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cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka vkSj
ekSr dk O;kikj
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izLrkouk
vk;qfoZKku ds {ks= esa vkfndky ls euq"; dks 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld d"Vksa ls eqfä
fnykus ds fy, ftrus Hkh iz;Ru gq, gSa muds ihNs ewy izsj.kk jgh gS ekuo lsokA jksfx;ksa dh
lsok lalkj ds lHkh /keksZa esa ,d izeq[k vax jgk gS vkSj bls vk/;kfRed mRFkku dk O;kogkfjd
vk/kkj le>k x;k gSA
esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds mn; ds lkFk gh lsok dk ;g {ks=
cgqr cM+s O;kikj eas cny x;kA cgqjk"Vªh; nok dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkkjh ek=k esa nok fuekZ.k ds
dkj.k vkSj mudh [kir djokus ds dkj.k fpfdRlk vkSj nok m|ksx dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa
Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;kA nksuka ,d nwljs ds iwjd cu x;sA O;kolkf;d :i ls rS;kj gksrs
fpfdRldksa us blesa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuk 'kqj dj fn;kA os cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ,ts.V cu
x;s vkSj nwljh rjQ cgqjk"Vªh; nok dEifu;ksa us <+j lkjs izyksHku vkSj lqfo/kk,¡ MkWDVjksa dks
miyC/k djkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA
esa tcls fo'o O;kikj laxBu (W.T.O.) dh n[kynkath fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa c<+h gSA rcls cgqjk"Vªh; nok dEifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh lafnX/k gks
x;h gSA ,Slh fLFkfr esa bl iwjs nok m|ksx ds ckjs esa vke turk dks crkus ds fy,s cgqr
dqN fy[kk x;k gSA ysfdu og vklkuh ls miyC/k ugha gksrkA ,Slh fLFkfr esa vktknh cpkvks
vkanksyu us ns'k dh turk ds lkeus cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk dh tk jgh ywV[kksjh ds
f[kykQ fcxqy ctk;k gSA blh dM+h eas vkanksyu ds ofj"B lkFkh Jh oa'kh/kj feJ us ;g
dkQh esgur dh gSA
vkanksyu dks mEehn gS fd bl iqLrd ds ek/;e ls tks fopkj og laizf"kr djuk
pkgrk gS og vke turk rd vo'; igapsxkA
vkt tc fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds dkuwu iqu% ykxw gksus tk jgs gS rc ;g vko';d
vkSj turk blds f[kykQ
[kM+h gksaA
jktho nhf{kr
vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu
pg. 2
Table of Contents
thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
vuko”;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu ......................................................................................................................... 22
vkfFkZd nksgu......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
>wB ij fVdk vFkZ”kkó ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa ... .............................................................................................................................. 39
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls eqä nok&m|ksx dh t:jr ........................................................................................................................... 44
dhVuk”kdksa dk Hkh fu”kkuk gS gekjk LokLF; ... ................................................................................................................................. 50
pg. 3
thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd

;wjksi dh vkS|ksfxd Økfar us ekuo bfrgkl esa ;qxkUrdkjh ifjorZu yk;sA d`f’k
vkSj dkjhxjh ij fVds lekt dh cqfu;knsa ,d&,d djds <gus yxhaA mRiknu “kSyh]
[kkus&ihus ds rkSj&rjhds] igukok] Hkk’kk] fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa esa ifjorZu vk;sA ;s ifjorZu
lrgh ugha] cqfu;knh FksA fofue; iz/kku d`f’k&;qxhu O;oLFkk] pyu ds ckgj gksus yxh vkSj
mudk LFkku ys fy;k cstku e”khuh; fj”rka ij fVds O;kikfjd lekt usA
ds jklk;fud
dpjksa] rst nkSM+rh xkfM+;ksa ,oa jsyxkfM+;ksa ds /kqvksa us /kjrh] ikuh vkSj vkleku esa tgj ?kksy
fn;kA bl fo’kkä okrkoj.k us ubZ&ubZ chekfj;ksa dks tUe fn;kA
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh igyh t:jr Fkh cktkjA blfy, cktkj dh ryk”k esa
baXyS.M tSls ns”kksa us nqfu;k ds d`f’k iz/kku ns”kksa ij dCtk djuk “kq: dj fn;kA ;q) gq,
u;s lekt dh tfVyrkvksa us reke rjg ds rukoksa dks tUe fn;kA nqfu;k ds cM+s fpfdRlk
oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd gkbijVsU”ku] ân; jksx] dSalj] efLr’d lEcU/kh reke chekfj;ksa dk
lcls cM+k dkj.k vk/kqfud lekt ds ruko gSaA bl lekt dh rst Hkkx&nkSM+rh ftUnxh esa
jksxksa ds bykt ds fy, ijEijkxr fpfdRlk i)fr;ka vi;kZIr lkfcr gksus yxha vkSj /khjs&/khjs
pyu ls yxHkx ckgj gks x;haA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkS|ksfxd lekt us viuh t:jrksa ds
eqrkfcd ^,yksiSFkh^ dks TkUe fn;kA ,yksiSFkh dh igyh nok ,aVhck;fVd ds :i esa ;q) esa
?kk;y flikfg;ksa ds mipkj ds fy, [kksth x;h FkhA
Li’V :i ls vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds QyLo:i cnyh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka us ubZ ik”pkR; fpfdRlk i)fr ds fy, vk/kkj&Hkwfe rS;kj fd;kA
cktkj ij dCtk djus ds fy, vkXus;kóksa ds iz;ksx ls ;qä ;q) dh ubZ rduhdh us ,d ,slh
fpfdRlk i)fr dks ekuo bfrgkl esa t:jh cuk fn;k tks ?kk;y vkSj ejrs gq, flikfg;ksa dk
mipkj djds mUgsa iqu% fdlh lehiLFk ;q) ds fy, rS;kj dj ldsA
ysfdu Kku dh /kkjk rks :dus okyh ugha FkhA bl ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr ds
vUrxZr ,slh nokvksa dh [kkst dh x;h ftlus Iysx] gStk vkSj pspd tSls laØked jksxksa ij
dkcw ikdj izR;sd o’kZ muls ejus okys yk[kksa balkuksa dks thounku fn;kA ?kksj vfuf”pr
vkSj dHkh Hkh vk /kedus okyh ekSr ds [kkSQ ls lewph ekuork dks eqä djus okyh ubZ
fpfdRlk i)fr dk nqfu;k us fdlh u fdlh va”k rd rks Lokxr fd;k ghA
ysfdu 20 oha lnh ds izFke pj.k esa ,d cM+k ifjorZu vk;kA ik”pkR; fpfdRlk
i)fr vc dsoy fpfdRlk iz.kkyh gh ugha jg x;h] ;g if”peh ns”kksa ds vkfFkZd lkezkT; dks
foLrkj nsus dk cgqr cM+k ek/;e cuk yh x;hA nok m|ksx ykHk dh n`f’V ls gfFk;kjksa ds
dkjksckj ds ckn igys uEcj dk O;kikj ekuk tkus yxkA QyLo:i if”pe ds lkezkT;oknh ns”kksa
us vkS’k/k cktkj ij viuk dCtk tekus ds fy, th&rksM+ dksf”k”k djuh “kq: dj nhA LokHkkfod
:i ls rhljh nqfu;k ds reke ns”k muds fy, lcls cM+s cktkj lkfcr gq,A blfy, ogk¡
vius dkjksckj pykus ds fy, if”peh nok i)fr dks Fkksik x;kA
pg. 4
bl i)fr dks LFkk;h :i nsus ds fy, bu ns”kksa dh Lons”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa

dks [kRe djuk t:jh Fkk] ftuds jgrs ,yksiSFkh dk fodkl laHko ugha FkkA lkezkT;oknh
ns”kksa us ,d&,d djds “kkflr ns”kksa dh fpfdRlk if)r;ksa dks ;g dgdj udkjuk “kq:
fd;k fd os iqjkruiaFkh gSa rFkk ekuo ihM+kvksa dk bykt dj ikus esa l{ke ugha gSaA fd
lkezkT;oknh “kfä;ksa dh bUk lkft”kksa ds pyrs fdruh Lons”kh vkS’k/k iz.kkfy;ksa us ne rksM+
fn;k vkSj fdruh vkt Hkh rksM+ jgha gSa] bldk vklkuh ls vuqeku ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA
if”pe esa ;g ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr lekt dh t:jrka ,oa ogk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;ka ds
eqrkfcd Hkys gh mi;ksxh Bgjrh gks ysfdu Hkkjr tSls rhljh nqfu;k ds reke lkjs ns”kksa ds
lkekftd ifjos”k] tyok;q ,oa vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds u rks ;s iwjh rjg vuqdwy gksrh gSa vkSj u
gh djksM+ksa xjhc ejhtksa dk bykt dj ikus esa l{ke gSaA cfYd myVs blus reke LokLF;
lEcU/kh tfVyrkvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA
f}rh; egk;q) ds ckn lkezkT;okn vkSj mifuos”kokn dh iqjkuh nhokjsa rks <g
x;ha ysfdu mlds LFkku ij lkezkT;oknh rkdrksa us uo&Lok/khu ns”kksa ds “kks’k.k ds fy,
,slk :i vf[r;kj fd;k tks cgqr gh tfVy vkSj vn`”;&lk FkkA ;g :i deksos”k lewph
nqfu;k dks vkt vius dCts esa ys pqdk gSA ;g :i dksbZ vkSj ugha cfYd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa
dk gSA
Hkkjr tSls ns”k esa djksM+ksa xjhcksa dks lLrk mipkj nsus ds cgkus ?kqlus okyh]
fons”kh nok dEifu;k¡ ejhtksa dh tsc dkV djds vjcksa #i;k izfro’kZ ckgj Hkst jgh gSa] vkSj
vkSj gtkjksa&gtkj xSj&t:jh
nok,¡A bu dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr lesr rhljh nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa dks dwM+knku le> j[kk
nokvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj fcØh djrh gSa ftu ij] izk.k&?kkrd
izHkkoksa ds dkj.k] muds Lo;a ds ns”k ds lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k ds reke ns”kksa esa izfrca/k yxk
gksrk gSA
;g dSlh foMEcuk gS fd ekuork dks “kkjhfjd ihM+kvksa ls futkr fnykus ds
fy, [kksth xbZ ubZ fpfdRlk i)fr dks cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa us ekSr ds O;kikj esa cny fn;kA
fo”o LokLF; laxBu Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrk gS fd nok cukus okyh nqfu;k dh cM+h
cgqjk’Vªh; fuxesa vius equkQs ds fy, xjhc eqYdksa eas gtkjksa&gtkj vuki&luki nok,¡ Bw¡l jgh
gSa tks jksxksa ls eqfä fnykus ds ctk; jksfx;ksa ds izk.k ys ysrh gSaA
pg. 5
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk

vktknh ds ckn 1948 dh jk’Vªh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr us cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks
Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd nqfu;k esa Qyus&Qwyus dk Hkjiwj volj fn;kA Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kkuea=h
tokgj yky usg: dh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk] if”pe ds pepekrs vkS|ksfxd ekMy ds izfr
mudh jh> ,oa xka/kh dh dqVhj vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr muds fod’kZ.k us Hkkjr dks ;wjksi dh
fodkloknh vo/kkj.kk ds jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;kA laln esa usg: ds c;ku
us fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dks vkSj vf/kd izksRlkfgr fd;kA usg: us fons”kh iw¡th fuos”k
vkSj fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks Lokxr djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd blls fodkl dh izfØ;k
dks vkxs c<+kus esa ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwr djus esa enn feysxhA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa if”peh ns”kksa dks ?kqlus dk i;kZIr ekSdk feykA mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds {ks=
esa baXySaM vkSj vesfjdk dh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us cM+h rsth ls ?kqliSB+ djuh “kq: dhA vó
fuekZ.k ds ckn bu dEifu;ksa ds fy, Qk;ns dk nwljk cM+k {ks= vkS’k/k dk FkkA ekSds dk
Qk;nk mBkrs gq, bu dEifu;ksa us nok m|ksx ij dCtk djuk “kq: dj fn;kA pwafd nok
m|ksx ds {ks= esa Hkkjr dh dksbZ vyx vkS|ksfxd uhfr ugha Fkh blfy, 1948 dh vkS|ksfxd
uhfr gh bl ij ykxw gqbZA bl uhfr ds rgr dgk x;k Fkk fd iw¡th fuekZ.k ,oa vkS|ksfxdj.k dh
izfØ;k rst djus ds fy, lkekU; vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa fons”kh ,oa Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ds chp dksbZ
Hksn&Hkko ugha cjrk tk;sxk rFkk nksuksa dks leku :i ls lqfo/kk;sa eqgS;k djk;h tk;saxhA blds
ihNs ;g Hkh vo/kkj.kk dke dj jgh Fkh fd ns”k dk u;s vkS’k/k foKku ¼,yksiSFkh½ ls ifjp; gks
ldsxk] ;g mldh rduhd lh[k ldsxk rFkk cgqjk’Vªh; fuxesa Hkkjr dh djksM+ksa chekj turk
ds fy, iwjh rjg ls nok,¡ miyC/k djk;saxhA
1948 dh jk’Vªh; vkS|ksfxd uhfr us gekjs ns”k esa cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeka dh ck<+ yk
nhA bu fuxeka us Lons”kh nok m|ksx ij ?kkrd izgkj fd;k] cktkj ij dCtk fd;k vkSj
lapkj ek/;eksa ds tfj;s ik”pkR; nok laLd`fr dks gekjs vUnj LFkkfir dj fn;kA
vktknh ds igys ns”k esa vk;qosZfnd vkS’k/k i)fr dk gh izpyu FkkA ;|fi
vaxzstksa us if”peh nok i)fr dh uhao Mky nh FkhA dqN ykbykt ;k izk.k?kkrd chekfj;ksa
tSls Vh-ch-] gStk] fe;knh cq[kkj dk ,yksiSFkh esa bykt lEHko gks ldus ds dkj.k bls vkxs
c<+us dk cy feykA ,slk ugha Fkk fd Hkkjrh; nok i)fr esa budk bykt ugha Fkk cfYd
vaxzstksa us blds fodkl dks grksRlkfgr fd;kA nok m|ksx ds dh ?kqliSB
1924 esa “kq: gks x;h Fkh tc fczfV”k dEiuh XySDlks us ;gk¡ viuk dkjksckj “kq: fd;k FkkA
ysfdu fQj Hkh ;gk¡ vaxzsth nok dEifu;ksa dh tM+ te ugha ik;h FkhA ,yksiSFkh ds {ks= esa
Hkkjrh; oSKkufd vufHkK rks Fks ughaaA blds ykHk dks en~ns utj j[kdj bl lnh dh
“kq:vkr esa gh vkpk;Z ih- lh- jk; ,oa izks- Vh- ds- xTtj us QkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh FkhA ;gk¡ dh izeq[k chekfj;ksa dks ns[krs gq, lsjk] oSfDlu rFkk eysfj;k izfrjks/kh nokvksa
dh [kkst rFkk mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA caxky bldk dsUnz cukA ;gh ugha f}rh; egk;q)
ds iwoZ ;wfj;k LVhcekbu dh [kkst rFkk jkfYQ;k lisZUVhuk ij “kks/k fpfdRlk foKku ds {ks=
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku lkfcr gqvkA if”peh caxky ds MkW-?kks’k dk isfUlyhu ds fuekZ.k esa
pg. 6
u;k ;ksxnku Lons”kh nok rduhd ds fodkl esa dkQh egRo dk gSA bl rjg Lora=rk
vkanksyu ds nkSjku vU; {ks=ksa dh Hkk¡fr nok m|ksx ds Hkh {ks= esa jk’Vªh;rk dk lapkj gqvk
Fkk vkSj fcuk fons”kh enn ds Hkkjrh; vkS’k/k ¼QkekZL;wfVdy½ m|ksx dks fodflr djus dk
ladYi fy;k x;k FkkA
ysfdu blds lkFk gh lkFk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Hkh viuk dkjksckj c<+kus ds
fy, dk;Zjr FkhaA 1948 dh Hkkjr ljdkj dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr us rks muds fy, jkLrk [kksy
fn;kA foKkiuksa ,oa vU; izpkj ds tfj;s cktkjksa ij dCtk djus dh ikjjk’Vªh; fuxeka dh
vkØe.kdkjh uhfr us vk;qosZfnd nok i)fr dks rks izpyu ls ckgj dj gh fn;k] Hkkjrh;
QkekZL;wfVdy m|ksx dks Hkh dkQh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA vkRefuHkZj jk’Vªh; nok m|ksx ds fodkl
ds lkjs iz;klksa ij ikuh fQj x;kA 50 ds n”kd esa nok ds {ks= esa nqfu;k dh dqN cM+h
cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeka us ns”k esa viuk dCtk tek fy;kA vesfjdk dh Qkbtj daiuh] fLoVtjyS.M
dh jks”k] vesfjdk dh lhck xk;xh rFkk cs;j bf.M;k tSlh cgqjk’Vªh; daifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa
vius dks LFkkfir dj fy;kA bldk ,d dkj.k vkSj FkkA vk/kqfud nok m|ksx dh cqfu;kn
ewy jklk;fud m|ksx dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+h gS vkSj ;g Li’V gS fd lkezkT;okn us vius
vkSifuosf”kd “kks’k.k ds mn~ns”; ls bl ns”k esa ewy jklk;fud m|ksx dk LokHkkfod fodkl
ugha gksus fn;k rFkk oSKkfud vuqla/kku vkSj dkjhxjh dh f”k{kk dks iaxq cukdj j[k fn;kA
u;s midj.kksa ls lfTTkr nok dEifu;ksa dh rhoz izfr;ksfxrk esa ?kjsyw vkSj ns”kh nok m|ksxksa
dk iqu% àkl gksus yxkA
lu~ 1948 esa nok dh dqy fcØh 10 djksM+ dh Fkh tks 1982 esa c<+dj 1200
djksM+ gks x;h vkSj 1992&93 esa 7500 djksM+ gks x;hA blesa 80 izfr”kr fgLlk cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa FkkA 1975 esa dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk xfBr gkFkh desVh us nok cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds jk’Vªh;dj.k dh flQkfj”k dh FkhA gkFkh desVh dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd
ßlkekU; iwath yxk dj ;s dEifu;k¡ viuh vkS’kf/k;ksa dh fcØh dj vR;f/kd equkQk fons”kksa dks
Hkst pqdh gSaA rFkk csfglkc futh iwath esa o`f) dh gSAß
blh gkFkh desVh dh eq[; flQkfj”kksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks Hkkjrh; nok fuekZrk vius
fy;s fgrdj ekurs jgs gSa] tcfd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ bls vius f[kykQ jpk x;k ,d
nLrkost ekurh gSaA ubZ vkS’k/k uhfr] ftldk elfonk vxLr & 1993 esa ljdkj us laln
esa forfjr djk;k Fkk] esa gkFkh desVh dh ftu flQkfj”kksa dks fujLr vkSj [kkfjt djus dh
flQkfj”k dh x;h gS muds ckn Hkkjrh; nok cktkj iwjh rjg cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka ds dCts esa
pyk tk;sxkA [kkfjt dh tkus okyh dqN egRoiw.kZ flQkfj”ksa fuEu gSa %&
1- jk’Vªh; nok izkf/kdj.k cuk;k tk;s tks lkjs ea=ky;ksa ds chp rkyesy dk dke
djs ¼ijUrq bl u;s elfons esa bldk dksbZ ftØ ugha gS½
2- lkoZtfud {ks= dh nokvksa ds mRiknu vkSj forj.k dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh
pkfg;s vkSj muds vf/kdkj lqjf{kr j[ks tkus pkfg;s ¼lkoZtfud {ks=] u;s nLrkost ds
vuqlkj fdlh fo”ks’kkf/kdkj dk ik= ugha gS½
3- lkjh nok cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks Øe”k% Hkkjrh; LokfeRo esa ys fy;k tk;s ¼ubZ uhfr
esa bldk myVk gS½
pg. 7
4- Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/kku ifj’kn ubZ nokvksa dk forj.k djs ¼ifj’kn dks u rks ctV
fn;k x;k gS u iz;ksx”kkyk,a½
5- mRiknu ykblsal nsrs oä vfuok;Z 117 nok,a cukrs jgus dk ok;nk fy;k tkuk
pkfg;s ¼dksbZ ok;nk vc ugha fy;k tkuk gS½
6- xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k ds dkuwu l[r fd;s tk;sa ¼xq.koÙkk tk¡p ds fy;s nokb;ksa dk
jklk;fud la?kBu tkuuk gksrk gSA ubZ uhfr esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ;g crkus ds fy;s ck/;
ugha gSa½
7- nokb;ksa ds czkaM ukeksa dks /khjs&/khjs lekIr dj fn;k tk;s ¼nokb;ksa ds ,dkf/kdkj dks
c<+kus dh ubZ uhfr esa lykg nh x;h gS½
bl iwjs pkyhl ist ds elfonss esa nokb;ksa dh xq.koÙkk vkSj mudh dherka ds
ckjs esa dqN Hkh lkQ&lkQ ugha fy[kk x;k gSA bl ubZ uhfr dk Li’V edln gh nok
m|ksx dks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka ds gkFk esa iwjh rjg lkSai nsuk gSA 1978 dh nok uhfr esa Hkh
ljdkj us Li’V ?kks’k.kk dj nh Fkh fd cgqjk’Vªh; nok dEifu;ksa dk jk’Vªh;dj.k ugha fd;k
tk;sxk] rks vc rks mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k dk nkSj py jgk gSA
xSV le>kSrk vkSj u;k isVsUV dkuwu
xSV le>kSrk gksus ls vkSj Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu & 1970 ds cnys tkus ls
Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx iwjh rjg u’V gks tk;sxk vkSj Hkkjrh; nok cktkj ij ,dkf/kdkjoknh
cgqjk’Vªh; nok dEifu;k¡ Nk tk;asxhA xSV le>kSrs esa lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlk ckSf)d lEink
dkuwuksa ¼fVªIl½ dks ysdj gS ftlds dkj.k gekjk 1970 dk Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu iwjh rjg
cny tk;sxkA 1 tuojh 95 dks ljdkj us ,d v/;kns”k ds tfj;s u;k isVsUV dkuwu ykxw
Hkh dj fn;k FkkA gkykafd ns”kO;kih fojks/k ds dkj.k u;k isVsUV dkuwu laln ls eatwjh ugha
ik ldkA
1956 esa vaxzstksa us isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw dh FkhA 1911 esa Hkkjrh; isVsUV vkSj
fMtkbu ,DV cuk;k x;k ftldk mn~ns”; Hkkjrh; cktkj dks fczfV”k m|ksxksa ds v/khu
cukuk FkkA fczfV”k isVsUV /kkjdka us Hkkjr esa Å¡ph dher okys fu;kZr }kjk gekjs cktkjksa dk
“kks’k.k fd;k vkSj djksM+ksa :i;s dek;s FksA ;g ykfteh Fkk fd ;g “kks’k.k nok {ks= esa Hkh
gksrkA vktknh ds igys vkSj ckn esa Hkh nokvksa dk mRiknu cgqr de Fkk vkSj ns”k eq[;r%
vk;kr ij gh fuHkZj FkkA dksbZ ubZ nok vkrh Fkh rks og isVsUV /kkjdka dh ethZ ds vuqlkj
gh vkrh FkhA ,sfrgkfld n`f’V ls fons”kh dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa vius isVsUV iathd`r ugha
djok;sA 1947 ls 1957 ds chp Hkkjr esa djk, x;s 1704 nok isVsUVksa esa 99 izfr”kr isVsUV
fons”kh ukxfjdksa ds ikl Fks vkSj ,d izfr”kr ls de dks Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd mi;ksx esa yk;k
x;kA
1970 dk ^Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu^ gekjs fgr ds eq[; {ks=ksa dh j{kk djus ds fy;s
cuk;k x;k FkkA blesa dsoy pkj {ks=ksa & nok m|ksx] d`f’k jlk;u] Hkkstu vkSj fof”k’V
jlk;uksa ds ekeys esa dkuwu us 7 o’kZ ds fy;s izfØ;k isVsUV dh vuqefr nh] ysfdu mRikn
isVsUV dh vuqefr ugha nh gSA eq[; ckr ;g gS fd bl dkuwu esa ,dkf/kdkj dks jksdus ds
fy;s ^Lor% ykblsal ds vf/kdkj^ dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu dks
pg. 8
vadVkM us izxfr”khy dkuwu ?kksf’kr dj mls vU; ns”kksa ds fy;s Hkh ,d ekMy crk;kA blh
dkuwu dk urhtk Fkk fd 1970 ds ckn m|ksx vkxs c<+kA ijUrq Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ls
;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij Li/kkZ djus esa vleFkZ gksus ij ;s êqä cktkj^ ds odhy vc fujk”k
gksdj viuk ,dkf/kdkj tekus dh fQjkd esa gSaA
Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu&1970 ds ykxw gksus ds ckn ns”kh nok m|ksx esa vPNh
izxfr gqbZ vkSj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZjrk de gksus yxhA 1974 esa nok mRiknu 500
djksM+ :i;s ls c<dj 1991 esa 4000 djksM+ vkSj 1994 esa 6000 djksM+ :i;s dk gks x;k
FkkA blh izdkj 1985&86 ls 1991&92 ds cht 6 o’kksZa dh vof/k esa gekjk nok fu;kZr 140
djksM+ :i;s ls c<dj 1281 djksM+ :i;s dk gks x;k FkkA 1991&92 ess 76 djksM+ :i;s dh
nokb;k¡ vesfjdk dks fu;kZr dh x;haA Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;ksa dks tks Hkh lQyrk feyh
mlds ihNs isVsUV dkuwu & 70 dk cgqr gkFk jgkA
xSV le>kSrs dk lgkjk ysdj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ bl isVsUV dkuwu dks cnyokuk
dk
mRiknu dj jgh gSaA gkyk¡fd ;g lgh ugha gSA 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu ds eqrkfcd dsoy
îzfØ;k isVsUV^ dk Qk;nk ns”kh dEifu;ksa dks feykA ijUrq vc xSV ds eqrkfcd ^mRikn
isVsUV^ ykxw gks tk;sxk rks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vf/kdrj nokb;ksa ij vf/kdkj gks tk;sxkA
isVsUVhd`r nokb;ksa dk izfr”kr uhps lwph esa fn;k x;k gS] ftlls ge vUnktk yxk ldrs
gSa fd u;k isVsUV dkuwu ykxw gks tkus ds ckn cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh fLFkfr fdruh etcwr
gks tk;sxhA Hkfo’; esa cuus okyh lHkh nokb;ksa ij isVsUV vf/kdkj ykxw gksaxs tks cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds dCts esa jgaxsA u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa dk izHkko gksxk ¼1½ nokb;ksa ds nke 5 ls 20
xquk vkSj vf/kd gks tk;saxsA
nok,a fdrus izfr”kr isVaV ds nk;js esa gSa

dhVk.kquk”kd ¼,.Vhck;ksfVd½ 40-23
thok.kquk”kd ¼,.VhcSDVhfj;y½ 98-80
QQwanhuk”kd ¼,.VhQaxy½ 25-66
dq’B jksx uk”kd ¼,.VhysizkWfVDl½ 69-96
ân; jksx uk”kd 40-18
¼dkfMZ;ksosldqyj½
nnZ uk”kd ¼VªkUD;wykbtj½ 74-42
e/kqesg uk”kd ¼,.VhMk;fcfVd½ 55-30
vLFkek uk”kd ¼,.Vh ,LFkeSfVd½ 47-53
xHkZfujks/kd ¼dUVªklsfIVo½ 88-79
vYlj jks/kh ¼,.Vh isfIVd vYlj½ 65-92
Y;wdsfe;k jks/kh ¼,.VhY;wdSfed½ 32-41
pg. 9
¼vkijs”ku fjlpZ xqzi }kjk fd;s x;s losZ ij vk/kkfjr½

