Structural Steelwork Connections Graham W. Owens ssc(Eng) PhD DIC CEng MICE MWeldi Brian D. Cheal sse(éng) ceng MICE MWeldl Butterworths London Boston Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington& rvarorneenwrenvmnst eve All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means (including photocopying and recording) without the writen permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions ofthe ‘Copyright Act 1956 (2s amended) or under the terms ofa licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Lid, 33-34 Alfred Place, London, WCIE 7DP England. The written permission of the copyright holder must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored ina retrieval system of any nature, Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce. transmit or store ina retrieval system any part of this publication should be addressed to the Publishers. ‘Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation toa copyright work may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution, ‘This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sale of Net Books and may not be re-sold in the UK below the net price given by the Publishers in their current price list First published 1989) © Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 1989 ——————————— British Library Cataloguing in Publication Dat ‘Owens, Graham W. Structural steelwork connections. 1. Steel structures. Structural connections. Design 1, Title 11, Cheal, Brian 628.1°H2 ISBN 0-408-01214-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Owens, Graham, BscENG. Structural steciwork connections / Graham W. Owens, Brian Cheal 30 p.24.6em, Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0-408-01214-5: 1. Building, Iron and steel Joints. 2. Steel, Structural.”"1.Cheal, Brian. Title. IML. Title: Structural steel work connections. TAGS.004 1989) 624,1'821 -del9 88-39116 ‘Typeset by Activity Ltd, Salisbury, Wilts Printed and bound in Great Britain by Courier International Ltd, Tiptree, EssexPreface This book provides a rational and up-to-date guide for the design of structural steelwork connections, combining scientific principles with practical ap- plication in a single volume. It concentrates on two themes. Firstly, having established an appropriate simple method of analysis, it insists on the consideration of all the components within the connection. Thus all the elements of each load path are checked, thereby ensuring that there can be no weak links anywhere in the connection. Secondly, it gives the background principles and reasons behind all the design checks that are put forward. Only if designers understand the underlying reasons can they apply design rules with confidence and safety. ‘An introductory chapter develops and discusses an overall philosophy for connection design, illus- trating its application by some simple examples. Chapters 2 to 9 provide the background information necessary for informed design, covering welding, bolts, and bolting, weld behaviour, bolt behaviour, fatigue resistance of connections, other components within the connection, analysis and practicalities of construction. In all’ cases research and other information has been summarised and presented in a form that is of greatest use to the designer. Chapters 10 to 16 give general descriptions of the most commonly occurring types of connection and detailed design examples that demonstrate the application of the overall design approach and the detailed information in the earlier part of the book. Mach of the material here had its origins in the connections course which forms part of the MSc in Structural Stee! Design at Imperial College. It has been refined by exposure to ten generations of post-graduate students, who collectively have sever- al hundred years’ of design experience. It has drawn substantially on the working practices and experi- ence of W.S. Atkins and Partners, a leading firm of consultants with particular expertise in heavy steelwork. ‘The book does not list detailed design sequences for every kind of connection that commonly occurs. ‘That task requires a several volume text and is being addressed by the SCVBCSA Connections Group, on which the first author serves. However, the authors believe that this book, with its emphasis on the need for completeness in design and its presentation of the background reasons to design rules, is an important contribution to the development of improved detailed design methods for connections. They also believe it will be of considerable use to Practising connection designers as they strive to achieve simplicity, economy and safety. The princi- ples and general methods put forward should enable a designer to tackle any connection, irrespective of scale and complexity, with confidence and safety. Graham W. Owens Brian D. ChealContents Preface ii Introduction: a rational basis for connection design 1 1.1 Engineering uncertainty 1 1.2 Uncertainties and complexities of practical connection behaviour 1 1.3 Shortcomings of traditional methods of analysis 5 1.4 Anappropriate design philosophy for connections 7 1.5 Application of the design philosophy 8 Basic welding technology 13, 21 Scope 13 2.2 Welding processes in structural enginecring 13 2.3. Welding fluxes and electrode classification 16 24 Weld preparations 17 25. Control of dist. 26 Preheating 19 27 Welddefects 19 2.8 Fitness for purpose and the specification of weld repairs 23 2.9. Weld inspection and non-destructive testing (NDT) 24 18 Bolts and bolting, rivets and riveting 27 3.1 Scope 27 Dowel bolts 27 HSFG bolts 30 Rivets 35 Holding-down and foundation bolts 35, Special fasteners 39 Bolt inspection and testing 40 Bolt and rivet holes 48 Bolt layout within the connection 41 Static behaviour and design of welds 43, 4.1 Buttwelds 43 42 Filletwelds 45 4.3 Secondary considerations in fillet weld design 50 Static behaviour and design of bolts and bolted connections 52 5.1 Introduction 52 Dowel bolt connections in shear 52 Tension connections 58 Bearing bolts under combined shear andtension 65 HSFG bolted connections in shear 66 HSFG bolts under external tension 73 HSFG bolted connections under combined shear and tension 74 Fatigue of connections 75, 6.1 Scope 75 62 Introduction 75 6.3 Fatigue behaviour 77 64 Design data 78 65 Design 85 6.6 Improvement and remedial techniques $7 5. 3. 5 Other components in the connection 89 7.1 Introduction 89 72 73 Local in-plane loading: effective and critical sections 93 7.4 Local insplane loading: 7.5. Local in-plane loadin assessment 96 7.6 Local in-plane loading: stiffener design 97 7.7 Local out-of-plane loading 99 Analysis 106 8.1 Introduction 106 8.2. Bolt groups subject to shear and moment in theieshear plane 106 8.3 Bolt groups subject to loading eccentric tothe shear plane 112 8.4 Weld groups subject to shear, moment and torsion 114 Worked examples 120vi Contents 9 Practical considerations for economic design 128 9.1 Introduction 128 9.2 Choice of method of connection 129 9.3 Access fot fabrication and assembly 131 9.4 Weld preparations 132 95 Holing 132 9.6 Plate and ection edge and end preparation 134 9.7 General guidance on economic fabrication 134 9.8 General guidance on economic erection 135 10 Beam and column splices 138 10.1 Introduction 138 10.2 Typesof beam splice 140 10.3 Column splices 143 Worked examples 145 " Fi 168 11.2 Pinned bases under axial load 168 11.3 Fixed bases under axial load and moment 170 11.4 Holding-down bolt design 171 11.5 Resistance toshear forces 172 11.6 Provision for adjustment 173 11.7 Holding-down bolt details 174 11.8 Foundation bolts 175, Worked examples 176 12 Beam-to-columa connections 186 12.1 Introduction 186 122 Simple connections 187 123 Semi-rigid connections 190 124 Rigid connections 190 Worked examples 196 13, Beam-to-beam connections 244 13.1 Grillage connections 244 13.2 Cross-girder/main girder connections 246 Worked examples 248 14 Portal frame connections 260 14.1 Introduction 260 1422 Eaves connections 261 143 Apex connections 265 14.4 Stability in portal frame connections 267 Worked examples. 268 15 Other industrial building connections 296 15.1 Column brackets 296 15.2 Built-up columns 298 15.3 Crane beam connections _ 299 154 Crane gantry end stops 301 16 Trussconnections 303 16.1 Introduction 303 16.2 Single-plane trusses 303 16.3 Double-plane trusses 306 16:4 Gusset plate design 307 16.5 Provision for local eccentricity 308 16.6 Partial connection 309 Worked examples 310 Index. 326