EXAMPLE 07: Find the five 5" roots of 1 + i. Also plot the roots. Solution: Let I+i=r(c0s0 +sind)- Here x =1 and y=1 =9r=yx’+y’ fe+y? =V2- Also @=tan™! (y/x)= tan“ (1)=1/4- Thus, Win cosEi j} oe =[ Al ook sind)" 2 (4i® =a)" [s»(2+ 2nn }esso( Zann)” Note: cosa =cos(o+2nm) and sina.=sin (a+2nn)- Apply the De Moivre’s theorem now, we obtain (+i)? =a” [>e$( 20st] Here we take n = 0,1,2,3,4- Ufa =0, we get 25 =(2)"(cos® + iin 2 =(2) isin Ifn=, we get 2, ~0)"(oo% 8) ifn = 2, we get 2, = (2)!""( co oo tis} Ifn = 3, we get 25 =(2)!"" (e = isin | In =4, we get 2, =(2)"™( cos 22 + isin 338 ¥ n= 4, we get 24 =(2)!"| cos isin 3 r on 17x 33m. Note: Fore gp en 1a OE ans ES age. 20 20 20 20 Thus you may place the values in degree measure as well, These roots can now be ‘plotted on the Argand diagram. The roots lie on the circumference of a‘circle with radius 2""° - This is shown in the above figure: It may be noted that if we had assumed the value of n= 5, we would get _oyio(.. 41t 4in)\_ yo B® gcc x Zs =2' (« Sg TO on 20 = 2"""| cos; wet H+isin ws 2, = 2400 cos + isin on =} Similarly, if we make n=6 we get Z, = 7%, etc. Thus we see that if the values of n are taken as 5,6,7,8,9, we shall get the repeated roots Z»2r2Z,23 and 2, respectively.EXAMPLE 08: Solve the following equations using De Moivre’s theorem : (i) 2 +xlex41=0 (ti) xoxox? exe 1 =0- Solution: (i) Given that x 4x4 4x2 +1=0=9 x4 (x? +1)+1(x" +1)=0= (x4 +1)(x?+1)=0 =x'41=0 =x +120 Now let -1=r(cos6+isin@) Here a=-1 and b= 0. Hence, teva? +b? =1 and O=tan"" (b/a)=tan™ (0/-1)= tan" (0)= ‘Therefore. x=(cosn-+isin)!* x=(cosn+isinz)” =[cos(n+2nn)+ isin (x +2nn)]* =[cos(n+ 2nn)+isin (n+ ann)” -[osdia+ 2an) isin (+209) =| cosg(erame)+ Fe 2an) Put n=0,1,2,3 in the first part and n=0,1,2 in the second pat. Consider the first part: . 3n 2 3 Putn= 0, we getx, mcos rising, put n = 1 we get, X, cos -aigin > put n= 2, we get x22 00s Ein, and put n = 3. we get x, =o E sisin Consider the second part: Put n= 0, we get xq eos 5 tising. Putn= |.we.get (x; =cosm+isinn, and put n=2, we get xy cos SE isin. y Thus seven 7* roots, of ‘ AS are: { \ P11 1,3, v2 a 3 ee f° a “# 22" 1 $4} 7 I 2 (ii) Given equation is x4=x! 4x? -x+1=0- We sce that it is not possible to factorize this equation. To solve it, we multiply both sides by (x+1) to get: (xt1)(x4-x9-4x7-241)=0= Woxtt xix ttt ox +x?—x t1=0 aexi4l=0=9x=(-1)" Now let -1=1(cos6+ isin 0) Here x=-Ly=O=or=yx' ty? =1 and = tan” (y/x)= tan“ (0/-1)= tan "(0) =" Taps -1=cosn+isinn = (-1) = (cosn+isinn)’* (c1}¥* =[cos(n+2nn)+ isin (n-+2nn)]"”Using De Moivre’s theorem, we obtain rey? neon 53 isn where n = 0,1,2,3,4: wank 1, "i an tisino® Put n=1, we get xy =008 5 +isin-¢, putn= 1, we get x, = cos sin, aes Tm 1 put n=2, we get x, =cosn+isin® —l, put n=3, we get x, = +isin—— = Now given equation is of degree four ae it must have only four roots. We see that X: = -1 does not satisfy equation x* — x? + x? ~x+1=0- Hence it is not the root of this equation. Neglecting X2 = -1 (which in fact is the root of the equation x + 1 = 0), we see that four roots of meet equation are: %= cost isin su =cos Ev isin y= 00s isin Now X= 00572 a. co(2n- pn 20 2) And na mcos isn Exc ~$ ian 5 )eoe§ Hence, we can say that four 4” roots of equation x*— x? +x?—x4+1=0 are: y eq cos isin, iS