PRACTICAL CENTRE (KARACHI) VISIT US AT: HTTP://WWW.PHYCITY.COM XvPhysics Chapter# 11 Pagot3 11.1 _ | Caloric Theory. 0s 113 [ite Ey 0 iia penne 08 11 |Rettn ewe Cok and Feo Se 08 116 [Themonetis Popes 0s 11 [Tel Espuson 0 11a [Lina Expansion 06 119 [Yomi Beso 7 Stow te coc of afl tpn ood nce OR Prove that B = 3. That nea Temong D 1112 BinealicTamgnele 08 113 [Bove ng 08 tia [chile ® 1138 [Gags Law ® 11.16_{ Absdlute Zero. 10 11a) Ruste Near Toy of Gas 0 TD | eye Pn af Gon Kasay van [Pim tatieasmage tansy tne emgy ofp moeeasis |g Aims poral oe aba onpea 1120 [Boy's Lo ote Batis of Kinsler Theoy fGen [13 1133” [He Canc is 1133 [ Late 5 t1a4_ [specie en py is 113s [Mar sei ea apc 5PRACTICAL CENTRE (KARACHI) VISIT US AT: HTTP://WWW.PHYCITY.COM XiuPhysios Chaptort 11 Paget 4 sym [eves pss woiypwotrmlrha piste pl Q. Why C,>C, 7 Explain Prove tat the difference of Molar specific heat enpacity a constant 11.27 | pressure and at constant volume 's equal to the universal gas] 17 constant. 11.28 | For a monoatomie gas prove that, C, 3 R and Cp= 3 R. 18 11.29 | Work Done in Thermodynamics. [9 11.30 | Thermodynamics. wv [11.31 | First Law of Thermodynamics, 19 11.32. | Sign Conversions. 2» 11,33 | Isolated System. 20 11.34 | Cyclic Process. 20 11.35 _| Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 20 11.36 | Second Law of Thermodynamics. 23 11.37 | Kelvin's Statement. 23 11.38 | Clausius Statement, ’ 24 11.39 _| Equivalence of Kelvin and Clauaiul Si. 24 11.40 | Camot Engine, 24 1141 | Camot Cycle. 24 11.42 _| Efficiency of Enging® 25 11.43 | Theoretical liit of Efficiency of Carnot Engine. 26 11.44 | Entropy. 26 11.45 | Questions from Past Papers. 27 11.46 | Solved Numericals of Book. 30 11.47 | Solved Numericals of Papers. 38 11.48 | Numericals for self practice from past papers 39 11.49 | MCQs of Papers. 41 11.50. | Multiple Choice Questions (For Self Practice) “a 0 anaemia mnt nner aensereenneenaes eatenPRACTICAL CENTRE (KARACHI) VISIT US AT: HTTP://WWW.PHYCITY.COM HEAT 11.1- Caloric Theory: In order to explain the nature of heat, in the beginning of nineteenth century a famous scientist Calorie presented the theory called as Caloric Theory. According to this theory “Heat is present in every material body in the form of a hypothetical weight less fluid called Caloric”. Further if there is no transfer of heat takes place from the material body then the amount of caloric remains constant in the body. Difference of temperature between the bodies was assumed to be due to the presence of different amounts of caloric. The reason of acceptance of caloric theory was its successful explanation of heat transfer, such as conduction and convection. Drawbacks of Caloric Theory: One of the main problem with the caloric theory was its unability to explain the heat generated by the friction, which was first noticed by Gounb>Rumford. Later on when it was proved that the sun-rays reaches the carth after-traveling through space and not through the material medium, caloric theory could.not explain this way of heat transfer which is called as Radiation. Hencé caloric theoty was rejected 11.2- Internal Energy: Internal energy is the energy contained ifa Body. It is the sum of all types of energies possessed by a body. For a mono al6tnje. or on ideal gas Microscopically it is defined as the sum of Translatory Kinetic energies of molecules. 11.3- Heat Energy: Heat is that internal energy whieh transfers from one object to another object due to the temperature difference bebween them. It is the energy in transit. Once the energy is transferred to a body then it Becomes internal energy of the body. ‘The S.1. unit of heat is Joule 11.4 Temperature; The measure of tie degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called Temperature. ‘Temperature is the property which determines the direction of flow of heat when two bodies are brought in thetmal contact with each other. Microscopically temperature is defined as, “the average of Translatory Kinetic Energy of molecules.” 11.5-Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales: at‘ consider that both Celsius thermometer and Fahrenheit thermometer are dipped in the same water bath placed at the room temperature, as shown in the figure. The final and initial points in Celsius thermometer are labelled as A and B, and that are in the Fahrenheit thermometer as A’ and B' respectively, where as the mercury level in both are labelled as C and C.. As the mercury level in both the tis will tise to the same height, therefore,the ratio of mercury level raised in the Celsius thermometer to the total height of mercury level is equal to the ratio of mercury level raised in the Fahrenheit thermometer to the total height of mercury level, mathematically. XiLPhysics Chaptert 11 Pages 5