] jl/kl/ cf}+7L cfsf/sf] s'n];f] agfO{ pQm s'n];f]df dn
/fvL df6f]n] k'l/lbg'k5{ . yk dn lbPkl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf l;rfO ug{' k5{ . o:t} x/]s b'O{ b]lv tLg k6s
kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] s'xfP/ /fv]sf] lk;fa ! efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ la?jfsf] km]bdf ;/b/ lrof
Unf;sf] ! – @ Unf;sf b/n] lbPdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; @=% s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL jLp÷a]gf{ /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] /fVg] -!* tTj ePsf] _
uf]j/ dn M!)))–!%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª
afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; M h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL= ÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 /
csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .
x jLp /f]k]sf] @ dlxgfdf klxnf] kmn l6kfO{ ;'? x'G5 .
x To;kl5 $–% lbgsf] cGt/ kf/L kmnx? l6Kb} hfg' k5{ .
x Dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cGt/df nutf/ kmn l6Kb} uPdf j9L pTkfbg x'G5 .
pTkfbg
!)))–@))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL
pGgt hftx?af6 a9L / c;n u'0f:tf/sf] kmn pTkfbg x'G5 .
afnL ;+/If0f
d'Vo ls/fx?
kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf
x kmnleq k'mn kf5{ / kmn s'[xfpF5 .
x PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t km]/f]ldg 6«ofk–So" No'/ JofS6«f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No"/ k|of]u ug]{ ;fy}
dN6Llgd # Pd=Pn=k|lt=ln=kfgLdf jf ;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln= kfgLDff 5g]{ .
/ftf] vk6] ls/f
x Kfftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] xl/of] efu sf]q]/ vfG5 / gzf b]lvG5
x Kf'mn nfef{nfO{ ;+sng u/L gfz ug]{, dlN6lgd # Pd=Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
/f]ux?
8fpgL ldN8\o'
x dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;tx sfnf] skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 .
x 6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO{ 5g]{ .
x /f]uL kft x6fO{ gi6 ug]{, k|z:t xfjf v]Ng] lj?jf sf6\–5fF6 ug]{, kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .

Ǧ29 -
;]tf] 9';L
x ;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftd v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf]
b]lvG5 .
x ;Nkm/ w'nf] @ u|fd jf ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .
x /f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, k|z:t xfjf v]Ng lj?jf sf6–5fF6 ug]{, kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .
Dff]hfOs efO/;
x Kfftdf df]hfOssf] nIf0f b]lvg', kft rfpl/g', kft kx]+nf] tyf kft sRofss'r'Ss ePsf] b]lvG5 .
x Kf|efljt af]6 pv]Ng], ufO{sf] b'w @) ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO 5g]{ / e]S6/ lgoGq0f
ug{ /f]u/ @ ld=ln=k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .
cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt/f]kgL_
s'n cfDbfgL ?=@%,))).–
s'n vr{ M?=*,))).–
Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!&))).–

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

&= v/fgL / dl6\6t]n M
9 ^ 7"nf] rDrf dl6\6t]n
9 ! s]=hL= v/fgLdf ld;fO{ ljxfg xKtfsf] @ k6s t/sf/L afnLdf 5gf{n] k|fo h;f] ;a} af]6 lj?jfsf]
slnnf] efuaf6 /; r':g] ls/fx?sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5
*= uf]ne]8fsf] kft M
9 ! s]=hL= uf]ne]8fsf] kftnfO{ dl;gf] 6'qmf kf/L
9 % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ pdfNg] To;kl5 sk8fn] 5fg]/ lgsfn]sf] emf]ndf 5gf{n] e'ml;nls/f,sfnf] ,xl/fof]
lem+ufsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
(= ufO{ e};Lsf] d'q M
9 ufO{ e};Lsf] d'q ;+sng u/L sl/a @$ 306f;Dd 3fd ;f]em} gnfUg] :yfgdf /fVg]
9 To;df # efu ;kmf kfgL ld;fP/ %÷% lbgsf] km/sdf af]6 la?jf leHg] u/L 5gf{n] ldnLjs
ly|K;,dfO6\;nfO{ e'ml;n ls/fsf] /f]syfd ug'{sf ;fy} 9';L hGo tyf efO/; hGo v';f{gLsf] kft a6fg]{ /
uf]ne]8fsf] kft bf]afg]{ /f]usf] lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!)= lgdsf] bfgf tyf kft M
9 kfs]/ em/]sf lgdsf bfgfx?nfO{ sf]6\ofP/ u'bL lgsfnL 3fddf ;'sfP/ dl;gf] w'nf] u/L lkw]/, w'nf] tof/ ug]{,
9 %)) u|fdsf] lgdsf] w'nf] !)–@) ln6/ kfgLdf %)–!)) u|fd hlt n'uf w'g] ;a'g ld;fP/ ! /f]kgL
hldgdf 5gf{n] km8\s] / kmf}hL sL/f nfxL, ujf/]f,wld/f cflbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!!= lgdsf] kftsf] k|of]u M
9 ! s]=hL= lgdsf] kft % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ ! /ft;Dd lehfPkl5 lgdkfgLnfO{ pdfNg] kfgLsf] xl/fof]kgf
x/fPkl5 lems]/ lr;f] agfpg]
9 pQm % ln6/ tof/L emf]ndf c? % ln6/ ;kmf kfgL ld;fP/ , %–% lbgsf] km/sdf 5gf{n] ljleGg
lsl;dsf sL/fx?sf] /f]syfk x'G5 .

