MODULAR MATHEMATICS Vectors in dor3 DimensionsElsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP. 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published in Great Britain 1995 by Amold Transferred to digital printing 2003 Copyright © 1995 A E Hirst. All rights reserved The right of A E Hirst to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WIT 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed. to the publisher . Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions @elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions” British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 340 61469 2 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at www.bh.com Printed and bound in Great BritainContents Series Preface .. 0... 2.2 cee eee eee eens viii 1 Introduction to Vectors... 0.0... eee cece eee eaee 1.1 Vectors and scalars 1.2 Basic definitions and notation 1.3 Addition of vectors ............ - Summary ... 2.20... eee Further exercises 2... eee eee wewsoan-e 2 Vector Equation of a Straight Line........--+-00 2.1 The vector equation of a straight line... 66.0.0 66 ~ 10 2.2 The cartesian equations of a straight line . . iL 2.3 A point dividing a line segment in a given ratio -» 13 2.4 Points of intersection of lines...........-.....005 -. 415 2.5 Some applications .... 2.2.2... 0 6 cece eee eee 18 SUMMALY . 1. ee teens 20 Further exercises 2... 6... c eee ee 21 3 Scalar Products and Equations of Planes............-00005 re 3.1 The scalar product............. 23 3.2 Projections and components ..... . 25 3.3. Angles from scalar products ..... . -. 28 3.4 Vector equation ofa plane ... 0.0.6 0c cece eee eee 30 3.5 The intersection of two planes. ... 2.2.0.0... 00 eee eens 31 3.6 The intersection of three planes... . -» 33 Summary . 0... eee eee 35 Further exercises ©... 0... 00.2 eee eee 35 4 Vector Products.......... 0.0.00 eee eens net ee wees toee OT 4.1 Definition and geometrical description........... «. 37 4.2 Vector equation of a plane given three points on it. . 40 4.3 Distance of a point froma line .... 41 4.4 Distance between two lines. ...... 42 4.5 The intersection of two planes. . . - 43 4.6 Triple scalar product ..... 20-0... cece eee eee eee 45 4.7 Triple vector product .....2... 0.000200 cece eee eee 46 Summary 47 Further exercises 6... eee tenes 48