wwe bafisa.com.br ont are name for ple: boy woman, Mary Pac New York Pars, fome, sore ‘nim, hors, orm ‘Things: car Sook, compute der honery, beau 7 ‘commen Nous: ung, planet, by. Proper Nous: White Howse, Earth, George. ‘Thar are to types of nouns: Sak tore Noncurt Now (sot po ome boots ot of oats many boot fon books 1 In grammar noncount nouns cannot be count ‘The verb followings noncoust nn ie slvaye tea ‘Alot of water pases under the bride + Aancoant noun never kes the inefinte ticles eC ad For most regular plurals, add ano the word ns, aps. [no para ‘grea deal of ter ihn of water ch ater ae wer ‘ther Noun Pate 1 When he singular eb in, 90, €, x, der lates, 1 When he singular end in ad. ‘xeptns: mane, potatoes, echoes, hres, «When the singular en iny(necedd by a vowel, nly oat to. 1 When the singular ens in y (receded by acoso ot) lesa Babes ‘Noung hat en nor fe change to vs endings: call caer lie oes shlf-sheet Ia Raver loaf aves the thieves ile tves self sees oll wotver leaf iames set scarves eepon: ele chil, cif of. Following ere some freguar para ‘hil cde mouse, mice fou, fet oe lows, tooth sth ne aun in Eli ore rom to nesses. hat regs pra. ‘pend pps, tect, Pacer tri bores et cat, corteses San, crc ‘im aes fren, jr, ‘orm Iypatess hypotheses {ber indceyndeer medi media ‘memoriam, memoranda Darethess, parentheses Bheomenen, phenomena mul, tna Syllabus, ila, sabes thes tener wert, vertebrae £:XCLUSIVO! APRENDA FACIL, CONSULTE RAPIDO. ae af erimennoncount nam cages and examples: mt Wine pup at foot ‘Abstact nouns Sal tome Peay ‘air teot alt rae ic suzar egmeses Languages other te French ‘weather smote rae heat paver Spanish — pecans of quantity cme before anon ‘Some ie ued thon covet nouns mea sed with ly rns nos ome ae ed with bth, span ft book ook oot beats amt ramber of bros ‘ae och water ‘ret det of ‘sar Fer both aun and nncount ons not ann. Toate ‘tof efpeny of Sookswater most tokatter a ookahter aon roots ake he lac of oun hye nn abate boy he book Mary she PERSONAL PRONOUNS Subject pronouns (refresh Tint Exgish) te ‘objec pronsun fer tte cet af he ve): ‘he (lm ced me) vs i, bert om ontive pronouns Gate owner Tine (Tht book mine) "cur yun oars Kiser its ‘ce flee pronouns (fer tthe sujet, sometimes ted fo pai Sr ie drive mse) ccs youself Seales imi int, nett———_hamncves ‘The exreson by + a reflexive pronowm tsp es "elves by hal Indetine pronouns ion specie “renee (Everyone Fr hor her iden) crane impetinione someting oe ae ybody Amboy i weome) Srvting so one Ne ne etended the meeting) oly sing MMPERSONAL PRONOUNS. ss One means "ary person, pele in gener ‘One shoul abvays be on tine 1 You means “any peso, people in genera” Taw ou pe he rin san rom ee? Ee Articles are words tht modify nouns, Thee we 40 ‘apes of artis: Dermere ARTICLES (THE) Definite articles ae used with singular count nouns, iirl count nouns, and noncount nouns, 1 When the noun is know to the speak The car haw s very expensive, ‘he gucstion they wan ah about hk "When the noun is the only one” of skin "The su ses in theese The mov ful. ‘The doors locked. (Ther is oly one doce) + Wher the noun i asepresentative of genera ‘er of ens The compacer is the most important lrention The plano ta beau bstrament IupErwrre ARTICLES (A, AN) Indefiteartles re wed wih singular count bid a ey, « book a dictionary, apiece of coe, 1 Use an wih «noun hat tens with «yl sou: ‘an ope am examination amour Remember uniernin «hotel bess “iver” {inh bgin with consonant promeltion, ‘When the noun is uaknown tthe spake Thaw acer ary har att tomorons