TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS FOR MDS

ORTHODONTICS UNIVERSITY
EXAMINATIONS

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 DISTRIBUTION OF TOPICS FOR THE EXAMINATION –

• APPLIED BASIC SCIENCES

• APPLIED ANAYTOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, DENTAL
MATERIALS, GENETICS,
PAPER - I PATHOLOGY, PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
• APPLIED RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY, BIOSTATISTICS
AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY

• ORTHODONTIC HISTORY
• CONCEPTS OF OCCLUSION AND
ESTHETICS
• CHILD AND ADULT
PSYCHOLOGY
• ETIOLOGY AND
PAPER - II CLASSIFICATION OF
MALOCCLUSION
• DENTOFACIAL ANOMALIES
• DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES AND
TREATMENT PLANNING
• PRACTICE MANAGEMENT

PAPER - III
• CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS

PAPER - IV • ESSAY

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 PAPER I
APPLIED ANATOMY/GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Pre-natal growth of the head and face

2. Post-natal growth of the head and face
3. Development of maxillary and mandibular arches
4. Development of branchial arches.
5. Development of the hard and soft palate. Describe cleft lip and plate.
6. Pharyngeal arches, derivatives and deformities
7. Pharyngeal pouches, derivatives and deformities
8. Pharyngeal apparatus
9. Neural crest cells.
10. Synchondrosis and Sutures – types, location, age of fusion and
importance
11. Types of bones, origin, composition, unit of bone, schedule of ossification,
mechanical properties, x-ray appearance and role in orthodontics
12. Bone density in orthodontics
13. Endochondral ossification vs intramembranous classification
14. Chondrogenesis
15. Classification of joints
16. Primary and secondary cartilage
17. Role of cartilage in pre- and post-natal craniofacial development
18. Various method of assessment of growth
19. Various methods of growth prediction and importance in diagnosis and
treatment planning
20. Growth increments, differential growth and factors effecting physical
growth
21. Methods of growth prediction and importance in orthodontics treatment
planning
22. Finite element methods of growth prediction
23. Rickett’s archial method of growth prediction
24. Tanner Whitehouse growth prediction
25. Methods of gathering growth data
26. Gradient of growth
27. Cephalo-caudal gradient of growth

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 28. Scammon’s growth curve
29. Growth rotation in maxilla and mandible
30. Mandibular rotations
31. Growth spurts
32. Growth grids/charts
33. Standard growth charts
34. Growth trends
35. Growth forecasting and computerized methods
36. Growth percentiles
37. Growth markers or biomarkers for craniofacial growth
38. Growth relativity hypothesis
39. Implants as growth predictors
40. Concept of normality of growth
41. Pattern, variability and timing of growth.
42. Theories of growth, each theory in detail, their clinical relevance and
recent advances
43. Controversies in theories of growth
44. Growth site vs center
45. Drift vs displacement
46. Growth rotation of mandible
47. Enlow’s concept of growth equivalents.
48. Area relocation concept on Enlow
49. Enlow’s V principle
50. Sutural growth.
51. Nasocapsular theory
52. Neurotropism
53. Neurobiotaxis
54. Mechanotransduction in growth
55. Van der Klau concept
56. Cybernetic theory
57. Servosystem theory
58. Petrovic growth categories
59. Piezo effect
60. Logarithmic spiral as the basis of facial growth.
61. Cranial base flexure
62. Controlling factors for bone modeling and remodeling

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 63. Difference between remodeling, relocation and cortical different bone
growth
64. TMJ – development, anatomy, role, importance, evaluation and its
clinical implications
65. TMJ ankylosis.
66. Current concepts of growth in mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa
67. Evolution of condyle
68. Effects of functional appliances in and around condylar cartilage
69. Glenoid fossa remodeling
70. Callous remodeling
71. Retrodiscal pad
72. Role of mandibular condyle in mandibular growth and factors which
influence it.
73. Role of mandibular growth in relation to facial profile.
74. Meckel’s cartilage and significance
75. Mandibular condylar cartilage
76. Condylar adaptation in various malocclusion
77. Shoe and foot effect
78. Late imbrications
79. Age changes in mandible
80. Vertical growth of face
81. Soft tissue changes in face during growth
82. Lip morphology and malocclusion
83. Late facial growth in adults
84. Dimensional changes in dental arch
85. Wetzel’s grid
86. Effects of orthodontic force on craniofacial growth and clinical
implications.
87. Muscles of mastication – development, function, change during growth
and association with malocclusion
88. Various muscle attachment in mandible and various movements of
mandible
89. Buccinator mechanism
90. Lateral pterygoid muscle
91. Masseter-pterygoid reflex
92. Clasp knife reflex

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 93. Sliding filament theory
94. Actin and myosin
95. Maturation of oral function
96. Muscle disorder and malocclusion
97. Normal and abnormal deglutition and role in dentofacial anomalies
98. Immature swallow.
99. Muscle deprogramming
100. Muscular Balance
101. Embryological basis of commonly seen craniofacial and dental
anomalies in orthodontic practice.
102. Congenital defects
103. Treacher Collins Syndrome
104. Turner’s syndrome
105. Cleidocranial dysplasia
106. Down’s syndrome
107. Marble bone disease
108. Hemifacial microsomia
109. Apert syndrome
110. Achondroplasia
111. Neural tube defects
112. Ectodermal dysplasia
113. Amelogenesis imperfecta and Dentinogenesis imperfecta
114. Development of tongue, role and importance of tongue in various
malocclusion
115. Various frenal attachments
116. Development of palate and its anomalies.
117. Role of Naso-respiratory obstruction in etiology of malocclusion
118. Paranasal sinuses and their role
119. Facial sinuses and their role in achieving facial proportions
120. Applied anatomy of tonsils and adenoid
121. Development of adenoid face and its clinical implications
122. Linder Aronson’s Hypothesis
123. Speech and malocclusion
124. Velopharyngeal mechanism
125. Velopharyngeal incompetency
126. Muscles of facial expression

