PVP (POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE) * film former * protective colloid and suspending agent + dye-receptive resin * binder and stabilizer * adhesive + complexing agent * physiologically inert TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PVP PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Molecular Weight Determination Viscosity Solubility Film-Forming Properties ‘Compatibility Protective-Colloid Action ‘Complex Formation Stability INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF PVP PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Acute Toxicity Chronic Toxicity REFERENCES Page 2 ? 2 18COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PVP PVP polymers are available in several viscosity grades, rangng from low to high molecular Weight. This ange, coupled with solubility in aque- us and organic solvent systems combined with its nontoxic ctaracter, gives PVP great flexbilty. Its industrial applications include, for example, in ‘adhesives to improve strength and toughness: in paper manufacture to increase strength and as a Coating resin; and in synthetic fibers to improve dye receptivity Itis also widely employed in inks, imaging, lithography, detergents and soaps, the ‘exile, ceramic, electrical, metallurgical industries ‘Tables | and Illustrate the PVP polymers commercially a and as a polymerization adaitive. PVP polymer is supplied in five viscosty grades as a powder and/or aqueous solution ‘The full ine of PVP polymers is also availabe for ppersonal care applications such es fm forming, ‘emulsion stabilization, colorant dispersion, ete ISP also offers pharmaceutical gades of PVP; ‘our Plasdone” and Polyplasdone® polymer prod: cts are used nthe pharmaceutical industry, and our Polyciar® stabilizers are used in the beverage industry. Information on these polymers is aval able in separate brochures. ble and some typical properties, Table | General PVP Properties + Linear nonionic polymer ‘High polariy / prot acceptor * Amphipile + Compatible witha vaioty of resins and electrolytes + Soluble in water and polar solvents, insoluble in esters, ethers, ketones and hysrecarbons * Unsuitable for thermoplastic processing, + Hard, glossy, transparent, oxygen permeable fms which adhere toa varity of subsrates ‘ Hygrosconie ‘Adhesive and cohesive properties * Crosslnkabie + Physiological Inet Table Il PVP Solution and Powder Products Properly PVP KIS PVP KO [PVP K-60] PVPK-90 PVP K-20) [Anpesrance @ 25:6 [Pale yelow] Of-whte, [Caiess 1] Onno, | Yetow | Yolow, | Ofwhte [oooress to] Ofna squeos famorohous| pal yetow|amorphaus| aquecus viscous, Jmerphous| yellow. famorpous| sotiton | powser | aquoous | powser | solution aqueous] powder | aqueous | powder souton sction otter Kovels Wecosty ori | 1o1e | Tie | arss | 26:35 | Boe | a0-100] 90-100] 110-190 | TOR solton [oaor APHAY Tmax [Teoma | TOME | oREC | Tome |e max| coma | Bs max | Oe ves) aoa VP Bimax [Orman | worm | oa | ai} a1 | ot | ot oma ctv 25-02 | smn. | 29-31 | esmn | 5.4) [20-20] seme | W-19 | o6imin atte e872 | Smax_| 69-71 | _smax_| 51-05] 76-00[ Smax_| oreo | Sax, [sash combustor) |" ogi | 6max| ani | ouemex| om | ome | —- | ove Pr aqueous sation] 6-9 | 3-7. = eal Se eral YY BS Ered BS Se rin Range 800-1500 ~ Ba008 | B40,000-Pe00.000-T560,005] 900 00-5 o00.000 ed by LALLS) 450.000, Brookfield Viscosity, eps |] —— 0 = z Wess case ]asd00 fee]. (6% soide @25°) [Soectie Gravy @ 250. T0e_| | 406 | >| 4908 ae | ee Buk Dersiy (9a = [eeor |= —foa-os [ = [os-oa | — —oa-05 Fin Dona (gic) Tae = ar Senta pate = m Freezng Pomc esa 27. =e a Te Speci Heat GalgRG) | OBIS | —— | oes | =| ose sar |] ass Fray a = Sze feeders] ten sates |ePHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION There have been many studies that have been devoted to the determination of the molecular weight of PVP. The low molecular weight polymers have narrower distribution curves of molecular entities than the high molecular weight compounds. ‘Some ofthe techniques for measuring the molecular eight of various PVP products are based on mea- suring sedimentation, ligt scattering, osmometry NMR spectroscopy, ebulimometry, and size exciu- sion chromatography for determining absolute ‘molecular waght distribution. By the use of these methods, ary one of three molecular weight parameters can be measured, namely the number average (Wn viscosity average (Mv), and weight, average (Ww. Each of these characteristics can Yield a diferent answer for the same polymer as ilstrated by ssing these measurement techniques. in the analysis of the same PVP K-30 sample. The following resuts are reported: Number average (in) — 10,000 Viscosity average (Mv) — 40,000 Wight average (Kw) — 55,000 ‘Therefore, in any review of the Iterature, one must know which molecular average Is cited. Conventionally, molecular weights are expressed by their K-values," which are derived from relative vis- cosity measurements. viscosiTY The K-values assigned to various grades of PVP represent a function of the average molecular eight, the degree of polymerization and the intrinsic. Viscosity. The K-values are derived from viscosity measurements and are calculated according 10 Fikentscher's formula nL Take tog =e HK cas wer «= crcanten ng 00 ml oon ‘ote vousy othe ssn K = 100%, oomarea wn savor ‘The K-value accepted for PVP by pharmacoposias and other authortative bodies worldwide is mea- sured by the viscosity technique and calculated by the use of the Fikentscher's equation. Im aqueous solution PVP K-15 and K30, particularly in concentrations below 10%, have litte effect on viscosity, whereas K-60 and K90 considerably influence flow properties (Figure 1). In organic sol- vents the viscosity of the soluton is related, of course, to that ofthe solvent, Table Il Figure 1 Effect of Concentration of Different Grades of PVP on Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions at 25°C. Viscosity, Contstokes Pv