Ǧ30 -
 l;dL
xfjfkfgL
;LdL v]tLsf nflu ^) – @%)) ld= prfO / @%–#) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8
tfkqmd ePsf] Gofgf] / ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;n] t'iff/f] / w]/} lr;f] ;xg ;Sb}g eg] w]/}g} udL{ df};ddf o;sf
km'n / sf];fx? emg]{ ;d:of cfpg] ub{5 . To:t} bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6]
o;sf] v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 . df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ w]/} x'g'
kb{5 . df6f]sf] kL=Pr=%=&–^ df of] ;k|G5 . kxf8L If]qdf hf8f]
dlxgfdf afx]s cGo ;dodf / t/fO{df hf8f] ofddf o;sf] v]tL
ul/G5 .
/f]Kg] ;doM
ahf/ dfu tyf a]df};dL pTkfbgsf] nflu b]xfosf dlxgfdf :yfgcg';f/ v]tL ug{' pko'Qm x'G5M
kxf8 M kmfu'g – ebf}
t/fO{ M sflt{s–dª\l;/
hftx?
nx/f hfg] hftM s]Gt'sL jG8/, rf}df;], x\jfO6 kn{, rfOlgh sfnf], ;]tf] u]8]
emfFlug] hftM sfh', sG6]08/
aLp b/
emfFlug] hft M $–% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
nx/] hft M @–# s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
nufpg] b'/L
emfFlug] hft M nfOg–nfOg ^)–&% ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 $% ;]=ld=
nx/] hft M nfOg–nfOg ()–!)) ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 &% ;]=ld=
l;+rfOM o;sf] v]tLsf] rs|df sl/a sl/a ^–& k6s;Dd kfgL lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . kfgL sd ePdf sf];f sd
nfUg], aLp sd x'g], kmn kf]l6nf] gx'g] cflb x'G5 eg] km"n km"ng] a]nfdf lr:ofgsf] sdL ePdf pTkfbgg}
sd x'g hfG5 .
Dfnvfbx? M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL
uf]a/ dn–!))) s]=hL= lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd
o'l/of–% s]=hL= Af]/]S;–!)) u|fd
l8=P=kL=–!) s]=hL= hfOd–! s]=hL=
Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f;–% s]=hL= /fOhf]ljod–!u|fd÷lsnf] aLp
lk=P;=aL=–)=% Dff6f]sf] le6fdLg – ! s]=hL=

Ǧ31 -
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL hUuf tof/ ubf{
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
uf]j/ dn M !%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª
a]gf{ /f]k]sf] dlxgf kl5 Ps yk dfqf h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ !=%=s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
pTkfbg dlxgf
kxf8M a}zfv–sflt{s
t/fO Msflt{s–r}q
pTkfbg
*))–!@)) s]=hL=
cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt/f]kgL_
s'n cfDbfgL ?=@%,))).–
s'n vr{ M?=*,))).–
Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!&))).–

afnL ;+/If0f
sL/f
x Yff]Kn] vk6] / nfxLsf] nflu /f]u/ !–Pd=Pn=÷! ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ / PsLs[t zq'hLj
Joj:yfkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .
/f]u
x PGy|]Sgf]hsf] nflu 8fOy]g Pd $% $ u|fd =k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
x Kffp8/L ldN8\o' ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