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 127. Blood supply of head, face and oral cavity
128. Lymphatic drainage of oral mucosa
129. Hyoid bone position
130. Trajectories of forces.
131. Wolfe’s Law
132. Benninghoff lines
133. Microscopic appearance of enamel.
134. Stages of calcification of teeth
135. Theories of tooth eruption
136. Path of eruption of maxillary canine and its clinical implication
137. Post-emergent eruption
138. Biodynamic orthodontic remodeling
139. Somatognathics or Oral Cavity
140. Suture response to orthopedic force
141. Dangerous area of face
142. Butler field theory of growth
143. Burlington growth study
144. Bolton-Brush / Burlington / Iowa / Belfast / Ann Arbor / Trivandrum
Growth studies
145. Frost mechanostat Theory
146. Light bulb analogue as growth concept
147. Safety valve mechanism

APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY/PATHOLOGY/PHARMACOLOGY

1. Tissue reaction to orthodontic force

2. Malnutrition and Orthodontics
3. Childhood deficiencies and malocclusion in India
4. Nutritional disorders
5. Protein calorie malnutrition
6. Balanced diet
7. Macro and Micro nutrients
8. Proximate principles of nutrition
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 9. Hormones and Vitamins
10. Basal metabolic rate
11. Fluoride in orthodontics
12. Hormonal imbalance and Jaw growth
13. Hormones during pubertal growth spurt
14. Acromegaly
15. Calcium metabolism and significance in orthodontics
16. Hormonal control of calcium in blood
17. Phosphorus metabolism and significance in orthodontics
18. Parathyroid hormone and significance in orthodontics
19. Calcitonin
20. Thyroid hormones
21. Growth hormone
22. Somatomedin and somatostatin
23. Postural hypotension
24. Syncope
25. Basal metabolic rate
26. Vitamin D and role in orthodontics
27. Vitamin E in growth of hard tissue
28. Essential amino acids
29. Role of protein in growth
30. Role of drugs in OTM
31. Chemical messengers
32. Role of prostaglandins in OTM
33. Drugs to control pain during orthodontic treatment. Their indications
and contraindications
34. Prostaglandins inhibitors
35. Anti-sialagogues
36. Cephalosporins
37. Active and passive immunity
38. Functions of blood
39. Bleeding disorders in Orthodontics
40. Anti-coagulants
41. Hemophilia
42. TLC and DLC
43. Systemic diseases/MCP and orthodontics

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 44. Juvenile diabetes mellitus
45. Inflammation
46. Necrosis
47. Thrombocytes
48. Anaphylactic shock
49. Function and regulation of Saliva
50. Osteoporosis and orthodontic implications
51. Osteoporosis vs osteopetrosis
52. Bisphosphonates
53. Steroids in orthodontics
54. Infective endocarditis
55. Drug interactions
56. Teratogens
57. Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon
58. Etiology of root resorption.
59. Markers of root resorption
60. Genetics of Root resorption
61. Pulpal changes during orthodontic treatment
62. Hyalinization.
63. Frontal and Undermining resorption
64. Methods to estimate to estimate physiological stress in periodontium.
65. Caries risk assessment
66. Streptococcus mutans
67. Oral microflora
68. Causative agent in AIDS, Its transmission and prevention in
orthodontics.
69. Pathophysiology of orthodontic pain
70. Proprioceptive pathway of orofacial complex
71. Referred pain
72. Neurological mechanism in OTM
73. Management of foreign body ingestion of orthodontic
74. Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
75. OPG-RANKL system
76. Mucus retention cyst
77. Odontogenesis
78. Periodontal ligament

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 79. Oral microbial changes and enamel alteration
80. Orthodontic scars
81. Anodontia
82. Supernumerary tooth
83. MPDS and orthodontics
84. Temporomandibular disorders and orthodontics
85. Orchestration of tooth movement

GENETICS
1. Role of genetics in orthodontics
2. Genetics vs Environment
3. Hereditary limitations of orthodontics.
4. Genetic disorder, screening and theoretical basis of genetic figure
printing. Discuss how these techniques can be utilized in determining
genetic basis for malocclusion and craniofacial disorders
5. Discuss our views on recent genetic studies and outline the importance of
dentofacial genetics in contemporary orthodontics.
6. Laws of heredity
7. Influence of heredity on malocclusions.
8. Inheritable types of facial deformity and malocclusion
9. Inheritance pattern of Class III malocclusion
10. Role of genetics and future.
11. Role of genes in tooth development and agenesis.
12. Why study of genetics is difficult in humans
13. Genetic limitations for orthodontic treatment
14. Effect and mode of inheritance on dentofacial morphology.
15. Recent biomarkers of craniofacial growth
16. Transcription of DNA
17. Transcription of mRNA
18. Central dogma of molecular biology
19. Genetically controlled malocclusion.
20. PCR based studies and use in orthodontics
21. Chromosomal aberration
22. Cell signaling

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 23. Mutations
24. Meiosis
25. Monohybrid inheritance
26. Monogenic trait
27. Polygenic traits
28. Epigenetic landscape
29. Genetic polymorphism
30. Genetic determination
31. Mendalian laws
32. Somatotyping
33. Utility of twin studies
34. Dizygotic twins
35. Population genetics
36. Gene Therapy
37. Epigenetic factors
38. Autosomal dominant and recessive traits
39. Heredity Vs relapse.
40. Molecular basis of genetics.
41. Homeobox genes
42. Neural crest cells
43. Neuro-ectodermal cells
44. Stem cells and significance
45. Animal models in orthodontic research.
46. Role of genetics in EARR
47. Genetic counselling
48. Genetic engineering
49. Mechanogenomics
50. Genomic growth

BIOSTATISTICS/RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Discuss various levels of evidence. What are the special problems in
designing of good studies for clinical orthodontic research.
2. Define index. What are the various indices of malocclusion used in
epidemiological studies & their purposes? What are the various problems

