Sample Job #24: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Report

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Report
Sample Job #24

Heat Exchanger Analysis
ABC-123-456
September 29, 2009
PVE-3520
Derek Verstege C.Tech
Laurence Brundrett P. Eng.
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Table of Contents ver 4.00 Page 2 of 44
Contents Page
Cover 1
Table of Contents 2
Executive Summary 3
Section - Materials 4
SA-240 304 5
SA-213 TP304 6
Section - Model Information 7
Model 8
Mesh 9
Error 10
Section - Restraints & Loads 11
Restraints 1 12
Restraints 2 13
Pressure Loads 14
Thermal Loads 1 15
Thermal Loads 2 16
X-Axis Reaction Area 17
Z-Axis Reaction Area 18
Reaction Forces 19
Section - Results 20
Case 1 - Displacement 21
Case 1 - General Stress 22
Case 1 - Local Stress 23
Case 1 - Buckling 24
Case 3 - Local Stress 30
Case 4 - Stress SPS 33
Case 5 - Stress SPS 36
Executive Summary ver 4.00 Page 3 of 44
Project Information:
XYZ Vessel Corp. Customer

Heat Exchanger Vessel / Component(s)
ABC-123-456 Part Number
PVE-3520 Job
SolidWorks Simulation 2009 FEA Program Used
26-Jun-2009 Date
Shell Side (psi) Tube Side (psi)

Maximum Allowed Working Pressures
100 300
Max Operating Temp (F) MDMT
Maximum Design Metal Temperatures
300 -20
Goal:
The tubesheet cannot be calculated to ASME VIII-1 UHX code rules due to the unusual tube pattern.
Instead the rules of ASME VIII-2 are used with VIII-1allowed stresses to determine the acceptability of
the design.
All (7) load cases as per ASME VIII-1 UHX are analyzed for the following components:
- The tubesheet
- The shell adjacent to the tubesheet
- The tubes
Summary Conclusions:
Materials
Material properties used in this analysis are obtained from ASME IID, and are suitable for VIII-1
components. The rules of ASME VIII-2 are used to set the stress limits.
Model Information
A 1/4 model is used to simplify the analysis due to symmetry. A mesh size of 1" is applied globally, the
tubesheet and adjacent shell are refined to 3/8" and 1/4" respectively. Reported error is < 5% for all
general areas. The mesh selected is acceptable.
Restraints & Loads

Symmetry is applied to compensate for the use of a 1/4 model, a single fixed point is applied to prevent
rigid body motion. (7) load cases are applied as per ASME VIII-1 UHX-13.4(a). Reported reaction
forces closely match theoretical reaction forces. The model is in balance and may be used for
displacement and stress analysis.
Results
Displacement direction is as expected, displacement magnitude is acceptable for all (7) load cases.
All observed stresses are below their respective allowable for all (7) loads cases.
No further analysis is required.
Analysis Conclusion:
The heat exchanger meets ASME VIII-2 code rules using ASME VIII-1 allowables. The design is
acceptable.
Materials ver 4.00 Page 4 of 44
Summary:
Material properties used in this analysis are obtained from ASME IID, and are suitable for VIII-1
components. The rules of ASME VIII-2 are used to set the stress limits.
Contents:
Material properties are obtained from:
- ASME IID, Table 1A (allowable stress)