They wand ask a uesin *= When the nun s Being introduced for th Fist ime ‘A banana te sual Jeion. ‘A book ia good end on lng ip. No ARTELE Plural count nouns and noncount nouns donot need slefnearcas when they ae refering 0 ALL of te ve apples. (aries in asm) ‘The apples inthis box are ad. (rite spl) Boots are expensive a) The boots mht tor ave cheep bs) ‘That tone has computers, ‘The computers they hav ae (compen el) (peri conpsen} Nencout nouns ove coe The coffe nti cup i col apanese ej rice The rice ae at night was good (esi is) aes nacesary. | The wer here ood dike wa (oot ne) (etic) Remenber singular, count noun CANNOT appest alone ema hae ‘nate: «ook the car, an wnele Senor ds that rai, this newspaper a possessive: my pe, her ky, Mary's roomwd ‘ADJECTIVES ‘Adjectives give more information about nouns. The fllewiog ae called descriptive jects: they describe the nou: good Sudent, bad stent Uraligen stent. hat day, hot food. cold ay, cold foot 1 The following endings ae often found on adjectives Yili), ous Gopou) al opt, ne orate tes Gilles). ample: esa joyous oh Comparisons ‘io nouns ith adjectives can be compared: ‘nmontenes adler ivan ajecive to make acon parson: "Earth big. Urames icBgge (Unearth) Sigor amor Honey sswevter an wp) ‘in adjesives with more than to sabes, ie more sampare: “sts handsome, Petr fs mone handsome, “Agta iil Caled ts more dia Adjectives, use the sperative: {Aad the and esto ajc which seer Use the most th ajcves wih ae than wo sabes: Earth big. Uranus is bigger: Satur is the biggest ofall planes. ‘Algebra ifcu, Caleuts ie more dieu Icicar phate the most fiat fal subjects Possessive ADJECTIVES = Desens omnersip say (Mp car is ue) out your your hs ther bee thee ite thee esenon with " haother sy show possesion wih: "Tho helong odo (ok ha ok ) This or ook his bok) + a noun is singul,wse onty "he bay's ook The dog fod. The gba The man ca 1s oo sla, se ony * The boy" Boo. The dogs food The gl hate + noun ea agar pla wih no then = The men’ or. The bon os ‘1 noun or ame ends in 6 use ihe" Thoma ook Thomas bok DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES age Thi book (CLOSE speaker: This book i re That car (FAR ro Speak): Tha book is he Pal These eae (CLOSE wo spa These bons ae ‘These chars FAR fom peak}: Tas boos ae Be. ‘Advts give information about verbs, adjectives and 1 Alvers are ofen formed by aling ly oa ave “He spoke gully (ajatve que) ‘atv They are exreetyiteligent Ko Ag She ape heb ery carly ‘har Ad 1 Adverbs ole anor gucsions ‘Adve ‘anewer now ‘She opens the presen uly. where ‘She opens the present imide. When?" She pene the presen yesterday. “Tp what exe” She apo the post vey gue 1 Adverbs express time tomorrow, yesterday, toy, cay Inte, ce) “lob arses tomorow 1 Frequency avers (ametines, usualy, oRen, neve, 2) "how fe ome action ape "Hw often do you smote?” "T never smoke 100% slvaye usualy ‘en Boy em O% emnetincs rarely never occsionly sadam not ever ay ever 1 Frequency aves come BEFORE verbs [simple preset & past] (ustlly comes, never ae, fen de, never had) ‘She asa comes at 8 Pi + Usually never, often, arly come AFTER ho verb pe (spe present & ps) ‘She is asualy on tne 1 Froquency aves come BETWEEN an ula and roan verb (ha alwys een, wl never ent, ad ‘ten come) She has tinays been on tine, COMPARISON WITH ADVERRS 1 With on syllable avers, use when two persons oct things are compared ‘Hecome ler hon a ‘She wasp ewer a he est of sd Mary types faster ton 10 tthe of more nouns athe ad est he atest, the ear the slower Aloe per the fate fo far 1 Most