1994&95 esa nokb;ksa ds nke 1991&92 dh rqyuk esa 2&3 xqus gks pqds gSa tcfd
vHkh isVsUV dkuwu iwjh rjg ykxw gksuk ckdh gSA ¼2½ nokb;ksa dh vkiwfrZ izHkkfor gksxh D;ksafd
vc ;g vk;kr ij T;knk fuHkZj gksxhA ¼3½ nok m|ksx esa u;s iwath fuos”k ij vlj iMsxkA
¼4½ ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr jk’Vªh; LokLF; j{kk dk;ZØe tks mu ukxfjdka ds fy;s pyk,
tkrs gSa tks vius LokLF; dh vko”;drkvksa ds fy;s [kpZ ugha dj ldrs] izHkkfor gksaxsA ¼5½
jk’Vªh; nok m|ksx dk fodkl izHkkfor gksxkA ¼6½ jk’Vªh; “kks/k ,oa fodkl izHkkfor gksxkA
vkt nqfu;k ds nok mRiknu ds 90% fgLls ij 30 cM+h cgqjk’Vªh; nok dEifu;k¡
viuk vf/kdkj j[krh gSa vkSj vuqfpr isVsUV O;oLFkk vkSj ckSf)d lEink vf/kdkjka dh j{kk
ds uke ij] 90 fodkl”khy ns”kksa] tgk¡ nok dk LFkkuh; mRiknu ugha gS vkSj os vf/kdrj
vk;kr ij fuHkZj djrs gSa] dh vlgk; xjhc vkSj fujhg turk dk “kks’k.k dj jgh gSaA bu
lHkh 90 ns”kksa esa fodflr ns”kksa ds gh isVsUV dkuwu ykxw gks pqds gSa ftUgsa ekuus ds dkj.k os
2000% vf/kd ewY; nsdj viuk “kks’k.k djok jgs gSaA bf.M;u MªXl eSuqQSDplZ ,lksfl;s”ku
ds v/;{k Jh- vkbZ- ,- eksnh dgrs gSa fd ßHkkjr lfgr djhc 15 fodkl”khy ns”k ,sls gSa tks
viuh nok vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s QkewZys”kuks ds mRiknu esa yxHkx vkRefuHkZj gSaA
esa Hkh Hkkjr gh ,d ek= ns”k gS tgk¡ nok mRiknu vHkh Hkh ns”kh mRikndksa ds gkFk
esa gSA vU; 14 ns”kksa esa nokb;ksa dk eq[; mRiknu ;k rks lh/ks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk
fu;fU=r gksrk gS ;k cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls ykblsal izkIr jk’Vªh; bdkb;ksa }kjk gksrk gS
ftudh nokb;ksa ds fcØh ewY; dks izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fu;fU=r
djrh gSaA Hkkjr bldk viokn gS ;gk¡ 60% ls vf/kd nok QkeZwys”ku vkSj 80% ls vf/kd
cYd nok,a iwjh rjg ls jk’Vªh; bdkb;ksa }kjk mRikfnr gks jgh gSaA jk’Vªh; nokb;ksa dk
fu;kZr esa fgLlk 70% gSA bu 15 ns”kksa esa LFkkuh; mRiknu ds dkj.k vkSj Hkkjr esa 1970 ds
isVsUV dkuwu ds dkj.k nok ewY; laLkkj esa lcls lLrs gSaA ewY;ksa esa 500% ls 2000% rd
dk vUrj gSA
lUnHkZ
1- Mªx baMLVªh ,sUM n bafM;u ihiqy ¼lEiknd MkW vfer lsu xqIr] izdk”kd fnYyh
lkbal Qksje o QsMjs”ku vkQ esfMdy fjizstsUVsfVOl ,lksfl,”ku vkWQ bafM;k½ iqLrd ds
ts- ,l- etwenkj ds ys[k ls mn~?k`r] i`- 8A
2- Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh dkyh Nk;k&MkW lej jk;
pkS/kjh] ihiqYl ifCyf”kax gkml] i`- 12A
pg. 10
tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj

gekjs ns”k esa bl le; yxHkx 515 nok,¡ ,slh gSa tks cktkj esa yxHkx 8000
ls fcd jgh gSaA bu nokvksa ij nqfu;k ds reke ns”kksa esa ikcUnh yxk;h tk pqdh
gS rFkk buds fuekZ.k vkSj fcØh dks ?kkrd vijk/k ?kksf’kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA MkDVjksa vkSj
oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd ;s nok,¡ izk.k?kkrd gSa vkSj vkneh ds jä dks iznwf’kr dj dSalj]
ydok] va/kkiu] fodykaxrk tSlh Hk;adj chekfj;ksa dks tUe nsrh gSa rFkk “kjhj dh jksx ls
yM+us dh {kerk [kRe dj nsrh gSaA ;s nokb;k¡ vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa esa “kkjhfjd rFkk
ekufld&fod`fr;k¡ Hkh iSnk djrh gSaA ;g xEHkhj fpUrk dk fo’k; gS fd nqfu;k ds vU;
reke ns”kksa esa ßtgjß ?kksf’kr dh tkus okyh dqN nok,¡ fgUnqLrku esa [kqyh fcØh dh btktr
ik pqdh gSaA ;gk¡ dqN ,slh nokvksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa tks nwljs reke ns”kksa esa izfrcaf/kr
gSa ysfdu gekjs ;gk¡ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;h vkSj csph tkrh gSaA bu nokvksa dks eq[;
:i ls es ,.M csdj] lhck xk;xh] ckjkstosyde] ikdZ Msfol] T;ksÝheSulZ] Qkbtj] gsDLV]
lS.Mkst] jksl] LdsQ] ,l- th- QkekZL;qfVdy] XySDlks] cwV~l dEiuh] bZLV bafM;k dEiuh rFkk
baQkj bf.M;k dEifu;k¡ cukrh gSaA bu nokvksa dks csapdj ;s dEifu;k¡ ns”k dk vjcksa :i;k
izfro’kZ ckgj Hkst jgh gSaA
nokvksa dk uke ns”k }kjk izfrcfU/kr dqizHkko

1- vkDlhfQu cwVktksu fczVsu] if”peh teZuh] tkiku] bl nok dh dsoy dqN
2- fQukby cwVktksu bVyh] LohMu] fQuySaM] [kqjkd ysus ij gh v¡rfM+;ksa
3-,Dvheky vesfjdk] ckaXykns”k] esa ?kko gks tkrk gSA blls
4-,Ythfj;y vkLVªsfy;k] U;wthyS.M] jä dSalj gksus dk Hkh [krjk
5- vjhLVksikbjhu eysf”k;k] btjkby] tkMZu jgrk gSA bl nok ls vc
6- cwVkdkfVZMku vkfnA rd 15]000 yksxksa dh ekSr
7- cwVkizkfDloku gks pqdh gSA izfrcfU/kr ns”kksa
8- vkWDlhikst es bls ßchß Js.kh dk tgj
9- yktsZfld ?kksf’kr fd;k x;k gSA iSjka dks
10- U;wjkstsflu ydok ekj tkrk gS rFkk
11- lqxfjy O;fä ds vU/ks gksus dk [krjk
12- vkWDlhtksu cuk jgrk gSA blds lsou ls
13- iSjkcwVktksu tkiku esa 10]00 yksx yaxM+s
14- fDyvksfôuky tkiku] ukosZ] LohMu teZuh] vkSj vU/ks gks x,A
15- ,fEcfôuky MsuekdZ] usiky] fQyhihu]
16- ,yhfôu Lisu] Ýkal] Jhyadk]ckaXykns”k]
17- ,Echtkbe QksVZ lesr nqfu;k ds reke ns”kA
18- ,ehD;ksj
pg. 11
19- ,ehDyhu
20 ,ehthy Iyl
21- DyksjksisDVMhu
22- Mk;Mksôhu
23- b.Vjkstkbe
24- vk;Mkstksy
25- vk;MkslkbDyhu
26- esVkôhu
27- U;wVªkstkbe
28-
vk;MksgkbMªkfDlôhu
29- fôukstksy
30- ,uYthu vkLVªsfy;k] vkfLVª;k] vfLFk&eTtk esa “osr jä
31- csjkYxu csfYt;e] fpyh] MsuekdZ] df.kdkvksa ds cuus esa Hkkjh
32- cqLdkiku Ýkal] xzhl] feó] btjkby] ck/kk igqaprh gS ftlds dkj.k
33- cwVkfYtu bVyh] tkiku] dksfj;k] gM~fM;ksa ,oa ekalisf”k;ksa dh
34- Qkjtsfld eSfDldks] usiky] LohMu] lajpuk esa Hk;adj fodkj
35- ekykZftu vesfjdk] fczVsu] teZuh vkfnA mRié gks tkrs gSa] tks
36- vkDlhikst vUrrksxRok bUgsa {kh.k dj
37- flukYtsfld buds lsou djus okys dks
38- ftekfYtu fugk;r detksj dj e`R;q
39- vYVªkftu rd igq¡pk nsrh gSA
40- QhuksfYtu
441- ikekftu
42- ,ih QksVZ vkfLVª;k] csfYt;e] MsuekdZ] xHkZ.kh efgykvksa dks nh tkus
43- esLVªkstuQksVZ xzhl] bVyh] U;wthySaM] okyh ;s nok,¡ xHkZLFk f”k”kqvksa
44- vksjkslsØku QksVZ flaxkiqj nf{k.k vÝhdk] dks fodykax dj nsrh gSaA ;fn
45- vksjxkyqVhu FkkbZyS.M] fczVsu] vesfjdk] fcuk xHkZorh efgyk dks ns
46- vksLVksjksu teZuh] ckaXykns”k vkfnA fn;k tk;s rks ekfld /keZ
47- ,l- th- QksVZ vfu;fer gks tkrk gSA
48- DyksjksLVªsi
49- dwij LVªsi ckaXykns”k] lkbizl] MsuekdZ] vfLFk&eTtk dks {kfrxzLr
50- DyksjksEQsfudky bVyh] tkiku] “osr jä dj esa
,.MLVIªsVkeskbflu df.kdkvksa ds cuus usiky] ck/kk mRié djrh gSa rFkk
pg. 12
51- baVsLVksLVªsi ukosZ] fQyhihal LohMu] “kjhj dh izfrjks/kd {kerk

52- baVjksLVªsi csustq,yk] ikfdLrku] lekIr dj e`R;q dh vksj
53- LVsªIVksQsfudky eysf”k;kA <dsyrh gSaA
54- vksjkcksyhu ckaXykns”k] fczVsu lesr ns”kksa esa Hkkjr esa cPpksa dks fn, tkus
55- M~;wjkcksyhu izfrcaf/krA reke okyh ;s Mªki cPpka esa
56- MsdkM~;wjkcksyhu fodkl lEcU/kh fodkj iSnk
57- bokcksyhu djrs gSaA buds vkSj Hkh dbZ
Hk;adj dqizHkko gksrs gSaA
58- uksokfYtu fczVsu] vesfjdk lesr dbZ vkarks esa ?kko dj vYlj
59- czwQsu ns”kksa esa izfrcaf/krA cukrh gSA
60- ,fLifju
61- dkbej lHkh fodflr ns”kksa esa ;s nokb;k¡ fcYdqy vizHkkoh
62- dkbeksjy izfrcaf/krA gSa rFkk budh {kerk lafnX/k
63- dkbeksjy QksVZ gSA oSKkfudka dk er gS fd
64- vYQkfIlu buesa jksx dks Bhd djus dh
rkdr gh ugha gksrhA
65- LiSflfetky vtsZUVkbuk] fczVsu vk;jyS.M] izk.k?kkrd jä nks’k gksrk gSA
66- ik[kkQksVZ btjkby] fQyhihal vkfnA fdMuh o dysts dks {kfr
67- tkxfjy igq¡pkrh gSa ftlls vkneh dh
68- csVk¶yke e`R;q Hkh gks tkrh gSA
69- ,l- th- ikbfju
70- baVjksfôuky MsuekdZ] Mkfefu;u x.kjkT;] buds lsou ls yaxM+k] va/kk
71- fMLQj Iyl bVyh] ukosZ] tkiku] usiky] gksus dk xaHkhj [krjk gksrk
fQyhihal lÅnh vjc] gSA
72- bUVªksck;ksQkseZ LohMu] csustq,yk] lkbizl v¡rfM+;ksa ls lEcfU/kr jksxksa esa
73- esDlkQkeZ vkfnA lh/kk izHkko ds ctk; mYVk
izHkko Mkyrh gSaA
74- ikbjksyku usiky lfgr fo”o ds reke ;s nok,¡ ilhuk fudyuk
75- flukYtsfld ns”kA jksd dj rki ?kVkrh gSaA
76- czksekslsMku mfYV;k¡ RkFkk mÙkstuk iSnk
dj ekufld lUrqyu [kjkc
djrh gSa
78- ,lhVksQsusVkbfMu ;d`r vkSj xqnsZ dks {kfr
79- QsukflVhu igq¡pkrh gSaA
pg. 13
dukMk] fpyh] lkbizl]

MsuekdZ] bVyh] ekjh”kl]
vesfjdk vkfnA
80- ,ØksekbZflu bVyh] usiky] LohMu] bu nokvksa esa ekStwn foVkfeu
81- Vsjkekbflu ,l- vesfjdk] csustq,ykA lh flQZ nek c<+kus ds
,Q- flok; dksbZ dke ugha djrkA
82- Mksdkcksyhu fo”o ds reke ns”kksa esa CyM izs”kj c<+ tkrk gS rFkk
83- fgLVkizsM izfrcaf/krA xqnsZ ds [kjkc gks tkus dh
84- isjhdkVZ lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
85- isjhMªku
86- bjxksQsu fo”o dsa reke ns”kksa esa CyM iz”ksj c< tkrk gS rFkk
87- ekbfxzy izfrcaf/krA xqnsZ ds [kjkc gks tkus dh
88- ekbxszfuy lEHkkouk c< tkrh gSA
89- LVhIVksesV
90- VsVªklkbfDyuFkksZjku ckaXykns”k] MsuekdZ] bVyh] cPpksa ds nk¡r Hkwjs jax ds gks
lLisa”ku tkMZu] U;wthyS.M] is: vkfnA tkrs gSaA lLisa”ku
991- VªkbukftZd fo”o ds reke ns”kksa esa “kjhj ij Hk;adj dqizHkko
izfrcaf/krA izHkko Mkyrh gSA
92- jsfLVy xzhl] bVyh] ukosZ] LohMu] ?kkrd tgj dh rjg izHkko
93- dkEkfLyi csustq,yk] ckaXykns”k] usiky Mkyrh gSA raf=dk ra= ij
94- IyklhMkDl 2 vkfnA cqjk izHkko Mkyrh gSA
95- IyklhMkDl 10
96- IyklhMkDl 5
lzksr% cSaM ,sUM cSuscqy MªXl ¼gsYFk ,sD”ku lhjht 2½ la”kksf/kr laLdj.k] Mªx ,.M n bafM;u
ds losZ{k.k ij vk/kkfjrA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us ,sls dbZ lfEeJ.k cuk;s gSa tks fd fujFkZd gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk gkfuizn Hkh gksrs gSaA felky ds rkSj ij DyksjksQsfudky rFkk LVªsIVksekbflu dk
lfEeJ.k tks isfpl esa fn;k tkrk gSA fo”ks’kK MkDVjksa dk dguk gS fd ;g lfEeJ.k cgqr
gh vrdZlaxr vkSj uqdlkunsg gS] Qk;nk fcYdqy ughaa vkS’k/k lykgdkjh lfefr dh 1980
dh flQkfj”k esa DyksjksQsfudky ds lHkh ,Q- Mh- lfEeJ.kksa ij jksd yxk nh x;h FkhA
ysfdu nq%[k fd ckr gS fd bl jksx esa mä lfEeJ.k “kkfey ugha FkkA Qyr% vkt Hkh ;g
[kqys cktkjksa esa miyC/k gSA blh rjg isaflyhu vkSj LVsªIVksekbflu] isaflyhu vkSj
lYQkukekbMªl] foVkfeUl vkSj ,ukfYtDl] VsVªklkbDyhu ,oa foVkfeu lh] vkfn ds lfEeJ.k
pg. 14
Hkh csgn uqdlkunsg gSaA ysfdu lkjs lfEeJ.k cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk rS;kj fd;s vkSj vkiwfrZ
fd;s tkrs gSaA
[krjukd xHkZ fujks/kd cgqjk’Vªh; lkezkT;okn ds xqIr gfFk;kj

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa] fo”o cSad vkSj vUrjjk’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k }kjk Fkksis x;s
lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;ZØeksa dh vfuok;Z “krZ gS tula[;k fu;a=.kA gkykafd bl “krZ
dk yksxksa dh ftanxh csgrj cukus ls dksbZ eryc ugha ij ;g “krzZ lqfuf”pr djrh gS fd
gj gFkd.Mk viuk dj gj gkyr esa fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh tula[;k dks fu;af=r fd;k tk;
vkSj lkFk esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s tk jgs [krjukd xHkZ fujks/kdksa dks cspdj Hkkjh
equkQk Hkh dek;k tk;A fiNys rhu n”kdka ls ljdkj dk ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe vesfjdh
vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls tqM+h “krksZa ds vuqlkj py jgk FkkA ftlds fy;s ljdkj us xHkZ fujks/kdksa
ds LFkku ij ulcUnh ij tksj fn;k] ijUrq tksj tcjnLrh ulcUnh djus ds jktuSfrd
nq’ifj.kke lkeus vk;s rks ;g uhfr R;kx nh x;h vkSj xHkZ fujks/kd nokb;ksa dks izksRlkgu
fn;k x;kA
Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks xsgw¡&pkoy ds chp pquko dj HkjisV [kkuk fnykus esa vleFkZ
jgh ljdkj bl ckr ds fy;s rS;kj Fkh fd bu Hkw[kh vkSjrksa dks nqfu;k dh ubZ xHkZ fujks/kd
nok feysA 60 ds n”kd esa btkn T;knkrj xHkZ fujks/kd] gkeksZu ij vk/kkfjr yEch vof/k
rd vlj j[kus okys jlk;u gh FksA buesa d`f=e gkeksZu bLVªkt s u vkSj izkstsLVªku ds
vyx&vyx feJ.kksa ls cus xHkZ fujks/kd “kkfey Fks] ftUgsa [kkus dh xksfy;ksa ls ysdj lqb;ksa]
peM+h ds vUnj jksis tkus okys dSIlwy] ;ksfu esa j[ks tkus okys NYyksa] ukd esa fNM+dh tkus
okyh nokb;ksa ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;kA bLVªkstu o izkstsLVªku ds la;ksx ls cuh ;s
nokb;k¡ xEHkhj chekfj;ksa dk dkj.k cuha] ftuesa fny o jäpki dh chekjh] Fkôs teus dh
chekjh] dSalj] ikpu lEcU/kh xM+cfM+;k¡] Hkzw.k ij foijhr vlj okyh chekfj;k¡ “kkfey FkhA
blh nkSjku nks ubZ izdkj dh lqb;ksa dk Hkh vkfo’dkj gqvkA teZuh dh ^”ksfjax , th^ uked
dEiuh }kjk cuk;h ûsV&bu^ o vesfjdk dh vitk¡u dEiuh }kjk cukbZ ^fMiks izksosjkÂ usV
bu vkSj fMiks izksosjk lqb;ksa ds xEHkhj izHkko vkSjrksa ds “kjhj ij iM+rs gSa] lqbZ yxokus ds
ckn vkSjrksa dk “kjhj Qwy tkrk gS] pôj vkrs gSa] ljnnZ dh f”kdk;r] Fkdku] Hkw[k u yxuk]
vFkok vR;f/kd Hkw[k yxuk] oSokfgd lEc/kksa vkSj fdlh dks gj le; [kwu fjlrk jgrk gSA
vxj os cPps dks Lruiku djk jgh gSa rks nw/k dh ek=k o xq.koÙkk ij vlj iM+rk gSA isV
o Lruksa dks Nwus ls nnZ] ?kcjkgV o mnklh dh chekjh] ,ythZ] ân; jksx [kwu ds Fkôs teus
dh chekjh Hkh gks ldrh gSA dqy feykdj Msiks izksosjk ds fuekZrk us 78 nq’izHkkoksa dks Lohdkj
fd;k gSA ,d ckj yxokus ds ckn nqckjk vkSjrsa buds ikl QVdrh Hkh ughaA ijUrq budh
fuekZrk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;kaA ¼”kksfjax , th o vitkWu½ ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk D;ksafd
bUgksaus fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa vius cktkj <wa< fy;s] tgk¡ dh ljdkjsa igys ls gh tula[;k
fu;a=.k ds fy;s gkFk iSj ekj jgha FkhaA fMiks izksosjk ds ijh{k.kksa ls gh Kkr gks pqdk Fkk fd
blds iz;ksx ls dSalj gksrk gS ijUrq bldh fuekZrk dEiuh dh bruh Åij rd igq¡p Fkh fd
;s xHkZ fujks/kd fcØh ds fy;s cktkjksa esa vk x;sA vesfjdk esa MkDVj dkyh peM+h dh
pg. 15
fd”kksfj;ka dks ml le; ls fMiks izksosjk yxkrs pys vk jgs gSa tc ogk¡ dh ljdkj us bls
Lohd`fr rd ugha nh FkhA blh rjg U;wthySaM ds vkfnokfl;ksa o baxySaM ds v”osrksa dks ;g lqbZ
yxkbZ tk jgh gS] vkSj vc rhljh nqfu;k ds vU; eqYdksa esa bldk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk jgk
gSA fMiks izksosjk dh Hkqä Hkksxh os lHkh euq’; iztkfr;k¡ gSa ftudh la[;k dks lhfer j[kuk “osr
uLy dh vxqokbZ cuk, j[kus ds fy;s vko”;d gSA
,M~l vkSj d.Mkse dk O;kikj

,M~l dk gYyk epk dj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ¼lkFk gh lkFk ns”kh dEifu;ksa us
Hkh½ us d.Mkse dk cktkj [kM+k fd;k gS vkSj dbZ lkS djksM+ :i;s dk lkykuk equkQk dek
jgh gSaA gkykafd ,M~l [krjukd chekjh gS vkSj ;kSu lalxZ ds vykok dbZ vU; rjhdksa ls
Hkh bldk izlkj gksrk gSA tSls bUtsD”ku dh lqbZ }kjk] jä ysus ls ,oa ilhus ds lEidZ
}kjkA ijUrq cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh “kg ij ,M~l dks jksdus ds ftu rjhdksa dks T;knk
izpkfjr fd;k tk jgk gS muesa gSa lqjf{kr lEHkksx vkSj d.Mkse dk iz;ksxA MkDVj ykMZ vks
dfyaXl ds vuqlkj ,d ckj ds ;kSu lEidZ ls 0-1&1 izfr”kr lqbZ ls 0-5&1 izfr”kr] jä
p<+k, tkus ls 0-9 izfr”kr ,M~l gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA bl rjg laØfer O;fä ds
lkFk lEHkksx ;k lqbZ ds bLrseky vkSj jä p<+kus ls ,M~l gksus dh cjkcj lEHkkouk,a jgrh
gSaA ns”k esa ;kSu lEcU/kksa ds yk;d flQZ 30% yksx gh gSa tks vf/kdrj vius thou lkFkh
ds vykok fdlh vU; ls ;kSu lEidZ ugha cukrsA nwljh rjQ cPps ls ysdj cw<+s rd
bUtsD”ku dh lqbZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vr% bl jkLrs ,M~l QSyus dh lEHkkouk,a cgqr vf/kd
gSaA blds vykok jänku }kjk bl chekjh dk gksuk yxHkx r; gSA vkSj vHkh Hkh gekjs ns”k
esa 50 izfr”kr ekeyksa esa jä fcuk tkap ds gh p<+k fn;s tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa fo”ks’k fLFkfr;kssa
esa mi;qZä nksuka rjhdksa ls ,M~l izlkj dh T;knk lEHkkoukvksa dks utj vankt dj ;kSu
lEidkasZ dks gh eq[; ftEesnkj ekuuk if”pe dk izHkko vkSj d.Mkse fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dh
igqap dk gh ifj.kke gSA foyklh miHkksäkoknh laLd`fr ds bl nkSj esa d.Mkse laLd`fr vkSj
ml dk izpkj fookgsÙkj ;kSu lEcU/kksa dks c<+kdj bl chekjh dh tM+ dks gjk gh cuk;saxsA
gekjs ns”k esa yxHkx 40 djksM+ :i;s dk d.Mkse ns”kh dEifu;k¡ vkSj bruk gh
d.Mkse fons”kh dEifu;k¡ csp jgh gSaA fons”kh d.Mkseksa ds ckjs esa ;g ckr [kkl rkSj ls
mYys[kuh; gS fd 1982 ls gh ljdkj us buds vk;kr ij ls lhek “kqYd lEkkIr dj fn;k
Fkk vkSj ml QSlys ds ckn gh ns”k dk cktkj fons”kh d.Mkseka ls Hkj x;kA djhc 25&30
,tsfUl;k¡ tkiku] dksfj;k] rkboku] gkaxdkax] FkkbyS.M oxSjk ls d.Mkse Fkksd ds Hkko eaxkrh
vkSj csprh gSaA djhc 20 ns”kh o 80 fons”kh czkaMks vFkkZr 100 ls T;knk czkaMks esa 100 djksM+
ls T;knk d.Mkse lkykuk fcd jgs gSaA
xHkZ fujks/kd nok,¡
czkaM jklk;fud fuekZrk dEiuh D;k gS dSls dke leL;k;sa Hkkjr esa
uke uke djrk gS iz;ksx dk
Lrj
pg. 16
usV bu LVhjkW;M “ksfjax ,- th- nks eghus fi;w’k fcuk pkSFkk

ukjsfFkLVs”ku ¼teZuh½ esa fn;k xzfUFk ds tkudkjh pj.k
,uUFksV tkus gkeksZu dks ds ;g lekIr gks
¼la”ysf’kr okyk gSA jksdrk ;g batsD”ku pqdk gS
izkstsLVªsjku½ bUtSD”ku v.Mk fn;k tk “kgjksa esa
idus vkSj ldrk gSA bLrseky
v.MksRlxZ bldk ds fy;s
dks jksdrk nq’izHkko rS;kj
gSA ugh [kRe
gks ldrk
gS
Msiks fMik vitkWu gj nks v.MksRlxZ ekgokjh izfrcfU/kr
izksosjk eSMjkSDlh dEiuh eghuksa esa jksdrk gSA pØ esa ekdsZV
izkstsLVsjkWu ¼;w-,l-,½ ekal xzzho nks’k iSnk fujh{k.k
,flVsV isf”k;ksa esa “ys’ek dks djrk gSA ds ckn
fn;k tkus “kqØk.kq dSalj] cktkj esa
okyk xzg.k jäpki ykus dh
bUtsD”ku djus ls tSlh vuqefr
jksdrk chekfj;k¡ fey x;h
gS] xHkkZ”k; iSnk gSA
dh Bgjus djrk gSA
ds nhokjksa
dks xHkZ
vuqi;qä
cukrk gSA
ekyk de ek=k dh vuqiyC/k [kkus dh v.MksRlxZ lHkh fcuk
Mh ,LVªksu o xksfy; dks jksdrk nq’izHkko MkDVj dh
izkstsLVªku dh gSA tks nwljs iphZ ds
xksfy;k xHkkZ”k; d`f=e cktkj ls
dh gkeksZu ls
nhokjsa xHkZ gksrs [kjhnh tk
BgjusgSaA fu;fer ldrh gSA
ds lsou u
vuqi;qä djus ls
cukrh gSA vlj ugha
jgrkA
pg. 17
vkj- ;w- izksLVkXykfUMu gks,LV ,- th- [kkus dh vuqiyC/k 49 fnuksa Cktkj esa
496 gkeksZu ¼teZuh½ xksfy;k¡ ds ckn miyC/k
:lSy ysus ls
;wDySQ xHkZikr
ugha gksrk
o cPpk
fodykax
iSnk gks
ldrk gSA
Ukj fyok fy;jkt bUtsD”ku vuqiyC/k ek¡l vuqiyC/k
IykaV ukjtsLVªky] QkekZL;qfVdy] isf”k;k
d`f=e fQu yS.M <hyh iM+
izkstsLVªku }kjk tkrh gSA
gkeksZu fufeZr egkokjh
xM+cM+k
tkrh gSA
csgks”kh
vkus
yxrh gSA
lgsyh lsaVks dkseu lh- Mh-vkj- [kkus dh vuqiyC/k flj cktkj esa
¼xSj gkeksZfud vkbZ- y[kuÅ xksfy;k¡ pdjkuk MkDVj
jlk;u½ dh [kkst vkSj ikpu dh dh lykg
fgUnqLrku leL;k,a ij
ySVsDl dk miyC/k
mRiknu
iztuu ,aVh g;weu us”kuy Vhdk xHkkZ/kku vuqiyC/k iz;ksx dk