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 in standardizing, reproducing & comparing the various epidemiological
studies.
3. Indices in orthodontics
4. Indices for malocclusion
5. Occlusal indices
6. Longitudinal and mixed longitudinal growth.
7. Sampling and sampling techniques
8. Sample size and estimation
9. Data collection
10. Methods of presenting statistical data
11. Bar diagram
12. Parametric and non-parametric test
13. Chi square tests
14. Student t test
15. ANOVA
16. Tukey’s test
17. Correlation and regression
18. Randomized controlled trials.
19. Case-control study
20. Longitudinal study
21. Split-mouth design
22. Null hypothesis
23. Test of significance.
24. Measures of central tendency
25. Standard deviation
26. Standard deviation vs Standard error
27. Sampling error
28. Coefficient of variation
29. Karl Pearson’s correlation
30. Mean, median and mode
31. Animal experimental protocol
32. p value and significance
33. Hierarchy of Evidence
34. Common statistical errors
35. Alpha and beta error in statistics
36. Experimental models

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 37. Power analysis
38. Power of a study
39. Impact factor
40. Evidence based orthodontics
41. Systematic reviews
42. Meta-analysis
43. Patient autonomy as applied to orthodontics
44. Consent and types
45. Informed consent
46. Helsinki’s declaration

DENTAL MATERIALS
1. Manufacturing, advantages, disadvantages, physical and chemical
properties of band material, brackets and archwires
2. Recent advances in dental materials
3. Materials used in indirect bonding.
4. Crystal growth bonding
5. Electro thermal debonding
6. Annealing
7. Types of orthodontic wires
8. Selection of orthodontic wires
9. Friction of orthodontics wires
10. Asperities
11. Evolution of archwire material
12. Newer archwires in orthodontics
13. 18-8 SS
14. Sensitization and passivating effect
15. Elgiloy wires
16. Composition and properties of TMA wire
17. AJ Wilcock/Australian wires
18. Heat activated NiTi
19. Chinese Vs Japanese NiTi.
20. Alpha titanium wires
21. Copper NiTi Archwires.

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 22. NiTi vs TMA wires
23. Optiflex wires
24. Esthetic wires
25. Multistranded wires
26. Coaxial wires
27. Braided arch wires
28. Turbo wires
29. Timolium wires
30. Super elastic arch wires
31. TALA (Total Aesthetic Labial Archwire)
32. Variable temperature dependent wires
33. Future orthodontic wires
34. Surface characterization of wires
35. Stress and strain in Orthodontic wires
36. Strength, Stiffness and Range
37. Finishing wires
38. Load deflection rate and factors effecting it
39. Titanium in orthodontics
40. Effect of orthodontic material on oral tissue
41. Generations of bonding materials
42. Orthodontic bonding adhesives
43. Light cure composite
44. Light sources in orthodontics
45. Bond enhancers
46. Self-etching primers
47. No mix adhesives
48. Moisture insensitive primers
49. Acid etching
50. Laser etching
51. Air abrasive etching
52. Soft tissue laser
53. Cements used in orthodontics
54. Glass ionomer cements
55. GIC as bonding agent
56. Band luting agents
57. Cyanoacrylates

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 58. Impression materials
59. Polymers in orthodontics
60. Latex in orthodontics
61. Latex free elastics
62. Bauschinger effect
63. Temperature thermomechanics.
64. Zones of the flame and temperature
65. Gypum products
66. Welding and soldering
67. Flux and Anti-Flux
68. Intensifying screens.
69. Tarnish and Corrosion. Causes and effects.
70. Biodegradation of orthodontic materials
71. Biocompatibility of orthodontic materials
72. Nickel leach influence on oral structures
73. Nickel allergy
74. Hypersensitivity in orthodontic materials

OCCLUSION
1. Types of normal occlusion
2. Normal vs Ideal Occlusion
3. Static vs Dynamic Occlusion
4. Functional Occlusion
5. Roth’s goals for functional occlusion
6. Development of dentition and occlusion
7. Settlement of occlusion from childhood to adulthood
8. Maxilla-mandibular relation from birth till childhood
9. Disease leading to malocclusion
10. Contributions of occlusion to TMJ disorders, tooth wear and periodontal
problems
11. Factors influencing development of normal occlusion and concepts of
functional occlusion
12. Recent concepts of normal occlusion and their influence on orthodontic
objectives

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 13. Functional movements of the mandible
14. Equilibrium effects on dentition
15. Stone age man dentition
16. Attritional occlusion
17. X occlusion
18. Discuss applied aspects of compensatory curvatures of teeth and jaws in
relation to orthodontics.
19. Canine guided vs group guided occlusion
20. Centric relation and centric occlusion
21. Resting position of mandible and significance in orthodontics
22. Reflex determinants of mandibular registration position
23. Cant of occlusion
24. Inter-canine width
25. Arch width
26. Dimensional changes in arch length and arch width between 7-13 years.
Quote studies in this regard
27. Arch Form
28. Brader arch form
29. Incisor liability
30. Leeway space
31. Gum pads.
32. Terminal planes
33. Sockets of teeth
34. Role of curve of Spee in leveling
35. Role of curve of Wilson in leveling
36. Age changes in overjet and overbite
37. Anterior component of force
38. Triangular force concept

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
1. Evolution of human face
2. Prevalence of malocclusion in India compared to the rest of the world.
3. Epidemiology of malocclusion
4. Dermatoglyphics

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 5. Evaluation of facial esthetics and proportion of facial anthropometric
measurements.
6. Dinaric head form
7. Morphometrics
8. Craniometry and Anthropometry
9. Anthropometric studies
10. Facial Index
11. Carpel index
12. Frame and Truss of skull
13. Divine proportions
14. Carbon tracking index
15. Dryopithecus Tooth Pattern

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 PAPER II

CONCEPT OF OCCLUSION AND ESTHETICS

1. Orthodontics and facial esthetics

2. Six keys to normal occlusion
3. Self-correcting entities
4. Macro-, Micro- and Mini-esthetics
5. Smile esthetics
6. Evaluation of smile
7. Smile index
8. Esthetic parameters for upper incisors
9. Safety valve mechanism
10. Golden proportions
11. Gingival zenith

