Fifth Edition PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MUSICAL BEHAVIOR By RUDOLF E. RADOCY Professor Emeritus of Music Education and Music Therapy The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas and J. DAVID BOYLE Professor Emeritus of Music Education and Music Therapy The University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida CHARLES C THOMAS + PUBLISHER, LTD. Springfield + Tiinois * U.S.A.Published and Distributed Throughout the World by CHARLES C THOMAS - PUBLISHER, LTD. 2600 South First Street Springfield, Mlinois 62704 This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher. All rights reserved, © 2012 by CHARLES C THOMAS + PUBLISHER, LTD. ISBN 978-0-398-08803-3 (hard) ISBN 978-0-398-08804-0 (paper) ISBN 978-0-398-08805-7 (ebook) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2012006890 First Edition, 1979 ‘Second Edition, 1988 Third Edition, 1997 Fourth Edition, 2003 Fifth Edition, 2012 With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention is given to all details of manufacturing and design. It isthe Publisher’s desire to present books that are satisfactory as to their physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropriate for their particular use. THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that assure a good name and good will Printed in the United States of America MM-RS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Radocy, Rudolf E. Psychological foundations of musical behavior / By Rudolf E. Radocy and J. David Boyle. -- Fifth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-398-08803-3 (hard) — ISBN 978-0-398-08804-0 (pbk) — ISBN 978-0-398-08805-7 (ebook) 1. Musie—Psychological aspects I. Boyle, J. David. II. Title ML3830.R15 2012 781.1 1-de23 2012006890Chapter 3 FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF MUSIC IN CONTEMPORARY LIFE A: noted in Chapter 2, music has served and still serves many basic func- tions in society. It is an important human endeavor that is integral to all cultures. Besides aesthetic and expressive functions, music serves many non- musical functions. Indeed most music is performed for the express purpose of achieving aims wherein the aesthetic is not the primary goal. The functional musicis far older and more abundant than music played or composed for aesthetic purposes. All primitive music is functional music . . . [and] a majority of the reasons given for school music ascribe to its functional goals. (Gaston, 1951/1952, p. 60) More recently, Sloboda, Lamont, and Greasley (2009) have identified four recurring functions or reasons for choosing to listen to music: (a) dis- traction-reducing boredom and as “a means to maintain arousal and atten- tion to tasks, engaging unallocated attention,” (b) energizing-as a means to maintain arousal and attention to tasks, (c) entrainment-to relate task move- ments to the rhythmic pulses of music, and (d) meaning enkancement-adding significance to a task or activity (p. 482), While Chapter 2 discussed music’s general functions, the present chap- ter examines music’s functional applications in contemporary life. Hargreaves and North (1999) maintain that examination of the functions of music in everyday life should be an integral part of music psychology. Hodges and Haack (1996, p. 497) note that music touches people in contemporary life along three continua: (a) from birth to death, (b) from lowest to highest lev- els of cognitive functioning, and (c) as individuals through large social 46, 1