MATEMATIKA 1– fizička hemija

NEODREDJENI INTEGRAL

Kažemo da je funkcija F :RX → R, X ⊂ R primitivna funkcija funkcije f : X → R ako je

F 0 (x) = f (x), x ∈ X, i pišemo f (x)dx = F (x) + C, C = const.

1. Osnovna svojstva
R

(a) d f (x) dx = f (x) dx
R
(b) df (x) = f (x) + C
R R
(c) λf (x) dx = λ f (x) dx, λ ∈ R/ {0}
R R R
(d) (f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx

2. Tablica osnovnih integrala

n+1 ax
(a) xn dx = xn+1 + C, n 6= −1 ax dx =
R R
(g) ln a + C, a > 0, a 6= 1
(b) dx ex dx = ex + C
R R
x = ln |x| + C (h)
R dx R
(c) 1+x2 = arctan x + C (i) sin x dx = − cos x + C
 
(d) x2dx 1
R  x−1  R
−1
= 2 ln  x+1  + C (j) cos x dx = sin x + C

R dx arcsin x + C R dx
(e) √1−x = (k) sin2 x
= − cot x + C
2
− arccos x + C
R dx  √  R dx
(f) √x2 ±1 = ln x + x2 ± 1 + C (l) = tan x + C
 
cos2 x

Primeri:
R √ √ R √ 
x3 − 1 dx = x3/2 dx + dx = 25 x5/2 + x + C
R R
1) ( x + 1)(x − x + 1) dx =
2) (6x2 + 8x + 3) dx = 6 x2 dx + 8 x dx + 3 dx = 2x3 + 4x2 + 3x + C
R R R R

3. Integracija prethodnim svodjenjem na oblik diferencijala

R
Ako je f (x)Rdx = F (x) + C, x ∈ X i x = ϕ(t), ϕ : Y R→ R, ϕ - neprekidna i diferencija-
bilna, tada je f (ϕ(t)) · ϕ0 (t) dt = F (ϕ(t)) + C. Specijalno, f (ax + b) dx = a1 F (ax + b) + C .

Primeri:
R dx
1) x−a = ln |x − a| + C
R dx 1
2) (x−a)n = 1−n (x − a)1−n
d( x )
√ dx = arcsin xa + C
R R
3) = q a
a2 −x2 1−( x
2
a)

d( x √
a)
 q   
√ dx x
R R

4) = = ln x +
   2 2
± 1 + C0 = ln x + x ± a  + C, C = C0 − ln |a|

a
q
x2 ±a2 2
( xa ) ±1
x
dx 1 )
d( 1
arctan xa + C
R R a
5) a2 +x2
= a = x 2 a
1+(
) a

dx
R d( xa )  
= a1 1
ln  x−a
R
6) = x+a  + C
 
x2 −a2 2
( xa ) −1 2a
4. Parcijalna integracija
R R
u, v - diferencijabilne funkcije: u dv = uv − v du

Primeri:
u = ln x ⇒ du = x1 dx
 
x2 1 x2 x2
R R
1) xln x dx = 2 = ln x − x dx = ln x − +C
dv = x dx ⇒ v = x2 2 2 2 4
 
R u = x ⇒ du = dx R
2) xsin xdx = = −x cos x+ cos xdx = −x cos x+sin x+C
dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = − cos x
 
R x u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x dx
= ex cos x + ex sin x dx =
R
3) I = e cos x dx =
dv = ex dx ⇒ v = ex
 
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos x dx
= ex cos x + ex sin x − ex cos x dx = ex (cos x + sin x) − I
R
= x x
dv = e dx ⇒ v = e
x
⇒ 2I = ex (cos x + sin x) ⇒ I = e2 (cos x + sin x) + C
( )
1 −2nx
R dx
u = (x2 +a2 ) n ⇒ du = (x2 +a2 ) n+1 dx x
R x2
4) In = (x2 +a 2 )n = = (x2 +a 2 )n +2n
(x +a2 )n+1
2
dx =
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
x dx
− 2na2 (x2 +adx2 )n+1 = (x2 +a x 2
R R
= (x2 +a 2 )n + 2n (x2 +a2 )n 2 )n + 2nIn − 2na In+1
1 x 2n−1 1
⇒ In+1 = 2na2 (x2 +a2 )n
+ I ,
2na2 n
n ≥ 1, I1 = a arctan xa + C

