POLITICS has some form of political organization which is capable of

According to David Easton: maintaining order or implementing rules

authoritative allocation of values Elements of the State:
conflict resolution o well-defined territory
*Values are limited and there is always competition. o population/citizens
o government
According to Harold Lasswell: o sovereignty
concerned with “who gets what, where and how” in a society  Internal- government has the ability to exercise power over its
distribution of the good things which people value or desire citizens. Once this power is lost, they are failed states. This happens
Politics must cater to two basic human facts: when a ruler is not able to control his/her citizens.
1. Different interests  External- countries outside the state cannot command you.
2. Scarce resources
Task of Politics: Nation
Distribution of wealth. made up of a distinct group of people who share a common
 Conceptually, politics is NEUTRAL. The USE of politics, background
however, is not. cultural or ethnic concept
“sense of belongingness”
Working definitions of Politics: (IDEALLY) group or people united by common bonds
embraces all activities which involve decision making supposedly an ‘’imagined’’ concept because it depends on whether or
an activity through which contending interests are reconciled and not someone feels ‘’oneness’’ with a nation
differences are considered
through politics, collective welfare is supposed to be advanced and State VS Nation
the survival of the community protected State
bound by territory
Power political concept
the ability to cause others to do what one desires formal membership  citizenship requirements
can be exercised through influence or coercion Nation
o Influence (think Athenian) transcends territorial boundaries
soft power cultural/ethnic concept
persuasion voluntary membership  sense of belongingness
support gained: voluntary
o Coercion (think Spartans) State and Nation
hard power o Mononational state or Nation-State
use of force in one state, there exists only ONE nation
usually involves threats and punishments USA is a good example
support gained: Involuntary o Multinational State or Polynational State
in one state, there exists many nations
Authority Russia is a good example
is government power to make binding decisions and issue obligatory o Multistate nation
commands two or more states in one nation
Sources of Authority (Max Weber) North and South Korea is the perfect example.
1. Traditional- authority derived from history of custom.
o Absolute Monarchy- Political Power Ideas and Ideologies
o Constitutional Monarchy- Symbolic and ceremonial function Ideology
2. Charismatic- based on “heroic” qualities of a person. systematic set of Political ideas
3. Bureaucratic or rational-legal – based on bureaucratic processes like logically consistent set of propositions about the public good
election or appointment used to interpret events, explain human behavior, and justify political
 Messianic complex- Filipinos are fond of myths and other such… action
doctrines and action programs of implementing solutions
Legitimacy Each ideology, seek to do the following:
moral/ethical concept 1. identify problems of society
general belief that state’s power to make and enforce rules are justified 2. determine the root cause of the problem
and proper 3. proposed solutions  Prescription
condition in which power is exercised through established institutions 4. action plan
and according to rules that are freely accepted by the people as being  Each ideology also has an assumption on the nature of man. You can
right and proper justify any changes in society based on the nature of man.