CHILD AND ADULT PYSCHOLOGY

1. Stages of child development and theories of psychological development
2. Social and behavioral development of growing child
3. Assessment of motivation of child for orthodontic treatment
4. Psychology and Orthodontics
5. Behavioural problems in adolescence and its management
6. Psychological problems in children with orofacial deformities
7. Discuss child psychological theories and implications in orthodontics
8. Autism and its management in orthodontic practice
9. Spastic child in orthodontic practice
10. Cerebral palsy – orthodontic implications
11. Problems of orthodontist with rebellious child
12. Psychological problems associated with abnormal pressure habits
13. Psychological state of adult patient undergoing orthodontic treatment
14. Psycho-social problems to be anticipated while treating an adult
15. Psychology in orthognathic surgery
16. Erickson’s stage of emotional development

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 17. Psycho-analytic theory of Erickson
18. Wright’s classification of behavior
19. Frankel behavior rating scale
20. Spoilt child
21. Dunlop theory
22. Body dysmorphic disorder
23. Motivation in orthodontic patient
24. Physical restrains in behavioural management
25. Development of intelligence in children according to Piaget
26. Behavioral conditioning
27. Positive reinforcement
28. Behavior management technique
29. Behavioral modifications for managing uncooperative orthodontic
patients
30. Frankel behaviour rating scale
31. Battered child syndrome
32. Psychological aspect in severe malocclusion of children
33. Management of handicapped patients
34. Handicapping malocclusion
35. Malocclusion as a psycho-social handicap
36. Two-way communication for an orthodontist
37. Elkind’s imaginary audience
38. Scale to measure attitude towards orthodontic treatment
39. Oral stereognosis

DENTOFACIAL ANAMOLIES

1. Lisping and stammering

2. Thumb sucking – etiology, psychology and management
3. Head posture and oral habits
4. Decompensation of skeletal malocclusion
5. Methods of analysing transverse dysplasia
6. Methods of assessing facial asymmetry
7. Self-correcting malocclusions
8. Bruxism and clinical management

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 9. Caries prevention

ETIOLOGY AND C/F OF MALOCCLUSION

1. Role of environment in etiology of malocclusion with emphasis on the
equilibrium theory and functional influences on dentofacial development
2. Limitations of Angle’s classification in assessing the prevalence of
malocclusion
3. Dewey’s modifications
4. Simon’s classification of skeletal facial types and their simplification.
Illustrate with diagnosis
5. Quantitative assessment of malocclusion
6. Classify malocclusion in detail. Management of Class III
7. PAR, IOTN and ICON
8. Etiology of facial asymmetry and write in detail the essential
investigation and how will you apply such diagnostic information for
orthodontic correction
9. Birth injury and mandibular condylar development
10. Pitch, roll and yaw
11. Katz’s premolar classification of malocclusion
12. Ackerman Proffit classification
13. Venn diagram
14. Goslon yardstick
15. Envelope of discrepancy
16. Etiology of impacted incisors
17. Etiology of impacted canines
18. Ectopic eruption of maxillary first molar
19. Ectopic eruption
20. Primary failure of eruption
21. Recent trends in the classification of malocclusion
22. Iatrogenic malocclusion
23. Unfavourable sequalae of malocclusion
24. Indices for interproximal stripping
25. Etiology of Class II division 2 malocclusion
26. Etiology of retroclined upper incisors
27. Etiological classification of impactions

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 28. Etiology of hyperdivergent face
29. Space assessment in transitional dentition

TREATMENT PLANNING
1. Steps in orthodontic treatment planning
2. Steps to systematically evaluate the facial and dental appearances of a
patient presenting with malocclusion
3. Antero Posterior discrepancies
4. What are growth markers and how do they help in treatment planning.
5. Differentiate between skeletal and functional malocclusion and their
clinical significance.
6. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of tooth movements in various
orthodontic techniques and discuss the criteria for selection of technique
in orthodontic treatment.
7. Stepwise diagnosis and treatment planning of class II and enumerate
etiological factors
8. Diagnosis and treatment planning in 12-year-old with Angle Class II
malocclusion with excessive overjet and overbite
9. Clinical and radiographic diagnosis of low angle cases & orthodontic
treatment mechanics in such cases
10. Features of facial asymmetry and their correlation with growth and
development. Imaging modalities for their diagnosis and treatment
planning
11. Interaction between soft tissue and skeletal profiles considering age
factors.
12. Latest trends in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
13. Classify deep bite and complete management.
14. Long face syndrome.
15. Vertical Maxillary Excess (VME)/Gummy smile in orthodontics
16. Open bite. Diagnosis and treatment planning. Differential diagnosis
17. Clinical, diagnostic and cephalometric criteria to differentiate high
anchorage vs low anchorage requirements
18. Compound anchorage systems in Class II malocclusion
19. Diagnosis and management of mandibular prognathism
20. Differential diagnosis and treatment options of Class III malocclusion

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 21. Treatment modalities for interception and treatment of mandibular
prognathism in various age groups
22. Concept of orthodontic compensation and decompensation
23. Pre-surgical orthodontics
24. Treatment protocol for cleft cases
25. PNAM in CL/CP or role of NAM in CL/CP
40. Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
41. Indication of early orthognathic surgeries
42. Describe anterior interferences and discuss their significance in finishing
orthodontic case
43. Esthetic consideration while orthodontic treatment planning
44. Camouflage treatment
45. Keys to retention
46. Keys to retention in distal driving
47. Stability of a derotated teeth
48. Describe preventive and interceptive orthodontics. Describe various serial
extraction procedures with indications and contra-indications
49. E space
50. Incisal liability and Leeway space of Nance
51. Concept of differential anchorage evaluation
52. Muscle reflexes and role of muscle exercises in orthodontics
53. Methods of detecting incipient malocclusion
54. Gnathostatic goals of orthodontics
55. Gnathostatic occlusion
56. Problems of third molar in diagnosis and treatment planning
57. Late incisor mandibular crowding
58. Lip examination
59. Incompetent lips
60. Role of nose in diagnosis and treatment planning
61. Root resorption. Types, mechanism, causes, prevention and management
62. Growth vs treatment changes
63. Ideal age to start orthodontic treatment