jks/kd dkfj;k¡fud baLVhV~;wV ds f[kykQ igyk
Vhdk Vhdk vkQ izfrjks/kd pj.k
bE;wuksykth {kerk
pg. 18
ubZ fnYyh fodflr

djrk gS
ßeqä ;kSuß dh laLd`fr vkSj mls d.Mkse }kjk lqj{kk dop iguk dj izpkfjr
djus ls ;qokvksa dh mtkZ dk izokg fdl fn”kk esa eksM+ fn;k x;k gS ;g vyx ls ,d cgqr gh
xEHkhj loky gSA
fLeFkykbu chpe dEiuh dk [krjukd Vhdk

cPpksa dh xys dh chekjh eEil dh jksdFkke ds fy;s ^;wjsc LVsªu^ ds Vhds
ds Hk;kud nq’izHkkoksa dks ns[krs gq, tkiku] dukMk vkSj baXyS.M us blds bLrseky ij jksd
yxk nh gSA dukMk vkSj baXyS.M ds MkDVjksa ds eqrkfcd ;wjsc Vhdk yxkus ds ckn cPpksa esa
fnekxh cq[kkj vkSj fnekx dh Åijh ijr rFkk es: jTtw ij lwtu dk vlj ik;k x;kA
ijUrq Hkkjr ljdkj bu lcls cs[kcj gS ;k cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dk izHkko gS fd vkt Hkh ;g
Vhdk xkaokas esa cM+s iSekus ij bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA ;|fi fLeFkykbu chpe dEiuh us
bl Vhds dk mRiknu cUn djuk r; dj fy;k gS ijUrq Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa bl Vhds dk
Hkkjh LVkd tek gS vkSj ljdkj mldk mi;ksx tkjh j[ks gq, gSA
[krjukd VwFkisLV
xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ,d v/;;u esa bl ckr ij xEHkhj
vlarks’k O;ä fd;k x;k fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds xSax us fdl izdkj ßnok vkSj dkLesfVd
,DV&1992ß dh /kfTTk;k¡ mM+k nhA bl dkuwu esa ¶yksjkbM feys gq, VwFkisLVksa dh fcØh ij
dqN ikcfUn;k¡ yxk nh x;h FkhaA jk’Vªh; is;ty vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s bl nLrkost esa
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ¶yksjksfll uked chekjh ¼ftlesa gfM~M;k¡ detksj gks tkrh gSa] nkar fxj tkrs gSa½
ds f[kykQ yM+ jgs LokLF; dfeZ;ksa ,oa vU; fo”ks’kKksa dks lpsr fd;k x;k gSA 90 ist ds bl
nLrkost esa dgk x;k gS fd ¶yksjksfll uked chekjh mu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd gksrh gS tgk¡ is;ty
esa ¶yksjkbM dh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA
1945 ds nok vkSj dkLesfVd dkuwu esa la”kks/ku djrs gq, cuk, x;s ^nok vkSj
dkLesfVd ,DV& 1992^ ds ykxw gksus ls igys gh ljdkj ,d xtV uksVhfQds”ku }kjk
VwFkisLV fuekZrkvksa ds fy;s rhu “krksZa dh lwph cuk pqdh FkhA igyh] dksbZ Hkh VwFkisLV esa
¶yksjkbM dh ek=k 1000 ih- ih- ,e- ¼ikVZ ij fefy;u½ ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg;s nwljs]
izR;sd VwFkisLV fMCcs ij cukus vkSj vuqi;ksxh gksus dh rkjh[ksa lqLi’V fy[kh tkuh pkfg,A
rhljs] izR;sd VwFkisLV V~;wc ij ;g psrkouh fy[kh gksuh pkfg, fd 7 o’kZ ls de ds cPps
¶yksjkbM ;qä VwFkisLV dk bLrseky ugha djsaxsA ijUrq ;g uksVhfQds”ku tc tkjh gqvk rks
blesa cPpksa dh psrkouh okyh “krZ gh xk;c gks x;hA nLrkost dh lEiknd vky bf.M;k
baLVhV~;wV vkQ esfMdy lkbalst dh Mk- ,- ds- lq”khyk us crk;k fd ,slk VwFkisLV fuekZrk
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ncko eas fd;k x;kA D;ksafd ;s dEifu;k¡ pkgrh Fkh fd Hkkjrh;
pg. 19
ljdkj dksbZ dM+k :[k u viuk;s] vU;Fkk lkjs fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh ljdkjsa bl rjg dk
dkuwu cuk nsaxh vkSj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vjcksa :i;s dk dkjksckj lekIr gks tk;sxkA
Mk- lq”khyk us ,d [kkeh dh vksj vkSj b”kkjk fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡
;g rks fy[k nsrh gSa fd fuekZ.k ds le; VwFkisLV eas 1000 ih- ih-,e- ls de ¶yksjkbM
feyk;k x;k gS] ijUrq ftu dPps eky dk bLrseky VwFkisLV cukus eas gksrk gS mlesa Lo;a
dHkh&dHkh bl lhek ls T;knk ¶yksjkbM gksrk gSA fo”ks’kKksa us fQj ekax dh gS fd nok vkSj
dkLesfVd ,DV & 92 ea Hkh bl fn”kk esa la”kks/ku gksus pkfg;sA
D;k VwFkisLV esa ¶yksjkbM feyk;k tkuk pkfg,] bl ij fiNys o’kksZa ls yxkrkj
cgl pyrh jgh gSA D;ksafd ¶yksjksfll uked chekjh dk dksbZ bykt ugha gS vkSj bls dsoy
¶yksjkbM dh ek=k ls fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu isLV fuekZrk dEifu;ksa ij D;k
vlj iM+rk gSA mUgsa rks vf/kd ls vf/kd equkQs ls erycA
cwpM [kkus ls [kwu vkSj gfM~M;k¡ nok dEifu;k¡ ys tkrh gSa

fnYyh ds bZnxkg cwpM+[kkus ls jkstkuk fudyus okyk 13 gtkj yhVj [kwu
cM+h&cM+h nok dEifu;k¡ VkWfud cukus ds fy;s ys tkrh gSaA [kklrkSj ij xHkZorh efgykvksa
ds fy;s i”kqvksa ds [kwu ls cuus okyk ^MsDlksjsat^ VkWfud cgqr yksdfiz; gSA [kwu gh ugha]
dkVs x;s i”kqvksa ds rdjhcu gj vax dk bLrseky VwFkisLV] ljsl] Qsohdksy] phuh ds cjru]
luekbdk] balwfyu bUtsaD”ku vkfn cukus esa gksrk gSA cwpM+ [kkus esa lc tkuojka dk feyk
tqyk [kwu bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gSaA blds ckotwn nok cukus okyh dEifu;ksa dks [kwu dh
deh iM+rh jgrh gSA
[kwu ds lkFk&lkFk ckdh vaxks dk bLrseky Hkh nokbZ vkSj dbZ nwljh phtsa cukus
esa fd;k tkrk gSA budh gfM~M;ksa dks tykdj mldk ikmMj VwFkisLV] phuh ds crZu vkSj
luekbdk cukusa esa bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA yCck ¼dysth ds fiÙks ds ikl dk VqdMk½ dk
bLrseky cjukSy V~;wc cukus vkSj balqfyu bUtsD”ku esa gksrk gSA gkstM+h ¼tkuojka ds isV dh
FkSyh ftlesa [kkuk tek gksrk gS½ ls isiVwu cuk;k tkrk gSA tkuojka dk yhoj Hkh VkWfud
bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
ePNj ekj nok,a ?kkrd gSa

,d rjQk tgk¡ vuqla/kkudrkZ ePNjksa ls eqfä ds fy;s ijs”kku gSa ogha nwljh rjQ cgqjk’Vªh;
m|ksx ePNj Hkxkus okyh nok,a vkSj vU; midj.k dkQh cM+ iSekus ij cukus esa yxs gq, gSaA
ePNjekj nokvksa vkSj midj.kksa dks cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr] foKkfir vkSj fcØh fd;k tk jgk
gSA djksM+ksa vjcksa MkWyj dk budk dkjksckj gks x;k gS midj.kksa vkSj nokvksa ls ePNj rks
Hkkxrs gSa ijUrq ekuo LokLFk ij budk xEHkhj vlj iMrk gSA
fiNys fnuksa fo”o LokLF; laxBu us crk;k fd ePNjksa ls cpus ds fy;s fudyh
vf/kdrj nokvksa esa esYQksôhu uked jlk;u gksrk gS tks fnekx vkSj “kjhj ds fy;s ?kkrd
gks ldrk gSA gekjs ns”k esa ePNjekj nokvksa esa dqN ,sls dhVuk”kdksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gS
pg. 20
tks vU; ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSaA blh dkj.k fuekZrk dEifu;k¡ dhVuk”kd mRiknksa dh lajpuk dh
tkudkjh dk [kqyklk Hkh ugha djrhaA
cktkj eas fcd jgs bu ePNjekj czkaM+ks esa fo’kSys jlk;u ^Mh&,Fkhyhu^ dk
bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS ftlds yxkrkj mi;ksx ls LokLF; ds fy;s [krjk iSnk gks ldrk
gSA LokLF; fo”ks’kKksa ds vuqlkj fctyh ls pyus okys midj.kksa esa tks /kq¡vk fudyrk gS
mles QkslQhu uked xSl ls fljnnZ] ,ythZ] ukd esa [kq”dh] gksBksa dk lw[kuk] xys esa [kjk”k
oxSjk gks tkrh gSA blds yxkrkj iz;ksx ls ne ?kqVus vkSj lk¡l :dus dh fLFkfr cu tkrh gS
tks fny vkSj nek ds ejhtksa ds fy;s ?kkrd gks ldrh gSA
vf/kdka”k LokLF; fo”ks’kK lcls T;knk fpafrr rks mu cPPkksa ds fy;s gSa ftUgsa
tUe ls ePNj ekj nokvksa dks >syuk iM+rk gSA T;knkrj ek¡&cki vius cPpka ds fudV
dNqvk Nki] dSLij ;k xqM ukbV tyk nsrs gSa rkfd mUga ePNj u yxsA cPps T;knk rhoz
xfr ls lkal ysrs gSa blfy;s ;g /kqavk T;knk rsth ls cPpksa ds QsQMksa esa tkrk gSA vkSj cPps
chekfj;ksa dk f”kdkj gks tkrs gSaA ;g /kqavk xHkZorh efgykvksa ij Hkh izHkko Mkyrk gS] ftlds
izHkko ls eancqf) ;k fodykax cPps iSnk gks ldrs gSaA LokLF; fo”ks’kKksa us ePNjekj Øhe dks
Hkh gkfudkjd crk;k gSA bu Øheksa esa ,sls inkFkZ feyk;s tkrs gSa ftudh [kq”kcw ls ePNj nwj
Hkkxrs gSaA bl Øhe ls Ropk ij >qfjZ;k¡ iM+ ldrh gSaA Ropk ij gYds&gYds nkus o [kkfj”k
gks ldrh gSA
bu nokb;ksa ds LFkku ij lqjf{kr fof/k;ka dk yksxksa dks Kku djk;k tkuk cgqr
t:jh gSA ePNjnkuh lcls lLrk o lqjf{kr rjhdk gSA ePNjksa dk iztuu :ds gq, ikuh esa
gksrk gSA blhfy;s jgus ds LFkkuka ij ikuh dk teko ugha gksuk pkfg;sA
pg. 21
vuko”;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu

Hkkjr ikjjk’Vªh; fuxeka }kjk izfrcaf/kr vuko”;d vkSj uqdlkunsg nokvksa dks
[kikus dk cgqr cM+k cktkj jgk gSA ns”k dh tyok;q vkSj ;gk¡ QSyus okys fofHké jksxksa ds
eqrkfcd bUgksaus dHkh Hkh nokvksa dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;kA Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls Vh-ch-] dq’B
jksx] vka=Toj] isfpl] Qkbysfj;k ds ejht vkf/kd gSaA bl le; cktkj esa 50 ls 60 gtkj
izdkj ds QkeZwys”ku miyC/k gSaA ysfdu foMEcuk gS fd Vh-ch] eysfj;k] isfpl rFkk Qkbysfj;k
tSls jksxksa dh nokvksa dh cktkj esa deh gSA gkFkh desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk fd 117
;k 150 nok,¡ gh vR;ko”;d gSa tks 89&90 izfr”kr yksxksa dh jksx ds O;kf/k esa dke vkrh
gSaA fo”o LokLF; laxBu dh ,d fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd Hkkjr esa izpfyr jksxksa ds bykt ds
fy, ek= 250 nokvksa dh t:jr gSa ewy mRiknku tks O;kid iSekus ij nokvksa dh t:jrksa
dks iwjk djrk gS] og cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka }kjk cgqr gh de rS;kj fd;k tkrk jgk gS] ;gk¡
rd dh y?kq {ks= ls Hkh deA lu~ 1973 esa bl ns”k esa 5]300 Vu ewy jlk;u ¼cYd½ dk
mRiknu gqvk] buesa ls ek= 10 izfr”kr dk mRiknu lk/ku lEié VsDukWykth ds ek/;e ls
bu fons”kh vkSj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us fd;k FkkA ckdh 90 izfr”kr dk mRiknu Hkkjrh;
turk vkSj futh laLFkkvksa us fd;k FkkA jk’Vªh; {ks= eaas 33 izfr”kr mRiknu gqvkA uhps ds
vk¡dM+ bls vkSj Hkh Li’V djrs gSaA
ewy jlk;u dk mRiknu ¼fofHké {ks=ksa ds }kjk½
{ks= ¼#i;s&djksM+ esa½

lkoZtfud {ks= 1976&77 1983&84 1992&93
Hkkjrh; futh {ks= 43 61 102
y?kq {ks= 25 155 840
cgqjk’Vªh; 10 74 330
dEifu;k¡
¼Qsjk ,Dl ,oa 63 65 84
Qsjk nksuksa½
lzksr % gkFkh desVh Vw 1978 Mªx ikWfylhA , tuhZ bu fjolZ MkbjsD”kuA ts- ,l- etwenkj
¼us”kuy dEisu dfeVh Qkj Mªx ikWfylh] jktsUnz uxj] }kjk izdkf”kr rFkk Mªx ,D”ku
usVodZ ds lzksrka ls½A
bl ckr esa fdlh lansg dh xqatkb”k ugha fd fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us nok
m|ksx ij viuk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir djus ,oa csrgk”kk equkQk dekus dh uh;r ls lewps
pg. 22
uSfrd ekunaMks] jk’Vªh; dkuwuksa vkSj ok;nksa dks rksM+k gSA Hkkjr lesr xjhc eqYdksa dks bu
dEifu;ksa us viuh tkxhj cuk j[kk gSA gekjs ns”k esa ftu jksxksa dh cgqyrk gS vkSj muds
bykt ds fy;s nok,¡ vko”;d gSa mudk mRiknu ;s dEifu;k¡ vius Qk;ns dh xf.kr lgh
djus ds fy;s u ds cjkcj djrh gSaA blds cnys ;s ,slh nokvksa vkSj VkWfudksa dk mRiknu
djrh gSa tks xSj&t:jh gksrh gSaA ysfdu ftlesa equkQs dk izfr”kr vis{kkd`r cgqt T;knk
gksrk gSA uhps fn;s x;s vk¡dM+ksa ls ;g ckr Li’V gks tkrh gSA
nok dk uke dEiuh dk uke Vuqeksfnr mRiknu 1973 ds o’kZ esa
“kfä mRiknu
DyksjeQsfudky 1- ikdZ Msfol 20 Vu 11-79 Vu
¼fe;knh cq[kkj 2- cks;fjaxj uy 30 Vu 19-58 Vu
dh nok½ 3- eSd 25 Vu 0-47 Vu
yscksjsVjht
lYQkfMfefMu 1- es- ,.M csdj 210 Vu 0-04 Vu
iSl 120 Vu 56-06 Vu
¼Vh- ch- dh 300 Vu 135-82 Vu
nok½
vkb- ,u- ,p- 1- ck;ks bokal 10 Vu 0-13 Vu
¼Vh- ch- dh 2- okuZj 1-6 Vu 0-06 Vu
nok½ fgUnqLrku 90-0 Vu 6-24 Vu
lzksr % feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mªx baMLVªh ¼Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka
dh dkyh Nk;k& MkW- lej jk; pkS/kjh ds i`’B la[;k 24 ls mn~/k`r½
gkFkh desVh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS& ßHkkjr ljdkj dk funsZ”k Fkk fd ftu
dEifu;ksa dk okf’kZd mRiknu dk foØ; ewY; 2 djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd gS] os vxj ekSfyd
jlk;u dk mRiknu ugha djsa rks mUga u;h mi;ksxh nokvksa dks rS;kj djus dh btktr ugha
nh tk;sxh] ysfdu vusd fons”kh ,oa cgqjk’Vªh; izfr’Bku Å¡ps ewY; esa ewy jlk;u dk vk;kr
dj QkeZwys”ku rS;kj dj jga gSa vkSj bl rjg os ljdkjh funsZ”kksa dk mYya?ku dj jgs gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjrh; ;wfuVsa ekjh tk jgh gSaA 66 cgqjk’Vªh; ;wfuVksa esa es ek= 19 izfr’Bkuksa
us lu~ 1973 eas ewy jlk;u dk mRiknu fd;k gSA
Hkkjr tSls xjhc eqYd esa tgk¡ vkt Hkh 60 Qhlnh ls vf/kd yksx xjhch dh
js[kk ds uhps th jgs gksa chekfj;ksa dk ,d eq[; dkj.k dqiks’k.k gqvk djrk gSA blfy,
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us bldk [kwc Qk;nk mBk;kA foVkfeu vkSj izksVhu;qä dSIlwyksa] VSCysVksa
rFkk VkWfud lhji rS;kj djds cktkj easa >ksad fn;kA ysfdu vlfy;r ;g Fkh fd bUgksaus
ftruk foVkfeu vkSj izksVhu ugha fn;k mlls vf/kd [kwu xjhcka dh gfM~M;ksa ls fupksM+
fy;kA uhps ds vk¡dM+s crkrs gSa &
pg. 23
uke izksVhu dh ek=k ewY; ¼yksdy

VSDl vykok½
izksVhU;wYl ¼vysfEcd½ 90 xzke ¼225 xzke Vhu esa½ 27-83 :i;s
izkseksykWu ¼lkjk HkkbZ½ 90 xzke ¼225 xzke Vhu esa½ 18-54 :i;s
VªksQkWDl ¼jSIVkdkl½ 100 xzke ¼250 xzke Vhu esa½ 41-44 :i;s
ghizks fyfOdM ¼vesfjdu 13 xzke ¼200 feyh- esa½ 19-90
jsesMht½
,YizksfoV ¼,Yde½ 13 xzke ¼200 feyh- esa½ 17-60 :i;s
lzksr % ßMªx baMLVªh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqyß iqLrd esa MkWDVj oh- czg~e jsM~Mh ds ys[k
ßbu,lsUly ,.M ;wtysl MªXl bu n ekdsZVß ls lkHkkjA
,d o;Ld O;fä ¼60 fdyksxzke otu½ dks 60 xzke izfrfnu ds fglkc ls izksVhu dh
t:jr iM+rh gSA ,d cPps ¼10 fdyks½ dks 30&40 xzae izksVhu izfrfnu pkfg,A bl rjg ;fn
,d cPps dks mfPkr ek=k esa izksVhu fn;k tk; rks izksVhU;wy ¼225 xzke Vhu okyh½ dk fMCck
dsoy rhu fnu pysxk vkSj bl izdkj izfrfnu dk [kpZ 10 :i;k gksxkA vxj izksVhu dk
fyfOdM fn;k tk;s rks nks cksry ls vf/kd jkst nsuk gksxk ftldh dher 35&50 :i;s gksxhA
tcfd bldk ,d fodYi rS;kj fd;k x;k gS ftls gSnjkckn QkeZwyk dgk tkrk gS ¼ts- bZ-
ikVZ ds ,l- ih- ,e- ds VsDLV cqd ls fy;k x;k gS½A
rRo ek=k dher
xsgw¡ 400 xzke 2-00 :i;s
caxkyh puk 160 xzke 1-00 :i;s
ew¡xQyh 100 xzke 0-80 :i;s
rkM+ xqM+ ;k “kôj 200 xzke 1-00 :i;s
dqy ;ksx 860 xzke 4-80 :i;s
lzksr% ßMªx b.MLVªh ,.M n bf.M;u ihiqyß ds i`’B la[;k 118 ls
blesa dqy izksVhu dh ek=k 113 xzke gksxhA ;fn ;g ,d cPps dks fn;k tk;s
rks izfrfnu dk [kpZ 1 :i;s] 25 iSls iMs+xk tc fd izksVhu fyfOdM dk [kpZ izfrfnu 35
:i;s iMs+xkA gSnjkckn ikmMj esa Hkjiwj foVkfeu] izksVhu ,oa vU; iks’kd rRo gksaxs] gk¡] ;g
pepekrs [kksy eas ughaa yisVk gksxk vkSj u gh blds ihNs foKkiu ,oa izpkj dh vkØked
,oa fgald rduhd gh dke dj jgh gksxhA ysfdu pepekrh iSfdax ls rks foVkfeu vkSj
vU; iks’kd rRo feyrs ughaA
blh rjg XySDlks dEiuh 200 xzke ds Xywdkst ds fMCcs ij yxHkx 10&12
:i;s olwyrh gS] bl rjg 1 fdyks ds fMCcs dk nke 50 :i;s gqvkA bldk lsou detksjh]
isfpl] fMgkbMsª”ku] bUQsfDVo gsikVkbfVl esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu jksxksa esa ejht dks
pg. 24
dkcksZgkbMsªV dh t:jr i³+rh gSA 250 xzke phuh esa 1000 xzke dSyksjh ds cjkcj dkcksZgkbMsªV izkIr
gksrk gS ftldh dher ¼vkt c<s+ gq, nke ij Hkh½ pkj :i;s gqbZA tcfd bruh dSyksjh ds fy,
yxHkx 14 :i;s dk Xywdkst ysuk iM+rk gSA XySDlks dk nkok gS fd ;g Xywdkst ek= 15
feuV esa “kjhj ds Hkhrj ÅtkZ esa rCnhy gks tkrk gS] ysfdu brus gh le; esa phuh Hkh ÅtkZ dk
:i ys ysrh gSA bl rjg ;fn gekjk dke phuh ls py ldrk gS rks gea dbZ xquk vf/kd nke
nsdj XySDlks dEiuh ds Qk;ns esa btkQk D;ksa djuk pkfg,A
blh izdkj foVkfeu ch-1] ch-6] ch-12 tks U;jksfc;ku] ¼bZ- eVZ½] esØkcsfju ¼XySDlks½
tSls reke izpfyr ukeksa ls curh vkSj fcdrh gSa] xSjt:jh gSaA felky ds rkSj ij 100
feyhxzke ds batsD”ku esa “kjhj foVkfeu ch-1 dh dsoy 1 ;k 2 feyhxzke] brus gh ds ch-6
ds batsD”ku esa “kjhj 1 xzke rFkk 1]000 feyhlsaVhxzke ds ch-12 ds batsD”ku esa “kjhj dsoy
2 ;k rhu feyh lsaVhxzke gh Lohdkj djrh gS] ckdh is”kkc ds lkFk ckgj fudy tkrk gSA
MkWDVjksa dk dguk gS fd foVkfeu ch-12 dh deh rks izk;% ns[kus dks feyrh gh ughaA ysfdu
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ budk vU/kk/kqU/k fuekZ.k djrh gSaA
Le`fr c<+kus ;k okil ykus] ekufld lUrqyu dks Bhd djus rFkk bl rjg dh
vU; chekfj;ksa ds fy, cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us bUlsQkckWy ¼bZ-edZ½] gkbMjfxo ¼lUMkst½ tSls
cgqr e¡gxs VSCysVksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS ftudh jkst dh [kqjkd ij 15&20 :i;s [kpZ gksrs
gSaA ysfdu vf/kdka”k MkWDVj ;g c[kwch tkurs gSa fd [kksbZ gqbZ ;knnk”r dks okil ykSVkus ds
fy, ;s lkjh nokb;k¡ fdlh Qk;ns dh ugha gSa] ysfdu ;g bu dEifu;ksa dh djkekr gS fd
budh vPNh&[kklh fcØh gksrh gSA jäóko dks jksdus ds fy, cuh fLVIVksfc;ku ¼bZ- edZ½
,oa LVsIVksØkWe ¼MkfYQu½ nokvksa dk Hkh jäóko dks jksdus esa dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gSA blh
rjg nnZuk”kd nokvksa tSls ,fLifju] ,Lizks] dksMkik;fju] ekbØksikbfju blh ds lkFk½ vkfn
dk Hkh iz;ksx mfpr ugha gksrkA ewyr% ;s u”ks dh xksfy;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj budk mi;ksx
uqdlkunk;d gksrk gSA blh dkj.k ls ;s dbZ ns”kksa esa izfrcaf/kr gSaA blh rjg ds reke
lhji] VkWfud] ch- dkEiysDl lhji] ikpd VkWfud vkfn xSj t:jh nok,¡ gSa tks cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkkjh iSekus ij rS;kj dh vkSj csph tkrh gSaA ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj ljdkjh
vLirkyksa dks NksM+dj 1973 esa ftruh nok,¡ cktkj esa fcdha] muesa VkWfudksa vkSj ikSf’Vd
nokvksa dk LFkku NBk FkkA equkQs ds Qans esa Qal dj ge ;g Hkh Hkwy x, fd vk/ks isV
vFkok Hkw[ks vkneh dks VkWfud ds lgkjs ftUnk ugha j[kk tk ldrk] Hkys gh og VkWfud cgqr gh
Lokfn’V] dherh] lqxaf/kr vkSj ns[kus esa lqUnj D;ksa u gksA fcdklqy] fcdkstkbe QksVZ]
ysMkjIysDl bR;knh foVkfeu lksus ds Hkko fcd jgs gSa ftUgs ge crZu&HkkaMs cspdj Hkh [kjhnus ds
fy, etwcj gksrs gSaA
yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd VkWfud dk lsou djus ls vkneh LoLFk gks tkrk
gSA ;g rF; iw.kZr;k Hkzked gSA oLrqr% ,d LoLFk “kjhj ds fy, VkWfud dh dksbZ vko”;drk
ugha gSA ysfdu vktdy VkWfud dk lsou ,d QS”ku dh rjg gks x;k gSA VkWfud ds uke
ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gea CySdesy dj jgh gSaA ,d cgqr mÙke fdLe ds VkWfud ds nke
ds nlosa fgLls ls Hkh de ewY; ds larqfyr vkgkj ls dgha T;knk iks’kd rRo izkIr gks tkrs
gSaA vkerkSj ij VkWfud esa ik;s tkus okys rRo cgqr de ek=k esa “kjhj ds fy, vko”;d
pg. 25
gksrs gSa vkSj mudk vlj nks ;k rhu ?kaVs rd gh jgrk gSA vr% vf/kd ek=k esa VkWafud ysus
ls og lkjs vko”;d rRo “kjhj }kjk xzg.k gksus ds ctk; ey ,oa ew= ds lkFk fudy tkrs
gSaA vkerkSj ls lHkh VkWfudksa esa dqN foVkfeu] [kfut] bUtkbe vkSj vYdksgy gksrk gSA ;s
lHkh phtsa izd`fr ds lzksrksa tSls nw/k] puk] v.Mk] Qyksa rFkk gjh lfCt;ksa esa cgqrk;r ls
feyrs gSaA izkd`frd lzksrka ls izkIr vko”;d rRo ekuo “kjhj esa vo”kksf’kr gks tkrs gSa rFkk
nke dh n`f’V ls Hkh lLrs iMrs gSaA ysfdu izpkj rFkk Hkzkediw.kZ c;kuckth ls cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;k¡ 500 djksM+ :i;s lkykuk dsoy VkWfud ls dekrh gSaA bl rjg ;s dEifu;k¡ VkWfud
ds uke ij gea cgdk dj gekjk “kks’k.k dj jgh gSaA xSj&t:jh rFkk vkd’kZd ukeksa ls
VkWfud cukdj bUgksaus gekjs ÅtkZ rFkk vko”;d iks’kd rRoka ds ijEijkxr lzksrka dks xkS.k
cuk fn;k vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa VkWfud laLd`fr QSyk;h gSA izpkj dh pdkpkSa/k esa va/kk gqvk
Hkkjrh; eku cSBk gS fd tks cPpk xzkbiokVj] cwLV] gsi gkfyZDl vkSj dkEIyku ugha fi;sxk
og eksVk&rktk ugha gks ldrkA vkxs nh x;h lwph esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s x;s
dh yEch QsgfjLr rFkk muds ijEijkxr izkd`frd ,oa vk;qosZfnd fodYi lq>k;s x;s
gSaA
ÅtkZ rFkk “kfä nsus okys VkWfud