Ǧ32 -
 aaf]8L
xfjjfkfgL
af]8L
8 v]tLsf nflu n ^) – !$)) ld d= prfO / @%–#%
l8u|u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd e ePsf] Gofgf] / ;'Vvf xxfjfkfgL
ePPsf] If]q pko' p Qm x'GG5 . o;n n] t'iff/f] / w]/}
lr; ;f] ;xg ;SSb}g eg] w]/}gg}} udL{ df};ddf; o;sf km'n /
sf];fx?
; emg]{ ;d:of ; To bf]d6, kfËf] /
cfpgg] ub{5 . To:t}
annf}6} ] df6f] o; ;sf] v]tLsff nflu pkoo"Qm x'G5 . kfgLsf]
lgssf;sf] Aoaa:yf x'g c cToGt h?/L /L x'G5 . df6f]df
k|fª\ªufl/s kbfyy{ w]/} x'g' kkb{5 . df6f]sf]s kL=Pr=$ $=%–^=%
df of] ;k|G5 . kxf8L If]qqdf hf8f] dlxgfdf d afx]s cGo ;dodf
; / t//fO{df hf8f] ofddf o;sf] v]tL
ul//G5 . ^)–&)) lbgdf jf]88L l6Kg toff/ x'G5 .
/f]Kg] ;do
hftt pRr kxf88 dWo kxf8
k vf]r, a]l;, nufpg] b'/L -;]=ld=_
t/fO{ nfOOg b]lv nfOOg af]6 blv b] af]6
v'dn
d tg] r}q – a}zfvv >fj0f––efb| / efb|–c;f]h !@) -$ lkm6_ #) -! lkm6_
df3 – r}t
;nnf{xL tg] >fj0f–efb| df3 – kmfu'g efb|–c;f]h !@) -$ lkm6_ #) -! lkm6_
P8L
8Lnf ciff9–– efb| c;f]h– d+l;/
l &) -@
- lkm6_ &) -@ lkm6_
a]df}
d; } dL v]tLs
sf nflu c;f]fh – sfl{ts {
kxff8df jif{sf] @ k6s / tt/fO{df lr;f]f dlxgf jfx]xs jif}{ e/L o;sf] v]ltuug{ ;lsG5 .
emfFfFlug] hft M nfOg–nfOg ^)–&% ;]=ld= l / af]6–aaf]6 $%–^) ;]=ld sf] b'/Ldf/L nufOG5 5
hfttx?
pko"Qm hftx? Vf'd dn tg], ;nf{f{xL tg], slZZd/L tg], P88Lnf cflb
emfFlug] hft–cfOl6ll8 *#
nx/f hfg]
h –rfOlgh #@$,#!@ / $@$
aLp p b/
emfFlug] hft M !=%––@ s]=hL= k|ltlt /f]kgL
nx/] hfft M @ s]=hLL=k|lt /f]kgL
Dfn
nvfbx? M s]hL h k|lt /f]kggL
uf]a/
a dn–!%))) s]=hL= lk=P;=aLaL=–%)) u|fd
o'l/of–%
/ s]=hL= lh+s lrn n]6]8–!)) u|fd
l8=PP=kL=–!) s=hL=
s] Aff]/]S;–!!)) u|fd
Do'/]/6] ckm\ kf]6f;–%
f s]=hL= hfOd–! s]=hL=
/fOOhf]ljod–! u|ufd÷lsnf] aaLp Dff6f]sf] le6fdLg – ! s]=hL=
cGoo -pknAw ePdf_ e lkgf !)) s]=hL=, af]gldn %%) b]lv !))) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