CEPHALOMETRICS
1. Analysis of orthognathic cases

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 2. Factors affecting cephalometric radiographs.
3. Factors affecting cephalometric analysis
4. Cephalometrics to diagnose skeletal dysplasia
5. Radiographic diagnosis of impacted teeth
6. Tube shift technique
7. Skeletal and dental soft tissue analysis of patients having long face and
requiring orthodontic treatment.
8. Mouth breathing and cephalometric analysis.
9. Critically evaluate cephalometrics and discuss alternatives if any
10. Cephalometric superimpositions, its role and methods in orthodontic
11. Computerized cephalometric evaluation and it’s accuracy
12. Cephalometrics for measuring the vertical dimension
13. Frontofacial analysis
14. Frontal analysis of face
15. Grummon’s cephalometric analysis
16. Photographic analysis
17. Centographic analysis
18. Airway analysis
19. Errors in cephalometry and its limitations as a tool in treatment planning
20. Various cephalometric landmarks and various factors affecting soft tissue
cephalometrics
21. Cephalometric extraction criteria
22. Recent advances in cephalometrics and their uses in diagnosis, prognosis
and treatment planning
23. Enumerate the various cephalometric analysis used in ortho-surgical
evaluation. Describe any one in detail
24. Cephalometric criteria for functional appliance therapy
25. Sagittal dysplasia indicators
26. Floating point norms
27. PA cephalograms
28. Risk benefit ratio in orthodontic radiology
29. Pitchfork analysis
30. ‘C’ Axis
31. ‘G’ Axis
32. SNA, SNB and ANB. Uses and limitations
33. Reliability of ANB angle

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 34. Limitations of ANB angle
35. ANB Vs Wits
36. Chin analysis
37. Steiner’s analysis
38. Steiner’s sticks
39. Rickett’s four step analysis to diagnose and distinguish growth from
orthodontic treatment
40. Holdaway’s soft tissue analysis
41. Arnett’s soft tissue analysis
42. Planned incisor position
43. Clark’s cephalometric analysis
44. Proportional template
45. Tweed’s template correction
46. Counterpart analysis
47. Z angle
48. Superimposition methods
49. Rickett’s five step super imposition
50. CC point
51. NHP
52. Radiation hazards
53. Cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery (COGS)
54. VTO
55. Nasoliabial angle
56. Xi point
57. ‘R’ Point
58. Beta angle
59. Radiation protection
60. Importance of cephalometrics in orthodontics
61. Cephalometric limitations in orthodontics
62. Sassouni’s analysis
63. Soft tissue appraisal
64. Quadrilateral analysis
65. ALARA principle in orthodontics
66. Radiation hygiene
67. Tongue space analysis
68. CBCT in orthodontics

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 69. Ideal cases where CBCT should be taken and discuss utility in those cases
70. CT in orthodontics
71. Dolphin imaging
72. Radiological assessment of impacted canine
73. Sector classification of canine impaction
74. Indications of OPG/panoramic x-ray in orthodontics
75. Tweed’s diagnostic triangle
76. Role of IMPA and FMA. Importance of IMPA in Indian context.
77. Prediction of prognosis by Tweed’s cephalometric analysis
78. Surgical Treatment Objectives (STO)
79. Oblique lateral radiography
80. Reason for poor contrast in lateral cephalogram

DIAGNOSTIC AIDS

1. Imaging in orthodontics. Contemporary and evolving techniques

2. Recent advances in cranio-facial imaging in orthodontics
3. Three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics
4. CNCT vs OPG in orthodontic diagnosis
5. Describe any two methods to assess skeletal maturation using hand wrist
radiographs
6. Biologic maturity indicators
7. Hand wrist radiograph
8. Gruelich Pyle Index
9. Carpal index
10. CVMI
11. Mandibular canine as skeletal maturity indicator
12. Digigraph
13. Digitization
14. Digital models
15. E-models
16. Accuracy of digital models for cast analysis
17. Virtual dental models
18. Occlusograms
19. Lip position and analysis

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 20. Lip posture and significance in treatment planning
21. Total space analysis
22. Contour photography
23. Prediction imaging
24. Kesling set up
25. Leeway space
26. Video imaging
27. Videocephalometry
28. Stereophotogrammetry
29. Trimming of models
30. Mixed dentition model analysis
31. Reliability of model analysis
32. Tanaka Johnston analysis
33. Methods of calculating space discrepancy during mixed dentition
34. Photography in orthodontics
35. ABO requirements for ideal extra- and intra-oral photographs
36. ABO guidelines for scoring dental casts and OPG
37. MRI
38. Intra-oral X-Ray in orthodontics
39. Axiography
40. Scintigraphy
41. Holography
42. Xeroradiography
43. Bolton’s discrepancy, significance and it’s management
44. Visual treatment objectives (VTO)
45. Smile mesh
46. Finite Element Analysis (FEM) and its application
47. Robotic wire bending
48. Reverse orthodontics
49. Timing of puberty
50. Electromyography in orthodontics
51. Role of articulators in orthodontics
52. Hounsfield’s classification of bone density
53. CAD/CAM
54. Rapid prototyping

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 PRACTICE MANAGEMENT IN ORTHODONTICS

1. Orthoperio relationship
2. Orthodontic treatment for periodontically compromised adult patient
3. Dental ethics and jurisprudence
4. Role of internet in orthodontics
5. Sterilization in orthodontics
6. Recycling of orthodontic materials
7. Key performance indicators
8. Orthodontic records, their management and future
9. Concepts of orthodontic office designs
10. Public health Orthodontics and preventive orthodontics
11. Exclusive orthodontic practice
12. Orthodontic triage

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 PAPER III

CLINICAL ORTHODONTICS

Prescription Techniques

1. Discuss biomechanical advantages of Begg technique and Jarabak

technique.
2. Refinement of the Begg’s technique and philosophy to improve treatment
outcome
3. Conventional Vs refined Begg
4. Begg’s appliance today
5. Development of PEA appliances
6. Limitations and inadequacies of preadjusted appliances
7. Principles and concept of Bioprogressive therapy
8. Ideal fixed appliance giving reference to work of different authorities in
the field of orthodontics.
9. Bite opening with Begg’s, edgewise and pre-adjusted edgewise systems
10. Modification of standard edgewise appliance system Major stages of
comprehensive treatment in edgewise appliance
11. Advantages and disadvantages of Begg Self-ligating brackets
12. Evolution and revolution of SLB
13. Passive and Active SLB
14. Treatment efficiency of SLB
15. SLB vs contemporary PEA brackets
16. Friction in SLB
17. Problem in Begg’s appliance
18. Principles and concepts of bioprogressive therapy
19. Torque prescriptions in different PEA
20. Preadjusted edgewise vs traditional edgewise. Advantages, disadvantages
of wire bending. Biological and mechanical parameters that detract full
expression of built in values of pre-adjusted bracket
21. 0.018 vs 0.022 slot
22. Describe MBT prescription

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 23. Evaluate status of invisible orthodontics as regards present day
requirements of esthetics.