VkWfud dk uke dEiuh dk uke fodYi
1- cwLV cwLV buds ?kjsyw lzksr nw/k] puk] tkS]
2-- gkfyZDl chpe xzqi v.Mk] Qy ,oa lfCt;k¡ gSaA
3- dkEiykWu chpe xqzi larqfyr vkgkj ysus ds i”pkr~
4- LiVZ okbUMj budh dksbZ vko”;drk gksus
5- izksVhusDl Qkbtj ij P;ouizk”k dk lsou fd;k
6- cksuZfoVk dSMcjht tk ldrk gSA
foVkfeu ;qä VkWfud
7- lsUVhfouh lUMkst ;s VkWfud Hkw[k c<+kus] Hkkstu
8- chdkMsDlkehu XySDlks ipkus rFkk foVkfeuksa dh deh
9- ch- th- Qkl esfjUM ls gksus okys jksxkas esa iz;qä gksrs
10- ikfyfo;ku edZ gSaA Hkw[k c<+kus okys ;s VkWfud
11- izSfDVu esfjUM vlgt <ax ls “kjhj dh
12- izksU;wVªhu lh-,Q-,y-QkekZ raf=dk ra= ij izHkko
13- uohZVksu ,ysfEcd Mkydj “kjhj esa fod`fr;k¡ iSnk
14- ehVkVksu ikdZ Msfol dj nsrs gSaA lHkh izdkj ds
foVkfeuksa dk vPNk lzks= nw/k]
15- U;wjksQkLQsV~l ,LdsQ gjh lfCt;k¡] ngh] VekVj]
16- vkfeYdky fxYVu uhacw] gjk fepkZ] ?kh
17- flYVku M~;wQj vkWoyk] iihrk] xktj rFkk
18- dkbusVksu cwV~l
19- lkbiku lhji thuh fofHké Qy gSaA fo”ks’k
pg. 26
20- U;wVªhfQy ckuZj ifjfLFkfr;ka esa nzk{kklo]

21- ,EcsfyDl es ,.M csdj vaxwjklo] v”oxa/kkfj’B]
22- ekfoZVk QkEMZ fladkjk] tsjh QksVZ lhji vkfn
23- vksjgsIVky edZ vk;qosZfnd VkWfud fy;s tk
24- flDlki ÝSadks bf.M;u ldrs gSaA blds
25- chVkgsDLV gsDLV vfrfjDr gksE;ksiSfFkd] ;wukuh
26- chVkIysDl bZLV bf.M;k ess Hkh csgrj fodYi fey
bfyfDlj tk;saxsA
27- tsfuV LdsQ
28- chdklwy
ykSg ;qä VkWfud
29- ,fuehMkDl edZ ;s VkWfud jäkYirk ¼,uhfe;k½ esa
30- MselksjsUt ÝSadks bf.M;u iz;qä gksrs gSaA mfpr ek=k esa
31- vkÅVªhu lk;ukfeM nw/k] lsc] gjh lfCt;k¡] xés dk
32- ohukstsu jSyhl jl] xqM+] vk¡oyk rFkk
33- dsIlksfoVQksVZ QkEMZ ikyd dk lkx lsou djus ls
34- M~;wekL;wYl Qkbtj ,uhfe;k dh dksbZ lEHkkouk
35- QlhZ ,Ydse ugha jgrh rFkk bu VkWfudksa
36- QsjksZfpysV vYoVZ MsfoM ds gkfudkjd izHkko ls cpk
37- QfoZV okYVj cq”kuSy tk ldrk gSA fo”ks’k
38- QhtksQksjstM bLdsQkekZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ykSgklo dk
39- QhtksfoVLiSUL;wy bLdsQkekZ lsou
40- QhyksusV ch ,ysfEcd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
41- ghesfVªu lUMkst
42- gsEQj ,Ydse
43- ghikL;wYl ck;ykftdy ^b^
44- vkboky ,ckV
45- beQjky jSyhl
46- tSDVksQj lh- ,Q- ,y- QkekZ
47- fyokstsu ,ysu cjhl
48- VksuksQksjku bZLV bf.M;k
49- gsi Y;qfiu
pg. 27
vkfFkZd nksgu
vktknh ds ckn [kkldj nokvksa ds {ks= esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks U;ksrus ds
ihNs tks mn~ns”; Fkk og ,d lky ds vUnj pdukpwj gks x;kA ns”k ds djksM+ksa ejhtksa ds
fy;s i;kZIr nokvksa dh iwfrZ rks gks gh ugha ldh] myVs ,d o’kZ dh vof/k ¼1951&52½ ds
nkSjku Hkkjr dks 15-6 djksM+ :i;s ds ewY; ds cjkcj nok;sa vk;kr djuh iM+haA bl xjhc
ns”k dh turk dh tsc ls djksM+ksa&vjcksa :i;k jkW;YVh ds uke ij bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds
tfj;s fons”k pyk tkrk gSA lkFk gh lkFk bu cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh equkQs dh jkf”k
lky&nj&lky c<+rh xbZA uhps lkj.kh ls Li’V gS &
dEiuh LFkkfir izkFkfed ewy/ku equkQk

¼a1972&73½
Qkbtj 1950 2 yk[k :i;s 585 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
cs;j bf.M;k 1958 4ß 232 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
XySDlks 1924 & 287 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
lkbukfeM 1947 1-50 394 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
jl 1958 10-00ß 175 ¼yk[k
izksMDVl :i;s½
fjpMZ 1964 0-02ß 50 ¼yk[k :i;s½
fgUnqLrku
¼2 gtkj :i;s½
lsaMkst 1947 10 ¼yk[k 117 ¼yk[k
:i;s½ :i;s½
vydyh 1937 & 248 ¼yk[k
dsfedy :i;s½
lhck 1947 3ß 196 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
2]294 ¼yk[k
:i;s½
lzksr% feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mªx baMLVªh

lkj.kh ls Li’V gS fd Qkbtj ¼vesfjdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh½ us lu~ 1950 esa ek=
nks yk[k :i;s dh iw¡th ls Hkkjr esa nok dk dkjksckj “kq: fd;k Fkk vkSj 22 osa o’kZ ¼1972&73½
pg. 28
esa 585 yk[k :i;s dk “kq) equkQk dek;kA 23 o’kksZa esa ewy/ku dh rqyuk esa 293 xquk dk
equkQk ;kuh 29 gtkj Qhlnh ls vf/kd dk equkQkA blh rjg ls vU; dEifu;ksa dk gSA
dqy 9 dEifu;ksa dk izkFkfed ewy/ku 30 yk[k 51 gtkj :i;s jgk vkSj budk equkQk 2]294
yk[k :i;s ¼23 djksM+½A ;fn bu dEifu;ksa ds lkykuk ykxr vkSj equkQs dk vkSlr ns[kk
tk; rks og Hkh dkQh pkSadkus okyk gSA uhps dh lkj.kh bl ckr dks iq’V djrh gS &
fons”kh dEifu;ksa dk ykxr ewy/ku vkSj equkQk ¼1971&72½
dEiuh dk ykxr ewy/ku VSDl nsus ds ckn dk “kq) ykHk
uke
XYkSDlks 30-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½ 175-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½
cs;j bf.M;k 6-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½ 154-64 ¼yk[k :i;s½
lhck xk;xh 70-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½ 114-46 ¼yk[k :i;s½
lkbukfeM 40-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½ 115-32 ¼yk[k :i;s½
es ,s.M csdj 180-00 ¼yk[k :i;s½ 201-77 ¼yk[k :i;s½
lzksr% fMDyjs”ku ,.M MkD;wesaV~l & us”kuy dkUosa”ku vku bdkukfed bafMisaMsaV~l ,.M
ilZisfDVo vkWQ Mªx baMLVªh] visZfMdl & XXII
XySDlks dEiuh 36 yk[k :i;s dh iw¡th yxkrh gS vkSj ikSus 2 djksM+ :i;s dk
equkQk dekrh gS ;kuh 5 xquk vksj izfr”kr dh Hkk’kk esa 500 izfr”krA cs;j bf.M;k dk
Qk;nk blds ykxr ewY; ls yxHkx 26 xquk vf/kd ;kuh 2]600 izfr”krA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs nok m|ksx esa yxkrkj c<+s gSaA LokLF; ds
O;kolk;hdj.k dh mudh uhfr;ksa us Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;ksa dk HkV~Bk cSBk fn;k gSA nok ds
ykblsal ij izlk/ku lkefxz;k¡ rFkk 90 Qhlnh ls vf/kd xSj&t:jh nok,¡ cukus okyh
dEifu;k¡ lcls Hkz’V vkSj Øwj rjhds viukdj Hkkjrh; cktkjksa ij viuk dCtk tek;ha gSaA
nwljh rjQ lLrh vkSj vf/kd mi;ksxh fodYi nsus okyh Hkkjrh; nok dEifu;k¡ ¼lkoZtfud ,oa
futh nksuka½ yxkrkj ?kkVs dk f”kdkj gksrh tk jgh gSaA bu dEifu;ksa dk ykHk fdl rjg
lky&nj&lky c<+k gSA ;g uhps ds vk¡dM+ksa ls Li’V gS %
dEiuh dk uke “kq) equkQk o’kZ 1971&72 “kq) equkQk o’kZ 1988&89
okjkst osYde 20-35 yk[k :i;s 540-00 yk[k :i;s

XySDlks 175-00 yk[k :i;s 760-00 yk[k :i;s
es ,s.M csdj 201-77 yk[k :i;s 394-00 yk[k :i;s
ikdZ Msfol 42-06 yk[k :i;s 306-00 yk[k :i;s
lSUMkst 32-93 yk[k :i;s 206-00 yk[k :i;s
ik¡p dEifu;k¡ 472-04 yk[k :i;s 2206-00 yk[k :i;s
Li’V gS fd bu dEifu;ka dk equkQk 17 lky esa yxHkx ik¡p xquk c<+k gSA ;kuh 500
izfr”krA
pg. 29
nokvksa ij gksus okys vjcksa&[kjcksa :i;s ds equkQs ls tc ;s nok dEifu;k¡

larq’V ugha gqbZ rks [ksrh&ckM+h esa bLrseky gksus okyh dhVekjd nokvksa ,oa vU; jlk;uksa ds
mRiknu {ks= esa ik¡o ilkjuk “kq: dj fn;kA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd vf/kdka”k nok dEifu;k¡
dhVekjd nok,¡ ,oa vU; d`f’k jlk;u Hkh cuk jgh gSaA buds ykHk ds izfr”kr esa o`f) dh
dkQh xqatkb”k jgrh gSA felky ds rkSj ij lhck xk;xh dEiuhA bl dEiuh us o’kZ 1988&89
esa 255-49 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj dhVuk”kh nokvksa dk dkjksckj fd;k] ftlesa bls 14-91
djksM+ :i;s dk “kq) equkQk gqvkA gekjs ns”k esa yxHkx 60 gtkj nok,¡ rS;kj dh tkrh gSa
ftlesa 90 Qhlnh ls vf/kd xSj&t:jh gSa bu xSj&t:jh nokvksa ij cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡
ns”k dk 2]500 djksM+ :i;k izfro’kZ ckgj ys tkrh gSaA 500 djksM+ :i;s dh uqdlkunsg
nok,¡ Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa fcd jgha gS tcfd 1985&86 esa Hkkjr esa dqy nokvksa dh [kir ek=
2]000 djksM+ dh jghA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us vkfFkZd :i ls rhljh nqfu;k ds ns”kksa dks fdl rjg ls
ywVk gS bldh dbZ txg felky gSA vUrjkZ’Vªh; cktkj esa fV;ksVDlhu dh izfr fdyks dher
tc 500 MkYkj Fkh rks vesfjdk dh Qkbtj dEiuh us bls fpyh esa 3]026 Mkyj ds fglkc
ls cspk FkkA ySfVu vesfjdk esa vkS’k/k fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa 15 ikjjk’Vªh; fuxesa dk;Zjr gSaA
muds equkQs dh nj 972-1 izfr”kr igq¡p x;h gSA ,d :lh ys[kd ds vuqlkj Hkkjr tSls
dqN ns”kksa esa ;s dEifu;k¡ nokvksa ij 8-000 izfr”kr dk equkQk ysrh gSaA vtsZUVhuk esa vk;kfrr
nokvksa ds ewY;ksa esa U;wure 3]700 izfr”kr vf/kd o`f) gqbZA ,aVhck;fVDl ij 650 izfr”kr]
foVkfeu VSCysVksa ij 730 izfr”kr dk Qk;nk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us olwykA
Hkkjr esa fLoV~tjyS.M dh nok dEiuh jks”k] fyfcz;e vkSj csfy;e dh vk;kfrr
lkexzh ij Øe”k% 13]246 :i;s rFkk 27]860 :i;s izfr fdyks olwy dj jgha FkhA tc Hkkjr
ljdkj us bldk [kqn vk;kr djuk “kq: fd;k rks bl dEiuh us bu nks phtksa dh dher
Øe”k% 380 :i;s vkSj 462 :i;s izfr fdyks dj fn;kA bl izdkj ls dEiuh us Hkkjr dks
nks izdkj ls ywVk & igyk miHkksäkvksa dks T;knk nke nsus ij etcwj fd;k rFkk nwljk Hkkjr
ls dj pksjh dhA ,d :lh ys[kd dk dguk gS fd cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa us ekuo tkfr dk
tcjnLr uqdlku fd;k gS rFkk lekt ls gtkjksa&djksM+ksa :i;s olwyrs jgs gSaA
vesfjdk dh dsQ,ckj lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk Fkk ßlEiw.kZ fo”o esa ,d
ek= Hkkjr gh ,slk ns”k gS tgk¡ turk dh vkSlr vk;q dh rqyuk esa nokvksa dk ewY; lcls
vf/kd gSß lfefr us bl ckr dks Hkh ns[kk fd 50 ds n”kd esa Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh vesfjdh
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us ;gk¡ fcdus okyh ,aVhck;fVDl nokvksa ds nkeksa esa Hkkjh o`f) dj nhA
ljdkj us tc Hkh nok ds eqY; dks fLFkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k bu dEifu;ksa us blds
f[kykQ gYyk epkuk “kq: dj fn;kA 9 vizSy 1963 dks Hkkjr&phu la?k’kZ ds le; ljdkj us
Hkkjr j{kk dkuwu dk iz;ksx djds nokvksa dk ewY; fLFkj dj fn;k FkkA ikjjk’Vªh; fuxeka us
bldk cgqr fojks/k fd;kA ljdku us 1966 esa dqN fo”ks’k nokvksa ds ewY; c<+k;sA cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa dh vksj ls ek= 6 izfr”kr nke c<+kus dk vkosnu fd;k x;k ysfdu bUgksaus 10 ls 40
izfr”kr nkeksa dh o`f) dhA
pg. 30
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dks ubZ nokvksa dh fcØh ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV &

1 tuojh 95 dks ljdkj us cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeka dks ns”k esa ubZ nokvksa vkSj d`f’k
jlk;uksa dh fcØh ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV ns nhA 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu dks cnyrs gq, u;s
isVsUV dkuwu dk v/;kns”k ikfjr djrs le; ljdkj us ckdk;nk mRikn isVsUV dh ckrsa
Lohdkj dhA gkykafd bl dkuwu dks ckn esa laln us vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj vc ;g
v/;kns”k fujLr gks x;k gS] ijUrq v/;kns”k ykus ls igys xSV dh le>kSrk okrkZvksa esa gh
ljdkj us cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds fcØh ,dkf/kdkj dh ckr Lohdkj dj yh FkhA xSV le>kSrk
ij gLrk{kj gksus ¼14 viSzy] 1994½ ds ,d o’kZ ckn dksbZ Hkh nok dEiuh viuh nok ds
isVsUVhdj.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; isVsUV dk;kZy; esa vthZ ns ldrh gSA gkykafd isVsUV vf/kdkj]
Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu & 1970 cnyus ds ckn gh feysxkA ijUrq ;g vf/kdkj vthZ nsus dh
frfFk ls gh ykxw ekuk tk;xkA blh le>kSrs ds rgr cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks ml mRikn
dh fcØh dk ,deso vf/kdkj izkIr gks tk;xk] tks bl izdkj dh 5 o’khZ; isVsUV lqj{kk ds
nk;js esa vk tk;xkA ;g vf/kdkj nok fu;a=.k izkf/kdj.k }kjk iznku fd;k tk;sxkA ,slh
fLFkfr;ksa esa tcfd mRikn isVsUV ds fy;s vthZ nkf[ky dh tk pqdh gks vkSj ,deso foi.ku
vf/kdkj ¼5 o’kZ ds fy;s½ miyC/k djk fn;s x;s gksa] 1970 ds isVsUV dkuwu ds rgr fn;k
x;k izfØ;k isVsUV vFkZghu gks tk;xkA
bldk ,d Hk;adj ifj.kke rks ;gh gksxk fd ns”kh nok mRiknd 10 o’kZ ds
laØe.k dky ¼xSV le>kSrs esa fodkl”khy ns”kksa dks vius isVsUV dkuwu cnyus ds fy;s fn;k
ugha yk ik;saxs vkSj ns”k Hkkjh iSekus ij nok vk;kr
ij fuHkZj gks tk;xkA vfuok;Z ykblsal i)fr] tks nokvksa dh miyC/krk lqfuf”pr djkrh
gS] Hkh detksj gks tk;sxhA D;kssafd fVªIl le>kSrs esa nok dh vuqiyC/krk dh fLFkfr esa fdlh
rhljh ikVhZ dks ykblsal tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh Nhu fy;k x;k gSA nokvksa ds u;s
QkewZys”ku cukus vkSj mudk isVsUV djkus ds fy;s j[h x;h dM+h “krZ ß;g [kkst vkfFkZd
egRo dk rduhdh ,MokalesaV j[krh gksß dk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Hkkjh jk;YVh dekus esa
bLrseky djsaxh vkSj ubZ rduhdksa ¼nwljh ih<+h dh rduhd½ ds fodkl dks jksd nsaxhA xSV
le>kSRks ds rgr vc fdlh mRikn dk vk;kr gh ml ij izkIr isVsUV ¼fdlh Hkh ns”k esa½ dk
fØ;kUo;u ekuk tk;xk] vr% flQZ vk;kr mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk u djus dh fLFkfr esa gh
vfuok;Z ykblsaflax ¼fdlh rhljh ikVhZ dks½ nh tk ldsxhA bldk lh/kk vFkZ ;g gS fd vc
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nokvksa dk vk;kr gh djsaxhA ubZ rduhdksa dk gLrkarj.k ¼vk;krd ns”kksa
esa½ ugha gks ik;sxkA
ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk esa nokvksa dh ?kjsyw dherksa ij vlj
ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk esa nokvksa ds ?kjsyw nke 5 ls 20 xqus c<+ tk;saxsA ns”k dk
nok m|ksx 1970 ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr esa vk tk;sxk] tc nokvksa dh dherksa ij ljdkj dk
dksbZ fu;a=.k ugha Fkk vkSj nok cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ viuh equkQk[kksj fufr;ksa ds rgr nokvksa
ds nke fu/kkZfjr djrh FkhaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ,d vesfjdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh csjkyxu
dhVksu uke dh nok dks 24000 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke dh nj ls csprh jghA tc ljdkj us
bldh tk¡p djk;h rks nok dh dher ek= 1810 :i;s izfr fdyksxzke fudyhA vc fQj
pg. 31
¼u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa ds ckn½ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs gtkjksa izfr”kr esa gksaxsA izfØ;k
isVsUV ds LFkku ij mRikn isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw gks tkus ij nokvksa dh dherksa esa fdruk
vUrj vk tk;sxk] ;g uhps nh x;h rkfydk ls Li’V gks tk;sxkA Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] vesfjdk vkSj
fczVsu esa nokvksa dh dherksa ds vUrj ds ckjs esa ßus”kuy ofdZax xqzi vku isVsUV yktß }kjk
fd;s x;s ,d v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij uhps rkfydk nh x;h gSA
nok dk uke Hkkjr ikfdLrku vesfjdk fczVsu

vk¶ykDlsflu 66-00 117-23 196-27 155-33
lsQsMªkfDly 30-00 82-68 325-88 104-79
flizks¶ykWDlsflu 51-00 234-63 305-21 315-96
ukj¶ykWDlsflu 39-36 125-50 616-15 252-77
Vkscjkekblhu 22-17 116-31 395-32 75-30
MkbDyksQsukd 5-67 55-80 239-47 95-84
ikbjkDlhu 13-87 78-12 603-93 166-93
jSuhVkbMhu 29-03 260-40 744-65 481-31
QSeksVkbMhu 26-24 260-40 726-14 500-27
vkWusiSjktsy 71-25 vuqiyC/k 992-46 684-05
,VuksykWy 7-50 86-63 228-36 103-21
fMyfV;ktksu 20-24 74-40 165-10 78-99
cukykfizu 9-00 37-20 230-83 147-97
izktksflu 16-50 13-64 159-24 39-50
,fu;ksMkjksu 45-00 vuqiyC/k 673-67 157-98
,lkbDyksohj 33-75 363-32 356-74 577-68
dsVkdksuktksy 43-00 221-96 673-67 250-14
ekbukDlhfMy 31-25 vuqiyC/k 1311-55 1053-20
,tVSuhtksy 6-00 120-90 436-36 100-05
VjQSukMhu 13-50 60-93 293-17 78-99
vizkstksyku 5-40 vuqiyC/k 171-21 22-64
VªkstksMksu 15-25 17-77 291-01 108-48
C;wlihjksu 4-05 89-69 150-60 168-51
feVkstu Vªksu 446-25 vuqiyC/k 5176-64 7921-64
dkjcksIykVhu 746-25 vuqiyC/k vuqiyC/k 3608-26
fcufdLVhu 28-80 323-16 1068-37 542-92
fcu CykLVhu 108-00 333-85 1102-01 541-87
cLVªksLVhu 16-95 vuqiyC/k vuqiyC/k 550-30
VksikslkbM 158-60 vuqiyC/k 3612-47 750-93
¶ywlSfVu 29-00 618-76 517-83 562-41
pg. 32
tSuQhczksthy 341-00 178-56 1294-89 1263-84
Åij nh x;h rkfydk esa 1 Mkyj = 30-86 :i;k 1 ikmaM = 52-66 rFkk 1 ikfdLrkuh
:i;k = 1-24 :i;s fy;k x;k gSA
vesfjdk esa mRikn isVsUV ds tks dkuwu bl le; py jgs gSa yxHkx oSls gh
dkuwu fczVsu vkSj ikfdLRkku esa gSaA blhfy;s ikfdLrku vkSj fczVsu esa nokvksa dh dhersa
vesfjdk esa nokvksa dh dherksa ds yxHkx cjkcj gSA Hkkjr esa izfØ;k isVsUV ds dkuwu gksus ds
dkj.k nokvksa dh dhersa dkQh de gSaA mijksä rkfydk ls Li’V gS fd Hkkjr esa nokvksa dh
dhersa vesfjdk esa nokvksa dh dherksa ls 3 xqus ls ysdj 35 xqus rd de gSaA ikfdLrku esa
nokvksa dh dherksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa dhersa 2 xqus ls ysdj 22 xqus rd de gSaA bl
le; Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns”k esa nokvksa dh dhersa yxHkx cjkcj gSaA bldk dkj.k gS fd
ckaXykns”k esa isVsUV dkuwu Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwuksa dh rjg gSA vr% ;g ,dne ls Li’V gS
fd xSV djkj dh ubZ isVsUV O;oLFkk ykxw gksus ls nokvksa dh dhersa Hk;kud :i ls c<+saxh vkSj
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds equkQs cgqr c<+ tk;saxsA gekjs lafo/kku esa iznÙk uhfr fu/kkZjd rRoka dk
mYya?ku gksxk D;ksafd buds vuqlkj ljdkjksa dks lLrh vkSj vPNh nok,¡ ns”k dh turk ds
fy;s miyC/k djkus dh uhfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg,A lcls Åij ekSfyd vf/kdkj ßthou dk vf/kdkjß
¼jkbV Vw ykbQ½ dk D;k gksxk\
jk;YVh % vf/kdre equkQk
vc rd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ns”k esa nok mRiknu dj ,oa csp dj equkQk dek
jgh Fkha] ijUrq xSV le>kSrs ds ckSf)d lEink ¼fVªIl½ izko/kkuka us ;g lehdj.k cny fn;k
gSA vc mUgsa Hkkjr esa dkjksckj djus ds ctk; ckgj ls gh dkedkt djus esa T;knk ykHk
utj vk jgk gSA iqjkuk Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu jn~n gksus vkSj u;k dkuwu cuus ij cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;k¡ isVsUV nokb;ksa ij jk;YVh dh ekax djsaxhA bf.M;u MªXl eSuqQSDplZ ,lksfl,”ku
dk dguk gS fd vc rdjhcu 200 nokb;ksa ij] ftUgsa Hkkjrh; dEifu;k¡ cukrh o csprh gSa]
cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dks jk;YVh nsuh gksxhA ,lksfl;s”ku ds eqrkfcd fiNys dqN o’kksZa esa ljdkj
}kjk eatwj dh x;h 240 ubZ nokb;ksa esa 90 izfr”kr isVsUV ds nk;js esa vkrh gSaA buesa dbZ
t:jh vkSj egRoiw.kZ nokb;k¡ “kkfey gSaA 4 izfr”kr dh vf/kdre jk;YVh nj Hkh vc
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks eatwj ugha gksxh vkSj os viuh bPNkuqlkj mPp jk;YVh njksa dh ekax
djsaxhA
T;knkrj cgqjk’Vªh; nok dEifu;ksa ds “kks/k fodkl dsUnz fLoV~tjyS.M esa gSA
dbZ egRoiw.kZ ewy vkS’kf/k;ksa ds QkewZys muds uke gksus dh otg ls mUgsa isVsUV dk vf/kdkj
izkIr gksxk vkSj os gj vkS’kf/k ij 15 o’kksaZ rd fuckZ/k :i ls jk;YVh ikrh jgaxhA bu lHkh
dEifu;ksa dk “kks/k vk/kkj Hkkjr ds ckgj gS vkSj bl {ks= esa u dsoy bUgksaus dkQh /ku fuos”k
fd;k gS cfYd mUgsa dkQh fo”ks’kKrk gkfly gSA ,sls esa vius “kks/k dk ykHk mBkrs gq, os
pg. 33
ftu ubZ nokb;ksa dks btkn djsaxh mu ij Hkh jk;YVh mUga mu QkeZwyksa dk bLrseky djus
okys ns”kksa ls feyrh jgsxhA xSV le>kSrk gks tkus ls mudh lcls cM+h fpUrk isVsUV pksjh dh
nwj gks x;h gSA fLoV~tjyS.M ;k fdlh Hkh vU; fodflr ns”k esa cSBs&cSBs gh mUga jk;YVh ls
bruk /ku izkIr gks tk;sxk ftruk mUgsa Hkkjr esa bdkbZ yxk dj Hkh ugha gksrkA
lUnHkZ
1- gkFkh dfeVh Vw 1978 Mªx ikWfylh Vw U;w Mªx ikWfylh ¼, tuhZ bu fjolZ MkbjsD”ku½]
ys[kd ts- ,l- etwenkj] us”kuy dSEisu dfeVh QkWj Mªx ikWfylh }kjk izdkf”krA i`’B&1A 2-
Mªx baMLVªh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqy iqLrd ds MkWDVj /koys ds ys[k ls mn~/k`r] i`’B&57A 3-
mijksä iqLrd ds MkW- “kaHkw eS= ds ys[k ls mn~/k`r] i`’B&59A
4- ûs”kuy ofdZax xqzi vku isVsUV ykt^ dk lkfgR;A
pg. 34
>wB ij fVdk vFkZ”kkó

