Clade Deuterostomia

Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata
 Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then forms
gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula can become
either the mouth or the anus of the organism
• Protostome- “first mouth” Blastopore becomes the
mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- “second mouth” Blastopore
becomes anus.
Ex-echinoderms, hemichordates,chordates
 Embryonic Development
• Protostome
– Blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome
– Blastopore becomes anus
– (Animation)

3
Coelomates-
true body
cavity lined
with
mesoderm
• EX: all other
animals
 Phylum
Echinodermata
 Phylum Echinodermata
• Includes starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber & sand
dollars- all marine
• Successful for 500 my
• “Spiny-skinned”
• Pentaradial Symmetry
• Coelom, no segmentation
• endoskeleton
• Lack a centralized brain- have a
Nerve ring with radial and lateral
nerves -sense touch, light, temp,
water conditions
Ouch!
 Phylum Echinodermata: Anatomy
• Bipinnaria larvae(bilaterally symm.)
• Water Vascular System:
-- Series of water-filled canals

-- Carries out functions including respiratory,

circulation, and movement.
-- Oxygen, food, & wastes are carried by the
water vascular system.
 Phylum Echinodermata: Anatomy
• Water enters madreporite and flows through the
stone canal and then enters the circular ring canal.

• Water then is separated into five radial canals that

branch into double rows of bulblike structures
called ampullae, which are on each side of the
ambulacral ridge.

• The ampullae are connected to suckerlike

podia = tube foot
Water Vascular System
 Phylum Echinodermata: Anatomy
• Have 5 sections or rays or arms

• Tube Feet:
-- Act like suction cups
-- Extend from the body
-- Used to “walk”, capture, and hold prey

*How a single tube

foot moves*
Tube Feet
Class Asteroidea
Star Fish
 Starfish: External Anatomy
• Typically have 5 arms-
rays thick and short

• Arms emerge from a central disc

• Have an endoskeleton of small calcareous

plates called ossicles
 Starfish: External Anatomy
• From the ossicles project spines & tubercles that
are responsible for their spiny surface
 Starfish: External Anatomy
• On the oral surface- ventral side w/ mouth

-- Ambulacral (am-bu-la ‘kral) grooves: Radiate out

along the arms from the centrally located mouth
-- Tube feet project from the grooves

Ambulacral Groove
 Starfish: External Anatomy
• On the aboral surface- dorsal surface that includes
the madreporite and anus.
 Starfish: Internal Anatomy
• Prey on bivalves
Two stomachs
• Pyloric stomach- used for digestion
• cardiac stomach-can be extended outward to
engulf and digest prey.
 Digestion
• Starfish push their stomach out once prey is caught.

-- cardiac stomach pushes out of mouth to surround

prey (ex: clam)

-- pyloric cecae:
pours out enzymes
2/arm

-- Digests clam in its own shell

-- Then it pulls its stomach and the partially digested

prey into its mouth. Pyloric stomach completes
digestion.
 Reproduction

Asexual reproduction-

--Regenerates arms

-- If pulled apart into pieces, each piece will

grow into a new animal, as long as it contains
a portion of the central disc.
 Reproduction

• Sexual - Individual starfish are male or female.

Fertilization takes place externally, both male
and female releasing their gametes into the
environment.
• Resulting fertilized embryos form part of the
zooplankton and are called deuterostomes.
 Reproduction
• The deuterostomes then become a larva that are
bilateral symmetrical.

• As they grow, they then change to radial

symmetrical adults.
1 - Ambulacral ossicles
and ampullae.
2 - Madreporite.
3 - Stone canal.
4 - Pyloric caecae.
5 - Rectal glands.
6 - Gonads.
Class Echinoidea
Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars
 Class Echinoidea
• Sea Urchin

-- Eat algae
-- Have calcium carbonate plates covered with
spines.
-- Can swivel spines
-- Many animals prey on sea urchins
-- Yes, people eat sea urchins
Call it “roe”
 Sea
Urchins

• Sea urchins are one of the sea otters favorite

food.

• Sea otters keep sea urchin populations in

check. Without sea otters, the sea urchins can
devastate kelp forests which upsets the
ecosystem.
 Sea Urchins
• On the oral surface of the sea urchin is a centrally
located mouth made up of five united calcium
carbonate teeth or jaws, with a fleshy tongue-like
structure within.

• The entire chewing organ is known as Aristotle's

lantern.
 Sea Urchins
• Shell, which is also called the "test", is globular in
shape and covered with spines.
 Sea Urchin
• The spines, which in some species are long and
sharp, serve to protect the urchin from predators
and aid in locomotion.

• The spines can inflict a painful wound on a human

who steps on one, but they are not seriously
dangerous, some are venomous.
Sand Dollars
 Class Echinoidea
• Sand Dollars

-- Flattened disk

-- Few animals eat/bother sand dollars.

-- Burrows into the sand.

-- Also called sea biscuits.

Class Holothuroidea
Sea Cucumbers
Class Holothuroidea
• Sea Cucumbers:
-- Look like warty moving pickles
- - arms or rays absent
- - tentacles around mouth
-- Benthic: Live on the ocean floor
 Sea Cucumbers
Are little bull dozers
-- Eat detritus in sand

-- Suck up organic matter & remains of other

organisms.

-- Sea cucumbers extract oxygen from water in a

pair of 'respiratory trees' that branch off the cloaca
just inside the anus, so that they 'breathe' by
drawing water in through the anus and then
expelling it.
 Sea Cucumbers
• A variety of fish, most commonly pearl fish, have
evolved a Mutualistic symbiotic relationship with
sea cucumbers in which the pearl fish will live in sea
cucumber's cloaca (anus) using it for protection
from predation, pearl fish home
• The pearl fish’s waste provides a source of
food/nutrients to the sea cucumber
 Class Holothuroidea
• More Sea Cucumber

-- When threatened, they spill their guts!

-- It takes 1 ½ to 5 weeks to re-grow their guts
-- The predator will eat the ejected guts, &
leaves the sea cucumber alone. It eventually
grows back the lost organs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXf_YodWw40

-- Yes, people eat them!

The End