- Table TE-1 (modulus of elasticity)
- Table TM-1 (thermal expansion coefficient)
The rules of VIII-2 have been applied to calculate the maximum allowable stresses.
1 Material Stress Limits ver 4.00 ASME VIII-2 Fig 4-130.1 Page 5 of 44
2 Material:
3 SA-240 304 Material
4 Shell, Head, Tubesheet, Bellows Application
5 Strength Properties:
6 ASME VIII-IID, 2007 Ed, 2008 Add. Source of strength properties
7 300 T [ºF] temperature
8 18,900 Sm [psi] basic allowable stress at temperature T
9 22,400 Sy [psi] yield stress at temperature T (optional)
10 1.0 k [] - stress intensity k factor
11 1.00 E1 [] - weld efficiency factor
12 1.00 E2 [] - casting efficiency factor
13 FEA Properties:
14 ASME VIII-IID, 2007 Ed, 2008 Add. Source of FEA properties
15 27,000,000 E [psi] - modulus of elasticity (at temperature)
16 0.31 v [] - Poison's ratio
17 9.2 E-006 Coef [in/in/ºF]- coefficient of thermal expansion (for thermal stress studies only)
18 Stress Limits:
19 Pm = k*E1*E2*Sm~~general primary membrane stress intensity limit
20 1*1*1*18900 = 18,900
21 Pl = 1.5*k*E1*E2*Sm~~local membrane stress intensity limit
22 1.5*1*1*1*18900 = 28,350
23 Pl+Pb = 1.5*k*E1*E2*Sm~~primary membrane + primary bending stress intensity limit
24 1.5*1*1*1*18900 = 28,350
25 Pl+Pb+Q = Max(3*E1*E2*Sm,2*E1*E2*Sy)~~primary + secondary stress intensity
26 MAX(3*1*1*18900,2*1*1*22400) = 56,700
27 Pl+Pb+Q+F = Use fatigue curves~~peak stress intensity limit
28 Comments:
29 (1) Sy material property is not required, more conservative Pl+Pb+Q limits might be computed without it.
30 (2) Refer to VIII-2 Table AD-150.1 for k values
31 (3) The thermal expansion coeficient is only required for studies including thermal stresses
32 (4) Refer to VIII-2 App 4-130 and following for the Pm, Pl, Q and F stress limits
33 (5) Refer to VIII-2 App 4-130 Table 4-120.1 for the correct application of the calculated stress limits
34 (6) Use IID tables 2A and 2B for Sm for VIII-2 studies
35 (7) Use IID tables 1A and 2A for Sm values (S) for VIII-1 studies
36 (8) Use B31.1 Table A for Sm values for B31.1 studies
1 Material Stress Limits ver 4.00 ASME VIII-2 Fig 4-130.1 Page 6 of 44
2 Material:
3 SA-213 TP304 Material
4 Tubes Application
5 Strength Properties:
6 ASME VIII-IID, 2007 Ed, 2008 Add. Source of strength properties
7 300 T [ºF] temperature
8 18,900 Sm [psi] basic allowable stress at temperature T
9 22,400 Sy [psi] yield stress at temperature T (optional)
10 1.0 k [] - stress intensity k factor
11 1.00 E1 [] - weld efficiency factor
12 1.00 E2 [] - casting efficiency factor
13 FEA Properties:
14 ASME VIII-IID, 2007 Ed, 2008 Add. Source of FEA properties
15 27,000,000 E [psi] - modulus of elasticity (at temperature)
16 0.31 v [] - Poison's ratio
17 9.2 E-006 Coef [in/in/ºF]- coefficient of thermal expansion (for thermal stress studies only)
18 Stress Limits:
19 Pm = k*E1*E2*Sm~~general primary membrane stress intensity limit
20 1*1*1*18900 = 18,900
21 Pl = 1.5*k*E1*E2*Sm~~local membrane stress intensity limit
22 1.5*1*1*1*18900 = 28,350
23 Pl+Pb = 1.5*k*E1*E2*Sm~~primary membrane + primary bending stress intensity limit
24 1.5*1*1*1*18900 = 28,350
25 Pl+Pb+Q = Max(3*E1*E2*Sm,2*E1*E2*Sy)~~primary + secondary stress intensity
26 MAX(3*1*1*18900,2*1*1*22400) = 56,700
27 Pl+Pb+Q+F = Use fatigue curves~~peak stress intensity limit
28 Comments:
29 (1) Sy material property is not required, more conservative Pl+Pb+Q limits might be computed without it.
30 (2) Refer to VIII-2 Table AD-150.1 for k values
31 (3) The thermal expansion coeficient is only required for studies including thermal stresses
32 (4) Refer to VIII-2 App 4-130 and following for the Pm, Pl, Q and F stress limits
33 (5) Refer to VIII-2 App 4-130 Table 4-120.1 for the correct application of the calculated stress limits
34 (6) Use IID tables 2A and 2B for Sm for VIII-2 studies
35 (7) Use IID tables 1A and 2A for Sm values (S) for VIII-1 studies
Model Information ver 4.00 Page 7 of 44
Summary:
A 1/4 model is used to simplify the analysis due to symmetry. A mesh size of 1" is applied globally, the
tubesheet and adjacent shell are refined to 3/8" and 1/4" respectively. Reported error is < 5% for all
general areas. The mesh selected is acceptable.
Contents:
Model
A 1/4 model was used to simplify the analysis due to symmetry. 1/2 of the bellows is included and
positioned at mid length of the shell to compensate for the use of symmetry.
The tubesheet and adjacent shell are solid models, all other components are modeled as surfaces.
Please refer to Drawing PVE-3520.0 for details.
Mesh
1" 2nd order shell elements are applied to all surfaces. A 2nd order tetrahedral solid mesh was applied to
the tubesheet and adjacent shell and refined to 3/8" and 1/4" respectively.
Error Plot
Reported error is < %5 for all general areas. Error in excess of %5 is limited to locations of discontinuity
and does not affect the results.
The error plot justifies the mesh selected. The model may be used for analysis.
Reference Information:
Please refer to the following links for additional information;
Including reference components in an FEA to provide appropriate boundary and load conditions.
http://www.pveng.com/documents/content_80.pdf
The use and effects of 2nd order integration elements.