Government Anti-government Ideologies

human intervention by which societies are ruled and binding rules are assumes that man is responsible, accountable and that man is a
made rational being
organization of people for the resolution of dispute and conflict
aggregate of authorities that rule society Anarchism
if there is no government  state of anarchy opposition to government
no government, society organized through voluntary associations
State
political concept
political unit within a territory Nihilism
 destruction as an end itself rather than a means to overthrow the
existing system or to rebuild society
Libertarianism (Extreme Liberalism)
gives value to individual freedom and opposes policies that limit self-
reliance and free choice
although they are not opposed to the government as such, they believe
in having minimal regulation of the government
views the state as the principal threat to liberty and individual freedom
society is organized by market forces
Function of Government in a Libertarian society
1. administration of justice
2. security
3. provision of public goods and service (protective, educational, etc)
 Government usually does what the private contributors usually do not
go into.
Conservatism
assumes that man has inherent skills and talents that makes them more
suited to a certain social order
Edmund Burke
Society must have a stable order and structure so that individuals know
their place in it and live and work within this framework for the good
of all.
They say that there is a social order consisting of the elites, middle
class and working class/proletarians and that there is no point for
anyone to aspire to move to another social order and that one should
only improve WITHIN his/her own social order.
Every social order has its own specialization and each order plays an
equally important role in comparison to the others.
Conservatism believes in the common good.
Ideologies of the Right
Edmund Burke
Society must have a stable order and structure so that individuals
know their place in it and live and work within this framework for the
good of all.
John Locke
Individuals should improve their lot and accumulate wealth that can
be expanded and reinvested. This would lead to a prosperous society,
which would be happy.
Baron de Montesquieu
Nations that trade extensively with other nations would be
predisposed toward peace because war would disrupt international
commerce. He also said that less-developed countries should not
strive to become more developed because they provide food security
and agricultural necessities.
International Social Order:
1. World Powers
2. Developed Countries
3. Less Developed Countries
 Burke and Locke focused mostly on the societal level while de
Montesquieu focused on the international scale. De Montesquieu
showed that even on the national scale, there is still a social order.
Monarchism
justifies giving a certain family/person absolute power
Nazism & Fascism
Features:
racism- superiority of elites or one certain race
elitism- elites as leaders (heavy stress on social classes)
use of violence to achieve a perfect society
superiority of the military over the people
state is superior to the individual
emphasis on the concept of nation or ethnic group
 Nationalism rates in the Philippines are quite disappointing.
 Nationalism is important for the country to advance.
 Hyper nationalism- Nationalism to the point where are using violence
and if you are trying to eradicate other nations.
Religious right
In the US, the Protestants of the new Christian Right saw politics as
an outgrowth of core religious values.
Advocate for: restoration of traditional values, fight against abortion,
reinstatement of prayer in public schools, campaign against
pornography, recognition of the traditional family as the basis of
American life, and drive to oppose communism.
New Christian Right members have been trying to hold positions in
educational institutions to apply the changes they want.
Capitalism
As an ideology, capitalism opposes high taxes, social welfare and
government giveaways.
It justifies the class privileges of a wealthy elite and the exploitation
of the workers who produce the society’s wealth, as it sees wealth is a
sign of success and a reward of virtue.
Similar to conservatism but allows people to move up or down the
social ladder.
The U.S. is largely a capitalist country but they provide social welfare
to the needy.
Ideologies to the Left
Human beings live together cooperatively, free from demeaning and
unpleasant social distinctions.
Public good is best served by common ownership and administration
of the political community’s means of production.
Liberalism
advancing individual freedom as well as freedom in all areas of life:
political, social and economic
called for equality of persons and for free and equal access to
opportunities
right to life, liberty and property
advance the interest of the middle class
On government:
organize a government to maintain law and order but not to
infringe on human rights
make government operate under the strict limits of the
constitution
o Liberalism is a softer form of libertarianism.
Adam Smith- No intervention of the government on economic activities
Communism/Marxism
believes that a radical transformation of society can only be attained
by an open class conflict
bias in favor of the working class; according to Karl Marx, the
working class should take control of the government
Marx’s communism is based on the theory of historical materialism
(conflict generates change and change leads to historical
development)
Communism- heavy government intervention
Marxism- overthrows the ruling elites through violent means
Liberalism – advances the interest of the middle class
Communism – assumes that man is not selfish, that man is just, and that
man is cooperative, as well as “man is a social animal”; man has a natural
desire to belong to a group