5. Smena promenljive

a) Rx = ϕ(t), t -Rnova promenljiva, ϕ - ima neprekidan izvod po t i ϕ0 (t) 6= 0

f (x) dx = f (ϕ(t))ϕ0 (t) dt

Primeri (trigonometrijske smene):

R√
1) a2 − x2 dx smena: x = a cos t
R√ a
2) x2 − a2 dx smena: x = cos t
R√
3) a2 + x2 dx smena: x = a tan t

b) u
R = ψ(x), f (x) dx = g(u)Rdu
g(u)du = F (u) + C ⇒ f (x) dx = F (ψ(x)) + C

Primer:
R dx R 1
du 2√ 2
√
√
5x−2
= {smena : u = 5x − 2} = 5√
u
= 5 u +C = 5 5x − 2 + C

6. Integracija racionalnih funkcija

P (x) r(x)
R(x) = Q(x) = T (x) + Q(x) , P, Q, T, r - polinomi i deg r < deg Q
deg Q = n ⇒ Q - ima tačno n- nula (prostih ili višestrukih, realnih ili kompleksnih)
Q(x) = λ0 (x − a1 )k1 (x − a2 )k2 . . . (x − ap )kp (x2 + b1 x + c1 )l1 (x2 + b2 x + c2 )l2 . . . (x2 + bq x + cq )lq
k1 + k2 + . . . + kp + 2(l1 + l2 + . . . + lq )
A Bx+C
R(x) = (x−a) k ∧ R(x) = (x2 +bx+c)l - proste racionalne funkcije
   Apkp

r(x) A11 A12 A1k1 Ap1 Ap2
Q(x) = x−a1 + (x−a1 )2
+ . . . + (x−a k + . . . + x−ap + (x−ap )2
+ . . . + kp +
  1) 1  Bql x+Cql
(x−a
 p)
B 1 x+C1l1 B x+Cq1
+ xB211 x+C11
+b1 x+c1
+ . . . + (x21l
+b x+c )l1
+ . . . + x2q1 +bq x+cq
+ . . . + (x2 +bq x+c )qlq
1 1 q q

Primeri:
R x3 +1
R 5x2 −6x+1

1) x3 −5x 2 +6x dx = 1+ x3 −5x2 +6x
dx
5x2 −6x+1 2
5x −6x+1 A B C A(x2 −5x+6)+B(x2 −3x))+C(x2 −2x) (A+B+C)x2 +(−5A−3B−2C)x+6A
x3 −5x2 +6x
= x(x−2)(x−3) = x + x−2 + x−3 = x(x−2)(x−3) = x3 −5x2 +6x
 A+ B+ C =5
5A + 3B + 2C = 6 ⇒ A = 16 , B = − 92 , C = 28 3
6A =1
R x3 +1
R 1 9 28

1 9 28
x3 −5x2 +6x
dx = 1 + 6x − 2(x−2) + 3(x−3) dx = x+ 6 ln |x|− 2 ln |x − 2|+ 3 ln |x − 3|+C
x
R
2) x3 −3x+2 dx
x x A B C (B+C)x2 +(A+B−2C)x+(2A−@B+C)
x3 −3x+2
= (x−1)2 (x+2)
= (x−1)2
+ x−1 + x+2 = x3 −3x+2
B+ C= 0
A + B − 2C = 1 ⇒ A = 13 , B = 29 , C = − 29
2A + 2B + C = 0
x3 +1
dx = 13 (x−1)
R R dx 2
R dx 2
R dx 1 2 2
x3 −5x2 +6x 2 + 9 x−1 − 9 x+2 = − 3(x−1) + 9 ln |x − 1| − 9 ln |x + 2| + C
R dx
3) x3 +1
1 A (A+B)x2 +(−A+B+C)x+(A+C)
x3 +1
= x+1 + xBx+C
2 −x+1 = x3 +1
⇒ A = 13 , B = − 13 , C = 23
R dx 1
R dx 1
R x−2 1
R dx 1
R x− 12 1
R dx
3 = − 2
x −x+1
dx = − 2
x −x+1
dx + 2 =
x +1
1
R dx 3 1 x+1 3
R d(x2 −x+1) 1 dx
3 x+1 3
 2 2 x −x+1
1 1
= 3 ln |x + 1|− 6 ln x − x + 1 + √3 arctan 2x−1
R  1
= 3 x+1 − 6 x2 −x+1
+2 2
  √ +C
(x− 1 ) + 3 2 4
3