Mesh Refinement Using the Error Function Results for Areas at Discontinuities.
Mesh Refinement Using the Error Function Results for Areas near Discontinuities.
Error Plots for Bolt Heads and Surface to Surface Contacts Areas.
FEA Software Validation - A comparison to theoretical results.

COSMOSWorks Validation Examples.

1 Model Ver 4.06 Page 8 of 44
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7 Shell SA-240 304

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Head SA-240 304 Bellows SA-240 304
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16 Baffles SA-240 304

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Tubes SA-213 TP304
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22 Tubesheet SA-240 304

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24 Fig-A A view of the Heat Exchanger model.

25 A 1/4 model was used to simplify the analysis due to symmetry.
26 Refer to drawing PVE-3520.0 for details.
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41 Solid bodies
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50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

51 The tubesheet and shell are modeled as "solid" bodies; all other components are modeled as "surfaces".
52 The shell is shown as transparent for clarity.
1 Mesh Ver 4.07 Page 9 of 44
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10 1/4" Solid Mesh

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1" Shell Mesh
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22 3/8" Solid Mesh

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24 Fig-A A view of the mesh applied to the model.

25 A 1" shell mesh is applied to all surfaces, solid elements are refined to 3/8" for the tubesheet and 1/4" for the
26 adjacent shell.
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50 Fig-B A close up of Fig-A.

51 All components are treated as "bonded" and meshed as a single body.
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1 Error Ver 4.06 Page 10 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the Error plot, scale set to 5% Error.

25 Areas of error greater than 5% are limited to locations of discontinuity within (1) element of change.
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46 Error > %5 limited

47 to (1) element of change
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50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A, with mesh overlaid.

51 Error results are acceptable, the mesh may be used for analysis.
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Restraints & Loads ver 4.00 Page 11 of 44
Summary:
Symmetry is applied to compensate for the use of a 1/4 model, a single fixed point is applied to prevent
rigid body motion. (7) load cases are applied as per ASME VIII-1 UHX-13.4(a). Reported reaction forces
closely match theoretical reaction forces. The model is in balance and may be used for displacement and
stress analysis.
Contents:
Restraints
A symmetry condition is applied to all faces & edges along symmetry planes. This compensates for the
use of a 1/4 model and provides results identical to that of a full analysis. A single point is restrained to
prevent rigid body motion in all directions.
Loads
(7) load cases are analyzed as per ASME VIII-1 UHX 13.4(a)
1-TP (Tube pressure only)

