PASSAGE ONE (Questions I-11) The final battle of the War of 1812 was the Battle of New Orleans. This battle gave a clear demonstration of the need for effective communication during wartime; it also showed the disastrous results that can come to pass when communication is inadequate. The War of 1812 was fought between Great Britain and the very young country of the United States only a relatively few years after the United States had won its independence from Britain. The United States had declared war against Britain in June of 1812, mostly because of interference with USS. shipping by the British and because of the shanghaiing of U.S. sailors for enforced service on British vessels. The war lasted for a little more than two years, when a peace treaty was signed at Ghent, in Belgium, on the 24th of December, 1814. Unfortunately, the news that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was officially over was not communicated in a timely manner over the wide distance to where the war was being contested.. Negotiations for the treaty and the actual signing of the treaty took place in Europe, and news of the treaty had to be carried across the Atlantic to the war front by ship. A totally unnecessary loss of life was incurred as a result of the amount of time that it took to inform the combatants of the treaty. Early in January of 1815, some two weeks after the peace treaty had been signed, British troops in the southern part of the United States were unaware that the war had officially ended. [1 Over 5,000 British troops attacked U.S. troops. fj During the ensuing battle, known as the Battle of New Orleans, the British suffered a huge number of casualties, around 2,000, and the Americans lost 71, all in a battle fought only because news of the peace treaty that had already been signed in Ghent had not yet reached the battlefield. [1 1, . The main idea of this passage is that 5. According to the passage, some U.S. sailors © the War of Independence was or unnecessary © taken forcibly to Shanghai © the War of 1812 was unnecessary © made to go to Ghent © the Treaty of Ghent was unnecessary O forced to work on British ships © the Battle of New Orleans was © responsible for causing the War of unnecessary 1812 2. Look at the word it in paragraph 1. Click 6. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 that on the word or phrase that if refers to. indicates when the War of 1812 officially ended. 3. Look at the expression ‘come to pass! in paragraph 1. This expression could best be 7. It is NOT stated in the passage that Ghent replaced by was © happen © where negotiations took place O overthrow O the site of the final battle O self-destruct © where the treaty was signed © circumvent © far from the battlefield 4, According to the passage, when did the United States win its independence from Britain? © ‘Shortly before the War of 1812 ©} During the War of 1812 © Just after the War of 1812 © Long after the War of 1812 DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Computer)352 8 Look at the word contested in paragraph 3. 10. Click on the word or phrase in paragraph 4 that is closest in meaning to contested. 9. It.can be determined from the passage that, of the following dates, the Battle of New Orleans was most probably fought © onDecember 10, 1814 © on December 24, 1814 ul © on January 1, 1815 © on January 8, 1815 READING The following sentence could be added to paragraph 4. These U.S. troops were in fortified entrenchments outside the city. Where would it best fit into the paragraph? Click on the square (Ml) to add the sentence to the paragraph. Click on the paragraph that describes the battle that took place after the signing of the treaty.PASSAGE TWO (Questions 12-21) Although only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the Sun is ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that is emitted would be enough to cause severe damage to most forms of life on Earth were it all to reach the surface of the earth. Fortunately, all of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation does not reach the earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone layer, encircling the earth in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles above the earth. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation and prevents it from reaching the earth. Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms (O,) instead of the ‘two atoms (O,) usually found in an oxygen molecule. Ozone forms in the stratosphere in a process that is initiated by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. UV radiation from the Sun splits oxygen molecules with two atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then joins up with an oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV radiation is also capable of splitting up ozone molecules; thus, ozone is constantly forming, splitting, and reforming in the stratosphere. When UV radiation is absorbed during the process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach Earth and cause damage there. Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the earth has been diminishing. Chief among the culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone, those that are really responsible, are the chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). CFCs meander up from Earth into the stratosphere, where they break down and release chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen (O,). The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle over and over again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone molecules in this repetitious cycle. 12. According to the passage, ultraviolet 15. Click on the drawing of the ozone radiation from the Sun. molecule. © is causing severe damage to the earth's wn b ‘ozone layer © is only a fraction of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation © creates electromagnetic radiation © always reaches the earth OP GB ( 13, Look at the word encircling in paragraph 1. This word is closest in meaning to O rotating © attacking O naising © surrounding 16. Look at the word free in paragraph 2. Click on another word or phrase in paragraph 2 14, Itis stated in the passage that the ozone that could best be replaced by free. layer © enables ultraviolet radiation to reach 17. Ultraviolet radiation causes oxygen. the earth molecules to © reflects ultraviolet radiation O rise to the stratosphere © ‘shields the earth from a lot of © bum up ozone molecules ultraviolet radiation © split up and reform as ozone © reaches down to the earth. oO et the number of chloroflurocarbons DIAGNOSTIC PRE-TEST (Computer) 353