svete that co in ly use he word more wen comparing tm vere er THe rts more gully (Di his babe) ‘She apes more clcrly (ihn het lass), ‘When comparing more thsn to verbs and adverbs, ae the most "eros more quiet han ae brother, bt Me oun Fan the mot uy (othe tes). Some advert change her fore completly when ‘hey are wed ncompariscns wel beter beat Tae Prepositions ae words tt show a special as hip berveen vo tng * Prposton slo answer such questions at where? hen? and haw? "he selene are inthe library. (Where ae they?) Jai i coming by bus (ose coming) She eae at 00 a.m (When dacs he leat?) common prepestions hoot before hove behind tera below aller beneath for out inst Desiels) fiom over with slong between info] th wiht song beyond ke throughout round by near ll ‘spits of tars) down off under dig on unt pon) 1 Many verb an flowed by prepoions, * Its impo fear both the ver and th preps ion 1 The meaning of verb wl change depending om the preposition wich Zllows er and preposition combinations ston listen foe ‘and for wit for sand up CONNECTING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES + Anvindependent clauses sertnce[ajet(S) + vec (Vj Wat has nea ion nde by tele Teed hep Sie lites socer sv Independent clases can be combined with “omnes tis” or conjunctions which show te Toma ‘between theft snd ocond late ‘The ist clase inal he cxamples below i the sane owever, the scood clases re diflren + AND sina an addition of equal importance: Tan ick and ei ot gong to oot today. UT (YEN signa a contrast “oli sok but he tr going 0 sco! today OR signs choice: “in sick or he pretending 150 signals a resue Sli sok so he snot gong 0 shoo oda. 1 Fon signals a reson: “ol ck for he go a cold nthe rin, + Use emma btwoun the fir independent ase sn the econ PaineD CONJUNCTION 1 When two mess reconnected, the sibjct lonr to de verb determines whether te verb egal ot ot only + noun + but ao + oan [Not only my brother tal miter x Burp ters noun +o oun Either my brother or sister il be ik Bure ihe noun ¢ 00» none [Nether my brotier norm ste sn Europe Neither my Brothers mor my ses aren rope. 1 When to suber are connected by both, thy take a plral ve: eth + noun + and + noun ‘Both my brater and my sister ave Europe Phe ‘A sentence usually haa subject [5] and a verb (VI ‘Bags ran.” People eat. Ech sin a eee + Some sentences slo have an objet (0) ‘oop ot food. Mary enjoyed the movie, Theyned paspors + Soma senances alo have a0 inet objet (1 sin gave a preset to me. bin gn mea pros esocauses * Basically semen is “clase” ‘Nelase has a subject ands ver, ‘Tere are two base laos in English Independent and dependent causs. "m going othe store becuse I ned milk Tinepenen] (dependent) ‘The dependent clause noes the independent ase or couplets meaning ‘There ae three typet of dependent causes in English: Each of them hat tame min deceives wat ech docs nm sentence: Apvecrive CLAUSES 1 Adjective clauses or ik adjstives they give ‘more information about nuns they are descr, WHO fuel operons Watch i used for things. THAT ised forbs, Which git? Which decor? ‘he gi hota taling is my Thave a doctor whothat very famous Which actor dad? he actor hatha wasn tht ‘movie die las month The book whic tha you borrowed sy ser The flight whichthat we were {aking wor canceled WHOS is wot fr poets 1y fond whese car ws stolen wen tothe police. (cea wa stolen) Tet a gb whose materi «pt. (ee mothe is i) Noun CLauses ‘Nowa clases are wed lke nouns A noun cap be 8 subject oan object ina sentence, A oun laa anal es subject or an objet of a sentence