sinm x cosn x dx, m, n ∈ N

R
7. Integrali oblika Imn =
1) m = 2k + 1, k ≥ 0 : Imn = − sin2k x cosn x d(cos x) = − (1 − cos2 x)k cosn x d(cos x)
R R

Analogno za n = 2k + 1

Primer:
sin11 x sin13 x
sin10 x cos3 x dx = sin10 x(1 − sin2 x)d(sin x) =
R R
11 − 13 +C

2) m = 2k, n = 2l
Transformacije: sin2 x = 21 (1 − cos 2x), cos2 x = 12 (1 + cos 2x), sin x cos x = 1
2 sin 2x

Primer:
sinR4 x cos2 x dx = (cos x sin x)2 sin2Rx dx = 41 sin2 2x · 12 (1 −
cos 2x) dx =
R R R

= 81 R(sin2 2x −Rsin2 2x cos 2x) dxR = 18 1−cos 4x

2 − sin2 2x cos 2x =
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 16 dx − 16 cos 4x dx − 16 sin2 2x d(sin 2x) = 16 x − 64 sin 4x − 48 sin3 2x + C

R
8. Integrali oblika R(sin x, cos x) dx,
R = R(u, v) - racionalna funkcija, u = sin x, v = cos x
1) R(−u, v) = −R(u, v) - smena: t = cos x

Primer:    
−dt
R dx sin x
= ln  t−1
R R  cos x−1 
sin x = dx = + C = ln cos x+1  + C
 
1−cos2 x 1−t2 t+1  

2) R(u, −v) = −R(u, v) - smena: t = sin x

Primer:
= − 13 t−3 + C = − 3 sin1 3 x + C
R cos x
dx = dt
R
sin4 x t4

3) R(−u, −v) = R(u, v) - smena: t = tan x, x ∈ − π2 , π2 , sin x = √ t √ 1

1+t2
, cos x = 1+t2

Primer: 1
dt (1+t2 )2
1+t2
dx
t−4 + 2t−2 + 1 dt = − 31 t−3 − 2t−1 + t + C =
R R R R

sin4 x cos2 x
= t4
= t4
dt =
· 1
(1+t2 )2 1+t2
1 2
= − 3 tan 3x − tan x + tan x + C
 1−t2
4) opšta smena: t = tan x2 , x ∈ (−π, π), dx = 2 dt
1+t2
, sin x = 2t
1+t2
, cos x = 1+t2

Primer: 2
dt
dx 1+t2 dt
= ln |t + 1| + C = ln tan x2 + 1 + C
R R R  
1+sin x+cos x = 2 = t+1
1+ 2t
+ 1−t2
1+t2 1+t

xm (a + bxn )p dx, m, n, p ∈ Q
R
9. Integrali binomnih diferencijala Imnp =
1) p ∈ Z - smena: x = tλ , λ - najmanji zajednički sadržalac imenilaca brojeva m, n

Primer:
R√ √ R 1 1 −1

x(1 + 3 x)−1 dx = x 2 1 + x 3 dx
m = 12 , n = 13 , p = −1 ∈ Z, λ = N ZS(2, 3) = 6 ⇒ smena: x = t6
R√ √ R t8 
x(1 + 3 x)−1 dx = t3 (1 + t2 )−1 · 6t5 dt = 6 1+t 1
R 6
t − t4 + t2 + 1 + 1+t
R
2 dt = 6 2 dt =
7 5 1 1 √
= 67 t7 − 65 t5 + 2t3 + 6t + 6 arctan t + C = 67 x 6 − 65 x 6 + 2x 2 + 6x 6 + 6 arctan 6 x + C