2-SP (Shell pressure only)
3-TP+SP (Tube pressure + shell pressure)
4-T (Thermal loads only)
5-T+TP (Thermal loads + tube pressure)
6-T+SP (Thermal loads + shell pressure)
7-T+TP+SP (Thermal loads + tube pressure + shell pressure)
The above load cases are all run and analyzed individually.
Reaction Forces
The reported reaction forces closely match the theoretical reaction forces in all directions. The model is in
balance and can be used to calculate expected displacements and stresses.
1 Restraints Ver 4.06 Page 12 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the symmetry restraint applied to all shell edges on the symmetry plane.
25 This restraint compensates for the use of a 1/4 model and provides results identical to a complete analysis.
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50 Fig-B A view of the symmetry restraint applied to all solid faces on the symmetry plane.
51 These restraints prevent ridged body motion in the "X" direction.
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1 Restraints Ver 4.06 Page 13 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the symmetry restraint applied to the midlength edges of the bellows and shell.
25 Note only 1/2 of the bellows is included and positioned at mid-length to compensate symmetry.
26 This restraint prevents ridged body motion in the "Z" direction.
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50 Fig-B A view of the no translation condition applied to a point on the model.

51 This restraint prevent ridged body motion in the "Y" direction.
52 The model is now fully restrained from ridged body motion in all directions.
1 Loads Ver 4.06 Page 14 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the tube side pressure (300 psi) applied.

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50 Fig-B A view of the shell side pressure (100 psi) applied.

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24 Fig-A A view of the shell side components set to the operating temperature of 200°F.
25 Thermal expansion will be calculated based on the temperature differential between 70°F ambient to the
26 respective components temperature as shown in the following images.
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50 Fig-B A view of tube side faces set to 250°F.

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24 Fig-A A view of tubes set to 250°F.

25 An average temperature of 225°F is taken between the shell side and the tube side.
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1 X-Axis Reaction Area Ver 4.02 Page 17 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view showing the tubeside pressure area on the X-Axis.

25 This area will be used on the following pages to calculate reaction forces.
26 Area = 682.8 in^2
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50 Fig-B A view showing the shellside pressure area on the X-Axis.

52 Area = 504.6 in^2
1 Z-Axis Reaction Area Ver 4.02 Page 18 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view showing the tubeside pressure area on the Z-Axis.

26 Area =60.4 in^2
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50 Fig-B A view showing the shellside pressure area on the Z-Axis.

52 Area =92.8 in^2
1 Reaction Forces ver 4.08 Page 19 of 44
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24 View showing global reaction forces from analysis "X" = 255,920 lb, "Y" = 25.521 lb, "Z" = -26,608 lb
25 Reported reaction forces = theorectical reaction forces within 2%.
26 Model is in balance and may be used for stress and displacement analysis.
27 Applied Pressure:
28 100 Ps [psi] - Pressure applied to the shell side
29 300 Pt [psi] - Pressure applied to the tube side
30 X Axis: reaction forces on the YZ plane caused by loads in the X direction
31 505.94 XArea1 [in2] - Pressurized area on YZ plane (Shell Side)
32 682.80 XArea2 [in2] - Pressureized area on YZ plane (Tube Side)
33 0 XForce [lbs] - Added force in the X direction
34 255,920 XReaction [lbs] - Reaction force in X direction reported by FEA program
35 TReactionX [lbs] = (XArea1*Ps)+(XArea2*Pt)+XForce ~~ Theoretical X reaction force
36 (505.94*100)+(682.8*300)+0 = 255,434
37 Z Axis: reaction forces on the XY plane caused by loads in the Z direction
38 92.80 ZArea1 [in2] - Pressurized area on XY plane (Shell Side)
39 60.38 ZArea2 [in2] - Pressurized area on XY plane (Tube Side)
40 0 ZForce [lbs] - Added force in the Z direction
41 -26,608 ZReaction [lbs] - Reaction force in Z direction reported by FEA program
42 TReactionZ [lbs] = (ZArea1*Ps)+(ZArea2*Pt)+ZForce ~~ Theoretical Z reaction force
43 (92.8*100)+(60.38*300)+0 = 27,393
44 Resultant of reaction forces in X, Y and Z:
45 TResultant [lbs] = sqrt(TReactionX^2+TReactionZ^2) ~~ Theoretical resultant
46 SQRT(255434^2+27393^2) = 256,898
47 Resultant [lbs] = sqrt(XReaction^2+ZReaction^2) ~~ Actual resultant
48 SQRT(255920^2+-26608^2) = 257,299
49 Error [%] = ABS(100*(TResultant-Resultant)/Resultant)
50 ABS(100*(256898-257299)/257299) = 0.2
51 CheckError = abs(Error)<2 ~~ Error should be less than 2% ABS(0.2)<2 = Acceptable
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Results ver 4.00 Page 20 of 44
Summary:
No further analysis is required.
Contents:
Displacement Plots
Stress Plots
Tubesheet Results
Case Sa Result Cycle Life
1 TP Acceptable NR
2 SP 18,900 psi Acceptable NR
3 TP+SP Acceptable NR
4T Acceptable NR
5 TP+T 56,700 psi Acceptable NR
6 SP+T (Sps) Acceptable NR
7 TP+SP+T Acceptable NR
1 Case 1 TP Displacement Page 21 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 100X.