ǦǦ33 -
h}ljs ljlw
h}ljs dn
lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL hUuf tof/ ubf{
h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_
uf]j/ dn M !%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
6k 8«]l;ª
a]gf{ /f]k]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 Ps yk dfqf h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ !=@%=s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL
pTkfbg dlxgf
kxf8M a}zfv–sflt{s
t/fO M dª\l;/–kmfu'g a}zfv–>fj0f
pTkfbg
emfFlug] hft M %))–*)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
nx/] hft M !)))–!%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL
cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt /f]kgL_
emfFu] hft nx/] hft
hDdf cfo ?= !,%),))).– #),))).– ?=@%,))).– $%,))).–
s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– ?= *,))),– ?=!@,))).–
Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!@))).– ?=&,))).– @@,))).– ?=!#,))).– ##,))).–
afnL ;+/If0f
sL/f
x nfxLsf] nflu yfof]8fg !–@ Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf aLp /f]k]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 ;fy} yf]Kn] vk6] / nfxLsf]
nflu /f]u/ !–@ Pd=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ / PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .
/f]u
PGy|]Sgf]hM PGy|]Sgf]h /f]u 9';LhGo /f]u xf] . o;sf] d'Vo nIf0fdf kftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] g;fdf u8]sf v}/f
bfux? nfUb5g . sf08df klg / slnnf] sf];fdf ;'?df leh]sf] / kl5 vf]laN6f k/]sf] v}/f] bfudf ;'Gtnf
/Ësf] lsgf/f x'G5 .
x a]le:6Lg @ – # u|fd k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n] ljpFsf] pkrf/ ug]{
x af]6 @% – #) ;]=ld= -nueu ! lkm6_ ePkl5 8fOy]g Pd $% $ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/
5g]{ jf a]le:6Lg ! – @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO 5g]{ .
x ;Nkm/sf] w'nf] jf ;fkm jf ;km}of jf sk/ cS;LSnf]/fO8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{
Kffp8/L ldN8\o' -w'n] 9';L jf v/fg]_M z'?df kftx?df lkmsf /Ëdf ablnPsf] efux? b]lvG5g . To:tf
efux?df ;]tf] w"nf] 5/]sf] h:tf] 9";L pd|]sf] b]lvO{ kl5af6 ;a} efu 9flsG5g\ . To:tf] nIf0f h/f
afx]s ;a} efudf nfUb5 . /f]u nfu]sf] sf];f e08f/0fdf l56f] s'lxG5 .
x ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .
x ufO{a:t'sf] /fd|/L s'xLPsf] lk;fj ! efudf !) efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jf leHg] u/L 5g]{ .
l;Gb'/] /f]uM kftdf nfUg] l;Gb'/] /f]usf nflu dfly atfOP cg';f/ ufO{a:t'sf] lk;fa k|of]u ug]{ ;fy} gLnf]
t'yf] / r'gf sf] ;lDd>0f agfO{ kfgLdf 3f]nL 5g]{ .
Ǧ34 -
 kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L afnL ljz]if k|ljlw
!= h/f a9fpg]
/]nL uf]N8 -dfOsf] /fO{hf, h}ljs dn_
x a]gf{ /f]Kg' cl3 !) u|fd @) ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ #) ldg]6;d h/fnfO{ 8'jfpg] of] !)
u|fdn] !))) af]6nfO{ kof{Kt x'G5 .
x emf]n km:km/; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ a]gf{ ;fg]{ ljlts} 5g]{ . !) lbgkl5 ! k6s
bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
x emf]n km:kmf]/; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ pd|g] ljlQs} Jof8df klg 5g{ ;lsG5 .

@=sf08 j9fpg] jf lj?jfnfO{ ltj| ultdf a9fpg] .

/]l8sn -Pldgf]Pl;8 ;lxtsf] ;"Id tTj_
x @ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @),$),^) / *) lbgdf 5g]{ .
#= h/f tyf sf08 j9fpg]
a]hf]8 -gf=kmf]=kf]=@) M@) M@)_
x % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !%,#),$%,^) / &% lbgdf 5g]{ .
$= km"n j9fpg]
x a'd ˆnfa/ @ Pd= Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL sf]lknf nfUg' cl3 !) lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s
5g'{ kb{5 .
x lk=s]=kml6{ldS; -emf]n kf]6f;_ % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] km"n km'Ng' eGbf klxn] 5g]{ .
%= kmn ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg]
x emf]n kf]6f;–% Pd=Pn=k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL kmn nfu]b]lv l6Kg'cl3 !) lbgsf] km/sd @ k6s
5g]{ . o;af6 tkl;nsf] kmfObf x'G5 .
¾ kmn / km"n emg{ sd
¾ kmnsf] cfsf/ / tf}ndf a[l4
¾ kmndf cfsif{s /ª / hDdf 7f]; kbfy{sf] j[l4df d2t ub{5 .
¾ /f]u cj/f]ws Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 .
^= lj?jfdf tgfa jf b'v sdug]{ jf /f]Sg]
x Pu|L k|f] # u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLDf /fvL a]gf{ /f]k]kl5 tyf r/d a[l4 / kmnsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf
5g]{ . cyjf
x cf;foL ! Pd=Pn=k|lt !) ln= kfgLdf /fvL j]gf{ /f]k]kl5 tyf r/d a[l4 / kmnsf] ljsf;sf]
cj:yfdf 5g]{ .