bl ckr dks dgus vkSj Lohdkj djus esa rfud Hkh fgpfdpkgV ugha gksuh pkfg,
fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us rhljh nqfu;k esa vius O;kikfjd YkkHk ds fy, >wB dk lgkjk
fy;k gSA ykHk ds >wBs vk¡dM+s is”k djds mls de crkrh gSa] dj pksjh djrh gSaA dksyafc;k
esa nok cukus ds dbZ fuxeka us foÙkh; fuxeksa dks crk;k fd muds vkSlr equkQs 6-7 izfr”kr
gSaA tk¡p djus ij irk pyk fd os equkQs 136 izfr”kr FksA ekykxklh x.kjkT; esa blh izdkj
ds dkys dkjukeksa ds dkj.k vesfjdh] ;wukuh vkSj csfYt;e dh iw¡th ls pyus okys lkslkbVs
vesfjdkuks xzslh eYxkps ds izca/kdks dks tsy dh gok [kkuh iM+hA ,slh fLFkfr esa cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;k¡ fdruk T;knk Qk;nk dekrh gSa bldk vanktk yxk ikuk dfBu gSA D;ksafd buds
ykHk ds tks vk¡dM+s gea miyC/k gksrs gSa os egt lkoZtfud :i ls ?kksf’kr gSa rFkk bl ij
dj vnk djuk iM+rk gSA dj pksjh ds fy, ;s dEifu;k¡ vius Qk;ns vlfy;r ls cgqr de
crkrh gSaA
;s fuxesa dsoy vius ykHk dh jkf”k dks gh de djds ugha crkrh gSa cfYd vius
lkykuk dkjksckj dks Hkh de djds crkrh gSa] rkfd vlyh jkf”k ls dkQh de djds crk;s
x;s ykHkka”k dks U;k;ksfpr vkSj lgh Bgjk;k tk ldsA 1988&89 esa bykgkckn ftys esa
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dk nok ds {ks= esa dSlk dkjksckj jgk] bl ij bu iafä;ksa ds ys[kd us
,d losZ{k.k fd;kA losZ{k.k v/;;u ds ifj.kkeka dks tc bu dEifu;ksa ds jk’Vªh; Lrj ds
dkjksckj ds vk¡dM+ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk x;k rks dkQh folaxfr utj vk;hA uhps dh lkj.kh ls Li’V
gS
dEiuh dk bykgkckn esa o’kZ 1988&89 dk Hkkjr esa dqy dkjksckj o’kZ 1988&89
uke dkjksckj
XySDlks 1-10 djksM+ :i;s 194-99 djksM+ :i;s
ckjkst csYde 1-10 djksM+ :i;s 103-42 djksM+ :i;s
gsDLV 1-00 djksM+ :i;s 239-37 djksM+ :i;s
Qkbtj 0-90 djksM+ :i;s 82-37 djksM+ :i;s
ikdZ Msfol 0-80 djksM+ :i;s 100-80 djksM+ :i;s
;fn Åij fn;s x;s fdlh Hkh dEiuh ds ,d ftys ¼bykgkckn½ ds dkjksckj ds
vk¡dM+ksa dks Hkkjr esa mlh o’kZ ds muds dqy dkjksckj ls vkSlru rqyuk dh tk; rks dkQh
folaxfr utj vkrh gSA iwjs Hkkjr esa yxHkx 400 ftys gSaA bykgkckn ßchß Js.kh dk “kgj gS
;kuh ß,ß Js.kh vkSj ßlhß Js.kh ds chp dk “kgjA FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ;fn mijksä ik¡p cM+h
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds dkjksckj dks n`f’V esa j[k dj bykgkckn dks 400 ftyksa esa ls vkSlr
ftyk eku fy;k tk; rks bykgkckn esa bu dEifu;ksa ds 1988&89 ds dkjksckj dks vk/kkj
ekudj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd o’kZ 1988&89 esa &
pg. 35
XySDlks dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj

1-10 x = 440 djksM+ :i;s
400
okjkst osYde dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk 1-10 x = 440 djksM+ :i;s
dkjksckj 400
gsDLV dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj 1-0 x 400 = 400 djksM+ :i;s
Qkbtj dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj 0-90 x = 360 djksM+ :i;s
400
ikdZ Msfol dk Hkkjr esa esa lkykuk 0-80 x = 320 djksM+ :i;s
dkjksckj 400
ysfdu XySDlks o’kZ 1988&89 dk jk’Vªh; dkjksckj ek= 194-99 djksM+ :i;s
crkrh gS vkSj okjkst osYde rks dsoy 103-42 djksM+ :i;ss gh n”kkZrh gSA dgk¡ 440 djksM+
vkSj dgk¡ 194-99 ;k 103-42 djksM+ :i;sA ;g lk/kkj.k lh xf.kr bu dEifu;ksa ds cgqr
cM+s >wB dh rjQ b”kkjk djrh gSA
ikjjk’Vªh; fuxeka us vius O;kikj ds izpkj&izlkj dh iwjh bekjr gh >wB ij
[kM+h dh gSA izlkj ek/;eksa&jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] i=&if=dkvksa] ,tsUVksa ds ek/;e ls MkWDVjksa
dks nh tkus okyh tkudkfj;ksa esa ;s dEifu;k¡ >wB dk lgkjk ysrh gSaA nqfu;k ds reke lkjs
gYdksa esa ;g ckr dkQh xEHkhjrk ls Lohdkj dh x;h gS fd cM+h dEifu;k¡ [kkldj rhljh
nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa esa >wBs foKkiuksa ds tfj;s ,slh tkuysok nokvksa] xSj&t:jh ,oa
uqdlkunsg VkWfudksa dk O;kikj dj jgh gSa tks nqfu;k ds reke ns”kksa esa izfrcaf/kr gSaA foMEcuk ;g
gS fd ;s dEifu;k¡ vius foKkiuksa esa mu nokvksa dks cgqr dkjxj fl) djrh gSa rFkk bl ckr
dks turk ls ysdj lewps fpfdRlk txr esa lgh izekf.kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA gkFkh desVh dh
jiV esa Hkh bl ckr dks cM+s tksjnkj <ax ls mBk;k x;k gSA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds vuSfrd rkSj&rjhdksa dks mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk
gS fd fdl izdkj ;s dEifu;k¡ [krjukd nokvksa dk xksj[k/kU/kk djrh gSa vkSj ekuo thou
dks /kjrh ij jsaxus okys dhM+s&edksM+s le>rh gSaA vesfjdh dEiuh lhck&xk;xh dk ekeyk
dkQh fnypLi gSA 1934 esa bl dEiuh us fDyvksfOduky uke ls nLrjks/kh nok cukuk “kq:
fd;kA 1935 ls gh vtsZUVkbuk ds MkWDVjka us fjiksVZ Hkstuh “kq: dj nh fd bl nok ds
dqizHkko gSa ysfdu dEiuh us bu fjiksVkZsa dks nck;s j[kkA
1962 esa dEiuh us ;g izpkj fd;k fd turk bu nokvksa dk iz;ksx i”kqvksa ij er
djs yssfdu mlh le; mlus ;g dgk fd ;g nok euq’;ksa ds fy;s lqjf{kr gSA MkWDVj vksyh
gSULku tks fd LohfM”k cky jksx fo”ks’kK Fks] us ;g rF; ik;k fd nok dEiuh dk ;g nkok fd
gkfudkjd rRo vkgkj uky esa vo”kksf’kr ugha gksrs] xyr gSA bldk [kaMu djrs gq, mUgksaus
viuh fjiksVZ fyulsV 1966 esas izdkf”kr fd;kA
mlh chp tkiku esa dbZ gtkj yksx yxkrkj nnZ] ydok rFkk va/kkiu ls xzflr
gks x,A ;gh ugha bl nok ds tgjhys vlj ls reke yksx ej x;sA MkWDVjksa ds vuqlkj bl
nok dks [kkus ds ckn Leku ;k lwckD;wV ekbyks vkfIVd U;wjiSFkh jksx gks tkrk gSA
pg. 36
lhck&xk;xh dks U;k;ky; ds dV?kjs esa [kM+k fd;k x;kA MkW- gSUlu us viuh ethZ ls ,d
fo”ks’k xokg dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
bl nok fuekZrk dEiuh dh rjQ ls ;g nyhy nh x;h fd bu lkjh chekfj;ksa ds
fy, [kkl fdLe dk thok.kq ftEesnkj gS] fDyvksfODuky dk dksbZ dqizHkko ugha gSA ysfdu VksD;ks
ftyk U;k;ky; us ;g ugha ekukA lhck&xk;xh ds f[kykQ QSlyk nsrs gq, U;k;ky; us ;g
ik;k fd dEiuh ds vkUrfjd nLrkostka ls ;g ckr lkQ gS fd dEiuh ;g ckr vPNh rjg
tkurh Fkh fd fDyvksfODuky ds dkj.k ßLekuß gksrk gSA ;g eqdnek vkB lky ckn fuf.kZr
fd;k x;k vkSj dEiuh dks 20-30 djksM+ ikmaM tqekZuk ihfM+rksa dks nsuk iM+kA blds vfrfjä
bls lkoZtfud :i ls turk ls {kek ek¡xuh iM+hA
bl lcds ckotwn dEiuh us fDyvksfODuky ij vk/kkfjr nok,¡ fo”o ds vU;
fgLlksa esa cspuk tkjh j[kkA iqu% ckn esa LohMu esa dbZ ekSrka ds ckn LohMu] MsuekdZ rFkk
ukosZ us bu nokb;ksa dk cfg’dkj djuk “kq: dj fn;kA blds ifj.kkeLo:i viSzy 1985 esa
?kkVs dh fLFkfr mRié gksus ij dEiuh us bu mRiknksa dks fo”o ls mBk fy;kA ysfdu ckn
esa bl dEiuh us /khjs ls Hkkjr esa bl nok dk O;kikj djuk “kq: dj fn;k vkSj vkt ;g
nok dbZ izpfyr ukeka ls Hkkjrh; cktkjksa esa miyC/k gSA
lhck&xk;xh dk ,d nwljk dkaM MkW- gSUlu }kjk [kksyk x;k tc dEiuh ds
van:uh nLrkostksa esa mUgksaus ik;k fd cgqr T;knk yksx ml le; izpfyr nks nok,¡ VsfMªy
vkSj cqVktksykMhu ds iz;ksx ls ej x;sA esfMdy tuZy us viuh fjiksVZ esa 150 ekSrsa gksus
dh ckr fy[kh Fkh] tcfd lhck&xk;xh ds nLrkostka ls ekSrsa ,d gtkj ls T;knk FkhaA
vesfjdh nok fo”ks’kK feYVu flYoj eSu us viuh 162 ist dh fjiksVZ ftldk “kh’kZd
ßfizfLØI”ku Qkj MsFkß esa dgk gS fd bu vUrjjk’Vªh; nok m|ksxksa esa lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk
loZFkk vHkko gSA
vkB lky ds v/;;u ds ckn nh x;h fjiksVZ ls ;g lkfcr gksrk gS fd rhljh
nqfu;k ds ns”kksa esa nok m|ksx esa yxh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ß[kqyk nksgjk ekin.Mß viuk jgh
gSa vkSj vius mRiknksa dks xjhc ns”kksa esa cspdj vkfFkZd “kks’k.k ds lkFk&lkFk nokvksa dk
dqizHkko Hkh QSyk jgh gSaA fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd bu vfodflr ns”kksa esa MkWDVj dsoy os
gh vk¡dM+s izkIr djrs gSa tks nok dEifu;ksa ds esfMdy fjizstsUVsfVo mUga miyC/k djkrs gSa
fdlh fpfdRld ds ikl esfMdy tuZy rFkk “kks/k &i=ksa dks i<us dk le; gh ugha gksrkA
vc rks fodfLkr vkSj /kuh ns”kksa ,oa bu dEifu;ksa dh vkdk ljdkjsa Hkh budh
gjdrksa ls ijs”kku jgus yxh gSaA vesfjdk ds [kk|ké ,oa vkS’k/k iz”kklu ¼QwM ,s.M Mªx
,sMfefuLVsª”ku½ us bl ckr ij dkQh fpUrk tkfgj dh vkSj nok fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dks ,d
f”kdk;rh i= tkjh fd;k fd ;s >wBs foKkiu izlkfjr dj viuh nok,¡ csp jgh gSa vkSj yksxksa
dks ew[kZ cukdj va/kk/kqa/k equkQk dek jgh gSaA 1989 esa bu dEifu;ksa ds uke Hksts x;s
f”kdk;rh i= esa dgk x;k Fkk fd vkS’k/k ds bfrgkl esa brus O;kid iSekus ij xyr foKkiuksa
dk izlkj.k igys dHkh ugha gqvk FkkA tkiku esa Hkh ljdkj us dqN ,sls rjhds viukuk “kq:
fd;k gS rkfd nok fuekZrk fuxesa eupkgh /ka/kk[kksjh u dj ldsaA fo”o LokLF; laxBu us
rks lHkh ns”kksa dh ljdkjksa dks ;g lykg nh gS fd os “kklu dh rjQ ls nokvksa dh fcØh
pg. 37
dk bUrtke djsa rkfd MkWDVjksa dks ;k ejhtka dks fufgr LokFkZ okys rRoksa ¼cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeka
dh rjQ b”kkjk½ ij fuHkZj u jguk iMs+A fczVsu dh ljdkj fiNys dqN lkyksa ls vius ;gk¡
dh dfri; nok fuekZrk dEifu;ksa dh gjdrksa ls ijs”kku jgh gSA bu dEifu;ka us vius
O;kikj ds izlkj ds fy, ftl rjg ds xyr izpkj ,oa ewY; o`f) dk lgkr fy;k gS og
ljdkj ds fy, fljnnZ cu x;k gSA XySDlks dEiuh fiNys dqN lkyksa esa ^tSUVsd^ uked
nok dh cnkSyr nqfu;k ds igys uEcj dh dEiuh cu x;hA vYlj esa bLrseky gksus okyh
bl lk/kkj.k lh nok ds foKkiu ij fczrkuh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh us bruk [kpZ fd;k fd
1989&90 esa dsoy bl fVfd;k dh fcØh iwjh nqfu;k esa 6000 djksM+ :i;s ds cjkcj gqbZA
tcfd ftl foKkiu ds lgkjs ;g dEiuh bl nok dks bruk csap ldh mlesa cgqr dqN >wB
FkkA
xjhc eqYdksa ds LFkkuh; cktkjksa ij viuh idM+ etcwr djus ds fy;s cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;k¡ cM+s MkWDVjksa] QkekZflLVksa o nok foØsrkvksa dks l”kä ek/;e ds :i esa bLrseky
djrh gSaA bu dEifu;ksa ds esfMdy izfrfuf/k vk;s fnu “kgjksa ds ukeh&fxjkeh MkWDVj ds
;gk¡ pDdj yxkrs jgrs gSa vkSj viuh dEifu;ksa dh nokvksa] VkWfudka ds lEcU/k esa Nis QksYMj]
iSEiysV o vU; lkfgR; ck¡Vdj jksfx;ksa ds ipsZ ij mu nokvksa o VkWfudksa dks fy[kus ds fy,
jkth dj ysrs gSaA yxHkx gj eghus dEiuh dh vksj ls HksaV ds rkSj ij dherh lkeku muds
?kjksa esa j[k tkrs gSaA mu ^migkjka^ esa ?kfM+;k¡ vkSj FkeZl ls ysdj
fÝt] jaxhu Vsyhfotu vkSj ek:fr dkjsa rd “kkfey gksrh gSaA “kgj vkSj MkWDVjksa dh izfr’Bk
rFkk muds Lrj ds eqrkfcd ^migkjka^ dh dher r; gksrh gSA cM+s MkWDVjksa dk rks vkye gh
nwljk gS] bykgkckn tSls nwljs ntsZ ds “kgj ds ,d MkWDVj dks ,d cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh us
ek:fr dkj HksaV esa nhA bl MkWDVj us dqN ok;nkf[kykQh dh vkSj dqN gh ekg chrs Fks fd
mlus bl dEiuh dh ml fo”ks’k nok dks jksfx;ksa ds ijps ij fy[kuk gh cUn dj fn;k
ftlds fy, mls ek:fr dkj HksaV dh x;h FkhA dEiuh bl ckr dks ysdj dkQh ukjkt
jghA bykgkckn ds ,d tkus&ekus vfLFk jksx fo”ks’kK us crk;k fd ,d cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh
us viuh ,d ubZ nok dks jksfx;ksa ds ipsZ ij fy[kus ds fy, mUga izfrekg 20]000 :i;s
lqfo/kk “kqYd nsus dk izLrko j[kk FkkA
cM+s “kgjksa ds cM+s MkWDVjksa dks fo”okl esa ysus ds ihNs bu dEifu;ksa dk flQZ
,d mn~ns”; gksrk gS & viuh nokvksa dk vf/kdre izpkj djukA bu “kgjka ds cM+s MkWDVjksa
dh udy djrs gq, NqVHkS;s MkWDVj Hkh mlh nok ;k VkWfud dks lEcfU/kr jksx ds fy, vius
jksfx;ksa dks fy[kus yxrs gSa vkSj vuqdj.k dk ;g flyflyk NksVs ftyksa ls gksrk gqvk lqnwj
xk¡oka rd tkjh jgrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cgqjk’Vªh; fuxesa vius dqy ykxr dk cM+k
fgLlk ^migkjka^ vkSj izpkj lkfgR; ds forj.k ij [kpZ djrh gSaA
pg. 38
ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa

,d cgqr LokHkkfod lk iz”u ckj&ckj dkS/a krk gS fd vkf[kj tc reke lkjs
vk;ksxka dh jiVksa] MkWDVjksa] esfMdy izfrfuf/k la?kksa] miHkksäk la?kksa] i=&if=dkvksa esa cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa dh dkyh djrwrksa] nokvksa ds uke ij muds tgjhys O;kikj ds fo’k; esa [kwc
fy[kk&dgk tkrk jgk gS vkSj ljdkj ls ek¡x dh tkrh jgh gS fd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk
;k rks jk’Vªh;dj.k fd;k tk;s ;k mUga ns”k fudkyk fn;k tk;] ysfdu ljdkj us bu lc
lokyksa dh vulquh djrs gq, mYVs bu dEifu;ksa dks c<+kok D;ksa fn;k\ ;g loky gkFkh
fjiksVZ ds ckn vkSj xgjk tkrk gSA bls vk”p;Z gh dgsaxs fd gkFkh desVh dh jiV ls izHkkfor
gksdj ck¡Xykns”k us vius ;gk¡ dh nok uhfr esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu fd;k Fkk vkSj cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds reke lkjs fojks/kksa ,oa vUrjjk’Vªh; nckoksa ds ckotwn mlus viuh uhfr esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha fd;kA ysfdu ogha nwljh rjQ Hkkjr ljdkj us jiV dh izeq[k laLrqfr;ksa dks
utj vankt djrs gq, ftl rjg dh uhfr cuk;h og jk’Vª fojks/kh gh ugha ekuork&fojks/kh
Hkh jgh gSA 1978 esa cukbZ x;h bl nok&uhfr ds rgr Hkkjrh; nok&m|fe;ksa dks c<+us ,oa
cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeka ij vadq”k yxkus dk tks ,d volj vk;k Fkk og Hkh ml le; [kRe gks
x;k tc ljdkj us cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk bl uhfr dk fojks/k fd;s tkus ij 94 ewy
jlk;u okyh nokvksa ij ykblsal [kRe dj fn;k rFkk bu dEifu;ksa ij vadq”k yxkus okys
^fons”kh fofue; fu;eu vf/kfu;e ¼Qsjk½^ ,oa ,e- vkj- Vh- ih- tSLks dkuwuksa esa la”kks/ku djds
budh ywV ds fy, jkLrk lkQ dj fn;kA
ljdkj us tc dHkh bu dEifu;ksa ij vadq”k yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k rks bu
dEifu;ksa us vius ykHkka”k esa dVkSrh djus okyh fdlh dkuwuh izfØ;k dk fuekZ.k gksrs ns[kdj
flj ij vkleku mBk fy;kA blds dbZ mnkgj.k gSaA Hkkjr&phu ;q) ds le; tc Hkkjr
ljdkj us thouj{kd nokvksa ds nke esa dVkSrh djus dk izko/kku fd;k rks cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa us mldk lcls tcjnLr fojks/k fd;kA 1978 dh nok&uhfr ds f[kykQ rks
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ,dtqV gksdj fojks/k djus yxhaA Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh baxyS.M dh
cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh XySDlks us 1978 dh nok&uhfr ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr dh fo/kkf;dk ¼laln½
dh cM+h rh[kh vkykspuk dh vkSj ml ij vkjksi yxk;k fd og Hkkjrh; nok m|fe;ka dk
i{kikr dj jgh gSA ljdkj ij iM+us okys ncko dh rjQ b”kkjk djrs gq, jlk;u ,oa
moZjd ea=h us laln esa bl ckr dks Lohdkj fd;k Fkk fd ubZ nok uhfr ¼1986½ esa foyEc
blfy, gks jgk D;ksafd ^nok fuekZrkvksa dh vusd ykWch^ ljdkj ij vius&vius fofHké fgrksa
dh iwfrZ ds fy, yxkrkj ncko Mky jgh gSA 1982 esa laln esa rRdkyhu jlk;u ,oa moZjd
ea=h us XySDlks nok dEiuh dh djrwrksa dk inkZQk”k djrs gq, ;g dgk Fkk fd bl dEiuh
us Hkkjrh; dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djds vukf/kd`r mRiknu] fcuk dkuwuh vuqefr ds m|ksx
yxkus] fcuk ljdkj }kjk dher fu/kkZfjr fd;s nokvksa dh fcØh djus tSls xEHkhj vijk/k
fd;s gSaA ysfdu ljdkj tc bl ij jksd ds fy, dkuwu cukrh gS rks ml ij ;s dEifu;ka
i{kikr djus dk vkjksi yxkrh gSaA ^myVk pksj dksroky dks Mk¡Vs^ okyh gkyA ysfdu
foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd ljdkj us buds ncko ds lkeus ?kqVus Vsddj gkFkh desVh ls ysdj
pg. 39
dsydj lfefr rd dh flQkfj”kksa dks tehu dh lkr irksZa ds uhps xkM+ fn;k rFkk cnys esa
,sls dkuwu cuk;s tks bUgha ds O;kikfjd fgrka dks iwjk djrs gSaA ;g bl ckr ls gh Li’V gks
tkrk gS fd gkFkh desVh us lHkh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks jk’Vªh;d`r fd;s tkus ,oa muds
“ks;j dks Øe”k % 40 izfr”kr rFkk 26 izfr”kr rd fd+;s tkus dh flQkfj”k dh FkhA ljdkj
us rks igys budk “ks;j ?kVkdj 40 izfr”kr dj fn;k Fkk ysfdu vHkh gky esa ljdkj us
mls iqu% c<+kdj 51 izfr”kr dj fn;k gSA 1986 esa cuh ubZ nok&uhfr esa Hkh dksbZ ,slh
O;oLFkk ugha nh x;h ftlls bu dEifu;ksa dh ywV[kksj ,oa vkne[kksj izo`fr ij dksbZ vadq”k
yxk;k tk ldsA ,d cgqr cM+k loky tks bl ns”k dh turk ds lkFk cgqr cM+h =klnh
cu pqdk gS fd ;gk¡ ds yksxksa dks equkQk[kksjh ds pDdj esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nok ds uke
ij tgj ns jgh gSa vkSj ljdkj muds bl dke esa ennxkj gS] ,slk D;ksa\ ftu nokvksa dks
fo”o LokLF; laxBu ¼fpfdRlk vkSj nok ds {ks= esa lokZf/kd ,oa izkekf.kd tkudkjh j[kus
okyk½ ls ysdj bafM;u dkmafly vkWQ esfMdy fjlpZ tSLks vusd laxBuksa us uqdlkunsg ,oa
tgjhyh ?kksf’kr dj fn;k gks vkSj tks nok,¡ vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu tSls fodflr ns”kksa ls ysdj
ck¡ZXykns”k tSls xjhc eqYdksa rd esa izfrcaf/kr gksa mUga Hkkjr ljdkj vius ;gk¡ cuus vkSj
fcdus dh NwV D;ksa nsrh gS\ dbZ ckj ljdkj ds :[k ls ;g lkQ tkfgj gqvk fd og
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;kssa ds ncko esa vkdj dke djrh gSA fQukby cwVktksu vkSj vkDlhfQu
cwVktksu ds ekeys esa rks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ncko dk vkHkkl nks dsUnzh; LokLF; jkT;
ds laln esa fn;s x;s tokc ls gh gksrk gSA jkT; lHkk esa LokLF; jkT;ea=h dk dguk
Fkk fd bu nokvksa ds fu”p; gh dqN ?kkrd izHkko gSaA ysfdu Hkkjr esa ljdkj us ekalissf”k;ksa
rFkk raf=dkra= lEcU/kh jksxksa esa bu nokvksa ds yxkrkj ysfdu lhfer bLrseky dh btktr
nh gSA dqN lky igys uqdlkunsg nokvksa ds lEcU/k esa lokyksa dk tokc nsrs gq, Hkkjr
ljdkj dh rRdkyhu LokLF; ea=h ljkst [kkiMsZ us dgk Fkk fd fQukby cwVktksu] vkDlhfQu
cwVktksu ,oa ,ukfYtu ls CyM dSalj dh vk”kadk jgrh gSA ea=h us vkxs dgk fd blds
ckotwn bu nokvksa dks rduhdh ncko esa izfrcaf/kr ugha fd;k x;kA1 ;g rduhdh ncko
dksbZ ea=h dHkh Li’V ugha djrkA ysfdu Li’V :i ls ;g ncko bu nokvksa ds fujkin
fodYika dk vHkko ugha gksrk cfYd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk ncko gksrk gSA
nok ds uke ij ekSr dk O;kij djus okyh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks ljdkj us
1986 dh nok&uhfr ?kksf’kr dj ewY;&o`f) dk rkgQk HksaV fd;kA bl rksgQs ls bu dEifu;ksa dks
[kqys vke 100 izfr”kr equkQk dekus dk ekSdk feykA
;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ bruh l”kä gSa ;k ljdkjksa dks bruh fiz; fd ejhtksa
dh tku dh dher ij mUga vius Qk;ns ds fy, Hkjiwj NwV nh tkrh gSA ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr
ds rgr rks ftl rjg ls bUgsa loksZPprk nh x;h gS mls ns[krs gq, ;g dguk xyr u gksxk fd
Hkkjr dk cpk&[kqpk nok m|ksx Hkh buds dCts esa pyk tk;sxkA nok m|ksx ij ,dkf/kdkj
dh fLFkfr esa ;s dEifu;k¡ [kqysvke euekus nke ij euekuh nok,¡ bl xjhc ns”k esa cuk;saxh
vkSj cspsaxhA
jktusrkvksa vkSj ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ka dks [kjhndj vius eueqrkfcd uhfr;k¡
cuokus ;k vupkgh uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu djkus ;k mUga jí djokus dk dke cgqjk’Vªh;
pg. 40
dEifu;k¡ djrh jgh gSaA mudh ,slh djrwrksa ds mnkgj.k dsoy rhljh nqfu;k ds xjhc eqYdksa
esa gh ugha /kuh ns”kksa esa Hkh miyC/k gSaA tkWu czSFkOgkbV us viuh fdrkc ^dkiksZjsV Økbe bu
QkekZL;qfVdy baMLVªh^ esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk fofHké ns”kksa dh fofHké ljdkjksa dks nh
x;h fj”or dh dbZ fe”kkysa nh gSA cSzFkOgkbV us fy[kk gS fd bVyh esa ,d ntZu nok fuekZrk
dEifu;ksa us ,dtqV gksdj ogk¡ dh vkS|ksfxd uhfr dks okil djkus esa lQyrk IkzkIr dj yhA
bl dke ds fy, izfr dEiuh 80]000 Mkyj ¼20 yk[k :i;k½ dh nj ls bVyh dh fØfLp;u
MseksØsfVd ikVhZ dks dqy 10 yk[k Mkyj ¼250 yk[k :i;k½ fj”or nh x;h Fkh edZ ,s.M
dEiuh us ,d fons”kh ljdkj ds fLoV~tjyS.M dh viuh lgk;d dEiuh edZ “kkiZ ,s.M nksges ds
ek/;e ls 73 yk[k Mkyj ¼575 yk[k :i;s½ fj”or nhA
dks O;kikj
ds fy, ljdkjh vuqefr izkIr djus gsrq 34 yk[k Mkyj ¼lk<+s 8 djksM+ :i;s½ fj”or nh
FkhA blds vfrfjä blus 38 yk[k Mkyj ¼lk<+s 9 yk[k :i;s½ ^ vko”;d jktuhfrd
mn~ns”;^ ds fy, [kpZ fd;k FkkA
bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk dks Hkh js[kkafdr djuk t:jh gSA
vkS’k/k rduhdh lykgdkjh ifj’kn~ ¼Mªx VsfDudy ,sMokbtjh cksMZ½ us 1982 esa 18 nokvksa ds
fuekZ.k ij ikcanh yxkus ds fy, flQkfj”k dh FkhA bu nokvksa ds Hk;adj dqizHkko dks ns[krs
gq, Hkkjr ds nok fu;a=d us bu ij ikcanh yxk nhA ysfdu cEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; us bl
vkns”k ij jksd yxk nhA cksgfjaxj uky uked dEiuh us ljdkj ds vkns”k dks cEcbZ mPp
U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh fn;kA U;k;ky; us vkns”k ds f[kykQ LFkxu vkns”k tkjh dj fn;kA
blh izdkj 13 twu 1982 esa Hkkjr ds nok fu;a=d us ,d vkns”k tkjh dj csgn uqdlkunsg
nok vksLVªkstu&izkstsLVsjku ds lfEeJ.k ij jksd yxk nhA ysfdu bl vkns”k ds f[kykQ
lhck&xk;xh ,oa dqN vU; dEifu;ksa us dydÙkk vkSj cEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; ls LFkxukns”k
ys fy;kA mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s bu LFkxukns”kksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd fuekZrk
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks bu uqdlkunsg nokvksa dk dkjksckj tkjh j[kus dk ekSdk fey x;kA
,slh lSdM+ksa tgjhyh nokb;k¡ U;k;ky; ds bu vkns”kksa ds pyrs Hkkjrh; ejhtksa dks f[kykbZ tk
jgh gSa vkSj buls gksus okyh djksM+ksa :i;s dh vkenuh ckgj tk jgh gSA nwljs] bu vkns”kksa us
ljdkj dks bu dEifu;ka ds f[kykQ bl rjg dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh u djus dk cgkuk ns fn;k
gSA ;gh ugha ljdkj us budk bLrseky vius f[kykQ yxus okys vkjksiksa ls cpus ds fy,
<ky ds :i esa fd;k gSA
1983 esa izfrcfU/kr nok,a
Hkkjr ljdkj us 23 tqykbZ 1983 esa xtV uksVhfQds”ku ,Dl 11014@2@83
Mh- lh- ,e- ,l- ,.M ih- ,Q- ,- ds rgr 27 izdkj dh ewy nokvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj O;kikj
izfrcfU/kr fd;kA ysfdu buesa ls dqN nok,a vHkh Hkh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;h vkSj
csaph tk jgh gSaA bu nokvksa ds uke uhps fn;s x;s gSa %
pg. 41
nokvksa ds fuekZrk ?kkrd izHkko

