Viscosity by Different Instruments VISCOSITY CONVERSION TABLES Viscosity is the physical property of a fluid that offers internal resistance to flow, There are various instruments, called viscometers, for measuring viscosity, The most widely used viscometers in the United States are the kinematic and the Say- bolt Universal. The Engler viscometer is generally used in continental Europe and the Redwood viscometers are commonly used in England, Because of these differences, interchange of technical information makes it necessary to provide tables for converting viscosities from one type to another, SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL VISCOSITY SAYBOLT FUROL VISCOSITY The Saybolt Viscometer consists essentially of a cylin- drical brass cup in the bottom of whichis an orifice of speci- fied dimensions, Surrounding the brass cup is a constant temperature bath, When the sample in the cup reaches test temperature the time required for 60 ml of the liquid to run INIVEI UNIVERSAL through the orifice is measured. A calibrated standard flask collects the liquid sample. The unit of measure is time in seconds; it is reported ( as Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS); for example, 350 SUS _} at 100 F, - The Saybolt Furol Viscometer is the same in principle FUROL as the Universal Viscometer with the exception that it is designed with a larger orifice to accommodate more viscous fluids. The unit of measure is also time in seconds required for 60 ml of fluid to flow through the orifice at a given tem- perature, KINEMATIC VISCOSITY The time is measured for a fixed volume of sample, contained in a glass viscometer, to flow through a calibrated capillary under an accurately reproducible head of liquid and at a closely controlled temperature, The kinematic viscosity is calculated from the measured efflux time, The unit of kinematic viscosity is the centistoke (cs). The measurement in seconds is taken and then converted by the viscometer constant for the final answer. Kinematic Viscosity = Ct c viscometer constant é observed flow time in secondsREDWOOD VISCOSITY NO, 1 - UNIVERSAL REDWOOD VISCOSITY NO, 2 - ADMIRALTY No. 2 ENGLER VISCOSITY The Redwood No. | apparatus consists of a cylindrical brass oil cup that holds the test sample. Test temperature is adjusted by means of a bath surrounding the oil cup, The bottom of the oil cup is designed with a polished-agate dis- charge tube containing an orifice of specified dimensions (tube, 10 mm long and 1,62 mm in diameter), The time for 50 ml of the sample to flow through the orifice is measured, Acalibrated receiving flask is provided to receive the sample. Redwood viscometers No. 1 and No. 2 are the same in principle, The Redwood No, 2 instrument is designed with a larger discharge tube; it is 50 mm long and 3.80 mm in diameter. The methods of testing a sample are the same. The receiving flasks used in both methodsare similar. However, the Redwood No, 2 flask is designed with a larger mouth than that of the No, 1 flask. Test results are reported in seconds, stating which viscometer was used and the test temperature (for example, Viscosity Redwood No. 1 at 140 F, 350 seconds). The Engler apparatus consists essentially of a cylin- drical discharge container of brass (interior gold plated), the bottom of which is spherical; a small discharge tube is firmly fixed in the center of the bottom. The small tube is coated with nickel and accurately calibrated, The Engler ori- fice tapers from 2,9 to 2.8 mm in its 20 mm of length. A wide-mouthed collecting flask is supported exactly beneath the orifice, The discharge chamber is surrounded by a second concentric brass container (water bath). ‘The unit of measure is the Engler degree (E), The flow time in seconds obtained for 200 ml of test liquid at the pre- recorded measuring temperature (for example, 20 C or 50 C) is divided by the flow time of 200 ml of distilled water at 206, { E° = Flow time 200 ml of liguid at + C Flow time 200 ml of distilled water at 20 C—Low Range EQUIVALENT VISCOSITIES AT 100 F, ASTM Viscosity Redwood Redwood Kinematic — Saybolt Grade Saybolt Standard Admiralty Viscosity Universal, +10% Furol, Engler No, 1 No, 2 Centistokes _ Seconds SUS* Seconds Degrees Seconds Seconds 2 32,62 32 - 1.1195 - . 4 39.14 - - 1.3075 36.5 = 6 45.56 40 - 1, 4805 41.9 - 8 52.09 - - 1, 6535 47,6 - 10 58.91 60 - 1,834 53.5 - 12 66.04 - - 2.023 59.6 - 14 73.57 75 - 2.222 66.1 - 16 81,30 - - 2.435 T23T - 18 89.44 - - 2,646 79.6 e 20 97.77 - - 2.876 86.6 - 22 106.4 105 - 3.11 93.9 - 24 115.0 = e 3.35 101.3 - 26 123.7 - - 3.59 108.8 - 28 132.5 S - 3.83 116.4 - 30 141.3 . - 4.08 124.0 - 32 150.2 150 - 4.33 131.9 (13.9) 34 159.2 - - 4.58 139.9 - 36 168,2 - - 4.84 147.6 (16.2) 38 177.3 - - 6.09 153.6 (16.9) 40 186.3 - - 5.35 163.5 - () Parentheses means approximate, * Tentative nominal viscosity grades at 100F, Each grade permits a maximum range of + 10 percent of the nominal viscosity, Note: Centipoises are obtained by multiplying Kinematic Centistokes by specific gravity