Karl Marx: 1818-1883

Assertion that there were two great classes – the owners of the means of production (capitalists) and
the workers – the only thing that the workers owned was their ability to work, what Marx called “labor
power.” Because owners (capitalists) paid wages to workers and could for the most part determine that
wage, owners had power over workers.

Marx felt that the lack of power of workers was the source of exploitation and the basis of class conflict.
Marx argued that owners and workers developed ideas, understandings about their positions and this
Marx called class consciousness. When owners convinced workers that their situations were compatible
– Marx called this false consciousness.

Although Marx talked mainly about the two great classes – owners and workers – he was aware as well
of a third category which he called petit bourgeoisie – literally little middleclass and these were owners
of own small businesses. Finding a location for this group was difficult because they lacked the power if
the owners and at the same time had control over their work and wages unlike the workers. Moreover,
according to Marx, sometimes they identified with the owners and sometimes with the workers.

Max Weber: 1864 - 1920

The other sociologist was Max Weber. He argued that class referred to economic interests. It was a
quantifiable economic position – groups that share a common set of life-chances and circumstances. But
Weber also talked about status, prestige – important part was awareness of its value. Weber also talked
about party – essentially putting the class interests into action.

Erik Wright: Sees much crossover in their positions. In two areas finds difference, the discussion of
exploitation (for Marx – labor of worker appropriated, and eventually facing off against each other - for
Weber labor and class relations an exchange – voluntary, a compromise) and the view of capitalism.
Marx sees capitalism as destructive, (source of class conflict) Weber views it as natural and permanent –
over time best means for a given ends – rational).

Why is it important to study class? It is seen is one, perhaps the principal line of social cleavage within
society – place where the most serious disturbances and disruptions are thought to be traceable.