Growth modification

24. Classification of myofunctional appliances. Types, indications and uses

25. Differentiate between skeletal and functional malocclusion. Clinical
significance and management
26. Mode of action of Activator, Bionator and Frankel appliance for
correcting Class II/1 malocclusion
27. Role of functional jaw orthopaedics
28. Diagnosis, treatment planning and management of 8 years old having
Angle’s Class II/1 malocclusion with excessive overjet and overbite
29. Early vs late treatment
30. Advantages and disadvantages of two phase therapy
31. Case selection, rationale and basis for headgear therapy to correct
maxillary protrusion. Common injuries and prevention with headgear
usage
32. Biomechanics of headgear
33. J hook facebow headgear
34. Reverse headgear. Types and applications
35. Protraction headgear
36. Facemask therapy
37. Role of orthopedic forces in treatment of Angle Class II and class III
malocclusion
38. Mandibular advancement appliances with special emphasis on FFA.
39. Role of RPE, chin cup and maxillary protraction appliances in
developing class III
40. Comparative assessment of Activator, Frankel and fixed therapy in class
II div 1 malocclusion.
41. Indications, advantages and the limitation of activator therapy
42. Classify functional appliance. Mechanism of action from biomechanical
point of view.
43. Fixed functional appliances for the correction of Class II malocclusion

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 44. Skeletal, dental and functional effects of activator-headgear therapy in
class II malocclusion
45. Philosophy of Twin block appliance
46. Rationale and biologic basis of growth modulation in skeletal mandibular
prognathism. Orthopaedic management of such problem
47. Fixed functional appliances
Impacted Teeth

48. Clinical management of impacted canine

49. Management of unilateral high labial canine in developed and well
aligned arches.

Inter-disciplinary orthodontics
50. Periodontal considerations that should be included in arriving at
orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
51. Ortho-Perio inter-relationship

Management of malocclusion

52. Classify vertical discrepancies. Management of VME on growing child

53. VME – correction using skeletal anchorage systems
54. Management of midline discrepancies and facial asymmetries
55. Borderline bimaxillary protrusion cases
56. Clinical management of deep bite in orthodontics
57. Management of gummy smile
58. Open bite D/D and treatment
59. Treatment of high angle cases
60. Discuss critically the diagnosis and various treatment modalities for
developing Class III malocclusion
61. Differentiate between true and pseudo class III malocclusion. Ways to
treat anterior cross bite
62. Discuss the role of orthodontist in the treatment of cleft lip and palate
from birth to various stages to achieve acceptable occlusion
63. Management of class II div 1 in mixed dentition
64. Class III evaluation and treatment
65. Facial asymmetry. Diagnosis and treatment considerations
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 66. Planning of orthognathic surgery. Orthodontic considerations in pre- and
post- surgical orthodontics
67. Camouflage and surgical treatment for skeletal problems
68. Distraction osteogenesis as a treatment modality in orthodontics
69. Transverse expansion of maxilla. Orthodontic, orthopaedic and surgical
management
70. Various methods, timing and procedures for correcting maxillary arch
71. Various models of non-extraction fixed orthodontic treatment with
figures and examples
72. Diagnosis, pre- and post-surgical management of severely prognathic
adult patient. Complications, iatrogenic sequale and long-term
surveillance of these patients

Clinical techniques
73. Molar distalization
74. Implant assisted molar distalization
75. Onplant for molar distalization
76. Molar protraction mechanics
77. Correct bracket positioning
78. Bracket positioning in orthodontics
79. Bracket positioning for clinical excellence
80. Recent advance in archwire materials.
81. Metallurgical utility of white metal alloys
82. Various strategies for non-extraction treatment
83. Discuss the principles and practice of magnetic forces in orthodontics and
its effects on bone dynamics
84. Effective bonding on non-enamel surface
85. Bonding on ceramic surfaces
86. White spot lesions in orthodontics. Role of bioactive glass
87. Root resorption. Types, mechanism, causes, clinical implications,
prevention and management
88. Discuss E chain. Effect of color pigment, fluoride, stretching, diet and
composition on their performance

Finishing and detailing

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 89. Finishing and detailing
90. Finishing of case with Class I vs Class II molar relationship
91. Contemporary occlusal and gnathological goals of finishing an
orthodontic case. How these factors impact retention and long-term
stability
92. Root torqueing during finishing and detailing

Biomechanics

93. Discuss in detail different method of root torqueing and root uprighting
in orthodontics. Mention summary of one study on this subject
94. Torqueing and uprighting methods and device in orthodontics
95. Force systems. Tissue response to orthodontic and orthopedic forces
96. Treatment guidance systems. How important they are for orthodontics.
97. Segmental vs Continuous arch mechanics
98. Intrusion mechanics in PEA
99. Methods of true intrusion of incisors.
100. Three-piece intrusion arch mechanics
101. Connecticut Intrusion Arch
102. Simultaneous intrusion and retraction of anterior teeth
103. Intrusion of upper arch in Class II/2 cases
104. Levelling by intrusion
105. Biomechanics of bite-opening in Begg’s appliance, utility arch and
auxiliary intrusion arch on the concepts of one-couple and two-couple
systems
106. Biomechanics of extraoral anchorage.
107. Root torqueing mechanics and applications irrespective of appliance
108. Various loops in archwire fabrication. Specific position, shape, size,
diameter and role played. Biomechanics of loop function
109. Biomechanics of friction and frictionless systems for anterior retraction
110. Biomechanical aspects of frictionless mechanics and its clinical
implications
111. Friction wrt various archwire-bracket combinations used in orthodontics
112. Canine retraction using frictionless mechanics
113. Canine retraction in segmented arch mechanics
114. Concept of moment to force ration in orthodontic tooth movement