uke cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;k¡
1- T;kSQhZ eSulZ vR;Ur ?kkrd] ilhuk }kjk “kjhj ds
flusYtsfld rkieku dks fu;fU=r djus okyh fof/k
dks uqdlku igq¡pkrh gSaA
2- lk;ukfeM vuqi;ksxh] ftudk dksbZ izHkko ugha
,Øksekbflu iM+rkA
3- Qkbtj vR;Ur ?kkrd] ;fn ejht dks ;s nok;sa
VsVªkekbflu nsrs jgus ds ckn vpkud cUn dj nh
4- Msdkcksfyu bUQkj tk;sa rks
5- fgLVkizsM osFk xqnsZ [kjkc gksrs gSa rFkk CyM izs”kj fxj
6- isjksdksVZ Fksfel tkrk gSA
dsfedYl
7- isjksMªku esjfeM
1988 esa izfrcaf/kr nok;sa

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 15 twu 1988 dks fo”ks’k xtV uksVhfQds”ku ,Dl
11018@1@88 Mh- ,e- ,l- ih- ,Q- ,- tkjh fd;k x;k ftlds rgr bZLVªkstu&izkstsLVªksu]
DyksjEQsfudksy&LVsªIVksekblhu] LVhjkW;M~l ewy nokvksa dk O;kikj izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;kA
ls cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vkt Hkh bu nokvksa dk O;kikj dj jgh gSaA
1- bZ- ih- ;wuhdse vR;Ur ?kkrd
QksVZ
2- esLVªkstu bUQkj xHkZorh efgykvksa }kjk
QksVZ iz;ksx djus ij viax
3- vksjlsØksu fudksyl cPps iSnk gksus dk [krjkA
QksVZ lkekU; fLFkfr esa ysus ij
4- vksxY;wfVu bUQkj efgykvksa ds ekfld /keZ
esa xM+cM+h iSnk dj nsrh
gSA
1990&91 esa izfrcfU/kr nok,a

ljdkj us 26 fnlEcj 1990 rFkk 11 Qjojh 1991 dks tkjh vkns”kksa }kjk Øe”k%
ik¡p vkSj nl izdkj dh tsufjd nokb;k¡ izfrcfU/kr dh Fkh ysfdu bu tsufjd nokvksa ds
izpfyr czkaM ukeksa dks izfrcfU/kr lwph esa u Mkyus dh otg ls vkt Hkh ;s nokb;k¡ cktkj
pg. 42
esa [kqys:i ls fcd jgh gSaA bu nokb;ksa esa izeq[k :i ls nnZuk”kd] dQ lhji vkSj VkWfud
vkfn gSa] budh lwph uhps nh tk jgh gSA
1- C;wVk izkDthoku cksdkMZ fyfeVsM ;s nokb;k¡ igys 1983 esa

LikTeks izkDthoku cksdkMZ fyfeVsM izfrcfU/kr dh tk pqdh
gSaA
izkDthoku cksdkMZ fyfeVsM budk vf/kd bLrseky
nnZ
dkC;wZVkby jlYl bafM;k fy- fuokjd ds :i esa gksrk
gSA
okyktsfld dkVZj okysl ysfdu ;s varfM+;ksa esa
?kko Hkh
osxkfuu bZLV bafM;k fy- djrh gSa vkSj izfrjks/kd
{kerk
QksVZtsfld fouFkzksi bafM;k fy- u’V djrh gSaA
2- ekUVksfji IysFkdks QkekZ- izfrjks/kd {kerk u’V
djrh gSA
3- fMdsfjl ,Fkukj bafM;k fy- ,d izdkj dk tgj tks
isV ds
tsVfelksy&ih ,Fkukj bafM;k fy- bLrseky
gksrk gSA
4- tsQkjy es ,.M csdj ;s lHkh dQ lhji gSaA
MkWDVjksa ds
Y;wihfgLV Y;wfiu bafM;k fy- eqrkfcd dQ lhjQ xSj
t:jh gS
fVDlhfyDl es ,.M csdj vkSj fdlh Hkh rjg ds
dQ
dksjsDl Qkbtj bafM;k fy- ls yM+us esa l{ke ugha
gSA
5- V~;wClkbu xzahQkbu bafM;k fy-[kkalh esa bLrseky dh tkus
MªhLVu T;ksQhZ eSulZ okyh xksfy;k¡ tks raf=dk
ra=
dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
lanHkZ
1- tulÙkk] flrEcj] 1989A
pg. 43
2- U;w;kdZ VkbEl] 31-3-1976] Mªx baMLVªh ,.M n bafM;u ihiqy ds i`’B la[;k 224 ls
mn~/k`rA
3- ;w- ,l- lsD;wfjVh ,.M ,Dlpast deh”ku] mijksä iqLrd ds mä i`’B ls mn~/k`rA
4- mijksä iqLrd ds i`’B la[;k 225 ls mn~/k`rA
fdlh Hkh ns”k esa nok dh t:jr LFkkuh; tyok;q] lkekftd O;oLFkk ,oa vkfFkZd {kerk ls fu/kkZfjr gksrh
gSA fons”kh laLFkku ¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡½ /kuh ns”kksa ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjos”k dks eísutj j[kdj
uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSaA eqä&cktkj O;oLFkk esa O;kikj djuk mudh uhfr gS] Hkkjr esa mUgksaus ;gh
i)fr viuk;h gSA blhfy, ;g i)fr gekjs jk’Vªh; fgrksa dh n`f’V ls gkfudkjd gSA
gkFkh desVh dh fjiksVZ] i`’B & 95
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls eqä nok&m|ksx dh t:jr
gekjs ns”k esa ,d ls vf/kd fpfdRlk i)fr;k¡ izpyu esa gSaA loZizFke bl ns”k
dh feV~Vh vkSj vkcks&gok ls iSnk vkSj ;gk¡ dh ijEijkxr lksp vkSj lkaLd`frd igpku ls
tqM+h gqbZ vk;qosZfnd fpfdRlk i)fr gSA blh ls feyrh tqyrh ;wukuh i)fr gSA vaxzsth]
Ýkalhlh ,oa iqrZxkfy;ksa ds lEidZ dh cnkSyr ,yksiSFkh ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh vk;hA nks lkS lkyksa
ds vkSifuosf”kd “kklu vkSj vktknh ds ckn cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds f”kdats us gekjh vfLerk
dks rksM+k vkSj oSKkfud /kjksgj dks jkSankA urhtk ;g fd ,yksiSFkh ds eqdkcys Hkkjrh; i)fr;k¡
fiNM+rs&fiNM+rs xqykeh dh gkyr esa jg x;h gSaA ljdkj us vktkn Hkkjr esa loZizFke
,yksiSFkh i)fr dh f”k{kk ,oa fpfdRlky;ksa ds fu;eu ds fy;s 1956 esa Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku
ifj’kn ¼bf.M;u esfMdy dkmafly½ dk xBu laln ls ikfjr ,d vf/kfu;e ds rgr fd;k
A vk/kqfud i)fr esa gh vuqla/kku gsrq vk;qfoZKku vuqla/kku ifj’kn ¼esfMdy fjlpZ dkmafly½
igys ls gh xfBr FkhA dqN vlsZ ckn Hkkjrh; ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh vuqla/kku dh dsUnzh; ifj’kn
¼lh- lh- vkj- vkbZ-,e- ,p-½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA yksdrkfU=d nckoka ds pyrs 1970 esa
dsUnzh; Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ifj’kn ¼lh- lh- vkbZ- ,p-½ dk xBu fd;k x;kA blds ckn
Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk ,oa gksE;ksiSFkh esa vuqla/kku ds fy;s 1977 esa vk;qosZn ,oa fl)] ;wukuh]
gksE;ksiSFkh] ;ksx ,oa izkd`frd fpfdRlk i)fr;ka gsrq vyx&vyx dsUnzh; vuqla/kku ifj’knksa
dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl izdkj orZeku esa dsUnzh; Lrj ij fofHké fpfdRlk i)fr;ka dh
f”k{kk ,oa fpfdRlkH;kl gsrq rhu ifj’knsa ,oa vuqla/kku gsrq 6 ifj’knsa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA blds
pg. 44
vykok lh- ,l- vkbZ- vkj- ds lkFk&lkFk vkbZ- lh- ,y- vkj- Hkh dHkh&dHkh ,sls dk;ZØeka
ds lkFk vkxs vkrh gS tks fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; ls tqM+s gSaA ns”k esa vk/kqfud] Hkkjrh; ,oa
gksE;ksiSFkh ds yxHkx 104] 120 ¼vk;qosZfnd&98] ;wukuh&20 ,oa fl)&2½ ,oa 94 dkyst py
jgs gSaA
brus cM+s rke>ke ds jgrs vkSj fo”ks’kdj 1970 ds Hkkjrh; isVsUV dkuwu ds cu
tkus ds ckn iwjs Lons”kh fpfdRlk m|ksx rU= us dkQh izxfr dh vkSj ,d izdkj ls ge bl
ekeys esa vkRefuHkZj gh gks x;sA gk¡ bl ekeys esa ,d xEHkhj [kkeh t:j jgh ,yksiSFkh ij
vU; i)fr;ka ds eqdkcys T;knk /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj LokLF; ctV dk 90 izfr”kr fgLlk
blds fodkl] “kks/k vkSj mRiknu ij [kpZ fd;k x;kA gkykafd ,yksiSFkh dsoy 20 izfr”kr
tula[;k dh gh LokLF; t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSA tcfd ns”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;k¡ tks yksd
LokLF; ijaijkvksa esa O;kid :i ls QSyh gSa] vLlh Qhlnh ls T;knk vkcknh dh jkstejkZ dh
LokLF; t:jrsa iwjk dj jgh gSaA Hkkjr ds fofHké izkarks esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls izpfyr
ls taxyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa dks nokbZ ds :i esa ge iz;ksx djrs vk jgs gSaA
vc isVsUV dk geyk
vktknh ds ckn gekjs Lons”kh m|ksxksa us ik”pkR; fpfdRlk i)fr ,yksiSFkh esa
Hkh vHkwriwoZ izxfr dh gSA dbZ nqyZHk ,yksiSfFkd nokb;k¡ loZlqyHk gSa rFkk vU; ns”kkas ds
eqdkcys lLrh Hkh gSaA gtkjksa “kks/kdrkZ vkSj oSKkfud u;h nokb;ksa dh [kkst esa iz;kljr gSaA
ns”k ds cM+s “kks/k laLFkkuksa us viuh t:jrksa ds eqrkfcd nokb;k¡ fodflr dh gSaA ;gk¡ rd
fd vkt ge dqN nokb;k¡ rks nwljs ns”kksa dks lLrh njksa ij fu;kZr Hkh dj jgs gSaA
ijUrq xSV esa “kkfey gksus ls vc nksuksa izdkj dh fpfdRlk i)fr;ka ij u;k
[krjk vk x;k gSA ;w¡ rks igys ls gh cgqjk’Vªh; nok dEifu;k¡ jk’Vªh; tu LokLF; leL;kvksa
dks vuns[kk dj vdwr equkQk dekrh jgh gSaA ns”k esa izfrcfU/kr] izfrcU/k ;ksX;] gkfudkjd
vkSj xSj t:jh nokvksa dks cspdj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ 3000 djksM+ :i;s dk lkykuk ls
vf/kd dk equkQk dekrh jgh gSa vkSj lkFk gh nok cktkj ij ,dkf/kdkj izkfIr dk dqfRlr
‘kM;U= jprh tk jgh gSaA
Mady izLrkoksa esa tu LokLF; vis{kkvksa dh loZFkk mis{kk dh x;h gSA buds }kjk
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fo”o Hkj dh eafM;ksa dks gfFk;kus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaA ftldk nqfu;k Hkj
dh xjhc turk ij izHkko iM+us okyk gSA jksfx;ksa dks vkS’kf/k;k¡ vc vkSj eagxh feysaxhA
miHkksäk dks viuh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd izkFkfedrkvksa dks cnyuk iM+sxkA bl Hkwfedk ds
ifjizs{; esas bykt ij [kpkZ vkSj nokb;ksa dh dherksa esa rsth ls o`f) gksxhA
u;s isVsUV dkuwuksa ds vUrxZRk izR;sd rduhd vkSj mRikn dks isVsUV O;oLFkk ds
vUrxZRk ykuk gksxkA vkS’kf/k;ksa ij oLrq (Product) rFkk cukus dh fof/k (Process) ij
isVsUV ykxw djus dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA ;g O;oLFkk 20 o’kZ oLrq ij vkSj 20 o’kZ oLrq
dks cukus dh fof/k ij ykxw gks ldsxhA bl izdkj yEcs le; rd vkS’kf/k;ksa dks isVsUV
iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr yk;k tk ldsxkA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr esa 70
pg. 45
izfr”kr ls Åij nokb;ksa ij isVsUV iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA ubZ rFkk iqjkuh
lc nokb;k¡ blls izHkkfor gksaxhA iqjkuh nokb;ksa ds cukus dh ubZ fof/k;ka ds isVsUV fy;s
tk;saxsA
vc ;fn u;s isVsUV dkuwu cu tkrs gSa rks cph [kqph nokb;k¡ Hkh isVsUV iz.kkyh
dh gn esa vk tk;saxhA cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds uke gh T;knkrj isVsUV gksaxs vkSj ;s vf/kdkj
vkS’kf/k;ksa dks ns”k esa cukus (Domestic Production) rFkk ckgj ls vk;kr (Import)
djus ij leku :i ls ykxw gksaxs] bl dkj.k ls cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ viuh isVsUV dh gqbZ
nokb;ksa dks fons”k ls gh vk;kr djsaxhA bldk lh/kk izHkko vkS’kf/k;ka dh miyfC/k rFkk mudh
dherksa ij iM+sxkA ^Hkkjrh; nok mRiknd la?k^ ds eqrkfcd vkS’kf/k;ksa dh dhersa nl xquk rd
c<+ tk;saxhA vk;kr vf/kd gks tk;sxk] LFkkuh; mRiknu grksRlkfgr gksxk vkSj ewY; fu;U=.k
vizHkkoh gks tk;sxkA
ubZ xSV iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr Hkkjr dh isVsUV O;oLFkk Hkh vesfjdk tSls ns”k dh
Hkkafr cu tk;sxh rFkk ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfir gksus ds dkj.k nokb;ksa dh dhersa dbZ xquk c<+
tk;saxh vkSj vf/kdka”k turk bu nokb;ksa dks ikus ls oafpr jg tk;sxhA ;gh ugha cfYd c<+h gqbZ
dherksa ds dkj.k ljdkjh ctV esa c<+ksÙkjh u gksus dh lEHkkouk ls vLirkyksa] fMLiSalfj;ksa rFkk
LokLF; dsUnzka ij nokb;ksa dh miyfC/k esa Hkkjh deh vk;sxh vkSj LokLF; lEcU/kh lHkh ;kstuk,a
cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksaxhA
nwljh rjQ ns”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;ka ij tks dqBkjk?kkr gksus tk jgk gS mldh
rjQ ls lHkh dh vk¡[ks cUn gSaA igys ls gh misf{kr vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh vkSj flf) i)fr;ka
ij vc u;h isVsUV iz.kkyh ds rgr cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk tcjnLr geyk gksus okyk gSA
blds ,d dkj.k rks ;g gS fd vk/kqfud fpfdRlk i)fr ¼,yksiSFkh½ if”pe ds ns”kksa dh
LokLF; leL;kvksa dks iw.kZ:is.k gy djus esa v{ke lkfcr gqbZ gS vkSj ogk¡ ds “kks/kdrkZvksa
vkSj mRikndka dh fuxkgsa iwoZ dh ijEijkxr i)fr;ka ij yxh gqbZ gSaA bu i)fr;ksa esa
bLrseky gksus okyh ouLifr;k¡] tM+h&cwfV;k¡ if”pe ds ns”kksa esa ugha ik;h tkrhA if”peh
dEifu;k¡ fdruh egRoiw.kZ nokb;k¡ ikS/kksa vkSj tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls cukrh gS ;g fuEu rkfydk
ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS &
nqfu;k Hkj esa tM+h&cwfV;ksa ls izkIr dh tkus okyh izeq[k nok,a
tM+h cwVh nok mi;ksx

,estksfu;u D;wVsV is”kh ds f[kapko esa
fy;kuk
vksVe Øksdl dksyfdlhu V~;wej fojks/kh
csykMksuk ,Vªksikbu ,.Vh ,ythZ
dSEQj ikS/kk dSEQj :chQsfl;sUV
dksdk dksdsu yksdy ,uLFkhfl;k
dkeu Fkkbe Fkkbeksy QQwan jks/kh
QkDl Xyks fMftVksDlhu ân; VkWfud
pg. 46
bf.M;u lzsd jstjikbu ruko jks/kh