Ǧ35 -
 Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw
Knfli6s 3/sf] gd'gf / cfsf/
prfO M Knfli6s 3/sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;d'Gb«L ;tx jf6 v]lt ug]{ :yfgsf] prfO{ tfks|d cfb|tf xfjfsf]
jxfjsf] lbzf tyf v]lt ug]{ afnLsf] hftdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ .
prfO{ -hldgsf] prfO{_ jLrsf] -w'/L_ vfFjfsf] prfO{ 5]psf] vfjfF
*))–!!)) ld $ ld= -!#lkm6_ # ld=-!) lkm6_
!!))–!$)) #=% ld=-!!=% lkm6_ @=% ld=-* lkm6_
!$))–!()) # ld= -!) lkm6 _ @ ld= -^=% lkm6_
nDjfO M !)–@% dL -hldgsf] kof{Kttfsf] cfwf/df e/k5{_
rf}8fO M %–^ ld6/
:yfg M slDtdf ^ 306f eGbf j9L b}lgs 3fd nfUg],xfjf v]Ng] t/ x'/L jtf; grNg] 7fpF 5fGg] .
Knfli6ssf] df]6fO
x $% hL=P; Pd=sf] o'eL l;Nkf]lng k|of]u ug]{ t/
x cl;gfsf] hf]lvd If]qdf eg] ()–!)) lh=P;=Pd= k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
9fSg] ;do
x h]7 b]lv df3;Dd
a9L udL{ x'g] 7fFpdf Knfli6s 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ xfjf cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ 7fFp (Ventilation) ePsf] jgfpg'
kb{5 . To:t} cToflws lr;f] x'g] 7fFpdf u'df]h cfsf/sf] 3/ pko"Qm x'G5 .
afnL rs| -pbfx/0f_
x uf]ne]+8f–/fof]÷wlgofF–sfpnL÷Kofh
lgdf{0f k|lqmof / lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'x?
x bIf hgzlQm
x ;n{Ss k/]sf] afF;
x xfjf axg] lbzflt/ kmsf{P/ 3/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .
x le/fnf]kgdf () l8u|Lsf] sfGnf kf/]/ lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .
x lsnf, tf/
l;+rfOsf] k|of]u
x 3/sf] nDjfO tyf rf}8fO / nufO{Psf] jfnL cg';f/ pko"Qm yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u ug]{
# Aof8, df6f]
#=! ;f]n/fO{h];g
x () ;]dL rf}8fO / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] nDjfOsf] Jof8 jgfpg] . tof/L Jof8nfO{ l;+rfO u/L
Jof8 lr;f] jgfpg] .

Ǧ36 -
 x o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] Jof8nfO{ ;]tf] @%) uhsf] Knflisn] xfjf gl5g]{ u/L 6Dd 5f]Kg] . of] 5f]Kg]
sfd u/d df};d cyf{t\ a}zfvb]lv ebf};Dd sl/j $–^ xKtf;Dd ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ugf{n]
df6f]df ePsf /f]u ;fy} emf/sf] ljp, ls/fsf c08f, nfe|], hLjf0f' gf; x'g]5g\ .
x #–$ xKtfkl5 Knfli6s Jof8af6 x6fO{ @–# lbgkl5 pQm Jof8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t'?Gt}
aLp cflb g5g]{ xf] eg] Knfli6s x6fpg' x'Fb}g . hlt a]nf aLp 5g]{ xf] Tolt a]nf dfq} Jof8af6
Knfli6s x6fpg' kb{5 .
#=@ kmdf{lngåf/f Jof8sf] pkrf/
x olb ;f]nf/fO{h];g ug{ EofOPg eg] dflys} h:t} tof/ ul/Psf] Jof8nfO{ !)) Pd=Pn=kmdf{lng