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 115. Methods of canine retraction in Preadjusted appliances
116. Variables that contribute to the function at bracket-archwire interface.
Significance of notching and binding and their clinical management

Anchorage planning
117. Anchorage planning in orthodontics
118. Anchorage in bimaxillary protrusion case
119. Baker’s anchorage
120. Combination anchorage technique
Orthodontic forces

121. Role of orthopedic forces in orthodontics

122. Advantages and disadvantages of tooth movement by various
techniques.
123. Cellular response to forces.
124. Distortion and deformation
125. Role of combined orthopedic and orthodontic therapy in treating
malocclusion.
126. Force systems and tissue response to orthopaedic and orthodontics forces

Retention and relapse

127. Stability of orthodontic treatment. Methods to enhance stability during
diagnosis and treatment mechanics. Methods to analyse post-retention
stability
128. Stability of orthodontic results by choice and not by chance. Critically
evaluate
129. Long term stability of open bite and deep bite malocclusion
130. Factors determining the stability of treated cases
131. Validity of mandibular arch expansion
132. Relapse following surgical orthodontics

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Short Notes
1. Torque in face Vs Torque in base
2. Designated torque vs delivered torque in pre-adjusted edgewise
3. Torqueing auxillaries
4. MAA and its modifications
5. Material consideration in torque control
6. Torque prescription in Andrew, Roth and MBT
7. Reverse torque
8. Progressive torque
9. Customized bracket design
10. Tip edge vs PAE
11. MBT vs Roth vs Edgewise
12. Problem of anchorage with Begg’s and Edgewise
13. Delta force appliance system
14. Jonson’s twin wire technique
15. Controlled vs Uncontrolled tipping
16. Tipping vs Bodily movement
17. Ballista spring
18. GTRV
19. NAM
20. RME
21. RME vs SME
22. SARPE/SARME
23. Orthopaedic vs Orthodontic movements
24. NiTi expanders
25. Hass palatal expander
26. Tweed occlusion
27. Treatment of traumatic occlusion
28. Stage three of Begg’s Technique
29. Problem’s occurring during Begg’s 3rd stage
30. Tweed-Merrifield system
31. SPEED bracket system in orthodontics
32. Indirect bonding
33. Apical root resorption
34. Occlusal splints in TMJ
35. Deprogramming splints

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 36. Invisible retainer
37. Essix retainer
38. Active retainers
39. Bio-finishers
40. Essix tooth moving system
41. Infection control
42. Timing as fourth dimension
43. Tip Edge appliance
44. Daman Q
45. Alexander prescription
46. Bi-dimensional technique
47. Butterfly bracket system
48. Lingual orthodontics
49. STB in lingual orthodontics
50. Advantages and disadvantages of lingual orthodontics
51. Features of lingual brackets
52. 7th generation lingual brackets
53. Biomechanics of labial vs lingual appliances
54. Advances in lingual orthodontics
55. HIRO system
56. Invisalign system
57. Clear smile system
58. Clear aligners
59. Inman aligners
60. Disadvantages of ceramic brackets
61. Bite registration in functional appliances
62. Theories of bite registration
63. Twin block appliance
64. Modifications of twin block
65. Fixed twin blocks
66. MARS appliance
67. Activator – Indications and Contraindications
68. Harvold-Woodside activator
69. Phantom activator effect
70. North American type activators
71. Active vertical corrector

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 72. Activator-Headgear combination therapy
73. LSU activator
74. Bionator
75. Jasper jumper
76. Herbst appliance
77. Churro jumper
78. Treatment effects of Frankel appliance
79. Retraction loops in orthodontics
80. Retraction loops – design and force vectors
81. T Loop
82. Mushroom loop
83. Opus loop
84. K loop distalizer
85. KSIR
86. Loops and Helices in orthodontics
87. Open and close helices
88. Eureka spring
89. Gjessing canine retraction spring
90. Molar uprighting spring
91. Begg’s uprighting spring
92. Coil springs
93. Open vs close coil springs
94. Cantilever springs
95. Fibre reinforced composite fixed retainers
96. Bonded lingual retainers
97. Flexible spiral wire retainer
98. Management of impacted and unerupted teeth
99. Multiple extractions
100. Wilkinson’s extraction
101. Third molar extraction in orthodontics
102. Third molar and relapse of orthodontic treatment
103. Single incisor extractions
104. Molar control in clinical practice
105. Proximal stripping/IPR
106. Segmental arches
107. Segmental canine retraction

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 108. Determinate vs indeterminate systems
109. One couple systems in orthodontics
110. V bend mechanics
111. Gable bend
112. Bite-opening mechanics
113. Wilckodontics
114. Borderline bimaxillary protrusion
115. Pre-surgical orthodontic decompensation
116. Round tripping
117. Classification of root resorption
118. Micro- implants
119. Skeletal anchorage systems
120. Class III treatment with skeletal anchorage systems
121. Biomechanical concept of TADs
122. Micro-implant and root damage
123. Open bite correction with TADs
124. Molar uprighting in TADs
125. Headgear vs Micro-implants
126. Utility arches
127. Burnstone intrusion arches
128. Role of 2nd molar banding/bonding in orthodontics
129. Bonded molar tubes – why, where and when
130. PEA prescriptions
131. Properties of LED vs Plasma Cure unit in orthodontics
132. Alveolar bone grafting in cleft cases
133. Speech in cleft cases
134. Goslon Yardstick
135. Handicapping malocclusion
136. Mandibular incisor crowding
137. Contemporary fixed functional appliances.
138. Canine retraction
139. Anterior crossbite
140. Herbst appliance
141. Magnetic appliance
142. Samarium cobalt magnets
143. Nance palatal buttons