Class-less society= equality.
Democratic Socialism
o Communists/ Marxists, who liked the main idea without the
violence, introduced Democratic Socialism
socialism operating within a framework of a democratic society
believe in gradualism (reform rather than revolution)
 favor an expanded role of the government and a tightly regulated creates a situation in which the behavioral scientist is an almost god-
authority like figure, controlling the behavior of the community without checks
constitutional framework  Impeachment trials, NOT revolutions on power
new leaders are elected
“ballots, not bullets” Utopia’s revisited
Concept of Welfare State – government assumes broad responsibility Political thinkers use utopian models for different reasons—some to
for the health, education, and welfare of its citizens; the goal is to critique, some to flesh out a theory, some to offer a model to the
alleviate poverty and inequality through large-scale income world.
redistribution Modern utopias are intended as blueprints for the future.
Utopian views show those who accept it as good and those who do
Scale of Ideologies not as evil.
Left Middle Right
Communism Democratic Socialism Libertarianism Liberalism DEMOCRACY and NONDEMOCRACY
Conservatism Nazism Philippines under Martial Law
no freedom of speech/press and expression
The Following are subjective and they vary. warrantless arrest
(Left) Anarchism and Nihilism – Depends on the state and means. confiscation of private businesses
(Right) Capitalism (sequestration) – crony capitalism
(Right) Monarchism
fraudulent elections
(Right) Religious Right
military and police controls – monopoly of force
Utopia: Model States prominence of dictator – control of power, no limit in mandate
Utopias disregard for human rights
word comes from Thomas More and is derived from the Greek terms control of power by family, political parties
ou topos (no place) and eutopos (where all is well)
a positive model that tests the limit and logic of a political theory, as Democracy
well as offers a critique of contemporary politics and society adopts the majority principle (e.g. the rule of the many)
its opposite, dystopia, gives examples of political experimentation offers the reconciliation of the need for order and stability with a
gone terribly wrong degree of influence for competing political interests
governance by leaders whose authority is based on a limited mandate
The four Utopias from universal electorate that selects among genuine alternatives and
1. Plato’s Republic has some rights to political participation
2. Bacon’s New Atlantis
3. Marx’s Classless Society 3 Types of Democracy
4. Skinner’s Walden Two 1. Participatory
pure/direct
Plato’s Republic denotes an active and direct participation by all citizens in the
three social classes: authoritative allocation of value
o Philosopher-guardians (Gold) based on the idea of consensus – majority
o Warriors- auxiliaries (Silver) practiced by the Greeks (i.e. polis); however, less realizable in
o Farmers and artisans (Iron or bronze) modern day statecraft
development of specialization  Disadvantage: will take a long time to arrive at a decision
 Advantage: everyone will support
similar to Conservatism
dialogue about the meaning of justice and the best political order
only philosophers possessed excellent souls and therefore must rule 2. Representative
lower classes are kept in place by a noble lie and all society remains citizens select people (usually through elections) to represent them
in balance in the political process and to allocate values on their behalf in
censorship of bad things government
o Electoral Democracy
children would be subjected to communal care
when elections fulfil the following conditions:
Bacon’s New Atlantis  Universal Suffrage – registered/qualified voters
 Limited Mandate – short, limited/fixed period of time
envisioned a society improved by scientific progress and the mastery  Genuine Alternative Choices – competition
of nature
in some ways, it is a “modern” utopia because Bacon expected his 3. Liberal
dream to come true citizens enjoy not only electoral democracy but also extensive,
political rights and civil liberties (freedom of speech, expression,
Marx’s Classless Society religion) regarding participation, personal freedoms, oppositions
class struggle and revolution leads inevitably to withering of the state  Philippine Case
and peace in a classless society 1. Patronage Politics
2. Popularity
Skinner’s Walden Two
based on behavioral psychology, Skinner’s utopia makes no claims Varieties of Democracy
about human nature except that human behavior can be engineered manifestations/actual practice on how democracy works
and that social harmony can be arranged through the planning of 1. Established
social stimuli and positive reinforcement have at least three consecutive, competitive and relatively
system of rewards and punishments to control the society violent free elections
the “Big Brother” concept 2. Transitional
refers to formerly non-democratic states that have recently
shifted to democracy
 3. Façade  People trusted Corazon Aquino whomever she’ll appoint
“masked” democratic, fake democracy 1. As to origin or history
Enacted – deliberately enacted by a constitutional assembly
Non-Democracy (“sadya”, planned for)
absence of the democratic parlance Evolved – product of growth or long period of development;
gives emphasis on the subservience and obedience rather than originating from customs and traditions
participation and empowerment 2. As to Form
Written – define written format
Unwritten – product of history
3 Types of Non-democracy
3. As to Amendment
1. Dictatorship Rigid – need a special mechanism or process to amend
system wherein a ruler possesses “absolute” power and authority (Patronage politics in the Philippines)
has an absence of limited mandate Flexible – may be altered in the same as others
citizen have no regular and realistic opportunity to replace the
political leadership Ways of Amending a Constitution
 Fidel Castro, Marcos, Sadam Hussein) Constituent Assembly
- present legislators (ConAss)
2. Authoritarianism Constitutional Convention
political actions and decisions of the ruler are not constrained, - elect legislators (ConCon)
while the political rights and freedom of citizens are significantly Petitions
limited - citizens themselves would tell the government to revise the
though citizens don’t enjoy political rights, civil liberties may constitution
sometimes be allowed to exist
power is organized by the elite through the military, bureaucracy, Non-constitutional regimes
religious leaders or similar authorities, hence no longer bound to be persistent non-enforcement of crucial limits on rulers and rights to the
an individual heedlessly called dictator ruled
authoritarian and totalitarian regimes are classified as non-
3. Totalitarianism constitutional regimes
political system’s allocation of values and control penetrate into
virtually every aspect of its people’s lives Conditions that produce non-constitutional regimes
everything is political in a totalitarianism society – family, school, Absence of a constitution
work - governed by hereditary rulers, religious principles or traditions
violence is at its core – state initiated to create terror Collapse of rule of law
“everything” is controlled – total - complete disregard of the constitution of the ruling group or collapse
of social order through civil war
Variety of Non-Democratic States Suspension of constitution temporarily due to crisis in society
One party state – the state recognizes only a single political party - either entire constitution or major constitutional rights
where all members of the government will come from
Communist state – similar to one-party state except that the single POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
party recognized by the state is the communist state 1. Legislatures
Military – military personnel control government 2. Executive
a. Direct – military personnel controls government 3. Judiciary
b. Indirect – there is a civilian gov’t controlled by the military 4. Public administration
Dynastic or Court – ruled by absolute monarchies or sultanates 5. Local government
Theocratic – rule is based on religious principles and tanets
Legislature
CONSTITUTIONAL & NONCONSTITUTIONAL REGIMES Broad Roles
Constitutionalism o Enactment of legislation
operates in terms of the rule of law – no one is above o Representation of citizenry
ensures effective restraints on the power holders, as defined in the
Constitution o Oversight of the executive
constitution allocates governmental activities defining what action are
within the domain of res publica (public interest/domain) and what
political structures will perform these action
establishes formal power relationships among political structures
limits the power of the rules and guarantees the rights of the ruled;
defines extent of State’s authority and citizens’ freedom
set of rules is most important – provisions in the constitution should be
consistent with actual politics of society