:V
feMh LohV lsyh lkbDyhd nnZ uk”kd
,flM
esDlhdu ;ke Mk;ksltsfuu xHkZ fujks/kd
feaV esaFkksy :chQsfl;saV
ukSDloksfedk LVªkbduhu ,u- lh- ,l- mRizsjd
vksfi;e ekjQhu nnZ fuokjd
FkkuZ ,Iiy Ldksiksysehu “kkfUr iznku djus
jksth isjh fozady fou fØLVhu Y;wdsfe;k jks/kh
okyosV chu ,y & Mksik ikfdZlu jksx jks/kh
OgkbV foyks lSyhlhu nnZ fuokjd
FkSyks fludksuk dwuSu eysfj;k jks/kh
Hkkjr TkSls rhljh nqfu;k¡ ds ns”kksa esa gh budk HkaMkj gSA cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh
reke “kks/k ,tfUl;k¡ igys ls gh bu ns”kksa esa dk;Z dj jgh gSa vkSj pksjh fNis gtkjksa ouLifr
iztkfr;k¡ viuh iz;ksx”kkykvksa esa ys tk pqdh gSa vkSj vc ;fn ubZ isVsUV iz.kkyh ds rgr ;s
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ mu yk[kksa ns”kh uqL[kksa vkSj tM+h cwfV;ksa ds vkS’k/kh; xq.kksa dks vius uke
isVsUV djk ysrh gSa rks gekjk D;k gksxk\ ;g iz”u vfr xEHkhj gSA ns”k esa gtkjksa lkyksa ls
lafpr Kku vkSj vuqHko dh iw¡th dks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ywV ys tk;saxh vkSj fQj gedks gh
eqagekaxh dher ij miyC/k djk;saxhA
;g gksus Hkh yxk gSA elyu gekjs ns”k esa uhe loZlqyHk gS vkSj mlds vkS’k/kh;
o’kksZa ls gekjs ;gk¡ vk;qosZn ls ysdj ?kjsyw uqL[kksa vkSj dhVuk”kdksa ds
:i esa cM+s iSekus ij gks jgk gSA ysfdu bl uhe ij isVsUV dh ekj iM+ x;h gS vkSj ,d
vesfjdh dEiuh MCY;w- vkj- xzsl ,.M dEiuh us uhe ds fofHké peRdkfjd vkS’k/kh; xq.kksa dks
vius uke isVsUV djk fy;k gSA
uhe % cs”kdherh
vktkfMjsDVk bafMdk , tqLl & uhe dk oSKkfud uke ftlds dhVuk”kh
jlk;fud inkFkZ ij vc vesfjdh cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh MCY;w- vkj- xzsl isVsUV ys pqdh gSA
fczfV”k vkSj vesfjdh oSKkfudksa dk /;ku uhe dh vksj 1970 esa x;kA rc ls gh vesfjdk dk
d`f’k foHkkx] futh m|ksxksa dh lgk;rk ls bl ckr dh [kkst dj jgk gS fd uhe dk
okf.kfT;d mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk;sA
Hkkjrh; xk¡oksa esa uhe dh ifÙk;ksa dk mi;ksx xje diM+ksa vkSj vukt dks dhVksa ls
cpkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA xHkkZ/kku fo”ks’kKksa dk er gS fd xqIrkaxksa eas uhe dk rsy
bLrseky djus ls xHkkZ/kku jksdk tk ldrk gSA uhe ds iÙkksa dk jl ihus ls óh ,d lIrkg
rd c¡/;k gks tkrh gSA peZ jksxksa esa rks uhe dk ?kksy vpwd vlj djrk gSA
pg. 47
fpfdRlk txr esa uhe dh vuUr lEHkkouk,a gSaA vHkh gky gh esa p.Mhx<+ ds
ókrdksÙkj fpfdRlk f”k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku laLFkku dh fpfdRld izks- d`’.kk ;kno us ?kkoksa esa
laØe.k jksdus ds fy;s uhe ds ?kksy ls rS;kj vpwd ,aVhlSfIVd nok btkn dh] tks vU;
nokvksa ds eqdkcys cgqr lLrh gSA izks- dq’.kk ;kno dk dguk gS fd egRoiw.kZ fpfdRlk
laLFkkuksa esa Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk i)fr ij “kks/k dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
vc Hkfo’; esa ge uhe ds xq.kksa ij yk[k nkosnkjh djrs jga] mu xq.kksa ij
isVsUV/kkjh dh nkosnkjh gh ekU; gksxhA rqylh dk isM+ gekjs ;gk¡ ?kj&?kj mxk;k tkrk gS
vkSj mldk mi;ksx cgqr lkjs jksxksa esas fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq vc ,d cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh rqylh
ds vkS’k/kh; xq.k dks isVsUV djkus dk izkFkZuk i= ns pqdh gSA blcxksy uked ouLifr dh
Hkh ;g dgkuh gS ftldk djksM+ksa dk O;kikj cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gh djrh gSaA bu tSlh
gtkjksa vU; ouLifr;ksa ds vkS’k/kh; xq.kksa dh gekjs ns”k ds rFkkdfFkr vui<+ xaokj yksxksa esa
foy{k.k igpku {kerk gSA tYnh gh mUga Hkh isVsUV ds Mkdw ys mM+saxs] rks gekjh D;k gkyr
gksxh\
,d vn~Hkqr ouLifr dh mis{kk
Le`fr dks c<+kus okyh ouLifr ds :i esa czg~eh dh cgqr izfr’Bk gS vk;qosZn xzaFkksa
esa blds xq.kksa dk cgqr o.kZu feyrk gSA vHkh gky gh esa cukjl fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; esa blls
;knnk”r okil ykus okyh nok cuk yh x;h gSA bl Hkkjrh; miyfC/k dk fons”kh cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA D;ksafd Hkkjrh; vf/kdkjh bls isVsUV
djkus esa fnypLih ugha ys jgsA nwljh rjQ vesfjdk esa us”kuy baLVhV~;wV vkWQ esaVy gSYFk
^czg~eh^ nok cukus esa tqV x;k gSA ch-,p- ;w- ds “kks/k drkZ izks- th- ih- nwcs dks Mj gS fd
vesfjdk gels igys bls isVsUV djk ysxkA
czg~eh u flQZ Lej.k “kfä c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrh gS] cfYd vfunzk ds dkj.k
gksus okys ruko dks Hkh de djrh gSA ch- ,p- ;w- esa gq, “kks/k ls irk pyrk gS fd
i<+us&fy[kus esa detksj Ldwyh cPpksa ds fy;s Hkh ;g nok dkjxj gSA blls ikxyiu rd
Bhd gks ldrk gSA czg~eh fejxh ds nkSjs jksdus esa Hkh dke;kc gqbZ gSA
Hkkjr gh ugha ,f”k;k vÝhdk ds reke eqYdksa dh lEié izkd`frd lEink
dks mifuos”khdj.k ds ;s u;s ig:;s ys tk;saxsA ck;ks rduhd ds ek/;e ls u;h iztkfr;ksa
vkSj chtksa dk fodkl dj ;s cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ gea gh egaxs nkeksa ij cspsaxh tcfd mudk
teZIykTe gekjs ;gk¡ ls gh bUgksaus izkIr fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] vÝhdk ds taxyksa esa
ik;s tkus okys ,d Qy esa FkksesfVu uke dk nqfu;k dk lcls ehBk ¼phuh ls 1 yk[k xquk
T;knk½ inkFkZ vesfjdk dh tSuVSd uked dEiuh us vius uke isVsUV djk fy;k gS vkSj vc
e/kqesg ds jksfx;ksa dks phuh ds fodYi ds rkSj ij FkksesfVu cspdj ;s dEifu;k¡ equkQk
dek;saxhA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka ls eqä nok&m|ksx dh t:jr
vkt tc cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh ekuo fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dk inkZQk”k gks pqdk gS
rks ,sls le; nok m|ksx ds {ks= esa bl rjg dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk dks lkeus j[kuk
t:jh gks tkrk gS tks cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls fcYdqy eqä gksA bl rjg dh O;oLFkk dsoy
pg. 48
blfy, gh vko”;d ugha gS fd blls ns”k nok ds {ks= esas vkRefuHkZjrk dh rjQ c<+sxk
cfYd blfy, Hkh fd djksM+ksa xjhc ejhtksa dks lLrk mipkj miyC/k djkdj ^ thou j{kk^
tSls mnkÙk uSfrd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh gks ldsxhA 1974 esa xfBr gkFkh desVh us viuh
fjiksVZ ¼1975½ esas dgk Fkk] ßequkQs ds vkn”kZ esa fo”okl j[kus okys cgqjk’Vªh; laLFkkuksa
¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa½ ds gekjs ns”k esa jgus ls gekjs nok&m|ksx ij flQZ O;oLkkf;d LokFkZ
dk izHkko c<+sxkA ;s lkjh nqfu;k eas euq’; ds nq[k dks iw¡th cukus dk laxfBr iz;kl dj jgs
gSaA muds bl iz;kl dks fNé&fHké djus ds fy, Hkkjr esa mudh mifLFkfr ;Fkk”kh?kz lekIr
djuh gksxhAß fjiksVZ esa vkxs cM+s tksjnkj <ax ls dgk x;k ßblfy, ge yksx iwjh rkdr ds
lkFk flQkfj”k djrs gSa fd nok ,oa ouLifr m|ksxksa ds {ks=ks esa cgqjk’Vªh; ;wfuVksa dk ljdkj
vkf/kxzg.k djs vkSj muds lapkyu dk Hkkj izLrkfor ^jk’Vªh; nok izkf/kdj.k^ dks lkSaik tk;Aß
bl ckr esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd jk’Vªh;dj.k ds flok; equkQk[kksj cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ls fuiVus dk dksbZ nwljk jkLrk ugha gS D;ksafd buds jgrs thou j{kk ds mn~ns”; dks
ysdj dke djus okys [kkldj lkoZtfud nok izfr’Bku can gksus dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p x;s gSaA
vkbZ- Mh- ih-,y- ,d ,slk gh mnkgj.k gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx dks thoar
cukus ds fy;s ljdkj dh rjQ ls vko”;d vkfFkZd] uSfrd ,oa iz”kklfud lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k
djk;h tkuh pkfg,A
xjhc turk dks lLrk mipkj eqgS;k djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd ljdkj nokvksa dk
ewY;&fu/kkZj.k djs ,oa nokvksa dks muds ewy jklk;fud ukeksa ij gh cukus dh NwV ns u fd
izpfyr uke ij rkfd nkeksa ij euekuhiu dh lEHkkouk u jgsA
nokb;ksa dk ekSfyd miknku ns”k esa gh cus] ckgj ls fdlh Hkh dher ij vk;kr u
fd;k tk; rkfd nokvksa dk ykxr ewY; de vkSj fLFkj jg ldsA
og ;g gS fd gtkjksa o’kZ ls vktekbZ
gqbZ mu Lons”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;ka dks iquthZfor ,oa fodflr fd;k tk; tks cgqjk’Vªh;
fuxeka dh geykoj uhfr;ksa ds pyrs vkt mis{kk dh f”kdkj gSaA vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh&frCch
¼gdheh½] vkfnoklh fpfdRlk i)fr;k¡ lEHkor % ;gk¡ ds ifjos”k esa vf/kd izHkkoh vkSj lLrk
mipkj ns ikus esa l{ke gksaxh u fd fons”kh ifjos”k esa iuih if”peh fpfdRlk i)frA oSls
bu lcds chp ;fn vPnk leUo; cuk;k tk lds rks csgrj gksxkA ysfdu nqHkkZX; ls gekjs
ns”k dh ljdkjksa us vkt rd Lons”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;ka ds lkFk lkSrsyk O;ogkj fd;k gSA
vkt gj O;fä ^,yksiSfFkd laLd`fr^ esa iyrk gS] D;ksafd f”k{kk ds ikB~;Øeka esa mls vk;qosZfnd
thou&”kSyh dk ikB ugha i<+k;k tkrkA blfy, cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka ls eqfä ikus ds fy,
vko”;d gS fd vius Kku vkSj viuh euh’kk ls ekuo ihM+kvksa ij fot; ikus gsrq jkLrk <w¡<
fudkyk tk;A
pg. 49
dhVuk”kdksa dk Hkh fu”kkuk gS gekjk LokLF;

dhVuk”kd nokb;ksa ds fNM+dko okys xsgwa ds vkVs dh ryh gqbZ iwfj;k¡ [kkus okys
mÙkj izns”k ds cjsyh ftys ds djhc Ms<+ lkS O;fä;ksa ds ekSr ds f”kdkj cuus dh ?kVuk vHkh
tsgu esa cjdjkj gSA gkyr ;g gS fd bl rjg ds NksVs&cM+s lekpkj vk;s fnu lqf[kZ;ksa esa
i<+us dks fey tkrs gSaA bu lekpkjka ls fopkjd ,d ckj fQj fpafrr gksus yxs gSaA ladj
cht ds vkxeu ds ckn dhVuk”kdksa ds mi;ksx esa rsth ls o`f) gksus ds dkj.k vkt dqy
[ksrh ;ksX; tehu ds pkSFks Hkkx esa bl tgj dk bLrseky “kq: gks x;k gSA mlesa vk/ks ls
vf/kd Hkkx rks Mh- Mh- Vh-] ch- ,p- lh- vkSj eSykfFk;ksu dk gh gSA ipkl ds n”kd esa bu
nokb;ksa dk okf’kZd mi;ksx flQZ nks gtkj Vu Fkk] tks vkt c<+ dj vLlh gtkj Vu rd
igqap pqdk gSA fQj Hkh rkTtqc rks ;g gS fd tho&tUrq] jksx vkfn ls Qly dks tks uqdlku
¼laxzg ds le; ds uqdlku lfgr½ gksrk Fkk] mldk vk¡dM+k] tks lu~ 1976 esa 3300 djksM+
Vu Fkk] og vkt c<+dj N% gtkj djksM+ Vu gks x;k gSA lu~ 1960&61 esa 64 yk[k gsDVsvj
esa ;g tgj ¼okLro esa bls nok dSls dgk tk;A nok thou j{kk djrh gS mldk guu ugha½
Mkyk tkrk Fkk] vc mlds LFkku ij vkB djksM+ gsDVsvj esa Mkyus dk ;g urhtk gSA vksVkok
j dk nkok gS fd rFkkdfFkr fodflr ns”kksa esa gh
dhVuk”kdksads tgj ls gj o’kZ nl gtkj vkneh ej tkrs gSa vkSj nwljs pkj yk[k vkneh
rjg&rjg ds foijhr ifj.kkeksa ls ihfM+r gksrs gSaA ,sls tgjksa dks ge D;k dgsaxs & dhVuk”kd
;k ekuo Hk{kd\ buds eq[; f”kdkj [ksr etnwj gksrs gSaA ik”pkR; ns”kksa esa ftu ij ikcanh
yxkbZ xbZ gS] oSls jlk;u rhljs fo”o esa mM+sys tkus ds dkj.k ;g ifjfLFkfr iSnk gqbZ gSA
egkjk’Vª rFkk vka/kzizns”k esa :bZ ¼dikl½ mxkus okyh iV~Vh esa bu dhVuk”kdksa ds dkj.k [ksr
etnwjksa esa vU/kRo] dSUlj] vaxfod`fr;ka] yhoj ds jksx rFkk KkurUrqqvksa ds jksx gkssus ds
mnkgj.k ik;s x;s gSaA
vY;qfefu;e QkWLQkbM tks vukt laxzg ds fy, lokZf/kd izHkko”kkyh ekuk tkrk
gS] euq’; ds Hkkstu esa tkus ls tgjhyk vlj djrk gSA vky bafM;k bUlVhV~;wV vkQ
esfMdy lkbalst ds MkDVjksa ds ,d ny us lu~ 1988 esa ,d losZ{k.k fd;k Fkk] mlesa
vY;qfefu;e QkWLQkbM ds gh tgjhys vlj ds 114 mnkgj.k jksgrd ¼gfj;k.kk½ esa] 55 mÙkj
izns”k esa] vkSj 30 fgekapy izns”k eas ik;s x;s FksA
,j.Mh ds rsy ls ysdj jk[k feykus rd dh vkSj xksj feV~Vh dh dksfB;ksa esa
?kj&?kj vukt lqjf{kr j[kus dh tks lqanj fodsfUnzr O;oLFkk Fkh] mls [kRe dj fn;k x;kA
,l- Vh- lh- ds vjcksa :i;ksa dh ykxr ls cus xksnkeksa esa vukt ds lkFk tgj feyk dj
djksM+ksa ds O;oLFkk [kpZ ls vukt laxzg djus dh O;oLFkk ¼fQj Hkh yk[kksa Vu vukt lM+
tkrk gS½ dks gh D;k ge izxfr vkSj fodkl dgsaxs\
QkyhMksy uked dhVuk”kd ds fNM+dko okyh phuh vkSj xsagwa ds vkVs ds mi;ksx
ls dsjy esa dh e`R;q gks x;h crk;h tkrh gSA Mh- Mh- Vh-] ch- ,p- lh-] ,YMªku]
DykslMsu] ,Mªhu] feFkkby iSjkfFk;ksu] VksDlkQsu vkSj gsIVkDyksj rFkk fy.Msu vkfn vusd
dhVuk”kd ftUgsa fo”o LokLF; laLFkk ¼MCY;w- ,p- vks-½ us vR;Ur fo’kSyk vkSj vlqj{kke;
pg. 50
djkj fn;k gS vkSj ftuds bLrseky ij dbZ ns”kksa essa ;k rks lEiw.kZ jksd gS ;k l[r fu;a=.k
gS] gekjs ns”k eas [kqysvke mi;ksx D;ksa gksrk gS\ bldk Lif’Vdj.k laln lnL;ksa rFkk
tulk/kkj.k dks ns”k rFkk jkT;ksa ds d`f’k foHkkx ls ek¡xuk pkfg,A ;|fi lkeus ls Li’Vhdj.k
feyus dh laHkkouk cgqr gh de gS] D;ksafd cspkjs eaf=;ksa dks rks vius lfpoksa dk i<+k;k ikB gh
jV ysuk gksrk gSA
,d vkSlr Hkkjrh; dks vius nSfud vkgkj esa 0-27 feyhxzke Mh- Mh- Vh- Hkh isV
esa Mkyuk iM+rk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vkSlr Hkkjrh; ds “kjhj ds Årdksa esa ,df=r gq,
Mh- Mh- Vh- dk Lrj 12-8 ls 31 ih- ih- ,e- ;kfu fo”o esa lcls Å¡pk gSA fnYyh okyksa ds
“kjhj dh pjch esa Hkh dhVuk”kdksa dk Lrj fo”o eaas lcls Å¡pk dgk tkrk gSA xsgwa esa 1-6 ls
17-4 ih- ih- ,e-] pkoy esa 0-8 ls 16-4 ih- ih- ,e-] nkykas esa 2-9 ls 16-9 ih- ih- ,e-]
ewaxQyh esa 3-0 ls 19-1 ih- ih- ,e- lkx lCth eas 5-00 vkSj vkyw esa 68-5 ih- ih- ,e- rd
Mh- Mh- Vh- ik;k x;k gSA vukt] nkysa] vaMs] ekal vkSj lkx&lCth ds ftu uewuksa dh tk¡p
dh xbZ Fkh muesa ls vk/ks uewuksa eas dhVuk”kdksa ds va”k ns[kus dks feys vkSj ,d frgkbZ uewuksa
esa rks ;s va”k MCY;w- ,p- vks- }kjk lq>kbZ xbZ lg;ek=k ls Hkh vf/kd FkhA egkjk’Vª esa Ms;jh
}kjk cksryksa essa fcdus okys nw/k ds 90 izfr”kr uewuksa esa 4-8 ls 6-3 ih- ih- ,e- rd Mh- Mh-
Vh-] 1-9 ls 6-3 ih- ih- ,e- rd fMYMªhu Hkh ik;k x;kA tcfd nksuksa dh lg;ek=k flQZ 0-
66 ih- ih- ,e- gh gSA Mh- Mh- Vh- vkSj ch- ,p- lh- dk vkSlr ifjek.k Øe”k % 3-6 vkSj 2-
6 ih- ih- ,e- eD[ku esa ns[kk x;k gS tcfd láek=k dsoy 1-25 ih- ih- ,e gSA
,sls tgj ds yxkrkj bLrseky ds dkj.k HkwxHkZ dk ty] unh] ukys] rkykc vkfn
nwf’kr gks x;s gSaA dukZVd ds gklu ftys ds rkykcksa ds ihus ds ikuh esa rks 0-02 ls ysdj
0-2 ih- ih- ,e- rd dhVuk”kd ik;s x;s] tcfd dkosjh ds ikuh esa 1000 ih- ih- ch- ¼ikV~Zl ij
fcfy;u½] ch- ,p- lh- vkSj 1300 ih- ih- ch- isjksfFk;ksu ns[kk x;kA
lLrk lkfgR; laLFkk }kjk izdkf”kr vk;ZfHk’kd~ uked 100 o’kZ iwoZ fy[ks x;s
ouLifr vkS’k/k fo’k; ds ,d xaFk esa ,slk mYys[k gS fd vukt esa gjs ¼tks lw[k u x;s gksa½
eha<y ¼MksMs½ ds Qy Mky j[ks gksa rks vukt ikjk Mkys gq, vukt ls Hkh T;knk vPNh rjg
lqjf{kr jgrk gSA ckr&ckr esa ih<+h&nj&ih<+h feyus okys vuqHko Kku dh ,slh fdruh
fojklr Ldwy&dkystksa esa f”k{kk izkIr efgykvksa us lqjf{kr j[kh gksaxh\
vf/kd ls vf/kd Qly mxkus ds ikxyiu esa geus ladj cht vkSj cukoVh
[kkn dh xyr jkg viuk;h] ftlls Qly dh jksx izfrjks/kd “kfä ?kV x;h vkSj dhVUkk”kdksa dks
izos”k feykA vukt dh mit c<+kus ds fy, ugha] cfYd dhVuk”kdksa dks nkf[ky djus ds fy,
ladj cht dk bLrseky c<+k;k tk jgk gS] ;g ckr yksxksa ds /;ku esa gh ugh vk;hA lky esa
nks&nks] rhu&rhu Qlysa ikuss dh miyfC/k dh Mhax gkadrs le; ;g fcYdqy Hkqyk fn;k x;k
fd idh Qly ysus ij fdlku tc og Qly dkV ysrk rks mlds ckn [ksr [kkyh jgrkA
bl nkSjku ml [ksr esa gkfudkjd tho&tarqvksa dks iuius ds fy, dksbZ vkgkj u feyus ds
dkj.k mudh tkfr;ksa ij dqnjrh <ax ls vadq”k vk tkrk FkkA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka }kjk dhVuk”kdksa dk O;kikj %&

pg. 51
dhVUkk”kdksa ds mRiknu vkSj muds iz;ksx dks izpkfjr djus esa cgqjk’Vªh;
ds
thou esa tgj ?kksy jgh gSaA gfjr ØkfUr vkSj O;kikfjd d`f’k ds uke ij fodkl”khy ns”k
dhVuk”kdksa ds dqtky eas Qal pqds gSaA uhps dh rkfydk esa dhVuk”kd mRiknu djus okyh
eq[; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa %&
dhVuk”kd cukus okyh eq[; cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡
dEiuh eq[; xfrfof/k dhVuk O;kikj “kks/k vkSj fodkl ij

”kd [kpZ
¼djksM+ Mkyj esa½¼djksM+ Mkyj
esa½
lhck&xk;xh nokb;k¡ 203-7 16-7
cs;j jlk;u 172-7 14-0
vkbZ- lh- vkbZ- jlk;u 147-7 15-0
jksu & iksysad jlk;u 146-4 10-0
ekulsaVks jlk;u 117-8 9-4
M~;w ik¡ isVªksfy;e 110-0 11-0
ch- ,- ,l- ,Q- jlk;u 88-9 vuqiyC/k
gsDlV jlk;u 83-3 8-0
Mks jlk;u 82-0 7-0
“kSy isVªksfy;e 75-4 7-5
“ksfjax nokb;k¡ 66-0 8-0
,- lkbukfeM jlk;u 61-5 8-6
lsaMkst nokb;k¡ 55-0 5-5
,Q- ,e- lh- jlk;u@gfFk;kj 47-8 6-7
byh fyyh nokb;k¡ 40-8 4-0
lzksr & xSV ,.M bf.M;k % ikfyfVDl vkQ ,xzhdYpj & ys- nsosUnz “kekZ
Mkyj lkykuk
dk gS vr % bl m|ksx ds fufgr LokFkZ cgqr rkdroj gks x;s gSaA T;knkrj dhVuk”kd
mRiknd dEifu;k¡ lkFk gh lkFk vU; izdkj ds d`f’k jlk;uka vkSj ubZ iztkfr;ksa ds chtksa
dk Hkh mRiknu djrh gSaA jlk;u cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us cM+s&cM+s Qly vuqla/kku laLFkkuksa
vkSj cht foi.ku izfr’Bkuksa dks [kjhn fy;k gSA ns[kus lquus esa rks vPNk yxrk gS fd vc
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ubZ&ubZ tSorduhdksa }kjk mPp mRiknu {kerk vkSj dhVjks/kh xq.klEié
chtksa dk mRiknu vkSj foi.ku djsaxhA ijUrq [krjukd gS dhVuk”kh mRiknu djus okyh
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cht mRiknu vkSj O;kikj dks vius gkFkksa fu;fU=r djus ds ihNs
pg. 52
dk fufgRk LokFkZ% ,sls chtksa dk mRiknu ftuesa T;knk jklk;fud [kknksa vkSj T;knk dhVuk”kdksa dk
mi;ksx gks ldsA ftl j¶rkj ls d`f’k chtksa dh tSo fofo/krk ¼O;oLkkf;d [ksrh ds pyrs½ u’V gks
jgh gS] og fnu nwj ugha tc lkjk dk lkjk cht O;kikj dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa gksxk vkSj fdlku
iwjh rjg bu u;s chtksa ij gh fuHkZj gks tk;saxsA lkFk gh lkFk] dhVuk”kdkas ds Hkkjh bLrseky
ds fy;s Hkh etcwj gks tk;saxsA
lHkh ,xzksdsfedy cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa us vius “kks/k dk vf/kdka”k fgLlk
[kjirokj uk”kdksa ds izfr lgu”khy cht fodflr djus esa yxk j[kk gS] ;kfu ,sls cht
ftuds lkFk T;knk ls T;knk [kjirokj uk”kd jlk;u bLrseky fd;s tk ldas] ijUrq bu
jlk;uksa dk vlj Qlyksa ij u gksA pkoy] eôk] xsgw¡] vkyw] lksjxe] lks;kchu] lCth vkSj
vU; O;kikfjd Qlysa tSls ,YQk&,YQk] dsuksyk] dkVu] ikiyj] xék] lwjteq[kh] rEckdw]
VekVj vkSj [kk|rsy vkfn Qlyksa ds chtksa esa [kjirokj uk”kh jlk;uksa ds izfr lgu”khyrk
fodflr djus ds iz;kl ;s dEifu;k¡ dj jgh gSaA ;g nkok Hkh fd;k tk jgk gS fd bu u;s
chtksa ds bLrseky djus ls [kjirokj uk”kh jlk;uksa dh [kir de gksxhA bl izdkj dh
Qlysa î;kZoj.k&nksLr^ jlk;uksa ds bLrseky dks c<+kok nsaxhA ,sls u;s [kjirokj uk”kh
jlk;uksa ds fodkl dk nkok fd;k tk jgk gS tks de ls de nq’izHkko j[krs gSa vkSj feV~Vh
esa feyus ds ckn vgkfudkjd jlk;uks esa rCnhy gks tkrs gSaA ijUrq jscsdk xksYMoxZ vkSj
lkfFk;ksa }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd ^ck;ksVsDuksykstht fcVj gkjosLV % gfoZlkbM VksyjsUV ØkIl
,.M n FkszV Vw lLVsuscy ,xzhdYpj^ esa bl ckr dks pqukSrh nh gS fd okLro esa [kjirokjuk”kh
jlk;uksa ds izfr lgu”khyrk j[kus okys chtksa ds bLrseky ls î;kZoj.k&nksLr^ jlk;uksa dk
bLrseky c<+sxk\ jscsdk xksYMoxZ dgrs gSa fd [kjirokjuk”kh lgu”khyrk iqjkus] T;knk
tgjhys tSls eSVªhC;wthu] ,Vªkthu] Vªkb;kthu] eSVksykDyksj vkSj 2] 4 Mh vkfn jlk;uks ds
izfr gh iz;ksx dh tk jgh gS] vkSj u;s vkSj iqjkus [kjirokj uk”kdksa dk cktkj c<+kus ds
fy;s izksRlkgu Hkh fn;s tk jgs gSaA bls ns[krs gq;s ;g vlEHko gh gS u;s de [krjukd
[kjirokj uk”kh jlk;u iqjkus T;knk [krjukd jlk;ukss dk LFkku ys ysaxsA xksYMcxZ us
psrkouh nh gS fd [kjirokj uk”kh lgu”khy Qlysa vkSj o`{k ds mRiknu esa ubZ fdLe ds
[kjirokj uk”kh jlk;uksa dk T;knk bLrseky gksxk vkSj vUrr% d`f’k dh bu jlk;uks ij
fuHkZjrk cuh jgsxhA
;wjksih;u ikfyZ;kesaV ds [kk|] eRL; vkSj d`f’k vk;ksx dh ,d fjiksVZ ¼1986½ esa
Bhd gh dgk x;k gS ^ m|ksxksa ds n`f’Vdks.k ls] [kjirokj uk”kh lgu”khy iztkfr;ksa dk
fodkl vkfFkZd n`f’Vdks.k ls ykHkizn gS D;ksafd bu iztkfr;ksa ds fodkl ds eqdkcys u;s
[kjirokj uk”kh jlk;uksa ds fodkl esa 20 xquk vf/kd /ku yxrk gSA^ vkSj ;gh rdZ cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa dk gSA ftuesa ls vf/kdrj bl eSnku esa dwn pqdh gSaA dhVuk”kd fodkl] ikS/k
iztuu vkSj cht mRiknu rhuks dks lfEefyr :i ls ,d gh dEiuh }kjk djus ds dkj.k] vc
dEifu;k¡ d`f’k ykxrksa dk ,d lEiw.kZ iSdst gh csp ldsaxhA ;s cht] mlh dEiuh }kjk
mRikfnr dhV vkSj [kjirokj uk”kh ds izfr lgu”khy gksaxs] vkSj bl rjg nksuka ¼cht] vkSj
dhV o [kjirokj uk”kh½ dh fcØh lkFk&lkFk gksxh] lkFk&lkFk c<+sxhA
pg. 53
27 ls T;knk cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ bl izdkj ds “kks/k esa yxh gqbZ gSaA uhps dh
rkfydk esa dqN cht mRiknd cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSaA
cht mRiknu esa yxh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡
dEiuh ns”k eq[; xfrfof/k cht O;kikj ¼djksM+