Sbjct of Sentence Tatners Yow coming late hate didn’? do is work Hsobroce 1 When on clase fused a subject th word hat is be 1 The evbjet can also be wed by placing the noun ate a the end ofthe sentence “Timakes angry that you came late emake me any that he dn do is work ‘Object ot Sentence “meting French thal your Birthday tomer a Bhington was he fos reside Which boot? Which ihe? rakes ne ary Throw ‘Avvens CLauses 1 Adverh clauses ae wed ike advebs, They answer aactions ike when? why, tow long ‘Abt aus show elaonship een tw Tine “The Ben hove since was nung, They came efter had stem diner ‘The sudet ood hen the teacher etre. ‘Whe lkng abou ihe ature: ‘The verb the time elase is abvays present se 1 The made verb ie fara ese When et ms wil call yo ‘Mary wi be here enh ses er wrk ‘hen ou pess his tn he pice wl come, aus eect, Te ca go swing Bocuse reining ‘is raining so wean} go sng ©pposton "Aout i cold. 1 going swing She gtd pod grade een thu she dda tad Condon “Pleas, we wl cane he pene {would have gone had en about hepa Purpose ‘She ame early otha she could stood seat dane ‘ite fr eae, esp appt Nee a pemee pe ‘ntl tlattave weet + Do not use double egatvs, they are aay {Caest Dow owe anything Incorrect: Don touch nth Bed ‘There ae fo kind of goestone 1 YesNo Questions euch" awe) ‘Remember ht he anti carne fens infertion sd votes “mune” an ba te ajc Cee hype igh Be they peat alk? ‘fii Docs be se? am dg Am ing wl? ‘Seif Teste seni? Meo aming iow Aree easing no She sled de Did sh cook nae? They are a Dies ota? matron aig Thy wer ering ore wig? ew wndotend We deat? i eb eng 208? eve bn aie? ar oo i ob? ok he be ig? ‘raya ba Bo ei be lig Heh eek. ‘They hee etn hae Bon ating el ha ab ig at hyd ome sos. ‘Shad ee ang ‘ania en ng ho 2. WH - question (Tose fr pif isfaton) ‘Wit questone follow te sane puter yin ucton, exept the Fiat word WH-queaion is the Winer ot the sui. co When do you at inet Were ae least Exp? Wy dd comes? val ver ‘hon Whi bite thon ‘Hom does » XX Wot ging Whofe)*® aw sou maring What ha abe a to ‘Who in this sentence is asking 2 guston aboot he subject of the sentance, When yas astng oy rd st Witquetn ute bjs nce do fot use an sutary i your quston. "Tee children hve eon red (ee) HOW MANY CHILDREN have bon injured? {no auntary] ‘She has three children foie} OW MANY CHILDREN sos ohe have? (austiry need The be er has mare power: (3b HICH CAN hes more power? no asx We prefer the ble ar (objet) WHICH CAR dou prefer? (nolo aecied| ‘rh jt ed when thang 4 ison she abject ofa sence ison very Ferma “Tay, many people J not ute the frm hom inten they ure whe, "Ther son exception Whom are you ing to? TO hom ae yo tllng? = When x prepston comes Before wh, you ras ‘se whom, sh as, for whom 29 home ak ‘hom, apn hom Witsord. Masning ose whee whee place ‘iy ran pasion Example Anewers Tomoron oo el ag. No Atom: Here nN ok ‘Boca 8 To st ch ‘Mary bed The man’ cr hele” Tt mek mur Quy By orl erin (met The Mayo J ‘pon [objet] ‘The By Mary and Jo ‘The de he ear Trai ‘Tac Quesrions 1 Tog questions sed wo te en fa ear fale se te inferaton scares or Sk sec. Mary con pcan she? Robert can't come, cam he? 1 Amite sentence negative t= afimstive "vou cof, don’ you? = Yes, 1d. 1 Negative sentence + afirmative tg = negative "iw dn’ the oe, do you? = No, 1 don Necarive Questions: 1 When acing enogarive question, us nt with he aulary and follow tesa proce for asking either "Yesvno" ar WH questions. Questions Dida you go last night? Why weren't you m cass? Tas sik Hace ive malcom? Went ba Who didn come yeserday? sibs do