Constitution
set of statements describing the fundamental rules of the political
system
constitutions are not timeless as political systems – bound to change
the Philippine constitution: 1896 Malolos Convention, 1935
Commonwealth Constitution, 1973 Martial Law Constitution and 1986
People Power Constitution

Classification of Constitutions
(1987) Philippine Constitutional Commission (ConCom)
o Veto power wherein legislature can revoke the decision of the Executive Legislative Judiciary Public Admin
presidents
National President, Senate, Supreme
o Impeachment VPresident, House of Court,
o Hearings/investigations Cabinet Reps Court of
o Approval of budget (power of the purse) Appeal
o Approval of appointments Regional Regional Regional offices
Trial
Structural Arrangements Courts
Unicameral Provincial Governor. Provincial Provincial Provincial
Bicameral - Philippines VGovernor Board Trial offices
Member Courts
Executive City/ Mayors, City/Municip City/Munic
individuals or small group that assume top leadership roles Municipal VMayor al Councillors ipal Courts
carry out the implementation of political system’s policies, laws Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay
and directives Chairman Councillors Court employees
(informal
Roles courts)
leadership role (head of government functions) PRESIDENTIAL & PARLIAMENTARY FORMS OF
symbolic and ceremonial roles (head of state) GOVERNMENT
supervision of military and foreign affairs Presidential
supervision of public administration Basic Organizing Principle
 separation of powers between the executive and legislative branch
Structural Arrangement  ensures a system of checks and balance in the policy-making and
Fused Executive policy implementation processes
- only one actor assuming both H.O.G. and H.O.S. function  each branch of government performs specific and different tasks – no
Dual Executive overlapping functions
- separate actors assuming H.O.G and H.O.S. functions  systems of government differ in terms of the interaction between the
legislative and executive structures
Public Administration  most common patterns are the Presidential and Parliamentary system
machinery and process through which rules and policies are applied and Selection of Head and Government
implemented  eligible citizens directly elect Head of Government
Tenure in Office
Bureaucracy  fixed term
particular structure and style of public administration
hierarchical – accountability and responsibility
Comparison Presidential Parliamentary
Functions Organizing Separation of Fusion of powers
information management principle powers
provision of knowledge Selection of Election Appointment (prime
provision of public goods and services HOG (president) minister)
regulation and enforcement of public policies Tenure in office Fixed term Fixed term but dependent
extraction of resources on vote of confidence
Parliamentary
Judicial System Basic Organizing Principle
system of course and personnel  fusion of powers between the executive and legislative branches of
determine whether the rules of society have been violated government
determine whether sanctions should be imposed on the violator  functions of rule-formation and rule-implementation are performed by
a single entity, oftentimes called a Parliament
Functions Parameters
1. Adjudication organizing principle
- interpret and apply relevant rules and laws to a given situation selection of head of government
2. Mechanism to: tenure in office
a. Settle dispute – civil laws
b. Maintain social control – criminal law Eligible citizens votes for:
3. Judicial review 1. parliament (president, VP)
- reinterpret or even revoke policy decisions made by other political majority (vote of confidence) ->
structures cabinet members
appoint->
Local Government Prime minister
2. Legislative
Local Government Code 1991 (LGC)
 The vote of minister can be done anytime.
lower level governments were given considerable political powers
 Advantage: Rule formulation and rule implementation will be
decentralization consistent
 No confidence vote will be dissolved
 New cabinet will take place for the remaining years
For vote of confidence to work -> Stable political parties