k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ld;fO{ k"/} Jof8 leHg] u/L :k|] ug]{ / t'?Gt} Knfli6sn] *–!) lbg 5f]Kg] .
Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg' eGbf klxn] Jof8nfO{ kfgLn] l;+rfO u/L lr;f] agfpg' kb{5 .
x *–!) lbgkl5 Knfli6s x6fO{ Jof8sf] df6f]nfO{ cln–cln vf];|L $–% lbgkl5 dfq ljp /f]Kg'
kb{5 . cGoyf t'?Gt} jLp /f]lkPdf kmdf{lngn] jLpsf] pd|g] zlQm gf; kfg{ ;Qm5 .
#=# 89]nf] nufpg]
x cfkm'nfO{ cfjZos Jof8 jgfO;s]kl5 pQm Jof8nfO{ cln cln lr;f] agfO{ ;'s]sf kts/, 3fF;,
k/fn cflbn] /fd|/L lkmhfO{ cfuf] nfufpbf klg Jof8df ePsf sL/f tyf /f]usf c08f, hLJff0f'
cflb s]xL xb;Dd gi6 x'g]5g\ .
$=lap pkrf/
/f]u sd ug{] ljleGg tl/sf dWo] ;jeGbf tyf ;:tf] pkfo jLp pkrf/ ug'{ xf] .
x t/sf/L afnLsf] jLp pkrf/ ug{ sf/a]lG8hd -;fkm af l/efO{e_ cflb aLp eGbf klxn] @ u|fd
pQm ljiffbLn] ! s]=hL= aLpnfO{ /fd|/L Pp6f s'g} efF8f]df /fvL xNnfO{ pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
x t/ cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ aLpsf] kl/df0f Hofb} sd ePdf -% u|fd, !) u|fd_ dfly atfP cg';f/
pkrf/ ug{ sl7g x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf @ u|fd ;fkm jf l/efO{e/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]
tof/ u/L cfkm"n] pkrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ljp pQm tof/L emf]ndf #) ldg]6 eGbf a9L 8'afO{, s]lx j]/
cf]em]ndf ;'sfO{ /f]Kg' kb{5 .
x o;/L klg pkrf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] tof/L Jof8df jLp 5/L ;s]kl5 df6f]n] k'g'{eGbf klxn] dfly
atfOPsf] ;fkm jf l/efO{e/ @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] agfOPsf] emf]nn] ljp / Jof8sf] df6f]
/fd|/L leHg] u/L :k|]o/4f/f 5g'{ kb{5 / To;kl5 dfq df6f]n] aLpnfO{ 5f]Kg' kb{5 .
x afX} dlxgf Pj+ nuftf/ Pp6} jf Ps} k|sf/sf t/sf/L afnLsf] v]lt ubf{ /f]u tyf sL/fsf] k|sf]k
j9\g hfg'sf] ;fy} df6f]sf] cj:yf klg lju|g hfg] x'bfF Pp6f t/sf/L jfnL nufP kl5 e6df;,
af]8L nufotsf] sf];]jfnL kl/jf/sf] afnL nufO{ km'n km'Ng] cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 df6f]df hf]t]/
5f]l8lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Ps rf]6L jfnL lnO{;s]kl5 r}q b]vL h]i7 dlxgfsf] kfgL gkg]{ tyf j9L
udL{ x'g] l;hgdf Knfli6s 3/sf] Knfli6s x6fP/ ;okqL km'n jf tf]/L /f]kL !–!=% dlxgfsf]
ePkl5 df6f]df ldnfO{ kf/bzL{ Knfli6sn] #) b]lv $@ lbg ;Dd xfjf glbg] ul/ 5fk]df lgdf6f]8
tyf cGo df6f]df /x]sf sL/f tyf /f]usf hLjf0f' nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