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 144. 2 x 4 appliance
145. Frog appliance
146. Pendulum appliance
147. Quad helix appliance
148. Quick fix appliance
149. Maxillary protraction appliances
150. Hybrid appliance
151. First class appliance
152. Margolis ACCO appliance
153. Distal jet appliance
154. Jones jig appliance
155. Higgins X bow appliance
156. Filo appliance
157. Bass appliance
158. Mandibular protraction appliance
159. Transpalatal arches
160. Lingual arches
161. Precision lingual arches
162. Movement with bone vs Movement through bone
163. Pain free and mobility free orthodontics
164. Slot line up
165. Arch lengthening and expansion
166. Developing mandibular asymmetry
167. Clinical application of TMA wires
168. Phase changes in NiTi wires
169. Memory Screw
170. Heat treatment
171. Root paralleling and its significance
172. Laser assisted gingival recontouring for esthetics
173. Missing upper incisors
174. Missing lateral incisors
175. Midline diastema and management
176. Treatment in non-vital teeth
177. Buccal corridors - importance during orthodontic treatment
178. Indirect bonding
179. Effect of Class II elastics

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 180. Elastics in post-surgical orthodontics
181. Titanium and its properties applicable in orthodontics
182. Technique dogmas in orthodontics
183. Temporomandibular joint disorder syndrome
184. Adult orthodontics
185. Limitations of adult orthodontics
186. Current modifications of orthodontic attachments
187. Functional shift
188. Geared orthodontics
189. Nano-technology
190. Free anchorage
191. Canted occlusal plane
192. Structural stability vs Functional stability
193. Scientific biomechanics vs biomechanics in general
194. Clinical checklist for patients in retention phase

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 PAPER IV
ESSAY
1. Management of open bite malocclusion
2. Interception and treatment of vertical dysplasia
3. Naso-respiratory function, head posture and craniofacial morphology
4. Upper airway and craniofacial morphology
5. Deep bite management
6. Management of skeletal and dentoskeletal asymmetry
7. Facial asymmetry
8. Treatment of Class II malocclusion
9. Non-compliance treatment of class II malocclusion
10. Fixed functional appliance
11. Treatment of class III malocclusion
12. One phase vs Two phase for class III treatment
13. Orthodontic treatment in mixed dentition
14. Early orthognathic surgery in growing patients
15. Interplay of sagittal, transverse and vertical discrepancies in orthodontics
16. Face in 3 Dimension
17. Genetics in orthodontics
18. Lingual orthodontics
19. Invisible orthodontics
20. Growth prediction
21. Fundamentals of functional appliance therapy
22. Myofunctional appliance
23. Early vs late treatment
24. Timing – the fourth dimension
25. Growth – friend or foe in orthodontic treatment
26. Facial beauty and components of balanced face
27. Golden proportions
28. Interdisciplinary orthodontic treatment
29. Ortho-periodontal relationship
30. Adult orthodontics
31. Adjunctive orthodontics
32. Obstructive sleep apnea

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 33. Implants in orthodontics
34. Skeletal anchorage systems in orthodontics
35. Surgical orthodontics
36. Surgical vs camouflage treatment
37. Distraction osteogenesis
38. Role of orthodontics in management of cleft lip and palate
39. Imaging in orthodontics and its role in diagnosis and treatment planning
40. Recent advances in diagnostic aids in orthodontics
41. 3D imaging in orthodontics
42. Computerized imaging in orthodontics
43. Computers in clinical orthodontics
44. Digital photography in orthodontics
45. Cephalometrics vs clinical examination
46. Lasers in orthodontics
47. Root resorption in orthodontics
48. Accelerated orthodontics
49. Controversies in orthodontics
50. Limitations in orthodontics
51. Technique dogmas in orthodontics
52. Principle of retention and prevention of relapse
53. Stability of orthodontic results
54. Long term changes in retention
55. Finishing and detailing
56. Assessment of orthodontic treatment results
57. Extraction in orthodontics
58. Molar distalization
59. Extraction vs Non-extraction treatment
60. Impacted canine
61. Space management in orthodontics
62. Risk management in orthodontics
63. Complications and management during orthodontic treatment
64. Anchorage in orthodontics
65. Anchorage control in different appliance systems
66. Conceptual changes in treatment planning and techniques used in
orthodontics during recent past
67. Contemporary orthodontic treatment planning

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 68. Changing paradigm in facial esthetics
69. Management of soft tissues – current orthodontic paradigm
70. Soft tissue facial analysis
71. Molecular and ultra-cellular basis of orthodontic tooth movement
72. Begg’s therapy
73. Modern and refined Beggs
74. Begg’s vs Edgewise appliance
75. Beggs technique today
76. Tip Edge appliance
77. SWA
78. Evolution of fixed appliance
79. Evolution of PEA
80. MBT appliance
81. Three dimensional fully programmed appliances
82. SLB
83. SLB vs conventional brackets
84. Bioprogressive therapy
85. Orthodontic archwires
86. Orthodontic wires
87. Properties of orthodontic archwires
88. Esthetic orthodontic appliances
89. New development in orthodontic material technology
90. Metal free orthodontics
91. FEM in orthodontics
92. Teratogenic effects of orthodontic materials
93. Bonding in orthodontics
94. Newer bonding material in orthodontics
95. Bonding in lingual orthodontics
96. Orthodontist as CEO
97. Guidelines for successful orthodontic practice
98. Orthodontic practice management
99. Community orthodontics
100. Research methodology in orthodontics
101. Legal aspects of orthodontic practice
102. Sterilization in orthodontics
103. Theories of growth

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 104. Recent advances in orthodontic tooth movement
105. Updates on biological foundations of tooth movement
106. Molecular and ultra-cellular basis of orthodontic tooth movement
107. Friction vs Frictionless mechanics
108. Intrusion mechanotherapy in orthodontics
109. Torque in orthodontics
110. Headgear in orthodontics
111. Occlusion and TMD
112. Occlusion, TMJ and orthodontics
113. Role of gnathology in orthodontics
114. Orthodontic treatment of medically compromised patients

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