25 Maximum displacement is 0.019"
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Tube bending
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51 The tubesheet observes bending do to the tubeside pressure acting on the head pulling it outwards while the
52 tubes restrain it at center.
1 Case 1 TP Stress Page 22 of 44
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Shell to tubesheet junction
24 Fig-A A view of the stress plot (von Mises), capped at the general membrane allowable of 18,900 psi.
25 Maximum stresses are observed at the shell to tubesheet junction.
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Local region
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50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 18,900 psi.

51 The only areas or error in excess of the general membrane allowable are limited to local regions.
52 These stresses will be further analyzed on the following page.
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24 Fig-A A view of the stress plot (von Mises), capped at the local membrane allowable of 28,350 psi.
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51 No stresses in excess of 28,350 psi are observed.
52 No further analysis is required, results are acceptable.
1 Case 1 TP Buckling Page 24 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the stress plot in the "Z" direction capped at the tube buckling allowable of -10,706 psi.
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50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

51 No stresses in excess of -10,706 psi are observed in the tubes.
1 Case 2 SP Displacement Page 25 of 44
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51 The shell observes radial expansion due to shell side pressure. The tubesheet observes bending do to the
52 shell side pressure forcing it outwards while the tubes restrain it at center.
1 Case 2 SP Stress Page 26 of 44
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1 Case 2 SP Buckling Page 27 of 44
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52 No furhter analysis is required, results are acceptable.
1 Case 3 TP + SP Displacement Page 28 of 44
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51 The shell observes radial expansion due to shell side pressure. The tubesheet observes bending do to
52 combined shell side and tubeside pressure forcing it outwards while the tubes restrain it at center.
1 Case 3 TP + SP Stress Page 29 of 44
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25 Maximum stresses are observed at the shell to tubesheet junction.
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51 The only areas or error in excess of the general membrane allowable are limited to local regions.
52 These stresses will be further analyzed on the following page.
1 Case 3 TP + SP Stress Page 30 of 44
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24 Fig-A A view of the stress plot (von Mises), capped at the local membrane allowable of 28,350 psi.
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1 Case 3 TP + SP Buckling Page 31 of 44
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1 Case 4 TP Displacement Page 32 of 44
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50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A, with superimposed original geometry.