m+1 tν −a

n1
2) n ∈ Z - smena: x = b , ν - imenilac broja p

Primer:  1
2 −2

√ x√
R R
3
dx = x 1 + x3 dx
1+ x2
3
m = 1, n = 23 , p = − 12 , m+1
n = 3 ∈ Z, ν = 2 ⇒ smena: x = (t − 1)
2 2
3
2 1
dx = (t −1)
2
√ x√ · 3t(t2 − 1) 2 dt = 3 (t2 − 1)2 dt = 35 t5 − 2t3 + 3t + C =
R R R
3 t
1+ x2
2 5 2 3 2 1
3
= 5 (x + 1)
3 2 − 2(x 3 + 1) 2 + 3(x 3 + 1) 2 + C

 1
m+1 a n
3) n + p ∈ Z - smena: x = tν −b , ν - imenilac broja p

Primer:
R √ R 1 1
3
3x − x3 dx = x 3 (3 − x2 ) 3
 1
2
m = 13 , n = 2, p = 13 , m+1
n = 1 ∈ Z, ν = 3 ⇒ smena: x = 3
3
t +1
R √
3
R  3  16  3
1
3
√
−3 3 t2 9
R t3
3x − x3 dx = 3
t +1
3 − 3
t +1
· 2 3 dt = − 2 (t3 +1)2
dt = . . .
(t3 +1) 2

R √
10. Integrali oblika R(x, ax2 + bx + c) dx – Ojlerove smene
R = R(u, v), ax2 + bx + c = 0 - nema dvostruko rešenje
√ √
1) I Ojlerova smena: a > 0, smena: ax2 + bx + c = t ± ax

Primer:
n √ o R − 2(1−t+t2 )
dx (1−2t)2
R
√ = smena : x2+x+1=t−x = dt =
x+ x2 +x+1 t

3
− 2t − (2t−1) 3 3
+ 32 ln |2t − 1| + C =
R
= 2 + 2t−1 dt = −2 ln |t| + 2(2t−1)
√ √
= −2 ln(x + x2 + x + 1) + 2(2x+2√x32 +x+1−1) + 32 ln(2x + 2 x2 + x + 1 − 1) + C
√ √
2) II Ojlerova smena: c > 0, smena: ax2 + bx + c = xt ± c

Primer: n √ o R
x dx 1−t−t2 1
R
= smena : 1 + x − x2 = tx − 1 = 2 (1+t2 )2 t dt =
√
1+ 1+x−x2
R dt R dt R 1+4t−t2 R 2t t−2 2
= 2 t − 1+t2 dt − (1+t2 )2 dt − 1+t2 dt = 2 ln t − arctan t − 1+t 2 − ln(1 + t ) + C =
√ √
2 √
= 1 − 1 + x − x2 − arctan 1+ 1+x−x
x + ln(3 − x + 2 1 + x − x2 ) + C
 2
√ smena: ax + bx + c = a(x − λ)(x − µ), λ 6= µ, λ, µ ∈ R,
3) III Ojlerova
smena: ax2 + bx + c = t(x − λ) ∨ t(x − µ)

Primer:
R√ n √ o R
2t −4t t2
R
2x − x2 dx = smena : 2x − x2 = tx = t2 −1 (t2 −1)3
dt = −8 (t2 −1)4
dt =
R dt R dt
= −8 (t2 −1) 3 − 8 (t2 −1)4
= −8 (I3 + I4 )

  p1 /n1  pk /nk 

R x, αx+β αx+β
R
11. Integrali oblika γx+δ , . . . , γx+δ dx

δtn −β
Smena: x = α−γtn , n = N ZS(n1 , n2 , . . . , nk )

Primer:
dx
R
√ √
2x−1− 4 2x−1
4
α = 2, β = −1, γ = 0, δ = 1, p1 = p2 = 1, n1 = 2, n2 = 4 ⇒ smena: x = t 2+1
dx√
R 2t3 R t2 1
dt = t2 + 2t + 2 ln |t − 1| + C =
R R
√ 4 = t2 −t dt = 2 t−1 dt = 2 t + 1 + t−1
√2x−1− 2x−1√  √ 
= 2x − 1 + 2 4 2x − 1 + ln  4 2x − 1 − 1 + C