Ǧ37 -
 g;{/L Joj:yfkg
!= Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg'{ kg]{ t/sf/L afnL
x uf]ne]+8f÷6f]df6f], v';f{gL,e]8] v';f{gL
x aGbf, sfpnL, Kofh,af]8L, l;dL
@= kf]lnJofudf a]gf{ pdfg'{ kg]{ afnL -a]df};dL pTkfbgsf] nflu_
x sfFqmf], h'lsgL, nf}sf,kml;{, s/]nf, l3/f}nf cflb
#= pko"Qm :yfgM ljxfg b]lv j]n'sf ;Dd 3fd nfUg], dlnnf] bf]d6 df6f] ePsf], kfgL glhs, lgsf;sf]
Joj:yf ePsf],af/ jGb]h ePsf] / ;lhn} x]/rfx ug{ ;lsg] .
jiff{ofdsf] nflu 8ofË p7fOPsf] g;{/L Jof8 rflxG5 eg] l;+rfO ;'ljwf /fd|f] gePsf] 7fFpsf nflu bj]sf]
g;{/L 7Ls x'G5 . To:t} lxpb / udL{ df};ddf ;dy/ g;{/L agfpFbf x'G5 .
$= Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg]{ tl/sf
x Ps /f]kgLdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{sf] nflu ! ld= rf}8fO / # ld= nDafOsf] -!% ;]=dL= prfO{ ePsf]_
@ j6f Jof8sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
x dlnnf] df6f] ePsf] 3fd nfUg], 9'ª\uf gePsf], /]vb]v ;lhn} ug{ ;lsg], kfgLsf] Joj:yf ePsf]
hUuf 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 s]lx afn'jf ld;fpg' k5{ .
x /fd|/L kfs]sf] w'nf] k|fª\ufl/s dn % s]=hL=k|lt ju{ ld=sf] b/n] Jof8df k|of]u ug]{ .
x Jof8sf] rf}8fO af6 rf}8fO tkm{ !)–!@ ;]=ld=-kfFr pdn_ sf] km/sdf !–@ ;]=ld= ulx/f] s'n];f]
agfO{ pQm s'n];f]df Ps–b'O{ pdnsf] km/sdf lap /f]Kg] . aLpnfO{ w'nf] uf]j/ dnaf u8\of}nL
dn jf 6«fO{sf]8df{ dnn] kftnf] u/L k'/L ;'s]sf] k/fn cflbn] 5f]kL, 5fkf]dfly km"n emf/Ln] kfgL
lbg' kb{5 .
x Hff8f] / jiff{ ;dodf Jof8nfO{ jrfpgsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] 6g]nn] 9fSg] .
x aLp pld|Pkl5 /ftdf / 3fd gnfu]sf] lr;f] lbgdf a]n'sf % b]lv ljxfg * jh];Dd
Jof8nfO{ Knfli6s u'df]hn] /fd|/L 9fSg] tyf /fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf b'j} ;fO8sf] d'v v'nf
ul/lbg] .
x a]gf{nfO{ g'efg ! Pd=Pn, ;fkm ! u|fd / ;"Id vfBtTj ! Pd=Pn=k|lt=ln= kfgL
ld;fO{ 5g]{ ;a}nfO{ ldnfO{ j]gf{ / Jof8df 5g]{ . jLp pd|]sf] !)–!@ lbgdf ! ln=kfgLdf ! ld=ln=
O;{jfg @ ld=ln= dlN6Kn]S; ld;fP/ lbpF;f] # jh]lt/ :k|] ug]{ .
x olb Jof8df emf/kft b]lvPdf x6fpg] / ;'Vvf b]lvPdf kfgL lbg] ug'{kb{5 .
x emf/kft x6fpg] / /f]uL, sdhf]/, gi6 ePsf] a]gf{ b]lvPdf Jof8af6 x6fpg] ug'{kb{5 .
x ljp /f]k]sf] @!–@* lbgkl5 j]gf{x? #–$ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . j]gf{ /f]Kg] @
lbg cuf8L ! ln=kfgLdf dlN6LKn]S; @ ld=ln= / P6f]lgs @ yf]kf ld;fP/ k'gM h/f leHg] ul/
k|of]u ug]{ .
%= kf]lnJofudf a]gf{ x'sf{pg
x ;f]nf/fOh];g u/]sf] dflyNnf] efusf] -hËnsf] df6f] eP /fd|f]_ df6f] / /fd|/L kfs]sf] k|fª\ufl/s
dn hDdf ug]{ .
Ǧ38 -
 x lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 eg] ! efu dlnnf] df6f]df @ efu kfs]s]f dn / ! efu jfn'jf ld;fpg].
x Dff6f] %)Ü / k|fª\ufl/s dn %) Ü ld>0f ug]{ / $–^ OGrsf] kf]lnJofudf eg]{ . ljp /f]Kg'eGbf @
lbg cufl8 kfgLn] lehfpg] .
x ;fkm @ u|fd af 6«fOsf]8df{ !) u|fdn] k|lt s]=hL= ljpsf] pkrf/ ug]{ .
x k|lt kf]lnAofu Ps ljp /fVg] / Knfli6s 6g]n tof/ u/L 9fSg] .
x aLp gpld|g] a]nf;Dd Knfli6s 6g]nn] 9fSg] .
x /fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf Knfli6s ljxfg * jh] b]lv lbpF;f] $ ah];Dd x6fpg] ;fy} ljxfg /
3fd gnfu]sf] lr;f], kfgL k/]sf] / afbn nfu]sf] lbgdf eg] lbpF;f] $ jh]b]lv ljxfg * jh];Dd
9fSg] .
x g;{/L lj?jfnfO{ /f]u / sL/f nfUgaf6 arfpg dfly Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg]{ tl/sfdf pNn]v u/]h:t}
ug]{ .
x a]gf{x? #–$ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5g\ .
^= df6f]sf] pkrf/
df6f]sf] lgd{nLs/0fM tof/ ePsf] Jof8df xhf/Ln] !) ;]=dL= ulx/f] ;Dd /fd|/L leHg] u/L ;fbf kfgLn]
lehfpg] / ;]tf] Knfli6sn] slDtdf # ;ftf ;Dd Jof8df xfjf gk:g] u/L jGb ug]{ . j}slNks pkfo k|lt
ln= kfgLdf j]ldi6Lg @ u|fd 3f]nL Aof8nfO{ & ;]=dL= ulx/f] ;Dd lehfO @%) u]hsf] ;]tf] Knfli6sn] @
lbg # /ft 5f]Kg] .