CITIZENSHIP, PARTICIPATION & GOVERNANCE

Good Citizen VS. Morally Good Person
 attending political rally
Good Citizens responding to a poll
Defined by laws, regimes and rules of the land following a campaign
Involves behaving in accordance with the rules, norms and expectations
of society Unconventional
strikes
Morally Good Person boycotts
Individuals have a moral compass that transcends expectations of protests – street protests and mass demonstration
society
Can come in conflict with some versions of good citizens Illegal Forms of Participation
political fraud
According to Aristotle: terrorism
The true measure of a political system is the kind of citizen it produces. sedition
Good state – one whose model citizen is also a good person civil disobedience
Bad state – one that requires obedience without regard for questions of
good and evil Modes and Structure of Civic Participation
In totalitarian states, participation and loyalty is required 1. Polls
In democratic states, citizenship is thinly defined with few formal measure of public opinion
requirements (i.e. payment of taxes) many types of polls
Can lead to passivity among citizens play different roles in political process
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION methodology is important
Process whereby citizens develop the values, attitudes, beliefs, and
opinions that enable them to support the political system 2. Election
Page 293 intended to enable a democratic society to translate the preferences of
its citizens into laws
Agents of Political Socialization subject to many limitations in reality
1. Family 2 basic types of electoral system:
2. Religion - winner-take-all system
3. Education - proportional representation
4. Peer Group
5. Mass media 3. Political parties
select, nominate and support candidates for elective office
Family intended to win elections and appeal to the largest number of people
Most important influence on political socialization presents program of government and platform
Children are first socialized at home
Learning what is permissible, what obligations, rights and privileges 4. Party system
they have to the family single-party system
two-party system
Religion multiparty system
Church is a source of moral authority in the Philippines, political parties are personally based
Can reinforce status quo or a dissenting voice organized around dominant political clans
Leaders draw religion to unite citizens or draw attention to a more anchored on clientilistic, parochial, and persona; inducements rather
noble vision than on ideology and platforms
party switching is common
Education
Schools play vital role in civic education 5. Interest Groups
Schools inculcate societal beliefs and values Concentrate on influencing legislation, policy and programs in
The higher the level of education, the greater the interest in political specific issues of areas of interest
participation
6. Civil society organization
Peer Groups Non-governmental and non-profit organizations that have a presence
Exert much influence in political socialization in public life
Bandwagon effect Express interest and values of their numbers
NGOs, trade unions, community based organizations, faith-based
Mass Media institutions, student organizations, etc.
Includes TV, radio, internet, newspaper, and magazines
Non-democratic states – often state-owned and information is GOVERNANCE
controlled relationship between the rules and the ruled, the government and the
Democratic state – ensure fairness and objectivity govern
However, role of mass media can be influence by rating and consumer process of making collective decision
preference Government is considered as the instrument while the process for
governing involves governance
POLITICAL PARTICIPANT
may vary from legal forms of illegal forms
Legal forms – conventional and unconventional
Illegal forms – civil disobedience, terrorism, subversion, and sedition

Legal Forms of Participation

Convention
voting