Mkyj esa½
ik;ksfu;j ;w- ,l- ,- cht 69-2
lsaMkst fLoV~tjyS.M jlk;u 38-2
yhekxzsu Ýkal cht 23-4
dkjfxy ;w- ,l- ,- [kk| izlaLdj.k 25-0
vitksu ;w- ,l- ,- jlk;u 21-7
izksosaMj fLoV~tjyS.M [kk| izlaLdj.k 21-3
lhck&xk;xh fLoV~tjyS.M jlk;u 21-3
Qkbtj ;w- ,l- ,- cht 15-4
“kSy fczVsu@U;wthyS.M isVªksfy;e 20-0
vksjlu Ýkal tSo jlk;u 13-9
ds- MCY;w- teZuh cht 12-7
,l-
vkbZ- lh- fczVsu jlk;u 9-8
vkbZ-
Y;wczhtksy ;w- ,l- ,- jlk;u 8-3
lzksr & fi;js] oSfu;V tksyh] vkbZ- ,u- ,- &lh- ,u- vkj- ,l- &Ýkal
lhck xk;xh dEiuh us u;s fdLe dk lks;kchu dk cht rS;kj fd;k tks lhck
xk;xh }kjk gh mRikfnr [kjirokj uk”kh ,Vªkthu ds izfr lgu”khyrk j[krk gSA bl cht
dh otg ls lhck xk;xh ds ,Vªkthu dh lkykuk fcØh 12 djksM+ Mkyj c<+ x;hA gekjs
fy;s bl izdkj dh [ksrh okLro esa fpUrktud gS] D;ksafd u;s chtksa ds bLrseky djrs gq;s
gekjs fdlku etcwj gks tk;saxs fd os [kjirokj uk”kh o dhVuk”kh jlk;u Hkh [kjhnsa vkSj
iz;ksx djsaA gekjs ;gk¡ vHkh dqy d`f’k ds 15&20 izfr”kr fgLls esa gh bu tgjhys vkSj
[krjukd jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ijUrq vc ;g fuf”pr :i ls c<+ tk;sxkA
fodfLkr ns”k pkykd gSa &
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vius T;knkrj dhVuk”kdks vkSj [kjirokj uk”kdks ds fy;s
fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa cktkj [kkstrh gSaA ,sls jlk;u Hkh [kqysvke csps tkrs gSa tks fodflr
ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSaA buds mi;ksx dks gfjr ØkfUr] T;knk mRiknu] O;oLkkf;d mRiknu
ds uke ij c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA fuf”pr~ :i ls] ,slh Qlyksa esa [krjukd jlk;uksa dk
pg. 54
cgqr cM+k va”k jgrk gS tks buds bLrseky ls i”kqvksa vkSj euq’;ksa esa igqaprk gS rFkk muds
thou dks [krjs esa Mky nsrk gSA bl izdkj ds d`f’k mRikn fodflr ns”kksa dks fu;kZr u fd;s
tk ldsa blds fy;s xSV le>kSrs esa vyx ls ,d v/;k; ^lSuhVjh vkSj QkbVks lSuhVjh
estlZ^ dks tksM+k x;k gSA
^lSuhVjh vkSj QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ^ dk eq[; fu”kkuk os fodkl”khy ns”k gh gSa]
tgka ls d`f’k mRikn fodflr ns”kksa dks fu;kZr fd;s tkrs gSaA xSV le>kSrs ds bl izko/kku esa
;g r; fd;k x;k gS fd lHkh ns”kksa dks os lqj{kk fu;eu vkSj funsZ”ku ekuus gksaxs tks [kk|
jlk;uksa] osVsujh nokvksa] dhVuk”kdksa] feykoVka] fo”ys’k.k ds rjhdksa vkSj gkbthu izsfDVl ds
fu;eksa ds fy;s dksMsDl ,syheaVsfj;l vk;ksx (Codex Alimentarius Comission) }kjk
r; fd;s x;s gSaA jkse fLFkr ;g vk;ksx la;qä jk’Vª la?k ds [kk| ,oa d`f’k laxBu ¼,Q- ,-
vks-½ }kjk lapkfyr rFkk fo”o LokLF; laxBu ¼MCY;w- ,p- vks-½ }kjk foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr
gSA bl vk;ksx dk mís”; i”kqvksa] lfCt;ksa vkSj Qyksa dh xq.koÙkk ds fy;s cus fu;e dkuwuksa
esa ,d:irk LFkkfir djuk gSA blds fy;s vU; vUrjjk’Vªh; laLFkkvksa] b.Vjus”kuy vkfQl
vkQ bfitwfVDl rFkk b.Vjus”kuy IykaV izksVsD”ku dUos”ku vkfn dk Hkh lg;ksx feyrk gSA
dksMsDl ,yheaVsfj;l }kjk [kk| Lrj cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s dh x;h laLrqfr;k¡ cgqr gh
pkykdh ls fodflr ns”kksa }kjk fodkl”khy ns”kksa ls gksus okys [kk| lkexzh ¼d`f’k mRiknksa½
ds vk;krksa dks ;g dg dj jksdus esa bLrseky dh tkrh gS fd fodkl”khy ns”kksa }kjk
mRikfnr [kk| oLrqvksa ds bLrseky ls fodfLkr ns”kksa ds yksxksa dks LokLF; dk [krjk gSA
;s laLrqfr;k¡ gh xSV le>kSrs esa lSuhVjh ,oa QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ ds izko/kkuksa
esa “kkfey dh x;h gSaA gkykafd bu laLrqfr;ksa dks cukrs le; vkSj mu ij ,d vUrjjk’Vªh;
le>kSrk djrs le; [kk| fo”ks’kKksa] oSKkfudksa ,oa MkDVjksa }kjk mudh leh{kk dh tkuh
pkfg;s Fkh] ijUrq [kk| ,oa jlk;u cukus okyh cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds vf/kdkfj;ksa us gh lc
dqN vius vki r; dj fn;kA blesa miHkksäk lewgksa ds lq>ko Hkh ugha fy;s x;sA ifj.kke
lkeus gSA dksMsDl laLrqfr;k¡ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds i{k es tkrh gSaA vc tc fodkl”khy
ns”k Hkh [krjukd dhVuk”kdksa vkSj jlk;uksa }kjk LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.kh; [krjksa ds izfr
lpsr gks jgs gSa] rc dksMsDl dh laLrqfr;ksa esa dhVuk”kdksa ds va”k (Residues) ds lhek esa
NwV ns nh x;h gSA
dksMsDl ,yheaVsfj;l esa vesfjdh izfrfuf/k e.My dk xBu bl ckr dk lcwr
vkf[kj D;k id jgk gSA bl izfrfuf/k e.My esa usLys] gkyS.M ,.M
ukbV] dksdkdksyk] isIlh dksyk] g’ksZ QwM dkiksZjs”ku tSlh cM+h [kk| vkSj dhVuk”kd cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds izfrfuf/k jgs gSaA dksMsDl dk v/;{k Hkh ;wukbVsM LVsV~l MsoyiesaV ,tsalh ¼;w-
,l- Mh- ,-½ dk ofj’B vf/kdkjh gh FkkA vesfjdh dkaxzsl dk er gS fd [krjukd dhVuk”kdksa
ds fu;kZr dks] ftudk mi;ksx vesfjdk esa izfrcfU/kr gS ,d dkuwu cukdj jksd fn;k tk;
D;ksafd] ;s dhVUkk”kd ¼vU; ns”kksa esa½ mu Qlyksa ij fNM+ds tkrs gSa] ftudk vk;kr fQj
vesfjdk dks gh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s vesfjdk esa 1972 esa Mh- Mh- Vh- dk mi;ksx
izfrcfU/kr dj fn;k x;k vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh flQZ eysfj;k fuokj.k essa blds bLrseky dh
vuqefr gSA ijUrq dksMsDl dh laLrqfr;k¡ bl dhVuk”kh ds iz;ksx dks mfpr Bgjkrh gSaA ,d
pg. 55
rjQ rks fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx ¼ dksMsDl laLrqfr;ka ds eqrkfcd½
pyrk jgsxk] ijUrq nwljh rjQ lSuhVjh ,oa QkbVks lSuhVjh estlZ ds pyrs bu dhVuk”kdksa dk
mi;ksx ftu d`f’k mRiknksa ij fd;k tk;sxk os d`f’k mRikn fodflr ns”kksa dks fu;kZr ugha
fd;s tk ldsaxsA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dh okLrfodrk
,d cgqr cM+h rsy dEiuh dk dguk gS fd og ^Xykscy okfeZax^ ds izfr lko/kkuh
dk joS;k viuk jgh gSA ,d cM+k d`f’k jlk;u fuekZrk ,d ,sls [krjukd dhVuk”kd dk
O;kikj djrk gS tks dbZ ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gS] ijUrq og dEiuh trykrh gS fd og Hkw[kksa
dks [kkuk nsus esa enn dj jgh gSA M~;w ik¡ ds vf/kdkjh vc Hkh ;g ugha ekurs fd mudk
ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo gkfudkjd gSA “kSy vHkh Hkh dhVuk”kdksa ls tgj QSykus dh ?kVukvksa
dh ftEesnkjh udkjrh gSA jksu ikSysad vkSj dqN vU; dEifu;k¡ vius ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr
dhVuk”kdksa ds fu;kZr dk leFkZu djrh gSaA ;wfu;u dkckZbM tks Hkksiky dk dhVuk”kd
dkj[kkuk pykrh Fkh mlus nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkS|ksfxd nq?kZVuk ls gqbZ gtkjksa ekSrksa dh
ftEesnkjh ysus ls bUdkj dj fn;kA ,sls gh Mks dsfedy o “kSy dEiuh us lkyksa rd dkuwuh nkao
isap esa ml dsl dks my>k, j[kk ftlesa mu ij Mh- ch- ih- lh- uke ds dhVuk”kd ds fuekZ.k
o bLrseky dk vkjksi FkkA bl dhVuk”kd ds izHkko ls dksLVkfjdk ds [ksr etnwjksa esa
cU/k;rk iSnk gks x;h FkhA dqN dEifu;ka ds dkjukea uhps fn;s gSa &
M;w ik¡ &
;w- ,l- ,- dh lcls cM+h jlk;u dEiuh ftldk 40 ns”kksa esa dkjksckj gS rFkk
jlk;u] isVªksfy;e] QkbclZ] ikyhelZ] dks;yk] dhVuk”kd dk dkjksckj djrh gSA M;w ik¡
fo”o esa Dyksjks ¶yksjks dkcZu ¼lh- ,Q- lh-½ dh vkfo’dkjd o lcls cM+h fuekZrk dEiuh gSA
;g jlk;u okrkoj.k dh vkstksu ys;j esa {k; dk eq[; dkj.k gSA la;qä jk’Vª i;kZoj.k
dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj vkstksu {k; ds pkyw Lrj dh otg ls de ls de 3 yk[k Ropk dSalj
ds dsl gksaxsA blls eSfyxzSaV eSysuksek Hkh gksxk vkSj o’kZ Hkj esa eksfr;k fcUn ds djhc 1-5
djksM+ dsl vkSj c<+ tk;saxsA euq’;ksa dh izfrjks/kd {kerk esa deh] Qlyksa dks uqdlku vkSj
QkbVks IysadVu dh la[;k esa deh gks ldrh gS tks leqnzh thoksa ds Hkkstu dk eq[; vk/kkj
rS;kj djrs gSaA M~;w ik¡ us lh- ,Q- lh- ds ,ot esa cuk;s x;s jlk;u dk mRiknu vkSj fcØh
“kq: dj nh gSA gkbMªks Dyksjks ¶yksjks dkcZu ¼,p- lh- ,Q- lh-½ o gkbMªks ¶yksjks dkcZu ¼,p-
,Q- lh-½ dks ;g dEiuh lqjf{kr fodYi ds :i esa is”k dj jgh gSA ij okLrfodrk ;g gS
fd ;g xSlsa Hkh fo”o ds i;kZoj.k ds fy;s [krjukd gSaA vkstksu ijr dks de djrs gSa] xzhu
gkml izHkko c<+krs gSaA
M~;w ik¡ VsVªkbFkkby ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo dh vkfo’dkjd rFkk vkf[kjh cps gq,
mRikndka esa ls gSA ;g mRiknu] ;w- ,l- ,-] dukMk] tkiku o vkLVsªfy;k esa iwjk izfrcfU/kr
fd;k tk pqdk gS] D;ksafd i;kZoj.k esa ySM dk tgj QSykus essa bldh Hkwfedk Li’V gSA
efLr’d dks uqdlku vkSj i;kZoj.k esa ySM ds tgj ds chp lh/kk lEcU/k gS& [kkl rkSj ij
cPpksa esaA [kwu esa FkksM+h lh ySM ls Hkh cqf) esa deh] lh[kus esa :dkoVsa] ;knnk”r esa deh o
O;ogkj esa ijs”kkuh dh fLFkfr gks ldrh gSA
pg. 56
fo”o Hkj esa vuqeku gS fd M~;w ik¡ vkSj mlds lgk;d jkst 1-6 djksM+ ikmaM
iznw’kd NksM+rs gSaA flQZ 1986 esa M~;w ik¡ vkSj mlds lgk;dksa us 34-8 djksM+ ikmaM tgjhys
jlk;u vesfjdk dh ok;q] feV~Vh vkSj ikuh esa MkysA 1991 ekpZ esa ekVkeksjksl] eSfDldks esa
M;w ik¡ dk fDofedk ¶yksj IykaV ds vkl ikl dk {ks= bruk tgjhyk gks x;k Fkk fd
eSfDldks ds jk’Vªifr us txg ds vklikl 2 ehy dk cQj tksu cukus ds fy;s 30]000 yksxksa
dks vius ?kj NksM+us dk vkns”k fn;kA
“kSy xqzi &

dk
gSA 1990 esa “kSy xqzi us nqfu;k dh lc dEifu;ksa ds eqdkcys lcls T;knk equkQk dek;kA
bldk dkjksckj 100 ns”kksa esa QSyk gSA 50 ns”kksa esa 40 djksM+ ,dM+ tehu gSA blesa 1]37]000
yksx dke djrs gSaA okf’kZd fcØh 100 vjc Mkyj ls Åij gSA
vkt rd ds lcls egRoiw.kZ [krjukd jlk;u fu;kZr ekeys esa “kSy us LVS.MMZ
ÝwV dEiuh dks dsys ds ckxkuksa ds fy;s ,d ,slk dhVuk”kd jlk;u lIykbZ fd;k ftlesa
MkbZ czkseks Dyksjks izksisu ¼Mh- ch- lh- ih-½ FkkA “kSy dEiuh dks 1950 ls gh ekywe Fkk fd
iz;ksx”kkyk ds uj tUrqvksa esa blls cU/;rk ¼LVjfyVh½ gksrh gSA ij mlus vius yscyksa ij
;g tkudkjh ugha nhA la;qä jk’Vª la?k i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe us tc r; fd;k fd Mh- ch- lh-
esa Hkh cU/;rk gksrh gS vkSj mRiknu ij fu’ks/k yxk fn;k] rc Hkh “kSYk us ;g
jlk;u cspuk cUn ugha fd;kA Mh- ch- lh- ih- ds lkFk dke djus ds ckn dksLVkfjdk ds
dsys ds ckxkuksa esa dke djus okys gtkjksa yksxkssa esa cU/;rk iSnk gks x;h rks “kSy ds oSKkfud
us Mh- ch- lh- ih- dsl ds Åij ckr djrs gq, dgk ß[kSj tks Hkh gS] tgk¡ rd eSus lquk gS
fd ogk¡ tjk cPpksa dks iSnk djus ij jksd yxsxh rks bl ns”k ds fy;s vPNk gh gksxkAß
“kSy fo”o esa nloha lcls cM+h dhVuk”kd fuekZrk dEiuh gS vkSj ,fYMªu]
Mkb,fYMªu] o ,fYMªu dh vkfo’dkjd o vdsyh mRiknd gSA ;g [krjukd dhVuk”kd mu
esa ls gS tks 35 ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gSA
lkYos o lh- vkbZ -bZ- &
csfYt;e dh bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj 24 ns”kksa esa gS vkSj fo”o dh pkSFkh cM+h
Dyksjhu o ikyh okbfuy DyksjkbM dh fuekZrk gSA lkYos ds v/;{k Msfu;y tkulu ^;wjksfi;u
QsMjs”ku Qkj dSfedy b.MLVªht^ ds Hkh v/;{k gSa ftldh milfefr ^;wjksa Dyksj QSMjs”ku^
vk/kqfud lekt esa Dyksjhu ds Qk;nksa dsk c<+kok nsus dk dke djrh gSA Dyksjhu dbZ
vk/kqfud i;kZOkj.k o LokLF; leL;kvkaa dh tM+ gSA vkstksu fouk”kd lh- ,Q- lh-] Mh- Mh-
Vh-] o ih- lh- ih- tSls dhVuk”kd] ih- lh- oh- ls fuf’k) vkS|ksfxd jlk;u] Hkwfe ty iznw’kd
tSls DyksfjusVsM lkYosUV] MkbvkDlhu o ¶;wjku tSls lg mRiknu vkSj gtkjksa vU; [krjukd
jlk;u viuh dk;e jgus dh fo”ks’krk ds fy;s Dyksjhu dk bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkbMªksdkcZu ds lkFk feJ.k ls DYkksjhu] vkxsZuksDyksjhu uke ds jlk;u cukrh
gSA vkxsZuksDyksjhu izo`fÙk ls tgjhys] fVds jgus okys o tSo rU+= esa bdV~Bs gksus okys gksrs
pg. 57
esa oks iztuu esa vlQyrk] tUetkr [kjkfc;k¡] isV esa cPPkksa ds “kS”ko fodkl esa
:dkoVsa] dSalj o rfU=dkvksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSaA
jksus iksysad &
Ýkal dh lcls cM+h jlk;u dEiuh] fo”o esa vkBoha lcls cM+h] 80 ns”kksa esa
dk;Zjr] jksus iksysad dks 1990 esa ^Ýsap lsaVj Qkj Qkjsu VsªM^ }kjk o’kZ dk loZJs’B fu;kZRkd
?kksf’kr fd;k x;kA lsUVj us ;g ugha tksM+k fd buesa ls vf/kdka”k fu;kZRk tku ysok jlk;uksa
ds FksA jksus iksysad fo”o ds vkt csps tkus okys lcls tgjhys dhVuk”kd ,fYMdkCkZ dh ,d
ek= mRiknd gSA ,YMhdkcZ dh ,d cwan ls o;Ld O;fä ej ldrk gSA de ek=k esa tkus
ls ulksa dh rdyhQsa]lkal dh jksd] feryh] isV esa rst nnZ] nLr o lj nnZ gks ldrs gSaA
1986 esa la;qä jk’Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe us vuqeku yxk;k fd nfl;ksa gtkj f”k”kq o cPps
izfrfnu dsyksa o vkyqvksa esa ,YMhdkcZ vo”ks’kksa dh pisV esa vk jgs gSa vkSj mlus izLrkfor
fd;k fd ,YMhdkcZ ds fNM+dko dh eukgh dj nh tk;A ,YMhdkcZ 11 ns”kksa esa izfrcfU/kr gS
ijUrq dEiuh vHkh Hkh 70 ns”kksa esa bls csp jgh gSA
,YMhdkcZ cukus dh izfØ;k ds ,d Hkkx esa ehFkkby vkblks lkbusV bLrseky
gksrh gS & og xSl ftlus Hkksiky esa gtkjksa dks ekjkA
lsUMkst fyfeVsM &
fLoVtjyS.M dh ;g cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh vkS’k/kh] jlk;u] d`f’k jlk;u] cht]
iks’k.k dk dke 54 ns”kksa esa djrh gSA lsaMkst og dEiuh gS tks bfrgkl esa lcls cqjs unh esa
tgjhys jlk;u ds fc[kjko dh ftEesnkj gSA 1986 esa oklsy] fLoVtjyS.M esa ,d jlk;u
fo[kjko ls jgkbu unh esa iznw’k.k o tgj gks x;k ftlls lSdM+ksa ehyksa rd eNyh] ou&thou o
isM+&ikS/ks ej x;sA jgkbu unh ls fc[kjko esa cgqr [krjukd vkxsZuks QkLQsV fMlqYQksVksu o
ikjkfFk;ksu ds rhl Vu unh esa cg x;sA rc lsaMkst us lQkbZ ds rkSj ij viuk vkxsZuks
QkLQsV mRiknu dk 60 VDdk fgLlk jslsUMs] czkthy igq¡pk fn;kA
fdruh cM+h gSa ;s\ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dh
fouk”k eas Hkwfedk
cM+h nq?kZVuk;sa & cgqjk’Vªh; dkiksZjs”kuksa dh dkjZokb;k¡ vke rkSj ij odZjka rFkk
tu lewgksa dks dbZ rjg ds LokLF; o lqj{kk ds tksf[ke esa Mkyrh gSaA cgqr nQk ;g
dkjZokb;k¡ nq?kZVukvksa eas cny tkrh gSaA dbZ cM+h nq?kZVuk;sa dkiksZjs”ku ds vius ns”k ds ckgj
gksrh gSa vkSj dqN esa i;kZoj.k] LokLF; o lqj{kk fu;ekas vkSj muds ikyu esa nksgjs ekin.M
bLrseky gq, gSaA buds lcls cqjs mnkgj.k gSa %&
lscslks] bVyh & fLol gkWQeSu yk jks”k dh ,d lgk;d dEiuh us
VªkbDyksjksfQuksy dk IykUV yxk;k ftlds fy;s mUga fLOkVtjyS.M esa ifeZV ugha fey ldkA
1976 esa ogk¡ ,d foLQksV esa 156 odZj rFkk 37]000 ukxfjd Mk;vkWfDlu ds ckny ls
izHkkfor gq,A
Hkksiky] Hkkjr & vesfjdh ;wfu;u dkckZbM dh lgk;d dEiuh esa 1984 essa ,d
cM+h nq?kZVuk esa 3]500 yksx ekjs x;s] 20]2000 yksx ?kk;y gq, vkSj vutkuh la[;k ds cPpksa esa
LFkkbZ iSnkb”kh dfe;k¡ vkbZA
pg. 58
csly] fLoVtjyS.M & 1986 esa fMlqyQksVksu vkSj vU; jlk;uka ds ,d cMs+
fc[kjko esa lSdM+ksa ehy rd eNyh] ou tUrq vkSj isM+&ikS/ks ej x;sA fLol dEiuh lSUMkst tks
vf/kdka”k fc[kjko dh ftEesnkj Fkh & us vius fMlqyQksVksu dk xksnke jslsUMs czkthy igqapk
fn;kA
Qkfly baZ/ku & cgqjk’Vªh; dEiuh dh dkjZokb;k¡ vkS|ksfxd [k.Mka ls fudyrh
vk/ks ls vf/kd xzhugkml xSlksa dh ftEesnkj gSa ftudk Xykscy okWfeZax ij cgqr vlj gSA
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ dqy rsy fudkyus vkSj ifj’d`r djus dk 50 izfr”kr fu;af=r djrh
gSaA xSl o dks;ys ds fudkyus] ifj’d`r djus rFkk cspus esa Hkh mudk bruk gh gkFk gSA
lh- ,Q- lh- & cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ikl vkstksu fouk”kd DYkksjks¶yksjksdkcZu
¼lh-,Q- lh-½ ds mRiknu o bLrseky dk yxHkx iwjk fu;a=.k gSA
[knku dk dke & [kfut rsy fudkyus esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vHkh Hkh
ij izHkqRo gSA vY;wfefu;e esa flQZ 6 dEifu;k¡ dqy [knku {kerk dk 63
izfr”kr] ifj’d`r djus dh {kerk dk 66 izfr”kr rFkk fi?kykus dh {kerk dk 54 izfr”kr
fu;a=.k esa fy;s gSaA
d`f’k & tksrh tkus okyh Hkwfe esa ls 80 izfr”kr cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka ds gkFkksa esa
gS ftl ij fu;kZRk ds fy;s Qlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSaA vDlj ;g LFkkuh; [kk|kéksa dks gVk dj
fd;k x;k gSA chl cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ 90 izfr”kr dhVuk”kd dh fcØh dh ftEesnkj gSa
T;knkrj tufud cht dks’kksa dk fu;a=.k buds gkFk esa gSA
tgjhys jlk;u & cM+h cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ nqfu;k dh T;knkrj Dyksjhu dk
mRiknu djrh gSa& ;g vkt rd Kkr dqN cgqr gh tgjhys] fVdus okys vkSj tSo txr esa
bdV~Bs gksus okys d`f=e jlk;uksa dk vk/kkj gSA bu esa ih- lh- ch-] Mh- Mh- Vh-] Mk;vkWfDlu
o ¶;wjku] DyksfjusfVM lkWYosUV rFkk gtkjksa vU; vkxsZuksDyksjhu feJ.k “kkfey gSaA bu
jlk;uksa ds LokLF; ds Åij fuEu vlj gSa & bE;wu lizs”ku] iSnkb”kh dfe;k¡] tufud
fodkl] o raf=dk lEcU/kh [kjkfc;k¡] ftxj o vU; vaxksa dks uqdlku] dSUlj o vU; chekfj;k¡A
[krjukd oLrqvksa esa O;kikj & ,d lewg ds :i esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ mu
phtks o izks|ksfxfd;ksa ds vk;kr o fu;kZr esa vxqvk gSa tks fd dqN ns”kksa esa LokLF; o lqj{kk
dh otgksa ls fuf’k) gSaA dqN mnkgj.k % 1980 ds n”kd ds var esa vesfjdk ls cgqjk’Vªh;
dEifu;ksa ds dqy dhVuk”kd fu;kZr dk 25 izfr”kr ,sls jlk;uksa dk Fkk tks Lo;a vesfjdk
esa fuf’k)] jftLVsª”ku jn~n fd;s gq, ;k okil fy;s gq, FksA vejhdk o ;w- ds- esa vk/kkfjr
cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡ ySM xSlksyhu ,fMfVo dk yxHkx iwjk fo”o cktkj fu;af=r djs gq, gSa& ;g
mRiknu vesfjdk] dSukMk] tkiku] vkLVsªfy;k ls yxHkx iwjh rjg gVk;k tk pqdk gS vkSj
if”peh ;wjksi esa gVk;k tk jgk gS D;kasfd i;kZoj.k esa ySM ds iznw’k.k o cpiu essa ySM ds tgj
QSykus ds fy;s mldk ;ksxnku Hkyh Hkk¡fr igpkuk tk pqdk gSA
foÙk & cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dh xfrfof/k;k¡ fo”o Hkj dh mRiknd lEifÙk dk
,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk bLrseky djrh gSaA fo”o O;kikj ds mRiknksa dk 70 izfr”kr] vUrjjk’Vªh;
foÙkh; vknku&iznku dk cM+k Hkkx vkSj fo”o dh mPpre izks|ksfxdh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk
muds gkFk gSA
pg. 59
pg. 60

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cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka vkSj

thou j{kk ls ekSr ds O;kikj rd

bl i)fr dks LFkk;h :i nsus ds fy, bu ns”kksa dh Lons”kh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa

Hkkjrh; nok m|ksx ij dCtk

nok,a fdrus izfr”kr isVaV ds nk;js esa gSa

¼vkijs”ku fjlpZ xqzi }kjk fd;s x;s losZ ij vk/kkfjr½

tku ysok nokvksa dk O;kikj

nokvksa dk uke ns”k }kjk izfrcfU/kr dqizHkko

51- baVsLVksLVªsi ukosZ] fQyhihal LohMu] “kjhj dh izfrjks/kd {kerk

dukMk] fpyh] lkbizl]

[krjukd xHkZ fujks/kd cgqjk’Vªh; lkezkT;okn ds xqIr gfFk;kj

,M~l vkSj d.Mkse dk O;kikj

usV bu LVhjkW;M “ksfjax ,- th- nks eghus fi;w’k fcuk pkSFkk

iztuu ,aVh g;weu us”kuy Vhdk xHkkZ/kku vuqiyC/k iz;ksx dk

ubZ fnYyh fodflr

fLeFkykbu chpe dEiuh dk [krjukd Vhdk

cwpM [kkus ls [kwu vkSj gfM~M;k¡ nok dEifu;k¡ ys tkrh gSa

ePNj ekj nok,a ?kkrd gSa

vuko”;d nokvksa o xSj&t:jh VkWfudksa dk mRiknu

ewy jlk;u dk mRiknu ¼fofHké {ks=ksa ds }kjk½

{ks= ¼#i;s&djksM+ esa½

uke izksVhu dh ek=k ewY; ¼yksdy

lzksr% ßMªx b.MLVªh ,.M n bf.M;u ihiqyß ds i`’B la[;k 118 ls

ÅtkZ rFkk “kfä nsus okys VkWfud

20- U;wVªhfQy ckuZj ifjfLFkfr;ka esa nzk{kklo]

dEiuh LFkkfir izkFkfed ewy/ku equkQk

lzksr% feFk ,.M fj;fyVh vkWQ Mªx baMLVªh

okjkst osYde 20-35 yk[k :i;s 540-00 yk[k :i;s

nokvksa ij gksus okys vjcksa&[kjcksa :i;s ds equkQs ls tc ;s nok dEifu;k¡

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka dks ubZ nokvksa dh fcØh ij ,dkf/kdkj dh NwV &

nok dk uke Hkkjr ikfdLrku vesfjdk fczVsu

tSuQhczksthy 341-00 178-56 1294-89 1263-84

>wB ij fVdk vFkZ”kkó

XySDlks dk Hkkjr esa lkykuk dkjksckj

ljdkj vkSj U;k;ikfydk Hkh lokyksa ds ?ksjs esa

nokvksa ds fuekZrk ?kkrd izHkko

1988 esa izfrcaf/kr nok;sa

1990&91 esa izfrcfU/kr nok,a

1- C;wVk izkDthoku cksdkMZ fyfeVsM ;s nokb;k¡ igys 1983 esa

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls eqä nok&m|ksx dh t:jr

ls taxyh tM+h&cwfV;ksa dks nokbZ ds :i esa ge iz;ksx djrs vk jgs gSaA

tM+h cwVh nok mi;ksx

bf.M;u lzsd jstjikbu ruko jks/kh

dhVuk”kdksa dk Hkh fu”kkuk gS gekjk LokLF;

cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ka }kjk dhVuk”kdksa dk O;kikj %&

dEiuh eq[; xfrfof/k dhVuk O;kikj “kks/k vkSj fodkl ij

dEiuh ns”k eq[; xfrfof/k cht O;kikj ¼djksM+

“kSy xqzi &

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