51 The heat exchanger observes axial elongation due to thermal expansion.
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24 Fig-A A view of the stress plot (von Mises), capped at the secondary membrane allowable of 56,700 psi.
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1 Case 4 T Buckling Page 34 of 44
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51 Stresses in excess of -10,706 psi in the tubes are limited to a short length from the tubesheet.
1 Case 5 TP + T Displacement Page 35 of 44
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Tube bending
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Tube bending
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51 The tubesheet observes bending do to the tubeside pressure acting on the head pulling it outwards while
52 the tubes restrain it at center.
1 Case 5 TP + T Stress Page 36 of 44
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1 Case 5 TP + T Buckling Page 37 of 44
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1 Case 6 SP + T Displacement Page 38 of 44
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47 Tube bending
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51 The shell observes radial expansion due to shell side pressure. The tubesheet observes bending do to the
52 shell side pressure forcing it outwards while the tubes restrain it at center.
1 Case 6 SP + T Stress Page 39 of 44
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1 Case 6 SP + T Buckling Page 40 of 44
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1 Case 7 TP + SP + T Displacement Page 41 of 44
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51 The shell observes radial expansion due to shell side pressure. The tubesheet observes bending do to
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1 Case 7 TP + SP + T Stress Page 42 of 44
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1 Tube Buckling ver 4.00 ASME VIII-1 UHX-13.5.9(b)(3)(a) Page 14 of 19
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24 View showing the tube axial compression stress capped at the buckling allowable of 10,707 psi.
25 Reported tube axial compression stress is less than the allowable.
26 Tube design is acceptable.
27 Inputs: VIII-1 UHX-13.3
28 SA-213 TP304 Mat - Tube material
29 1.500 dt [in] - Tube OD
30 0.109 tt [in] - Tube wall
31 27,000,000 Et [psi] - Tube modulus of elasticity at design temp
32 22,400 Sy [psi] - Tube yield strength at design temp
33 18,900 St [psi] - Tube allowable stress at design temp
34 16.750 l [in] - Unsupported length of tube
35 0.800 k - Support configuration
36 Variables:
37 lt [in] = k*l ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(1) Effective unsupported tube length 0.8*16.75 = 13.400
38 rt [in] = sqrt((dt^2+(dt-2*tt)^2)/4) ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2)
39 SQRT((1.5^2+(1.5-2*0.109)^2)/4) = 0.987
40 Ft = lt/rt ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2) 13.4/0.987 = 13.582
41 Ct = sqrt((2* ^2*Et)/Sy) ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2) SQRT((2*3^2*27000000)/22400) = 154.171
42 Fs = 2.0 ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2) 2.0 = 2.000
43 Allowable Stress: UHX-13.5.9(b)(3)(a)
44 Stb1 [psi] = min(( ^2*Et)/(Fs*Ft^2),St) ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2)
45 MIN((3^2*27000000)/(2*13.582^2),18900) = 18900
46 Stb2 [psi] = min((Sy/Fs)*(1-(Ft/(2*Ct))),St) ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2)
47 MIN((22400/2)*(1-(13.582/(2*154.171))),18900) = 10707
48 Stb [psi] = if(Ct<=Ft, Stb1, Stb2) ~~ UHX-13.5.9(b)(2)
49 IF(154.171<=13.582, 18900, 10707) = 10707
50
51 *The reported tube axial compression stress (not von Mises equivalent) must be < Stb

Sample Job #24: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Report

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Sample Job #24: Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Report

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Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Report

Sample Job #24

XYZ Vessel Corp. Customer

Shell Side (psi) Tube Side (psi)

Restraints & Loads

No further analysis is required.

Material properties are obtained from:

- ASME IID, Table 1A (allowable stress)

Please refer to Drawing PVE-3520.0 for details.

Please refer to the following links for additional information;

The use and effects of 2nd order integration elements.

FEA Software Validation - A comparison to theoretical results.

COSMOSWorks Validation Examples.

7 Shell SA-240 304

16 Baffles SA-240 304

22 Tubesheet SA-240 304

24 Fig-A A view of the Heat Exchanger model.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

10 1/4" Solid Mesh

22 3/8" Solid Mesh

24 Fig-A A view of the mesh applied to the model.

50 Fig-B A close up of Fig-A.

24 Fig-A A view of the Error plot, scale set to 5% Error.

46 Error > %5 limited

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A, with mesh overlaid.

1-TP (Tube pressure only)

50 Fig-B A view of the no translation condition applied to a point on the model.

24 Fig-A A view of the tube side pressure (300 psi) applied.

50 Fig-B A view of the shell side pressure (100 psi) applied.

50 Fig-B A view of tube side faces set to 250°F.

24 Fig-A A view of tubes set to 250°F.

24 Fig-A A view showing the tubeside pressure area on the X-Axis.

50 Fig-B A view showing the shellside pressure area on the X-Axis.

24 Fig-A A view showing the tubeside pressure area on the Z-Axis.

50 Fig-B A view showing the shellside pressure area on the Z-Axis.

No further analysis is required.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 100X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 18,900 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 28,350 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 500X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 18,900 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 100X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 18,900 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 28,350 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 50X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A, with superimposed original geometry.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 56,700 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 100X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 56,700 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 300X.

50 Fig-B An alternative view of Fig-A.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at 56,700 psi.

50 Fig-B An "ISO clipped" view of Fig-A, clipped at -10,706 psi.

24 Fig-A A view of the displacement plot, results magnified 300X.