cGg e08f/0f ug]{ cGo 3/]n' pkfox? M

-s_ ;'s]sf] l6Dd'/ M dl;gf] u/L lkw]/ sk8fdf ;–;fgf] kf]sf kf/]/ e08f/0f ug]{ ef8f]sf] dfly tn / aLrdf
/fVgfn] e08f/df nfUg] ls/fx? l6Dd'/sf] uGwn] 6f9f efS5g\ .
-v_ ltt]kftLsf] ;'s]sf] kft M e08f/0f ug]{ ef8f]df tx tx tndfly lardf ldnfP/ /fVgfn] klg ls/fx?sf]
cfqmd0f sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ sf]bf] tyf t]f/Lsf] k|of]u M e08f/0f ug]{ lapmdf sf]bf] tyf tf]/L ld;fj6 ul/ /fVgfn] klg ls/fx? sd nfUg
;S5g\
-3_ vfg]t]n M @ b]lv % ld=ln= vfg]t]n ! s]=hL= jLpdf dn]/ /fVg] .

Plss[t zq'lhj Joj:yfkgsf] pbf/0f======

s[ifs kf7zfnf s] xf] <
9 s[ifs kf7zfnf eg]sf] @).@% hgf dlxnf k'?if s[ifsx?sf] ;d'x xf],
9 h:nfO sIff leq k7g kf7g u/fpg'sf] ;f6f] v]tdf Jojxf/Ls, k|o]fufTds / vf]hk'0f{ tl/sfx? ckgfO
9 jfnL cjlwe/ lgoldt ?kn] jfnL jftfj/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjnf]sg ljZn]if0f / ;d'x 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df
cfkm' cfkm}n] 7f]; lg0f{o lnP/ tTsfn cfPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ul/ bIf jgfpg' xf] .

Ǧ39 -
 cl;gf Joj:yfkg k|ljlw
cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] b'O6f p2]Zo x'G5 . Pp6f cl;gf kg]{ df};ddf cl;gfaf6 hf]ufpFb5 eg] csf]{ afFsL
dlxgfsf] nflu Knfl:6s 3/sf] klg sfd u5{ .
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cl;gf 5]Sg] hfnL
!= sfnfsf] df5f hfnL– xn'sf M #))–%)) u|fd;Ddsf cl;gfnfO{ u]Ug ;S5 .
@= l;Nkf]pnLg -!@) hL=P;=Pd=_ –@)) u|fd;Ddsf cl;ngfnfO{ y]Ug ;S5 .
l;Nkf]pnLg -!@) hL=P;=Pd=_ n] dg;'gsf] jiff{af6 jrfpg / hf]8f] dlxgfdf Knli6s 3/leq tftf]
agfpg cGo eGbf a9L kfOPsf] 5 .
of] u[xsf] k|of]u x'g] dlxgf
cl;gfsf] nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ dlxgf dWo kxf8sf] nflu -:ofª\hf, sf:sL, tgx'F_ dg;'g jiff{ cufl8 -r}t ! b]lv
cfiff9 _ / dg;'g kl5 -cflZjg–slt{s_ kfOPsf] 5 .
cl;gf hfnL / cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] cjlw
$–% jif{
cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] cfsf/
nDjfO – !@–!% ld6/ rf}8fO–%–^ ld6/ prfO – @=& b]lv #=% ld6/
x cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf prfO{ nx/] afnLdf a9fpg' kb{5 . ef}uf]lns prfO{ x]/]/ of] 3/sf] sd prfO ePsf]df
If]qdf #–#=% ld6/ / a9L ef}uf]lns prfO÷cUnfO{ prfO{ ePsf]df # ld6/ eGbf sd /fVg' k5{ .
x lbO{Psf] nDafO{ / rf}8fO{ ePsf] cl;gf ;/If0f u[x;Fu l8«k ;lhn} :yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
cl;gf ;'/If0f u[x / hfnLsf] nfut
hDdf nfut -sfnf df5f hfnL / ;'/If0f u[x_ Ö ?=(&#).–
hDdf nfut -l;Nkf]plDng / ;'/If0f u[x_ Ö?=!!$$%.–
;'/If0f u[x agfpg rflxg] ;fdfgx? -hfnL afx]s_
;+/If0f u[x agfpgsf] nflu :yfgL ?kdf kfOg] afF; g} d'Vo ;fdfg xf] . o;sf] k|of]u vDaf l/h / ¥ofˆ6
agfpg ul/G5 .
x afF; –!%–@) yfg
x afFWg] tf/ –@ s]=hL=
x hL=cfO{=tf/–# s]=hL=
x Knfl:6s 8f]/L–* Kofs]6
;+/rgfsf k|sf/
x s/fnf] -le/fnf]_ 5fgf
x cw'{j[Q 5fgf
cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xdf l5g]{ k|sfzgsf] dfqf
x cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xdf k|z:t k|sfz l5g]{ u/L agfpg a9L Wofg lbg' kb{5 . sd k|sfz l5gf{n] ljleGg
k|sf/sf /f]u b]lvg] ;Defjgfx? /xG5 .
hf]lvd
b'O{ y/L hfnL -l;Nkf]pnLg / sfnf df5f hfnL_ k/fj}hgL ls/0faf6 ;'/lIft u/L agfPsf] x'g' kb{5 .

–;dfKt–
Ǧ40 -